,,*APT] ,,XIV3 ,,MUTUAL ,,A69ITIES ,,( ,,ORGANIC ,,2+S3 ,,MORPHOLOGY3 ,,EMBRYOLOGY3 ,,RUDI;T>Y ,,ORGANS ,CLASSIFIC,N ,F ! MO/ REMOTE P]IOD 9 ! HI/ORY (! _W ORGANIC 2+S H BE5 F.D 6RESEM# EA* O!R 9 DESC5D+ DEGREES1 S T !Y C 2 CLASS$ 9 GR\PS "U GR\PS4 ,? CLASSIFIC,N IS N >BITR>Y L ! GR\P+ (! />S 9 3/ELL,NS4 ,! EXI/;E ( GR\PS WD H BE5 ( SIMPL] SIGNIFIC.E1 IF "O GR\P _H BE5 EXCLUSIVELY FITT$ 69HABIT ! L& & ANO!R ! WAT]2 "O 6FE$ ON FLE%1 ANO!R ON VEGETA# MATT]1 & S ON2 B ! CASE IS WIDELY DI6]5T1 = X IS NOTORI\S H[ -MONLY MEMB]S ( EV5 ! SAME SUBGR\P H DI6]5T HABITS4 ,9 ! SECOND & F\R? *APT]S1 ON ,V>I,N & ON ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N1 ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6%[ T )9 EA* C.TRY X IS ! WIDELY RANG+1 ! M* DI6US$ & -MON1 T IS ! DOM9ANT SPECIES1 2L;G+ 6! L>G] G5]A 9 EA* CLASS1 : V>Y MO/4 ,! V>IETIES1 OR 9CIPI5T SPECIES1 ?US PRODUC$1 ULTIMATELY 2COME 3V]T$ 96NEW & 4T9CT SPECIES2 & ^!1 ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E1 T5D 6PRODUCE O!R NEW & DOM9ANT SPECIES4 ,3SEQU5TLY ! GR\PS : >E N[ L>GE1 & : G5],Y 9CLUDE _M DOM9ANT SPECIES1 T5D 6G ON 9CR1S+ 9 SIZE4 ,I FUR!R ATTEMPT$ 6%[ T F ! V>Y+ DESC5DANTS ( EA* SPECIES TRY+ 6O3UPY Z _M & Z DI6]5T PLACES Z POSSI# 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATURE1 !Y 3/ANTLY T5D 6DIV]GE 9 "*4 ,? LATT] 3CLU.N IS SUPPORT$ 0OBS]V+ ! GRT DIV]S;Y ( =MS :1 9 ANY SMALL >EA1 -E 96! CLOSE/ -PETI;N1 & 0C]TA9 FACTS 9 NATURALIS,N4 ,I ATTEMPT$ AL 6%[ T "! IS A /1DY T5D5CY 9 ! =MS : >E 9CR1S+ 9 NUMB] & DIV]G+ 9 "*1 6SUPPLANT & EXT]M9ATE ! PREC$+1 LESS DIV]G5T & LESS IMPROV$ =MS4 ,I REQUE/ ! R1D] 6TURN 6! DIAGRAM ILLU/RAT+ ! AC;N1 Z =M]LY EXPLA9$1 ( ^! S"EAL PR9CIPLES2 & HE W SEE T ! 9EVITA# RESULT IS1 T ! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS PROCE$+ F "O PROG5ITOR 2COME BROK5 UP 96GR\PS SUBORD9ATE 6GR\PS4 ,9 ! DIAGRAM EA* LR ON ! UPP]MO/ L9E MAY REPRES5T A G5US 9CLUD+ S"EAL SPECIES1 &! :OLE (! G5]A AL;G ? UPP] L9E =M TGR "O CLASS1 = ALL >E DESC5D$ F "O ANCI5T P>5T1 &1 3SEQU5TLY1 H 9H]IT$ "S?+ 9 -MON4 ,B ! ?REE G5]A ON ! LEFT H& H1 ON ? SAME PR9CIPLE1 M* 9 -MON1 & =M A SUB-FAMILY1 4T9CT F T 3TA9+ ! NEXT TWO G5]A ON ! "R H&1 : DIV]G$ F A -MON P>5T AT ! FIF? /AGE ( DESC5T4 ,^! FIVE G5]A H AL M* 9 -MON1 ?\< LESS ?AN :5 GR\P$ 9 SUB- FAMILIES2 & !Y =M A FAMILY 4T9CT F T 3TA9+ ! ?REE G5]A / F>!R 6! "R H&1 : DIV]G$ AT AN E>LI] P]IOD4 ,& ALL ^! G5]A1 DESC5D$ F 7,A71 =M AN ORD] 4T9CT F ! G5]A DESC5D$ F 7,I74 ,S T WE "H H _M SPECIES DESC5D$ F A S+LE PROG5ITOR GR\P$ 96G5]A2 &! G5]A 96SUB-FAMILIES1 FAMILIES1 & ORD]S1 ALL "U "O GRT CLASS4 ,! GR& FACT (! NATURAL SUBORD9,N ( ORGANIC 2+S 9 GR\PS "U GR\PS1 :1 F XS FAMILI>;Y1 DOES N ALW SU6ICI5TLY /RIKE U1 IS 9 MY JUDG;T ?US EXPLA9$4 ,NO D\BT ORGANIC 2+S1 L ALL O!R OBJECTS1 C 2 CLASS$ 9 _M WAYS1 EI >TIFICI,Y 0S+LE "*S1 OR M NATUR,Y 0A NUMB] ( "*S4 ,WE "K1 = 9/.E1 T M9]ALS &! ELE;TAL SUB/.ES C 2 ?US >RANG$4 ,9 ? CASE "! IS ( C\RSE NO REL,N 6G5EALOGICAL SU3ES.N1 & NO CAUSE C AT PRES5T 2 ASSIGN$ = _! FALL+ 96GR\PS4 ,B ) ORGANIC 2+S ! CASE IS DI6]5T1 &! VIEW ABV GIV5 A3ORDS ) _! NATURAL >RANGE;T 9 GR\P "U GR\P2 & NO O!R EXPLAN,N HAS "E BE5 ATTEMPT$4 ,NATURALI/S1 Z WE H SE51 TRY 6>RANGE ! SPECIES1 G5]A1 & FAMILIES 9 EA* CLASS1 ON :AT IS CALL$ ! ,NATURAL ,SY/EM4 ,B :AT IS M1NT 0? SY/EM8 ,"S AU?ORS LOOK AT X M]ELY Z A S*EME = >RANG+ TGR ^? LIV+ OBJECTS : >E MO/ ALIKE1 &= SEP>AT+ ^? : >E MO/ UNLIKE2 OR Z AN >TIFICIAL ME?OD ( ENUNCIAT+1 Z BRIEFLY Z POSSI#1 G5]AL PROPOSI;NS1- T IS1 0"O S5T;E 6GIVE ! "*S -MON1 = 9/.E1 6ALL MAMMALS1 0ANO!R ^? -MON 6ALL C>NIVORA1 0ANO!R ^? -MON 6! DOG-G5US1 & !N1 0A4+ A S+LE S5T;E1 A FULL DESCRIP;N IS GIV5 ( EA* K9D ( DOG4 ,! 9G5U;Y & UTIL;Y ( ? SY/EM >E 9DISPUTA#4 ,B _M NATURALI/S ?9K T "S?+ M IS M1NT 0! ,NATURAL ,SY/EM2 !Y 2LIEVE T X REV1LS ! PLAN (! ,CR1TOR2 B UN.S X 2 SPECIFI$ :E!R ORD] 9 "T OR SPACE1 OR BO?1 OR :AT ELSE IS M1NT 0! PLAN (! ,CR1TOR1 X SEEMS 6ME T NO?+ IS ?US A4$ 6\R K4 ,EXPRES.NS S* Z T FAM\S "O 0,L9NAEUS1 : WE (T5 MEET ) 9 A M OR LESS 3C1L$ =M1 "NLY1 T ! "*S D N MAKE ! G5US1 B T ! G5US GIVES ! "*S1 SEEM 6IMPLY T "S DEEP] BOND IS 9CLUD$ 9 \R CLASSIFIC,NS ?AN M]E RESEMBL.E4 ,I 2LIEVE T ? IS ! CASE1 & T -MUN;Y ( DESC5T- ! "O "KN CAUSE ( CLOSE SIMIL>;Y 9 ORGANIC 2+S- IS ! BOND1 : ?\< OBS]V$ 0V>I\S DEGREES ( MODIFIC,N1 IS "PI,Y REV1L$ 6U 0\R CLASSIFIC,NS4 ,LET U N[ 3SID] ! RULES FOLL[$ 9 CLASSIFIC,N1 &! DI6ICULTIES : >E 5C.T]$ ON ! VIEW T CLASSIFIC,N EI GIVES "S UN"KN PLAN ( CRE,N1 OR IS SIMPLY A S*EME = ENUNCIAT+ G5]AL PROPOSI;NS &( PLAC+ TGR ! =MS MO/ L EA* O!R4 ,X MIDS ! EXT]NAL SIMIL>;Y (A M\SE 6A %REW1 (A DUG;G 6A :ALE1 (A :ALE 6A FI%1 Z ( ANY IMPORT.E4 ,^! RESEMBL.ES1 ?\< S 9TIMATELY 3NECT$ )! :OLE LIFE (! 2+1 >E RANK$ Z M]ELY "1 ADAPTIVE OR ANALOGICAL "*S 82 B 6! 3SID],N ( ^! RESEMBL.ES WE % RECUR4 ,X MAY EV5 2 GIV5 Z A G5]AL RULE1 T ! LESS ANY "P (! ORGANIS,N IS 3C]N$ ) SPECIAL HABITS1 ! M IMPORTANT X 2COMES = CLASSIFIC,N4 ,Z AN 9/.E3 ,[51 9 SP1K+ (! DUG;G1 SAYS1 8,! G5]ATIVE ORGANS1 2+ ^? : >E MO/ REMOTELY RELAT$ 6! HABITS & FOOD ( AN ANIMAL1 ,I H ALW REG>D$ Z AF=D+ V CLE> 9DIC,NS ( XS TRUE A69ITIES4 ,WE >E L1/ LIKELY 9 ! MODIFIC,NS ( ^! ORGANS 6MISTAKE A M]ELY ADAPTIVE = AN ESS5TIAL "*40 ,) PLANTS H[ REM>KA# X IS T ! ORGANS ( VEGET,N1 ON : _! NUTRI;N & LIFE DEP5D1 >E ( LL SIGNIFIC.E2 ":AS ! ORGANS ( REPRODUC;N1 ) _! PRODUCT ! SE$ & EMBRYO1 >E ( P>AM.T IMPORT.E6 ,S AG 9 =M]LY 4CUSS+ C]TA9 MORPHOLOGICAL "*S : >E N FUNC;N,Y IMPORTANT1 WE H SE5 T !Y >E (T5 (! HILY ! SAME PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE1 XS CLASSIFICATORY VALUE IS WIDELY DI6]5T4 ,NO NATURALI/ C H "W$ L;G AT ANY GR\P )\T 2+ /RUCK ) ? FACT2 & X HAS BE5 FULLY AC"KL$G$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ALM E AU?OR4 ,X W SU6ICE 6QUOTE ! HIAC1E 8DI6] 9 HAV+ "O OR M OV>IA1 9 ! EXI/;E OR ABS;E ( ALBUM51 9 ! IMBRICATE OR VALVUL> AE/IV,N4 ,ANY "O ( ^! "*S S+LY IS FREQU5TLY ( M ?AN G5]IC IMPORT.E1 ?\< "H EV5 :5 ALL TAK5 TGR !Y APPE> 9SU6ICI5T 6SEP>ATE ,CNE/IS F ,3N>US40 ,6GIVE AN EXAMPLE AM;G/ 9SECTS3 9 "O GRT DIVI.N (! ,HYM5OPT]A1 ! ANT5NAE1 Z ,WE/WOOD HAS REM>K$1 >E MO/ 3/ANT 9 /RUCTURE2 9 ANO!R DIVI.N !Y DI6] M*1 &! DI6];ES >E ( Q SUBORD9ATE VALUE 9 CLASSIFIC,N2 YET NO "O W SAY T ! ANT5NAE 9 ^! TWO DIVI.NS (! SAME ORD] >E ( UNEQUAL PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORT.E4 ,ANY NUMB] ( 9/.ES CD 2 GIV5 (! V>Y+ IMPORT.E = CLASSIFIC,N (! SAME IMPORTANT ORGAN )9 ! SAME GR\P ( 2+S4 ,AG1 NO "O W SAY T RUDI;T>Y OR ATROPHI$ ORGANS >E ( HI< PHYSIOLOGICAL OR VITAL IMPORT.E2 YET1 UND\BT$LY1 ORGANS 9 ? 3DI;N >E (T5 ( M* VALUE 9 CLASSIFIC,N4 ,NO "O W 4PUTE T ! RUDI;T>Y TEE? 9 ! UPP] JAWS ( "Y RUM9ANTS1 & C]TA9 RUDI;T>Y B"OS (! LEG1 >E HIY FLORETS IS (! HIE UNIV]S,Y ADMITT$ Z HISUPIALS- ! MANN] 9 : ! W+S ( 9SECTS >E FOLD$- M]E COL\R 9 C]TA9 ,ALGAE- M]E PUBESC;E ON "PS (! FL[] 9 GRASSES- ! NATURE (! D]MAL COV]+1 Z HAIR OR F1!RS1 9 ! ,V]TEBRATA4 ,IF ! ,ORNI?ORHYN*US _H BE5 COV]$ ) F1!RS 9/1D ( HAIR1 ? EXT]NAL & TRIFL+ "* WD H BE5 3SID]$ 0NATURALI/S Z AN IMPORTANT AID 9 DET]M9+ ! DEGREE ( A69;Y ( ? /RANGE CR1TURE 6BIRDS4 ,! IMPORT.E1 = CLASSIFIC,N1 ( TRIFL+ "*S1 MA9LY DEP5DS ON _! 2+ CORRELAT$ ) _M O!R "*S ( M OR LESS IMPORT.E4 ,! VALUE 9DE$ ( AN A7REGATE ( "*S IS V EVID5T 9 NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,H;E1 Z HAS (T5 BE5 REM>K$1 A SPECIES MAY DE"P F XS ALLIES 9 S"EAL "*S1 BO? ( HI< PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORT.E1 &( ALM UNIV]SAL PREVAL;E1 & YET L1VE U 9 NO D\BT ": X %D 2 RANK$4 ,H;E1 AL1 X HAS BE5 F.D T A CLASSIFIC,N F.D$ ON ANY S+LE "*1 H["E1 IMPORTANT T MAY BE1 HAS ALW FAIL$2 = NO "P (! ORGANIS,N IS 9V>IABLY 3/ANT4 ,! IMPORT.E ( AN A7REGATE ( "*S1 EV5 :5 N"O >E IMPORTANT1 AL"O EXPLA9S ! APHORISM ENUNCIAT$ 0,L9NAEUS1 "NLY1 T ! "*S D N GIVE ! G5US1 B ! G5US GIVES ! "*S2 = ? SEEMS F.D$ ON ! APPRECI,N ( _M TRIFL+ PO9TS ( RESEMBL.E1 TOO SLI P]FECT & DEGRAD$ FL[]S2 9 ! LATT]1 Z ,A4 DE ,JUSSIEU HAS REM>K$1 "1 ,! GRT] NUMB] (! "*S PROP] 6! SPECIES1 6! G5US1 6! FAMILY1 6! CLASS1 4APPE>1 & ?US LAU< AT \R CLASSIFIC,N40 ,:5 ,ASPIC>PA PRODUC$ 9 ,FR.E1 DUR+ S"EAL YE>S1 ONLY ^! DEGRAD$ FL[]S1 DE"P+ S WOND];LLY 9 A NUMB] (! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9TS ( /RUCTURE F ! PROP] TYPE (! ORD]1 YET ,M4 ,RI*>D SAGACI\SLY SAW1 Z ,JUSSIEU OBS]VES1 T ? G5US %D / 2 RETA9$ AM;G/ ! ,MALPIE AT "W1 !Y D N TR\# !MVS AB ! PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE ( ! "*S : !Y USE 9 DEF9+ A GR\P OR 9 ALLOCAT+ ANY "PICUL> SPECIES4 ,IF !Y F9D A "* NE>LY UNI=M1 & -MON 6A GRT NUMB] ( =MS1 & N -MON 6O!RS1 !Y USE X Z "O ( HI< VALUE2 IF -MON 6"S LESS] NUMB]1 !Y USE X Z ( SUBORD9ATE VALUE4 ,? PR9CIPLE HAS BE5 BROADLY 3FESS$ 0"S NATURALI/S 6BE ! TRUE "O2 & 0N"O M CLE>LY ?AN 0T EXCELL5T BOTANI/1 ,AUGU/E DE ,SA9T-,HILAIRE4 ,IF S"EAL TRIFL+ "*S >E ALW F.D 9 -B9,N1 ?\< NO APP>5T BOND ( 3NEC;N C 2 4COV]$ 2T !M1 ESPECIAL VALUE IS SET ON !M4 ,Z 9 MO/ GR\PS ( ANIMALS1 IMPORTANT ORGANS1 S* Z ^? = PROPELL+ ! BLOOD1 OR = ,AERAT+ X1 OR ^? = PROPAGAT+ ! RACE1 >E F.D NE>LY UNI=M1 !Y >E 3SID]$ Z HIE F.D 6(F] "*S ( Q SUBORD9ATE VALUE4 ,?US1 Z ,FRITZ ,MULL] HAS LATELY REM>K$1 9 ! SAME GR\P ( CRU/AC1NS1 ,CYPRID9A IS FURNI%$ )A HE>T1 :IL/ 9 TWO CLOSELY ALLI$ G5]A1 "NLY ,CYPRIS & ,CY!REA1 "! IS NO S* ORGAN2 "O SPECIES ( ,CYPRID9A HAS WELL-DEVELOP$ BRAN*IAE1 :IL/ ANO!R SPECIES IS DE/ITUTE ( !M4 ,WE C SEE :Y "*S DERIV$ F ! EMBRYO %D 2 ( EQUAL IMPORT.E ) ^? DERIV$ F ! ADULT1 =A NATURAL CLASSIFIC,N ( C\RSE 9CLUDES ALL AGES4 ,B X IS 0NO M1NS OBVI\S1 ON ! ORD9>Y VIEW1 :Y ! /RUCTURE (! EMBRYO %D 2 M IMPORTANT = ? PURPOSE ?AN T (! ADULT1 : AL"O PLAYS XS FULL "P 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATURE4 ,YET X HAS BE5 /R;GLY URG$ 0^? GRT NATURALI/S1 ,MILNE ,$W>DS & ,AGASSIZ1 T EMBRYOLOGICAL "*S >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL2 & ? DOCTR9E HAS V G5],Y BE5 ADMITT$ Z TRUE4 ,N"E!.S1 _! IMPORT.E HAS "S"TS BE5 EXA7]AT$1 [+ 6! ADAPTIVE "*S ( L>VAE N HAV+ BE5 EXCLUD$2 9 ORD] 6%[ ?1 ,FRITZ ,MULL] >RANG$ 0! AID ( S* "*S AL"O ! GRT CLASS ( CRU/AC1NS1 &! >RANGE;T DID N PROVE A NATURAL "O4 ,B "! C 2 NO D\BT T EMBRYONIC1 EXCLUD+ L>VAL "*S1 >E (! HIE F.D$ ON DI6];ES 9 ! EMBRYO1- ON ! NUMB] & POSI;N (! COTYL$ONS1 & ON ! MODE ( DEVELOP;T (! PLUMULE & RADICLE4 ,WE % IMMLY SEE :Y ^! "*S POSSESS S HI< A VALUE 9 CLASSIFIC,N1 "NLY1 F ! NATURAL SY/EM 2+ G5EALOGICAL 9 XS >RANGE;T4 ,\R CLASSIFIC,NS >E (T5 PLA9LY 9FLU;ED 0*A9S ( A69ITIES4 ,NO?+ C 2 EASI] ?AN 6DEF9E A NUMB] ( "*S -MON 6ALL BIRDS2 B ) CRU/AC1NS1 ANY S* DEF9I;N HAS HI!RTO BE5 F.D IMPOSSI#4 ,"! >E CRU/AC1NS AT ! OPPOSITE 5DS (! S]IES1 : H H>DLY A "* 9 -MON2 YET ! SPECIES AT BO? 5DS1 F 2+ PLA9LY ALLI$ 6O!RS1 & ^! 6O!RS1 & S ONW>DS1 C 2 RECOGNIS$ Z UNEQUIVOC,Y 2L;G+ 6?1 & 6NO O!R CLASS (! ,>TICULATA4 ,GEOGRAPHICAL 4TRIBU;N HAS (T5 BE5 US$1 ?\< P]H N Q LOGIC,Y1 9 CLASSIFIC,N1 M ESPECI,Y 9 V L>GE GR\PS ( CLOSELY ALLI$ =MS4 ,TEMM9CK 9SI/S ON ! UTIL;Y OR EV5 NECESS;Y ( ? PRACTICE 9 C]TA9 GR\PS ( BIRDS2 & X HAS BE5 FOLL[$ 0S"EAL 5TOMOLOGI/S & BOTANI/S4 ,F9,Y1 ) RESPECT 6! -P>ATIVE VALUE (! V>I\S GR\PS ( SPECIES1 S* Z ORD]S1 SUB- ORD]S1 FAMILIES1 SUB-FAMILIES1 & G5]A1 !Y SEEM 6BE1 AT L1/ AT PRES5T1 ALM >BITR>Y4 ,S"EAL (! BE/ BOTANI/S1 S* Z ,MR4 ,B5?AM & O!RS1 H /R;GLY 9SI/$ ON _! >BITR>Y VALUE4 ,9/.ES CD 2 GIV5 AM;G/ PLANTS & 9SECTS1 (A GR\P F/ RANK$ 0PRACTIS$ NATURALI/S Z ONLY A G5US1 & !N RAIS$ 6! RANK (A SUB-FAMILY OR FAMILY2 & ? HAS BE5 D"O1 N 2C FUR!R RESE>* HAS DETECT$ IMPORTANT /RUCTURAL DI6];ES1 AT F/ OV]LOOK$1 B 2C NUM]\S ALLI$ SPECIES ) SLIE ^? : H BE5 9H]IT$ F A -MON P>5T1 ALL TRUE CLASSIFIC,N 2+ G5EALOGICAL2- T -MUN;Y ( DESC5T IS ! HI45 BOND : NATURALI/S H BE5 UNCONSCI\SLY SEEK+1 & N "S UN"KN PLAN ( CRE,N1 OR ! ENUNCI,N ( G5]AL PROPOSI;NS1 &! M]E PUTT+ TGR & SEP>AT+ OBJECTS M OR LESS ALIKE4 ,B ,I M/ EXPLA9 MY M1N+ M FULLY4 ,I 2LIEVE T ! >RANGE;T (! GR\PS )9 EA* CLASS1 9 DUE SUBORD9,N & REL,N 6EA* O!R1 M/ 2 /RICTLY G5EALOGICAL 9 ORD] 6BE NATURAL2 B T ! AM.T ( DI6];E 9 ! S"EAL BRAN*ES OR GR\PS1 ?\< ALLI$ 9 ! SAME DEGREE 9 BLOOD 6_! -MON PROG5ITOR1 MAY DI6] GRTLY1 2+ DUE 6! DI6]5T DEGREES ( MODIFIC,N : !Y H "UG"O2 & ? IS EXPRESS$ 0! =MS 2+ RANK$ "U DI6]5T G5]A1 FAMILIES1 SEC;NS1 OR ORD]S4 ,! R1D] W BE/ "U/& :AT IS M1NT1 IF HE W TAKE ! TR\# 6REF] 6! DIAGRAM 9 ! F\R? *APT]4 ,WE W SUPPOSE ! LRS ,A TO ;,L 6REPRES5T ALLI$ G5]A EXI/+ DUR+ ! ,SILURIAN EPO*1 & DESC5D$ F "S / E>LI] =M4 ,9 ?REE ( ^! G5]A 7;,A1 ;,F1 & ,I71 A SPECIES HAS TRANSMITT$ MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS 6! PRES5T "D1 REPRES5T$ 0! FIFTE5 G5]A 7A#AD 6Z#AD7 ON ! UPP]MO/ HORIZONTAL L9E4 ,N[ ALL ^! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS F A S+LE SPECIES1 >E RELAT$ 9 BLOOD OR DESC5T 9 ! SAME DEGREE2 !Y MAY METAPHORIC,Y 2 CALL$ C\S9S 6! SAME MILLION? DEGREE2 YET !Y DI6] WIDELY & 9 DI6]5T DEGREES F EA* O!R4 ,! =MS DESC5D$ F ;,A1 N[ BROK5 UP 96TWO OR ?REE FAMILIES1 3/ITUTE A 4T9CT ORD] F ^? DESC5D$ F ,I1 AL BROK5 UP 96TWO FAMILIES4 ,NOR C ! EXI/+ SPECIES1 DESC5D$ F ;,A1 2 RANK$ 9 ! SAME G5US )! P>5T ,A2 OR ^? F ,I1 )! P>5T ,I4 ,B ! EXI/+ G5US F#AD MAY 2 SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 B SLI5T- G5US ;,F2 J Z "S FEW / LIV+ ORGANISMS 2L;G 6,SILURIAN G5]A4 ,S T ! -P>ATIVE VALUE (! DI6];ES 2T ^! ORGANIC 2+S1 : >E ALL RELAT$ 6EA* O!R 9 ! SAME DEGREE 9 BLOOD1 HAS -E 6BE WIDELY DI6]5T4 ,N"E!.S _! G5EALOGICAL >RANGE;T REMA9S /RICTLY TRUE1 N ONLY AT ! PRES5T "T1 B AT EA* SU3ESSIVE P]IOD ( DESC5T4 ,ALL MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS F ,A W H 9H]IT$ "S?+ 9 -MON F _! -MON P>5T1 Z W ALL ! DESC5DANTS F ,I2 S W X 2 ) EA* SUBORD9ATE BRAN* ( DESC5DANTS1 AT EA* SU3ESSIVE /AGE4 ,IF1 H["E1 WE SUPPOSE ANY DESC5DANT ( ;,A1 OR ( ,I1 6H 2COME S M* MODIFI$ Z 6H LO/ ALL TRACES ( XS P>5TAGE1 9 ? CASE1 XS PLACE 9 ! NATURAL SY/EM W 2 LO/1 Z SEEMS 6H O3URR$ ) "S FEW EXI/+ ORGANISMS4 ,ALL ! DESC5DANTS (! G5US ;,F1 AL;G XS :OLE L9E ( DESC5T1 >E SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 B LL MODIFI$1 & !Y =M A S+LE G5US4 ,B ? G5US1 ?\< M* ISOLAT$1 W / O3UPY XS PROP] 9T]M$IATE POSI;N4 ,! REPRES5T,N (! GR\PS1 Z "H GIV5 9 ! DIAGRAM ON A FLAT SURFACE1 IS M* TOO SIMPLE4 ,! BRAN*ES "\ 6H DIV]G$ 9 ALL DIREC;NS4 ,IF ! "NS (! GR\PS _H BE5 SIMPLY WRITT5 D[N 9 A L9E> S]IES1 ! REPRES5T,N WD H BE5 / LESS NATURAL2 & X IS NOTORI\SLY N POSSI# 6REPRES5T 9 A S]IES1 ON A FLAT SURFACE1 ! A69ITIES : WE 4COV] 9 NATURE AM;G/ ! 2+S (! SAME GR\P4 ,?US1 ! ,NATURAL ,SY/EM IS G5EALOGICAL 9 XS >RANGE;T1 L A P$IGREE3 B ! AM.T ( MODIFIC,N : ! DI6]5T GR\PS H "UG"O HAS 6BE EXPRESS$ 0RANK+ !M "U DI6]5T S-CALL$ G5]A1 SUB-FAMILIES1 FAMILIES1 SEC;NS1 ORD]S1 & CLASSES4 ,X MAY 2 WOR? :ILE 6ILLU/RATE ? VIEW ( CLASSIFIC,N1 0TAK+ ! CASE ( LANGUAGES4 ,IF WE POSSESS$ A P]FECT P$IGREE ( MANK9D1 A G5EALOGICAL >RANGE;T (! RACES ( MAN WD AF=D ! BE/ CLASSIFIC,N (! V>I\S LANGUAGES N[ SPOK5 "?\T ! _W2 & IF ALL EXT9CT LANGUAGES1 & ALL 9T]M$IATE & SL[LY *ANG+ DIALECTS1 7 6BE 9CLUD$1 S* AN >RANGE;T WD 2 ! ONLY POSSI# "O4 ,YET X MII\S DEGREES ( DI6];E 2T ! LANGUAGES (! SAME /OCK1 WD H 6BE EXPRESS$ 0GR\PS SUBORD9ATE 6GR\PS2 B ! PROP] OR EV5 ! ONLY POSSI# >RANGE;T WD / 2 G5EALOGICAL2 & ? WD 2 /RICTLY NATURAL1 Z X WD 3NECT TGR ALL LANGUAGES1 EXT9CT & REC5T1 0! CLOSE/ A69ITIES1 & WD GIVE ! FILI,N & ORIG9 ( EA* T;GUE4 ,9 3FIRM,N ( ? VIEW1 LET U GL.E AT ! CLASSIFIC,N ( V>IETIES1 : >E "KN OR 2LIEV$ 6BE DESC5D$ F A S+LE SPECIES4 ,^! >E GR\P$ "U ! SPECIES1 )! SUB-V>IETIES "U ! V>IETIES2 & 9 "S CASES1 Z )! DOME/IC PIGEON1 ) S"EAL O!R GRADES ( DI6];E4 ,NE>LY ! SAME RULES >E FOLL[$ Z 9 CLASSIFY+ SPECIES4 ,AU?ORS H 9SI/$ ON ! NECESS;Y ( >RANG+ V>IETIES ON A NATURAL 9/1D ( AN >TIFICIAL SY/EM2 WE >E CAU;N$1 = 9/.E1 N 6CLASS TWO V>IETIES (! P9EAPPLE TGR1 M]ELY 2C _! FRUIT1 ?\< ! MO/ IMPORTANT "P1 HAPP5S 6BE NE>LY ID5TICAL2 NO "O PUTS ! ,SW$I% & -MON TURNIP TGR1 ?\< ! ESCUL5T & ?ICK5$ /EMS >E S SIMIL>4 ,:AT"E "P IS F.D 6BE MO/ 3/ANT1 IS US$ 9 CLASS+ V>IETIES3 ?US ! GRT AGRICULTURI/ ,M>%ALL SAYS ! HORNS >E V USE;L = ? PURPOSE ) CATTLE1 2C !Y >E LESS V>IA# ?AN ! %APE OR COL\R (! BODY1 &C42 ":AS ) %EEP ! HORNS >E M* LESS S]VICEA#1 2C LESS 3/ANT4 ,9 CLASS+ V>IETIES1 ,I APPREH5D T IF WE _H A R1L P$IGREE1 A G5EALOGICAL CLASSIFIC,N WD 2 UNIV]S,Y PREF]R$2 & X HAS BE5 ATTEMPT$ 9 "S CASES4 ,= WE MIIETIES DI6] 9 ! IMPORTANT "* (! L5G? (! B1K1 YET ALL >E KEPT TGR F HAV+ ! -MON HABIT ( TUMBL+2 B ! %ORT-FAC$ BRE$ HAS NE>LY OR Q LO/ ? HABIT2 N"E!.S1 )\T ANY ?"\ ON ! SUBJECT1 ^! TUM#RS >E KEPT 9 ! SAME GR\P1 2C ALLI$ 9 BLOOD & ALIKE 9 "S O!R RESPECTS4 ,) SPECIES 9 A /ATE ( NATURE1 E NATURALI/ HAS 9 FACT BR"\ DESC5T 96HIS CLASSIFIC,N2 = HE 9CLUDES 9 8 L[E/ GRADE1 T ( SPECIES1 ! TWO SEXES2 & H[ ENORM\SLY ^! "S"TS DI6] 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT "*S1 IS "KN 6E NATURALI/3 SC>CELY A S+LE FACT C 2 PR$ICAT$ 9 -MON (! ADULT MALES & H]MAPHRODITES ( C]TA9 CIRRIP$ES1 & YET NO "O DR1MS ( SEP>AT+ !M4 ,Z SOON Z ! ?REE OR*ID1N =MS1 ,MONA*AN?US1 ,MYAN?US1 & ,CATASETUM1 : _H PREVI\SLY BE5 RANK$ Z ?REE 4T9CT G5]A1 7 "KN 6BE "S"TS PRODUC$ ON ! SAME PLANT1 !Y 7 IMMLY 3SID]$ Z V>IETIES2 & N[ ,I H BE5 A# 6%[ T !Y >E ! MALE1 FEMALE1 & H]MAPHRODITE =MS (! SAME SPECIES4 ,! NATURALI/ 9CLUDES Z "O SPECIES ! V>I\S L>VAL /AGES (! SAME 9DIVIDUAL1 H["E M* !Y MAY DI6] F EA* O!R & F ! ADULT1 Z WELL Z ! S-CALL$ ALT]NATE G5],NS ( ,/E5/RUP1 : C ONLY 9 A TE*NICAL S5SE 2 3SID]$ Z ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL4 ,HE 9CLUDES MON/]S & V>IETIES1 N F _! "PIAL RESEMBL.E 6! P>5T-=M1 B 2C !Y >E DESC5D$ F X4 ,Z DESC5T HAS UNIV]S,Y BE5 US$ 9 CLASS+ TGR ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES1 ?\< ! MALES & FEMALES & L>VAE >E "S"TS EXTREMELY DI6]5T2 & Z X HAS BE5 US$ 9 CLASS+ V>IETIES : H "UG"O A C]TA91 & "S"TS A 3SID]A# AM.T ( MODIFIC,N1 MAY N ? SAME ELE;T ( DESC5T H BE5 UNCONSCI\SLY US$ 9 GR\P+ SPECIES "U G5]A1 & G5]A "U HI<] GR\PS1 ALL "U ! S-CALL$ NATURAL SY/EM8 ,I 2LIEVE X HAS BE5 UNCONSCI\SLY US$2 & ?US ONLY C ,I "U/& ! S"EAL RULES & GUIDES : H BE5 FOLL[$ 0\R BE/ SY/EMATI/S4 ,Z WE H NO WRITT5 P$IGREES1 WE >E =C$ 6TRACE -MUN;Y ( DESC5T 0RESEMBL.ES ( ANY K9D4 ,"!=E WE *OSE ^? "*S : >E ! L1/ LIKELY 6H BE5 MODIFI$1 9 REL,N 6! 3DI;NS ( LIFE 6: EA* SPECIES HAS BE5 REC5TLY EXPOS$4 ,RUDI;T>Y /RUCTURES ON ? VIEW >E Z GD Z1 OR EV5 BETT] ?AN1 O!R "PS (! ORGANIS,N4 ,WE C>E N H[ TRIFL+ A "* MAY BE- LET X 2 ! M]E 9FLEC;N (! ANGLE (! JAW1 ! MANN] 9 : AN 9SECT'S W+ IS FOLD$1 :E!R ! SK9 2 COV]$ 0HAIR OR F1!RS- IF X PREVAIL "?\T _M & DI6]5T SPECIES1 ESPECI,Y ^? HAV+ V DI6]5T HABITS ( LIFE1 X ASSUMES HI< VALUE2 = WE C A3.T = XS PRES;E 9 S _M =MS ) S* DI6]5T HABITS1 ONLY 09H]IT.E F A -MON P>5T4 ,WE MAY ]R 9 ? RESPECT 9 REG>D 6S+LE PO9TS ( /RUCTURE1 B :5 S"EAL "*S1 LET !M 2 "E S TRIFL+1 3CUR "?\T A L>GE GR\P ( 2+S HAV+ DI6]5T HABITS1 WE MAY FEEL ALM SURE1 ON ! !ORY ( DESC5T1 T ^! "*S H BE5 9H]IT$ F A -MON ANCE/OR2 & WE "K T S* A7REGAT$ "*S H ESPECIAL VALUE 9 CLASSIFIC,N4 ,WE C "U/& :Y A SPECIES OR A GR\P ( SPECIES MAY DE"P F XS ALLIES1 9 S"EAL ( XS MO/ IMPORTANT "*I/ICS1 & YET 2 SAFELY CLASS$ ) !M4 ,? MAY 2 SAFELY D"O1 & IS (T5 D"O1 Z L;G Z A SU6ICI5T NUMB] ( "*S1 LET !M 2 "E S UNIMPORTANT1 2TRAYS ! HI45 BOND ( -MUN;Y ( DESC5T4 ,LET TWO =MS H N A S+LE "* 9 -MON1 YET1 IF ^! EXTREME =MS >E 3NECT$ TGR 0A *A9 ( 9T]M$IATE GR\PS1 WE MAY AT ONCE 9F] _! -MUN;Y ( DESC5T1 & WE PUT !M ALL 96! SAME CLASS4 ,Z WE F9D ORGANS ( HI< PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORT.E- ^? : S]VE 6PRES]VE LIFE "U ! MO/ DIV]SE 3DI;NS ( EXI/;E- >E G5],Y ! MO/ 3/ANT1 WE ATTA* ESPECIAL VALUE 6!M2 B IF ^! SAME ORGANS1 9 ANO!R GR\P OR SEC;N (A GR\P1 >E F.D 6DI6] M*1 WE AT ONCE VALUE !M LESS 9 \R CLASSIFIC,N4 ,WE % PRES5TLY SEE :Y EMBRYOLOGICAL "*S >E ( S* HI< CLASSIFICATORY IMPORT.E4 ,GEOGRAPHICAL 4TRIBU;N MAY "S"TS 2 BR"\ USE;LLY 96PLAY 9 CLASS+ L>GE G5]A1 2C ALL ! SPECIES (! SAME G5US1 9HABIT+ ANY 4T9CT & ISOLAT$ REGION1 >E 9 ALL PROBABIL;Y DESC5D$ F ! SAME P>5TS4 ,ANALOGICAL ,RESEMBL.ES4- ,WE C "U/&1 ON ! ABV VIEWS1 ! V IMPORTANT 4T9C;N 2T R1L A69ITIES & ANALOGICAL OR ADAPTIVE RESEMBL.ES4 ,LAM>CK F/ CALL$ ATT5;N 6? SUBJECT1 & HE HAS BE5 ABLY FOLL[$ 0,MACL1Y & O!RS4 ,! RESEMBL.E 9 ! %APE ( ! BODY & 9 ! F9-L ANT]IOR LIMBS 2T DUG;GS & :ALES1 & 2T ^! TWO ORD]S ( MAMMALS & FI%ES1 >E ANALOGICAL4 ,S IS ! RESEMBL.E 2T A M\SE &A %REWM\SE 7,SOREX71 : 2L;G 6DI6]5T ORD]S2 &! / CLOS] RESEMBL.E1 9SI/$ ON 0,MR4 ,MIV>T1 2T ! M\SE &A SMALL M>SUPIAL ANIMAL 7,ANTE*9US7 ( ,AU/RALIA4 ,^! LATT] RESEMBL.ES MAY 2 A3.T$ =1 Z X SEEMS 6ME1 0ADAPT,N = SIMIL>LY ACTIVE MOVE;TS "? ?ICKETS & H]BAGE1 TGR ) 3C1L;T F 5EMIES4 ,AM;G/ 9SECTS "! >E 9NUM]A# SIMIL> 9/.ES2 ?US ,L9NAEUS1 MISL$ 0EXT]NAL APPE>.ES1 ACTU,Y CLASS$ AN HOMOPT]\S 9SECT Z A MO?4 ,WE SEE "S?+ (! SAME K9D EV5 ) \R DOME/IC V>IETIES1 Z 9 ! /RIK+LY SIMIL> %APE (! BODY 9 ! IMPROV$ BRE$S (! ,*9ESE & -MON PIG1 : >E DESC5D$ F 4T9CT SPECIES2 & 9 ! SIMIL>LY ?ICK5$ /EMS (! -MON & SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT ,SW$I% TURNIP4 ,! RESEMBL.E 2T ! GREYH.D &! RACE-HORSE IS H>DLY M FANCI;L ?AN ! ANALOGIES : H BE5 DRAWN 0"S AU?ORS 2T WIDELY DI6]5T ANIMALS4 ,ON ! VIEW ( "*S 2+ ( R1L IMPORT.E = CLASSIFIC,N1 ONLY 9 S F> Z !Y REV1L DESC5T1 WE C CLE>LY "U/& :Y ANALOGICAL OR ADAPTIVE "*S1 AL? (! UTMO/ IMPORT.E 6! WELF>E (! 2+1 >E ALM VALUE.S 6! SY/EMATI/4 ,= ANIMALS1 2L;G+ 6TWO MO/ 4T9CT L9ES ( DESC5T1 MAY H 2COME ADAPT$ 6SIMIL> 3DI;NS1 & ?US H ASSUM$ A CLOSE EXT]NAL RESEMBL.E2 B S* RESEMBL.ES W N REV1L- W R T5D 63C1L _! BLOOD-REL,N%IP4 ,WE C ?US "U/& ! APP>5T P>ADOX1 T ! V SAME "*S >E ANALOGICAL :5 "O GR\P IS -P>$ ) ANO!R1 B GIVE TRUE A69ITIES :5 ! MEMB]S (! SAME GR\P >E -P>$ TGR3 ?US1 ! %APE (! BODY & F9-L LIMBS >E ONLY ANALOGICAL :5 :ALES >E -P>$ ) FI%ES1 2+ ADAPT,NS 9 BO? CLASSES = SWIMM+ "? ! WAT]2 B 2T ! S"EAL MEMB]S (! :ALE FAMILY1 ! %APE (! BODY &! F9-L LIMBS (F] "*S EXHIBIT+ TRUE A69;Y2 = Z ^! "PS >E S NE>LY SIMIL> "?\T ! :OLE FAMILY1 WE _C D\BT T !Y H BE5 9H]IT$ F A -MON ANCE/OR4 ,S X IS ) FI%ES4 ,NUM]\S CASES CD 2 GIV5 ( /RIK+ RESEMBL.ES 9 Q 4T9CT 2+S 2T S+LE "PS OR ORGANS1 : H BE5 ADAPT$ =! SAME FUNC;NS4 ,A GD 9/.E IS AF=D$ 0! CLOSE RESEMBL.E ( ! JAWS (! DOG & ,TASMANIAN WOLF OR ,?YLAC9US1- ANIMALS : >E WIDELY S"U$ 9 ! NATURAL SY/EM4 ,B ? RESEMBL.E IS 3F9$ 6G5]AL APPE>.E1 Z 9 ! PROM9;E (! CAN9ES1 & 9 ! CUTT+ %APE (! MOL> TEE?4 ,=! TEE? RE,Y DI6] M*3 ?US ! DOG HAS ON EA* SIDE (! UPP] JAW F\R PRE-MOL>S & ONLY TWO MOL>S2 :IL/ ! ,?YLAC9US HAS ?REE PRE- MOL>S & F\R MOL>S4 ,! MOL>S AL DI6] M* 9 ! TWO ANIMALS 9 RELATIVE SIZE & /RUCTURE4 ,! ADULT D5TI;N IS PREC$$ 0A WIDELY DI6]5T MILK D5TI;N4 ,ANY "O MAY ( C\RSE D5Y T ! TEE? 9 EI CASE H BE5 ADAPT$ = TE>+ FLE%1 "? ! NATURAL SELEC;N ( SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS2 B IF ? 2 ADMITT$ 9 ! "O CASE1 X IS UN9TELLIGI# 6ME T X %D 2 D5I$ 9 ! O!R4 ,I AM GLAD 6F9D T S HI< AN AU?OR;Y Z ,PROFESSOR ,FL[] HAS -E 6? SAME 3CLU.N4 ,! EXTRAORD9>Y CASES GIV5 9 A =M] *APT]1 ( WIDELY DI6]5T FI%ES POSSESS+ ELECTRIC ORGANS1- ( WIDELY DI6]5T 9SECTS POSSESS+ LUM9\S ORGANS1- &( OR*IDS & ASCLEPIADS HAV+ POLL5-MASSES ) VISCID DISCS1 -E "U ? SAME H1D ( ANALOGICAL RESEMBL.ES4 ,B ^! CASES >E S WOND];L T !Y 7 9TRODUC$ Z DI6ICULTIES OR OBJEC;NS 6\R !ORY4 ,9 ALL S* CASES "S FUNDA;TAL DI6];E 9 ! GR[? OR DEVELOP;T (! "PS1 & G5],Y 9 _! MATUR$ /RUCTURE1 C 2 DETECT$4 ,! 5D GA9$ IS ! SAME1 B ! M1NS1 ?\< APPE>+ SUP]FICI,Y 6BE ! SAME1 >E ESS5TI,Y DI6]5T4 ,! PR9CIPLE =M]LY ALLUD$ 6"U ! T]M ( ANALOGICAL V>I,N HAS PROBABLY 9 ^! CASES (T5 -E 96PLAY2 T IS1 ! MEMB]S (! SAME CLASS1 AL? ONLY 4TANTLY ALLI$1 H 9H]IT$ S M* 9 -MON 9 _! 3/ITU;N1 T !Y >E APT 6V>Y "U SIMIL> EXCIT+ CAUSES 9 A SIMIL> MANN]2 & ? WD OBVI\SLY AID 9 ! ACQUIRE;T "? NATURAL SELEC;N ( "PS OR ORGANS1 /RIK+LY L EA* O!R1 9DEP5D5TLY ( _! DIRECT 9H]IT.E F A -MON PROG5ITOR4 ,Z SPECIES 2L;G+ 64T9CT CLASSES H (T5 BE5 ADAPT$ 0SU3ESSIVE SLILY SIMIL> CIRCUM/.ES1- 69HABIT1 = 9/.E1 ! ?REE ELE;TS ( L&1 AIR1 & WAT]1- WE C P]H "U/& H[ X IS T A NUM]ICAL P>ALLELISM HAS "S"TS BE5 OBS]V$ 2T ! SUB-GR\PS ( 4T9CT CLASSES4 ,A NATURALI/1 /RUCK )A P>ALLELISM ( ? NATURE1 0>BITR>ILY RAIS+ OR S9K+ ! VALUE (! GR\PS 9 S"EAL CLASSES 7& ALL \R EXP]I;E %[S T _! VALU,N IS Z YET >BITR>Y71 CD EASILY EXT5D ! P>ALLELISM OV] A WIDE RANGE2 & ?US ! SEPT5>Y1 QU9>Y1 QU>T]N>Y & T]N>Y CLASSIFIC,NS H PROBABLY >IS54 ,"! IS ANO!R & CURI\S CLASS ( CASES 9 : CLOSE EXT]NAL RESEMBL.E DOES N DEP5D ON ADAPT,N 6SIMIL> HABITS ( LIFE1 B HAS BE5 GA9$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,I ALLUDE 6! WOND];L MANN] 9 : C]TA9 BUTT]FLIES IMITATE1 Z F/ DESCRIB$ 0,MR4 ,BATES1 O!R & Q 4T9CT SPECIES4 ,? EXCELL5T OBS]V] HAS %[N T 9 "S 4TRICTS ( ,S4 ,AM]ICA1 ":1 = 9/.E1 AN ,I?OMIA AB.DS 9 GAUDY SW>MS1 ANO!R BUTT]FLY1 "NLY1 A LEPTALIS1 IS (T5 F.D M+L$ 9 ! SAME FLOCK2 &! LATT] S CLOSELY RESEM#S ! ,I?OMIA 9 E %ADE & /RIPE ( COL\R & EV5 9 ! %APE ( XS W+S1 T ,MR4 ,BATES1 ) 8 EYES %>P5$ 0COLLECT+ DUR+ ELEV5 YE>S1 WAS1 ?\< ALW ON 8 GU>D1 3T9U,Y DCVD4 ,:5 ! MOCK]S &! MOCK$ >E CAU$1 !Y >E F.D 6BE V DI6]5T 9 ESS5TIAL /RUCTURE1 & 62L;G N ONLY 64T9CT G5]A1 B (T5 64T9CT FAMILIES4 ,_H ? MIMICRY O3URR$ 9 ONLY "O OR TWO 9/.ES1 X MIE ENUM]AT$1 : 9CLUDE SPECIES T IMITATE O!R BUTT]FLIES4 ,! MOCK]S & MOCK$ ALW 9HABIT ! SAME REGION2 WE N"E F9D AN IMITATOR LIV+ REMOTE F ! =M : X IMITATES4 ,! MOCK]S >E ALM 9V>IABLY R>E 9SECTS2 ! MOCK$ 9 ALM E CASE AB.D 9 SW>MS4 ,9 ! SAME 4TRICT 9 : A SPECIES ( LAPTALIS CLOSELY IMITATES AN ,I?OMIA1 "! >E "S"TS O!R ,LEPIDOPT]A MIMICK+ ! SAME ,I?OMIA3 S T 9 ! SAME PLACE1 SPECIES ( ?REE G5]A ( BUTT]FLIES & EV5 A MO? >E F.D ALL CLOSELY RESEMBL+ A BUTT]FLY 2L;G+ 6A F\R? G5US4 ,X DES]VES ESPECIAL NOTICE T _M (! MIMICK+ =MS (! LEPTALIS1 Z WELL Z (! MIMICK$ =MS1 C 2 %[N 0A GRADUAT$ S]IES 6BE M]ELY V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES2 :IL/ O!RS >E UND\BT$LY 4T9CT SPECIES4 ,B :Y1 X MAY 2 ASK$1 >E C]TA9 =MS TR1T$ Z ! MIMICK$ & O!RS Z ! MIMICK]S8 ,MR4 ,BATES SATISFACTORILY ANSW]S ? "Q1 0%[+ T ! =M : IS IMITAT$ KEEPS ! USUAL DRESS (! GR\P 6: X 2L;GS1 :IL/ ! C.T]FEIT]S H *ANG$ _! DRESS & D N RESEM# _! NE>E/ ALLIES4 ,WE >E NEXT L$ 69QUIRE :AT R1SON C 2 ASSIGN$ = C]TA9 BUTT]FLIES & MO?S S (T5 ASSUM+ ! DRESS ( ANO!R & Q 4T9CT =M2 :Y1 6! P]PLEX;Y ( NATURALI/S1 HAS NATURE 3DESC5D$ 6! TRICKS (! /AGE8 ,MR4 ,BATES HAS1 NO D\BT1 HIT ON ! TRUE EXPLAN,N4 ,! MOCK$ =MS1 : ALW AB.D 9 NUMB]S1 M/ HABITU,Y ESCAPE DE/RUC;N 6A L>GE EXT5T1 O!RWISE !Y CD N EXI/ 9 S* SW>MS2 &A L>GE AM.T ( EVID;E HAS N[ BE5 COLLECT$1 %[+ T !Y >E 4TA/E;L 6BIRDS & O!R 9SECT-DEV\R+ ANIMALS4 ,! MOCK+ =MS1 ON ! O!R H&1 T 9HABIT ! SAME 4TRICT1 >E -P>ATIVELY R>E1 & 2L;G 6R>E GR\PS2 H;E !Y M/ SU6] HABITU,Y F "S DANG]1 = O!RWISE1 F ! NUMB] ( E7S LAID 0ALL BUTT]FLIES1 !Y WD 9 ?REE OR F\R G5],NS SW>M OV] ! :OLE C.TRY4 ,N[ IF A MEMB] ( "O ( ^! P]SECUT$ & R>E GR\PS 7 6ASSUME A DRESS S L T (A WELL-PROTECT$ SPECIES T X 3T9U,Y DCVD ! PRACTIS$ EYE ( AN 5TOMOLOGI/1 X WD (T5 DCV PREDACE\S BIRDS & 9SECTS1 & ?US (T5 ESCAPE DE/RUC;N4 ,MR4 ,BATES MAY ALM 2 SD 6H ACTU,Y WIT;S$ ! PROCESS 0: ! MIMICK]S H -E S CLOSELY 6RESEM# ! MIMICK$2 = HE F.D T "S (! =MS ( ,LEPTALIS : MIMIC S _M O!R BUTT]FLIES1 V>I$ 9 AN EXTREME DEGREE4 ,9 "O 4TRICT S"EAL V>IETIES O3URR$1 &( ^! "O AL"O RESEM#D 6A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ! -MON ,I?OMIA ( ! SAME 4TRICT4 ,9 ANO!R 4TRICT "! 7 TWO OR ?REE V>IETIES1 "O ( : 0 M* -MON] ?AN ! O!RS1 & ? CLOSELY MOCK$ ANO!R =M ( ,I?OMIA4 ,F FACTS ( ? NATURE1 ,MR4 ,BATES 3CLUDES T ! LEPTALIS F/ V>IES2 & :5 A V>IETY HAPP5S 6RESEM# 9 "S DEGREE ANY -MON BUTT]FLY 9HABIT+ ! SAME 4TRICT1 ? V>IETY1 F XS RESEMBL.E 6A FL\RI%+ & LL-P]SECUT$ K9D1 HAS A BETT] *.E ( ESCAP+ DE/RUC;N F PREDACE\S BIRDS & 9SECTS1 & IS 3SEQU5TLY (T5] PRES]V$2--8! LESS P]FECT DEGREES ( RESEMBL.E 2+ G5],N AF G5],N ELIM9AT$1 & ONLY ! O!RS LEFT 6PROPAGATE _! K9D40 ,S T "H WE H AN EXCELL5T ILLU/R,N ( NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,MESSRS4 ,WALLACE & ,TRIM5 H LIKEWISE DESCRIB$ S"EAL EQU,Y /RIK+ CASES ( IMIT,N 9 ! ,LEPIDOPT]A (! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO & ,AFRICA1 &) "S O!R 9SECTS4 ,MR4 ,WALLACE HAS AL DETECT$ "O S* CASE ) BIRDS1 B WE H N"O )! L>G] QUADRUP$S4 ,! M* GRT] FREQU5CY ( IMIT,N ) 9SECTS ?AN ) O!R ANIMALS1 IS PROBABLY ! 3SEQU;E ( _! SMALL SIZE2 9SECTS _C DEF5D !MVS1 EXCEPT+ 9DE$ ! K9DS FURNI%$ )A /+1 & ,I H N"E HE>D ( AN 9/.E ( S* K9DS MOCK+ O!R 9SECTS1 ?\< !Y >E MOCK$2 9SECTS _C EASILY ESCAPE 0FLIG] ANIMALS : PREY ON !M2 "!=E1 SP1K+ METAPHORIC,Y1 !Y >E REDUC$1 L MO/ W1K CR1TURES1 6TRICK]Y & 4SIMUL,N4 ,X %D 2 OBS]V$ T ! PROCESS ( IMIT,N PROBABLY N"E -M;ED 2T =MS WIDELY 4SIMIL> 9 COL\R4 ,B />T+ ) SPECIES ALR "S:AT L EA* O!R1 ! CLOSE/ RESEMBL.E1 IF B5EFICIAL1 CD R1DILY 2 GA9$ 0! ABV M1NS2 & IF ! IMITAT$ =M 0 SUBSEQU5TLY & GRADU,Y MODIFI$ "? ANY AG5CY1 ! IMITAT+ =M WD 2 L$ AL;G ! SAME TRACK1 & ?US 2 ALT]$ 6ALM ANY EXT5T1 S T X MI.E OR COL\R+ :OLLY UNLIKE T (! O!R MEMB]S (! FAMILY 6: X 2L;G$4 ,"! IS1 H["E1 "S DI6ICULTY ON ? H1D1 = X IS NEC 6SUPPOSE 9 "S CASES T ANCI5T MEMB]S 2L;G+ 6S"EAL 4T9CT GR\PS1 2F !Y _H DIV]G$ 6_! PRES5T EXT5T1 A3ID5T,Y RESEM#D A MEMB] ( ANO!R & PROTECT$ GR\P 9 A SU6ICI5T DEGREE 6AF=D "S SLIG] G5]A1 T5D 69H]IT ! ADVANTAGES : MADE ! GR\PS 6: !Y 2L;G L>GE & _! P>5TS DOM9ANT1 !Y >E ALM SURE 6SPR1D WIDELY1 & 6SEIZE ON M & M PLACES 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATURE4 ,! L>G] & M DOM9ANT GR\PS )9 EA* CLASS ?US T5D 6G ON 9CR1S+ 9 SIZE2 & !Y 3SEQU5TLY SUPPLANT _M SMALL] & FEE#R GR\PS4 ,?US WE C A3.T =! FACT T ALL ORGANISMS1 REC5T & EXT9CT1 >E 9CLUD$ "U A FEW GRT ORD]S1 & "U / FEW] CLASSES4 ,Z %[+ H[ FEW ! HI<] GR\PS >E 9 NUMB]1 & H[ WIDELY !Y >E SPR1D "?\T ! _W1 ! FACT IS /RIK+ T ! 4COV]Y ( ,AU/RALIA HAS N A4$ AN 9SECT 2L;G+ 6A NEW CLASS2 & T 9 ! VEGETA# K+DOM1 Z ,I LE>N F ,DR4 ,HOOK]1 X HAS A4$ ONLY TWO OR ?REE FAMILIES ( SMALL SIZE4 ,9 ! *APT] ON ,GEOLOGICAL ,SU3ES.N ,I ATTEMPT$ 6%[1 ON ! PR9CIPLE ( EA* GR\P HAV+ G5],Y DIV]G$ M* 9 "* DUR+ ! L;G- 3T9U$ PROCESS ( MODIFIC,N1 H[ X IS T ! M ANCI5T =MS ( LIFE (T5 PRES5T "*S 9 "S DEGREE 9T]M$IATE 2T EXI/+ GR\PS4 ,Z "S FEW (! OLD & 9T]M$IATE =MS H TRANSMITT$ 6! PRES5T "D DESC5DANTS B LL MODIFI$1 ^! 3/ITUTE \R S-CALL$ OSCULANT OR AB]RANT SPECIES4 ,! M AB]RANT ANY =M IS1 ! GRT] M/ 2 ! NUMB] ( 3NECT+ =MS : H BE5 EXT]M9AT$ & UTT]LY LO/4 ,& WE H "S EVID;E ( AB]RANT GR\PS HAV+ SU6]$ SEV]ELY F EXT9C;N1 = !Y >E ALM ALW REPRES5T$ 0EXTREMELY FEW SPECIES2 & S* SPECIES Z D O3UR >E G5],Y V 4T9CT F EA* O!R1 : AG IMPLIES EXT9C;N4 ,! G5]A ,ORNI?ORHYN*US & LEPIDOSIR51 = EXAMPLE1 WD N H BE5 LESS AB]RANT _H EA* BE5 REPRES5T$ 0A DOZ5 SPECIES1 9/1D ( Z AT PRES5T 0A S+LE "O1 OR 0TWO OR ?REE4 ,WE C1 ,I ?9K1 A3.T = ? FACT ONLY 0LOOK+ AT AB]RANT GR\PS Z =MS : H BE5 3QU]$ 0M SU3ESS;L -PETITORS1 )A FEW MEMB]S / PRES]V$ "U UNUSU,Y FAV\RA# 3DI;NS4 ,MR4 ,WAT]H\SE HAS REM>K$ T1 :5 A MEMB] 2L;G+ 6"O GR\P ( ANIMALS EXHIBITS AN A69;Y 6A Q 4T9CT GR\P1 ? A69;Y 9 MO/ CASES IS G5]AL & N SPECIAL2 ?US1 AC 6,MR4 ,WAT]H\SE1 ( ALL ROD5TS1 ! BIZCA*A IS MO/ NE>LY RELAT$ 6M>SUPIALS2 B 9 ! PO9TS 9 : X APPROA*ES ? ORD]1 XS REL,NS >E G5]AL1 T IS1 N 6ANY "O M>SUPIAL SPECIES M ?AN 6ANO!R4 ,Z ^! PO9TS ( A69;Y >E 2LIEV$ 6BE R1L & N M]ELY ADAPTIVE1 !Y M/ 2 DUE 9 A3ORD.E ) \R VIEW 69H]IT.E F A -MON PROG5ITOR4 ,"!=E WE M/ SUPPOSE EI T ALL ROD5TS1 9CLUD+ ! BIZCA*A1 BRAN*$ (F F "S ANCI5T M>SUPIAL1 : W NATUR,Y H BE5 M OR LESS 9T]M$IATE 9 "* ) RESPECT 6ALL EXI/+ M>SUPIALS2 OR T BO? ROD5TS & M>SUPIALS BRAN*$ (F F A -MON PROG5ITOR1 & T BO? GR\PS H S9CE "UG"O M* MODIFIC,N 9 DIV]G5T DIREC;NS4 ,ON EI VIEW WE M/ SUPPOSE T ! BIZCA*A HAS RETA9$1 09H]IT.E1 M (!1 "*S ( XS ANCI5T PROG5ITOR ?AN H O!R ROD5TS2 & "!=E X W N 2 SPECI,Y RELAT$ 6ANY "O EXI/+ M>SUPIAL1 B 9DIRECTLY 6ALL OR NE>LY ALL M>SUPIALS1 F HAV+ "PI,Y RETA9$ ! "* ( _! -MON PROG5ITOR1 OR ( "S E>LY MEMB] (! GR\P4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ( ALL M>SUPIALS1 Z ,MR4 ,WAT]H\SE HAS REM>K$1 ! ,PHASCOLOMYS RESEM#S MO/ NE>LY1 N ANY "O SPECIES1 B ! G5]AL ORD] ( ROD5TS4 ,9 ? CASE1 H["E1 X MAY 2 /R;GLY SUSPECT$ Z ! RESEMBL.E IS ONLY ANALOGICAL1 [+ 6! ,PHASCOLOMYS HAV+ 2COME ADAPT$ 6HABITS L ^? (A ROD5T4 ,! ELD] ,DE ,C&OLLE HAS MADE NE>LY SIMIL> OBS]V,NS ON ! G5]AL NATURE (! A69ITIES ( 4T9CT FAMILIES ( PLANTS4 ,ON ! PR9CIPLE (! MULTIPLIC,N & GRADUAL DIV]G;E 9 "* (! SPECIES DESC5D$ F A -MON PROG5ITOR1 TGR ) _! RET5;N 09H]IT.E ( "S "*S 9 -MON1 WE C "U/& ! EXCESSIVELY -PLEX & RADIAT+ A69ITIES 0: ALL ! MEMB]S (! SAME FAMILY OR HI<] GR\P >E 3NECT$ TGR4 ,=! -MON PROG5ITOR (A :OLE FAMILY1 N[ BROK5 UP 0EXT9C;N 964T9CT GR\PS & SUB-GR\PS1 W H TRANSMITT$ "S ( XS "*S1 MODIFI$ 9 V>I\S WAYS & DEGREES1 6ALL ! SPECIES2 & !Y W 3SEQU5TLY 2 RELAT$ 6EA* O!R 0CIRCUIT\S L9ES ( A69;Y ( V>I\S L5G?S 7Z MAY 2 SE5 9 ! DIAGRAM S (T5 REF]R$ TO71 M.T+ UP "? _M PR$ECESSORS4 ,Z X IS DI6ICULT 6%[ ! BLOOD REL,N%IP 2T ! NUM]\S K9DR$ ( ANY ANCI5T & NO# FAMILY EV5 0! AID (A G5EALOGICAL TREE1 & ALM IMPOSSI# 6D S )\T ? AID1 WE C "U/& ! EXTRAORD9>Y DI6ICULTY : NATURALI/S H EXP]I;ED 9 DESCRIB+1 )\T ! AID (A DIAGRAM1 ! V>I\S A69ITIES : !Y P]CV 2T ! _M LIV+ & EXT9CT MEMB]S (! SAME GRT NATURAL CLASS4 ,EXT9C;N1 Z WE H SE5 9 ! F\R? *APT]1 HAS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT "P 9 DEF9+ & WID5+ ! 9T]VALS 2T ! S"EAL GR\PS 9 EA* CLASS4 ,WE MAY ?US A3.T =! 4T9CT;S ( :OLE CLASSES F EA* O!R- = 9/.E1 ( BIRDS F ALL O!R V]TEBRATE ANIMALS- 0! 2LIEF T _M ANCI5T =MS ( LIFE H BE5 UTT]LY LO/1 "? : ! E>LY PROG5ITORS ( BIRDS 7 =M]LY 3NECT$ )! E>LY PROG5ITORS (! O!R & AT T "T LESS DI6]5TIAT$ V]TEBRATE CLASSES4 ,"! HAS BE5 M* LESS EXT9C;N (! =MS ( LIFE : ONCE 3NECT$ FI%ES ) BATRA*IANS4 ,"! HAS BE5 / LESS )9 "S :OLE CLASSES1 = 9/.E ! ,CRU/ACEA1 = "H ! MO/ WOND];LLY DIV]SE =MS >E / L9K$ TGR 0A L;G & ONLY "PI,Y BROK5 *A9 ( A69ITIES4 ,EXT9C;N HAS ONLY DEF9$ ! GR\PS3 X HAS 0NO M1NS MADE !M2 = IF E =M : HAS "E LIV$ ON ? E>? 7 SU45LY 6REAPPE>1 ?\< X WD 2 Q IMPOSSI# 6GIVE DEF9I;NS 0: EA* GR\P CD 2 4T+UI%$1 / A NATURAL CLASSIFIC,N1 OR AT L1/ A NATURAL >RANGE;T1 WD 2 POSSI#4 ,WE % SEE ? 0TURN+ 6! DIAGRAM2 ! LRS1 ,A TO ;,L1 MAY REPRES5T ELEV5 ,SILURIAN G5]A1 "S ( : H PRODUC$ L>GE GR\PS ( MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS1 ) E L9K 9 EA* BRAN* & SUB- BRAN* / ALIVE2 &! L9KS N GRT] ?AN ^? 2T EXI/+ V>IETIES4 ,9 ? CASE X WD 2 Q IMPOSSI# 6GIVE DEF9I;NS 0: ! S"EAL MEMB]S (! S"EAL GR\PS CD 2 4T+UI%$ F _! M IMM P>5TS & DESC5DANTS4 ,YET ! >RANGE;T 9 ! DIAGRAM WD / HOLD GD & WD 2 NATURAL2 =1 ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E1 ALL ! =MS DESC5D$1 = 9/.E1 F ;,A1 WD H "S?+ 9 -MON4 ,9 A TREE WE C 4T+UI% ? OR T BRAN*1 ?\< AT ! ACTUAL =K ! TWO UNITE & BL5D TGR4 ,WE CD N1 Z ,I H SD1 DEF9E ! S"EAL GR\PS2 B WE CD PICK \ TYPES1 OR =MS1 REPRES5T+ MO/ (! "*S ( EA* GR\P1 :E!R L>GE OR SMALL1 & ?US GIVE A G5]AL IDEA (! VALUE (! DI6];ES 2T !M4 ,? IS :AT WE %D 2 DRIV5 TO1 IF WE 7 "E 6SU3E$ 9 COLLECT+ ALL ! =MS 9 ANY "O CLASS : H LIV$ "?\T ALL "T & SPACE4 ,ASSUR$LY WE % N"E SU3E$ 9 MAK+ S P]FECT A COLLEC;N3 N"E!.S1 9 C]TA9 CLASSES1 WE >E T5D+ T[>DS3 ? 5D2 & ,MILNE ,$W>DS HAS LATELY 9SI/$1 9 AN A# PAP]1 ON ! HI< IMPORT.E ( LOOK+ 6TYPES1 :E!R OR N WE C SEP>ATE & DEF9E ! GR\PS 6: S* TYPES 2L;G4 ,F9,Y WE H SE5 T NATURAL SELEC;N1 : FOLL[S F ! /RU7LE = EXI/;E1 & : ALM 9EVITABLY L1DS 6EXT9C;N & DIV]G;E ( "* 9 ! DESC5DANTS F ANY "O P>5T SPECIES1 EXPLA9S T GRT & UNIV]SAL F1TURE 9 ! A69ITIES ( ALL ORGANIC 2+S1 "NLY1 _! SUBORD9,N 9 GR\P "U GR\P4 ,WE USE ! ELE;T ( DESC5T 9 CLASS+ ! 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES &( ALL AGES "U "O SPECIES1 AL? !Y MAY H B FEW "*S 9 -MON2 WE USE DESC5T 9 CLASS+ AC"KL$G$ V>IETIES1 H["E DI6]5T !Y MAY 2 F _! P>5TS2 & ,I 2LIEVE T ? ELE;T ( DESC5T IS ! HI45 BOND ( 3NEC;N : NATURALI/S H S"\ "U ! T]M (!1 ,NATURAL ,SY/EM4 ,ON ? IDEA (! NATURAL SY/EM1 2+1 9 S F> Z X HAS BE5 P]FECT$1 G5EALOGICAL 9 XS >RANGE;T1 )! GRADES ( DI6];E EXPRESS$ 0! T]MS G5]A1 FAMILIES1 ORD]S1 &C41 WE C "U/& ! RULES : WE >E -PELL$ 6FOLL[ 9 \R CLASSIFIC,N4 ,WE C "U/& :Y WE VALUE C]TA9 RESEMBL.ES F> M ?AN O!RS2 :Y WE USE RUDI;T>Y & USE.S ORGANS1 OR O!RS ( TRIFL+ PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORT.E2 :Y1 9 F9D+ ! REL,NS 2T "O GR\P & ANO!R1 WE SUMM>ILY REJECT ANALOGICAL OR ADAPTIVE "*S1 & YET USE ^! SAME "*S )9 ! LIMITS (! SAME GR\P4 ,WE C CLE>LY SEE H[ X IS T ALL LIV+ & EXT9CT =MS C 2 GR\P$ TGR )9 A FEW GRT CLASSES2 & H[ ! S"EAL MEMB]S ( EA* CLASS >E 3NECT$ TGR 0! MO/ -PLEX & RADIAT+ L9ES ( A69ITIES4 ,WE % N"E1 PROBABLY1 45TANGLE ! 9EXTRICA# WEB (! A69ITIES 2T ! MEMB]S ( ANY "O CLASS2 B :5 WE H A 4T9CT OBJECT 9 VIEW1 & D N LOOK 6"S UN"KN PLAN ( CRE,N1 WE MAY HOPE 6MAKE SURE B SL[ PROGRESS4 ,PROFESSOR ,HAECKEL 9 8 ,G5]ELLE ,MORPHOLOGIE & 9 O!R "WS1 HAS REC5TLY BR"\ 8 GRT K & ABILITIES 6BE> ON :AT HE CALLS PHYLOG5Y1 OR ! L9ES ( DESC5T ( ALL ORGANIC 2+S4 ,9 DRAW+ UP ! S"EAL S]IES HE TRU/S *IEFLY 6EMBRYOLOGICAL "*S1 B RCVS AID F HOMOLOG\S & RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 Z WELL Z F ! SU3ESSIVE P]IODS AT : ! V>I\S =MS ( LIFE >E 2LIEV$ 6H F/ APPE>$ 9 \R GEOLOGICAL =M,NS4 ,HE HAS ?US BOLDLY MADE A GRT 2G9N+1 & %[S U H[ CLASSIFIC,N W 9 ! FUTURE 2 TR1T$4 ,MORPHOLOGY ,WE H SE5 T ! MEMB]S (! SAME CLASS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( _! HABITS ( LIFE1 RESEM# EA* O!R 9 ! G5]AL PLAN ( _! ORGANIS,N4 ,? RESEMBL.E IS (T5 EXPRESS$ 0! T]M 8UN;Y ( TYPE02 OR 0SAY+ T ! S"EAL "PS & ORGANS 9 ! DI6]5T SPECIES (! CLASS >E HOMOLOG\S4 ,! :OLE SUBJECT IS 9CLUD$ "U ! G5]AL T]M ( ,MORPHOLOGY4 ,? IS "O (! MO/ 9T]E/+ DE"P;TS ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 & MAY ALM 2 SD 6BE XS V S\L4 ,:AT C 2 M CURI\S ?AN T ! H& (A MAN1 =M$ = GRASP+1 T (A MOLE = DI7+1 ! LEG (! HORSE1 ! PA4LE (! PORPOISE1 &! W+ (! BAT1 %D ALL 2 3/RUCT$ ON ! SAME PATT]N1 & %D 9CLUDE SIMIL> B"OS1 9 ! SAME RELATIVE POSI;NS8 ,H[ CURI\S X IS1 6GIVE A SUBORD9ATE ?\< /RIK+ 9/.E1 T ! H9D-FEET (! KANG>OO1 : >E S WELL FITT$ = B.D+ OV] ! OP5 PLA9S1 ^? (! CLIMB+1 L1F-EAT+ KOALA1 EQU,Y WELL FITT$ = GRASP+ ! BRAN*ES ( TREES1- ^? (! GR.D-DWELL+1 9SECT OR ROOT-EAT+1 B&ICOOTS1- & ^? ( "S O!R ,AU/RALIAN M>SUPIALS1- %D ALL 2 3/RUCT$ ON ! SAME EXTRAORD9>Y TYPE1 "NLY )! B"OS (! SECOND & ?IRD DIGITS EXTREMELY SL5D] & 5VELOP$ )9 ! SAME SK91 S T !Y APPE> L A S+LE TOE FURNI%$ ) TWO CLAWS4 ,NOT)/&+ ? SIMIL>;Y ( PATT]N1 X IS OBVI\S T ! H9D FEET ( ^! S"EAL ANIMALS >E US$ = Z WIDELY DI6]5T PURPOSES Z X IS POSSI# 63CV4 ,! CASE IS R5D]$ ALL ! M /RIK+ 0! ,AM]ICAN OPOSSUMS1 : FOLL[ NE>LY ! SAME HABITS ( LIFE Z "S ( _! ,AU/RALIAN RELATIVES1 HAV+ FEET 3/RUCT$ ON ! ORD9>Y PLAN4 ,PROFESSOR ,FL[]1 F :OM ^! /ATE;TS >E TAK51 REM>KS 9 3CLU.N3 8,WE MAY CALL ? 3=M;Y 6TYPE1 )\T GETT+ M* NE>] 6AN EXPLAN,N (! PH5OM5ON02 & HE !N A4S 8B IS X N P[];LLY SU7E/IVE ( TRUE REL,N%IP1 ( 9H]IT.E F A -MON ANCE/OR80 ,GE(FROY ,/-,HILAIRE HAS /R;GLY 9SI/$ ON ! HI< IMPORT.E ( RELATIVE POSI;N OR 3NEC;N 9 HOMOLOG\S "PS2 !Y MAY DI6] 6ALM ANY EXT5T 9 =M & SIZE1 & YET REMA9 3NECT$ TGR 9 ! SAME 9V>IA# ORD]4 ,WE N"E F9D1 = 9/.E1 ! B"OS (! >M & =E->M1 OR (! ?I< & LEG1 TRANSPOS$4 ,H;E ! SAME "NS C 2 GIV5 6! HOMOLOG\S B"OS 9 WIDELY DI6]5T ANIMALS4 ,WE SEE ! SAME GRT LAW 9 ! 3/RUC;N (! M\?S ( 9SECTS3 :AT C 2 M DI6]5T ?AN ! IMM5SELY L;G SPIRAL PROBOSCIS (A SPH9XMO?1 ! CURI\S FOLD$ "O (A BEE OR BUG1 &! GRT JAWS (A BEETLE8- YET ALL ^! ORGANS1 S]V+ = S* WIDELY DI6]5T PURPOSES1 >E =M$ 09F9ITELY NUM]\S MODIFIC,NS ( AN UPP] LIP1 M&I#S1 & TWO PAIRS ( MAXILLAE4 ,! SAME LAW GOV]NS ! 3/RUC;N (! M\?S & LIMBS ( CRU/AC1NS4 ,S X IS )! FL[]S ( PLANTS4 ,NO?+ C 2 M HOPE.S ?AN 6ATTEMPT 6EXPLA9 ? SIMIL>;Y ( PATT]N 9 MEMB]S (! SAME CLASS1 0UTIL;Y OR 0! DOCTR9E ( F9AL CAUSES4 ,! HOPE.S;S (! ATTEMPT HAS BE5 EXPRESSLY ADMITT$ 0,[5 9 8 MO/ 9T]E/+ "W ON ! ,NATURE ( ,LIMBS4 ,ON ! ORD9>Y VIEW (! 9DEP5D5T CRE,N ( EA* 2+1 WE C ONLY SAY T S X IS2- T X HAS PL1S$ ! ,CR1TOR 63/RUCT ALL ! ANIMALS & PLANTS 9 EA* GRT CLASS ON A UNI=M PLAN2 B ? IS N A SCI5TIFIC EXPLAN,N4 ,! EXPLAN,N IS 6A L>GE EXT5T SIMPLE ON ! !ORY (! SELEC;N ( SU3ESSIVE SLILY PROG5ITOR- ! >*ETYPE Z X MAY 2 CALL$- ( ALL MAMMALS1 BIRDS1 & REPTILES1 _H XS LIMBS 3/RUCT$ ON ! EXI/+ G5]AL PATT]N1 = :AT"E PURPOSE !Y S]V$1 WE C AT ONCE P]CV ! PLA9 SIGNIFIC,N (! HOMOLOG\S 3/RUC;N (! LIMBS "?\T ! CLASS4 ,S )! M\?S ( 9SECTS1 WE H ONLY 6SUPPOSE T _! -MON PROG5ITOR _H AN UPP] LIP1 M&I#S1 & TWO PAIRS ( MAXILLAE1 ^! "PS 2+ P]H V SIMPLE 9 =M2 & !N NATURAL SELEC;N W A3.T =! 9F9ITE DIV]S;Y 9 ! /RUCTURE & FUNC;NS (! M\?S ( 9SECTS4 ,N"E!.S1 X IS 3CEIVA# T ! G5]AL PATT]N ( AN ORGAN MII,NS : WE "K 6BE )9 ! LIMITS ( POSSIBIL;Y4 ,9 ! PA4LES (! GIGANTIC EXT9CT SEA-LIZ>DS1 & 9 ! M\?S ( C]TA9 SUCTORIAL CRU/AC1NS1 ! G5]AL PATT]N SEEMS ?US 6H 2COME "PI,Y OBSCUR$4 ,"! IS ANO!R & EQU,Y CURI\S BRAN* ( \R SUBJECT2 "NLY1 S]IAL HOMOLOGIES1 OR ! -P>ISON (! DI6]5T "PS OR ORGANS 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL1 & N (! SAME "PS OR ORGANS 9 DI6]5T MEMB]S (! SAME CLASS4 ,MO/ PHYSIOLOGI/S 2LIEVE T ! B"OS (! SKULL >E HOMOLOG\S- T IS1 CORRESPOND 9 NUMB] & 9 RELATIVE 3NEXION- )! ELE;TAL "PS (A C]TA9 NUMB] ( V]TEBRAE4 ,! ANT]IOR & PO/]IOR LIMBS 9 ALL ! HI<] V]TEBRATE CLASSES >E PLA9LY HOMOLOG\S4 ,S X IS )! WOND];LLY -PLEX JAWS & LEGS ( CRU/AC1NS4 ,X IS FAMILI> 6ALM E "O1 T 9 A FL[] ! RELATIVE POSI;N (! SEPALS1 PETALS1 /AM5S1 & PI/ILS1 Z WELL Z _! 9TIMATE /RUCTURE1 >E 9TELLIGI# ON ! VIEW T !Y 3SI/ ( METAMORPHOS$ L1VES1 >RANG$ 9 A SPIRE4 ,9 MON/R\S PLANTS1 WE (T5 GET DIRECT EVID;E (! POSSIBIL;Y ( "O ORGAN 2+ TRANS=M$ 96ANO!R2 & WE C ACTU,Y SEE1 DUR+ ! E>LY OR EMBRYONIC /AGES ( DEVELOP;T 9 FL[]S1 Z WELL Z 9 CRU/AC1NS & _M O!R ANIMALS1 T ORGANS1 : :5 MATURE 2COME EXTREMELY DI6]5T >E AT F/ EXACTLY ALIKE4 ,H[ 9EXPLICA# >E ! CASES ( S]IAL HOMOLOGIES ON ! ORD9>Y VIEW ( CRE,N6 ,:Y %D ! BRA9 2 5CLOS$ 9 A BOX -POS$ ( S* NUM]\S & S* EXTRAORD9>ILY %AP$ PIECES ( B"O1 APP>5TLY REPRES5T+ V]TEBRAE8 ,Z ,[5 HAS REM>K$1 ! B5EFIT DERIV$ F ! YIELD+ ( ! SEP>ATE PIECES 9 ! ACT ( "PURI;N 0MAMMALS1 W 0NO M1NS EXPLA9 ! SAME 3/RUC;N 9 ! SKULLS ( BIRDS & REPTILES4 ,:Y %D SIMIL> B"OS H BE5 CR1T$ 6=M ! W+ &! LEG (A BAT1 US$ Z !Y >E = S* TOT,Y DI6]5T PURPOSES1 "NLY FLY+ & WALK+8 ,:Y %D "O CRU/AC1N1 : HAS AN EXTREMELY -PLEX M\? =M$ ( _M "PS1 3SEQU5TLY ALW H FEW] LEGS2 OR 3V]SELY1 ^? ) _M LEGS H SIMPL] M\?S8 ,:Y %D ! SEPALS1 PETALS1 /AM5S1 & PI/ILS1 9 EA* FL[]1 ?\< FITT$ = S* 4T9CT PURPOSES1 2 ALL 3/RUCT$ ON ! SAME PATT]N8 ,ON ! !ORY ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 WE C1 6A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ANSW] ^! "QS4 ,WE NE$ N "H 3SID] H[ ! BODIES ( "S ANIMALS F/ 2CAME DIVID$ 96A S]IES ( SEG;TS1 OR H[ !Y 2CAME DIVID$ 96"R & LEFT SIDES1 ) CORRESPOND+ ORGANS1 = S* "QS >E ALM 2Y 9VE/IG,N4 ,X IS1 H["E1 PROBA# T "S S]IAL /RUCTURES >E ! RESULT ( CELLS MULTIPLY+ 0DIVI.N1 5TAIL+ ! MULTIPLIC,N (! "PS DEVELOP$ F S* CELLS4 ,X M/ SU6ICE = \R PURPOSE 6BE> 9 M9D T AN 9DEF9ITE REPETI;N (! SAME "P OR ORGAN IS ! -MON "*I/IC1 Z ,[5 HAS REM>K$1 ( ALL L[ OR LL SPECIALIS$ =MS2 "!=E ! UN"KN PROG5ITOR ( ! ,V]TEBRATA PROBABLY POSSESS$ _M V]TEBRAE2 ! UN"KN PROG5ITOR (! ,>TICULATA1 _M SEG;TS2 &! UN"KN PROG5ITOR ( FL[]+ PLANTS1 _M L1VES >RANG$ 9 "O OR M SPIRES4 ,WE H AL =M]LY SE5 T "PS _M "TS REP1T$ >E EM95TLY LIA# 6V>Y1 N ONLY 9 NUMB]1 B 9 =M4 ,3SEQU5TLY S* "PS1 2+ ALR PRES5T 9 3SID]A# NUMB]S1 & 2+ HIIA#1 WD NATUR,Y AF=D ! MAT]IALS = ADAPT,N 6! MO/ DI6]5T PURPOSES2 YET !Y WD G5],Y RETA91 "? ! =CE ( 9H]IT.E1 PLA9 TRACES ( _! ORIG9AL OR FUNDA;TAL RESEMBL.E4 ,!Y WD RETA9 ? RESEMBL.E ALL ! M1 Z ! V>I,NS1 : AF=D$ ! BASIS = _! SUBSEQU5T MODIFIC,N "? NATURAL SELEC;N1 WD T5D F ! F/ 6BE SIMIL>2 ! "PS 2+ AT AN E>LY /AGE ( GR[? ALIKE1 & 2+ SUBJECT$ 6NE>LY ! SAME 3DI;NS4 ,S* "PS1 :E!R M OR LESS MODIFI$1 UN.S _! -MON ORIG9 2CAME :OLLY OBSCUR$1 WD 2 S]I,Y HOMOLOG\S4 ,9 ! GRT CLASS ( MOLLUSCS1 ?\< ! "PS 9 4T9CT SPECIES C 2 %[N 6BE HOMOLOG\S1 ONLY A FEW S]IAL HOMOLOGIES1 S* Z ! VALVES ( *ITONS1 C 2 9DICAT$2 T IS1 WE >E SELDOM 5A#D 6SAY T "O "P IS HOMOLOG\S ) ANO!R "P 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL4 ,& WE C "U/& ? FACT2 = 9 MOLLUSCS1 EV5 9 ! L[E/ MEMB]S (! CLASS1 WE D N F9D NE>LY S M* 9DEF9ITE REPETI;N ( ANY "O "P Z WE F9D 9 ! O!R GRT CLASSES (! ANIMAL & VEGETA# K+DOMS4 ,B MORPHOLOGY IS A M* M -PLEX SUBJECT ?AN X AT F/ APPE>S1 Z HAS LATELY BE5 WELL %[N 9 A REM>KA# PAP] 0,MR4 ,E4 ,RAY ,LANKE/]1 :O HAS DRAWN AN IMPORTANT 4T9C;N 2T C]TA9 CLASSES ( CASES : H ALL BE5 EQU,Y RANK$ 0NATURALI/S Z HOMOLOG\S4 ,HE PROPOSES 6CALL ! /RUCTURES : RESEM# EA* O!R 9 4T9CT ANIMALS1 [+ 6_! DESC5T F A -MON PROG5ITOR ) SUBSEQU5T MODIFIC,N1 HOMOG5\S2 &! RESEMBL.ES : _C ?US 2 A3.T$ =1 HE PROPOSES 6CALL HOMOPLA/IC4 ,= 9/.E1 HE 2LIEVES T ! HE>TS ( BIRDS & MAMMALS >E Z A :OLE HOMOG5\S1- T IS1 H BE5 DERIV$ F A -MON PROG5ITOR2 B T ! F\R CAVITIES (! HE>T 9 ! TWO CLASSES >E HOMOPLA/IC1- T IS1 H BE5 9DEP5D5TLY DEVELOP$4 ,MR4 ,LANKE/] AL A4UCES ! CLOSE RESEMBL.E (! "PS ON ! "R & LEFT SIDES (! BODY1 & 9 ! SU3ESSIVE SEG;TS (! SAME 9DIVIDUAL ANIMAL2 & "H WE H "PS -MONLY CALL$ HOMOLOG\S1 : BE> NO REL,N 6! DESC5T ( 4T9CT SPECIES F A -MON PROG5ITOR4 ,HOMOPLA/IC /RUCTURES >E ! SAME ) ^? : ,I H CLASS$1 ?\< 9 A V IMP]FECT MANN]1 Z ANALOG\S MODIFIC,NS OR RESEMBL.ES4 ,_! =M,N MAY 2 ATTRIBUT$ 9 "P 64T9CT ORGANISMS1 OR 64T9CT "PS (! SAME ORGANISM1 HAV+ V>I$ 9 AN ANALOG\S MANN]2 & 9 "P 6SIMIL> MODIFIC,NS1 HAV+ BE5 PRES]V$ =! SAME G5]AL PURPOSE OR FUNC;N1- ( : _M 9/.ES H BE5 GIV54 ,NATURALI/S FREQU5TLY SP1K (! SKULL Z =M$ ( METAMORPHOS$ V]TEBRAE2 ! JAWS ( CRABS Z METAMORPHOS$ LEGS2 ! /AM5S & PI/ILS 9 FL[]S Z METAMORPHOS$ L1VES2 B X WD 9 MO/ CASES 2 M CORRECT1 Z ,PROFESSOR ,HUXLEY HAS REM>K$1 6SP1K ( BO? SKULL & V]TEBRAE1 JAWS & LEGS1 &C41 Z HAV+ BE5 METAMORPHOS$1 N "O F ! O!R1 Z !Y N[ EXI/1 B F "S -MON & SIMPL] ELE;T4 ,MO/ NATURALI/S1 H["E1 USE S* LANGUAGE ONLY 9 A METAPHORICAL S5SE2 !Y >E F> F M1N+ T DUR+ A L;G C\RSE ( DESC5T1 PRIMORDIAL ORGANS ( ANY K9D- V]TEBRAE 9 ! "O CASE & LEGS 9 ! O!R- H ACTU,Y BE5 3V]T$ 96SKULLS OR JAWS4 ,YET S /R;G IS ! APPE>.E ( ? HAV+ O3URR$1 T NATURALI/S C H>DLY AVOID EMPLOY+ LANGUAGE HAV+ ? PLA9 SIGNIFIC,N4 ,AC 6! VIEWS "H MA9TA9$1 S* LANGUAGE MAY 2 US$ LIT],Y2 &! WOND];L FACT (! JAWS1 = 9/.E1 (A CRAB RETA9+ NUM]\S "*S : !Y PROBABLY WD H RETA9$ "? 9H]IT.E1 IF !Y _H RE,Y BE5 METAMORPHOS$ F TRUE ?\< EXTREMELY SIMPLE LEGS1 IS 9 "P EXPLA9$4 ,DEVELOP;T & ,EMBRYOLOGY ,? IS "O (! MO/ IMPORTANT SUBJECTS 9 ! :OLE R.D ( HI/ORY4 ,! METAMORPHOSES ( 9SECTS1 ) : E "O IS FAMILI>1 >E G5],Y E6ECT$ ABRUPTLY 0A FEW /AGES2 B ! TRANS=M,NS >E 9 R1L;Y NUM]\S & GRADUAL1 ?\< 3C1L$4 ,A C]TA9 EPHEM]\S 9SECT 7,*LOEON7 DUR+ XS DEVELOP;T1 M\LTS1 Z %[N 0,SIR ,J4 ,LU2OCK1 ABV TW5TY "TS1 & EA* "T "UGOES A C]TA9 AM.T ( *ANGE2 & 9 ? CASE WE SEE ! ACT ( METAMORPHOSIS P]=M$ 9 A PRIM>Y & GRADUAL MANN]4 ,_M 9SECTS1 & ESPECI,Y C]TA9 CRU/AC1NS1 %[ U :AT WOND];L *ANGES ( /RUCTURE C 2 E6ECT$ DUR+ DEVELOP;T4 ,S* *ANGES1 H["E1 R1* _! ACME 9 ! S-CALL$ ALT]NATE G5],NS ( "S (! L[] ANIMALS4 ,X IS1 = 9/.E1 AN A/ONI%+ FACT T A DELICATE BRAN*+ CORALL9E1 /U4$ ) POLYPI & ATTA*$ 6A SUBM>9E ROCK1 %D PRODUCE1 F/ 0BU4+ & !N 0TRANSV]SE DIVI.N1 A HO/ ( HUGE FLOAT+ JELLY-FI%ES2 & T ^! %D PRODUCE E7S1 F : >E HAT*$ SWIMM+ ANIMALCULES1 : ATTA* !MVS 6ROCKS & 2COME DEVELOP$ 96BRAN*+ CORALL9ES2 & S ON 9 AN 5D.S CYCLE4 ,! 2LIEF 9 ! ESS5TIAL ID5T;Y (! PROCESS ( ALT]NATE G5],N &( ORD9>Y METAMORPHOSIS HAS BE5 GRTLY /R5G!N$ 0,WAGN]'S 4COV]Y (! L>VA OR MA7OT (A FLY1 "NLY ! ,CECIDOMYIA1 PRODUC+ ASEXU,Y O!R L>VAE1 & ^! O!RS1 : F9,Y >E DEVELOP$ 96MATURE MALES & FEMALES1 PROPAGAT+ _! K9D 9 ! ORD9>Y MANN] 0E7S4 ,X MAY 2 WOR? NOTICE T :5 ,WAGN]'S REM>KA# 4COV]Y 0 F/ ANN\NC$1 ,I 0 ASK$ H[ 0 X POSSI# 6A3.T =! L>VAE ( ? FLY HAV+ ACQUIR$ ! P[] ( ASEXUAL REPRODUC;N4 ,Z L;G Z ! CASE REMA9$ UNIQUE NO ANSW] CD 2 GIV54 ,B ALR ,GRIMM HAS %[N T ANO!R FLY1 A ,*IRONOMUS1 REPRODUCES XF 9 NE>LY ! SAME MANN]1 & HE 2LIEVES T ? O3URS FREQU5TLY 9 ! ,ORD]4 ,X IS ! PUPA1 & N ! L>VA1 (! ,*IRONOMUS : HAS ? P[]2 & ,GRIMM FUR!R %[S T ? CASE1 6A C]TA9 EXT5T1 8UNITES T (! ,CECIDOMYIA )! P>!NOG5ESIS (! ,CO3IDAE02- ! T]M P>!NOG5ESIS IMPLY+ T ! MATURE FEMALES (! ,CO3IDAE >E CAPA# ( PRODUC+ F]TILE E7S )\T ! 3C\RSE (! MALES4 ,C]TA9 ANIMALS 2L;G+ 6S"EAL CLASSES >E N[ "KN 6H ! P[] ( ORD9>Y REPRODUC;N AT AN UNUSU,Y E>LY AGE2 & WE H ONLY 6A3EL]ATE P>!NOG5ETIC PRODUC;N 0GRADUAL /EPS 6AN E>LI] & E>LI] AGE1- ,*IRONOMUS %[+ U AN ALM EXACTLY 9T]M$IATE /AGE1 VIZ41 T (! PUPA- & WE C P]H A3.T =! M>VELL\S CASE (! ,CECIDOMYIA4 ,X HAS ALR BE5 /AT$ T V>I\S "PS 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL : >E EXACTLY ALIKE DUR+ AN E>LY EMBRYONIC P]IOD1 2COME WIDELY DI6]5T & S]VE = WIDELY DI6]5T PURPOSES 9 ! ADULT /ATE4 ,S AG X HAS BE5 %[N T G5],Y ! EMBRYOS (! MO/ 4T9CT SPECIES 2L;G+ 6! SAME CLASS >E CLOSELY SIMIL>1 B 2COME1 :5 FULLY DEVELOP$1 WIDELY 4SIMIL>4 ,A BETT] PRO( ( ? LATT] FACT _C 2 GIV5 ?AN ! /ATE;T 0VON ,BAER T 8,! EMBRYOS ( MAMMALIA1 ( BIRDS1 LIZ>DS1 & SNAKES1 PROBABLY AL ( *ELONIA >E 9 _! E>LIE/ /ATES EXCE$+LY L "O ANO!R1 BO? Z A :OLE & 9 ! MODE ( DEVELOP;T ( _! "PS2 S M* S1 9 FACT1 T WE C (T5 4T+UI% ! EMBRYOS ONLY 0_! SIZE4 ,9 MY POSSES.N >E TWO LL EMBRYOS 9 _S1 ^: "NS ,I H OMITT$ 6ATTA*1 & AT PRES5T ,I AM Q UNA# 6SAY 6:AT CLASS !Y 2L;G4 ,!Y MAY 2 LIZ>DS OR SMALL BIRDS1 OR V "Y MAMMALIA1 S -PLETE IS ! SIMIL>;Y 9 ! MODE ( =M,N (! H1D & TRUNK 9 ^! ANIMALS4 ,! EXTREMITIES1 H["E1 >E / ABS5T 9 ^! EMBRYOS4 ,B EV5 IF !Y _H EXI/$ 9 ! E>LIE/ /AGE ( _! DEVELOP;T WE %D LE>N NO?+1 =! FEET ( LIZ>DS & MAMMALS1 ! W+S & FEET ( BIRDS1 NO LESS ?AN ! H&S & FEET ( MAN1 ALL >ISE F ! SAME FUNDA;TAL =M40 ,! L>VAE ( MO/ CRU/AC1NS1 AT CORRESPOND+ /AGES ( DEVELOP;T1 CLOSELY RESEM# EA* O!R1 H["E DI6]5T ! ADULT MAY 2COME2 & S X IS ) V _M O!R ANIMALS4 ,A TRACE (! LAW ( EMBRYONIC RESEMBL.E O3A.N,Y LA/S TILL A R LATE AGE2 ?US BIRDS (! SAME G5US1 &( ALLI$ G5]A1 (T5 RESEM# EA* O!R 9 _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE2 Z WE SEE 9 ! SPOTT$ F1!RS 9 ! "Y (! ?RU% GR\P4 ,9 ! CAT TRIBE1 MO/ (! SPECIES :5 ADULT >E /RIP$ OR SPOTT$ 9 L9ES2 & /RIPES OR SPOTS C 2 PLA9LY 4T+UI%$ 9 ! :ELP (! LION &! PUMA4 ,WE O3A.N,Y ?\< R>ELY SEE "S?+ (! SAME K9D 9 PLANTS2 ?US ! F/ L1VES (! ULEX OR FURZE1 &! F/ L1VES (! PHYLLOD9E\S AEACIAS1 >E P9NATE OR DIVID$ L ! ORD9>Y L1VES (! LEGUM9OSAE4 ,! PO9TS ( /RUCTURE1 9 : ! EMBRYOS ( WIDELY DI6]5T ANIMALS )9 ! SAME CLASS RESEM# EA* O!R1 (T5 H NO DIRECT REL,N 6_! 3DI;NS ( EXI/;E4 ,WE _C1 = 9/.E1 SUPPOSE T 9 ! EMBRYOS (! V]TEBRATA ! PECULI> LOOPLIKE C\RSES (! >T]IES NE> ! BRAN*IAL SLITS >E RELAT$ 6SIMIL> 3DI;NS1- 9 ! "Y MAMMAL : IS N\RI%$ 9 ! WOMB ( XS "M1 9 ! EGG (! BIRD : IS HAT*$ 9 A NE/1 & 9 ! SPAWN (A FROG "U WAT]4 ,WE H NO M R1SON 62LIEVE 9 S* A REL,N1 ?AN WE H 62LIEVE T ! SIMIL> B"OS 9 ! H& (A MAN1 W+ (A BAT1 & F9 (A PORPOISE1 >E RELAT$ 6SIMIL> 3DI;NS ( LIFE4 ,NO "O SUPPOSES T ! /RIPES ON ! :ELP (A LION1 OR ! SPOTS ON ! "Y BLACKBIRD1 >E ( ANY USE 6^! ANIMALS4 ,! CASE1 H["E1 IS DI6]5T :5 AN ANIMAL DUR+ ANY "P ( XS EMBRYONIC C>E] IS ACTIVE1 & HAS 6PROVIDE = XF4 ,! P]IOD ( ACTIV;Y MAY -E ON E>LI] OR LAT] 9 LIFE2 B :5"E X -ES ON1 ! ADAPT,N (! L>VA 6XS 3DI;NS ( LIFE IS J Z P]FECT & Z B1UTI;L Z 9 ! ADULT ANIMAL4 ,9 H[ IMPORTANT A MANN] ? HAS ACT$1 HAS REC5TLY BE5 WELL %[N 0,SIR ,J4 ,LU2OCK 9 8 REM>KS ON ! CLOSE SIMIL>;Y (! L>VAE ( "S 9SECTS 2L;G+ 6V DI6]5T ORD]S1 & ON ! 4SIMIL>;Y (! L>VAE ( O!R 9SECTS )9 ! SAME ORD]1 AC 6_! HABITS ( LIFE4 ,[+ 6S* ADAPT,NS1 ! SIMIL>;Y (! L>VAE ( ALLI$ ANIMALS IS "S"TS GRTLY OBSCUR$2 ESPECI,Y :5 "! IS A DIVI.N ( LAB\R DUR+ ! DI6]5T /AGES ( DEVELOP;T1 Z :5 ! SAME L>VA HAS DUR+ "O /AGE 6SE>* = FOOD1 & DUR+ ANO!R /AGE HAS 6SE>* =A PLACE ( ATTA*;T4 ,CASES C EV5 2 GIV5 (! L>VAE ( ALLI$ SPECIES1 OR GR\PS ( SPECIES1 DI6]+ M F EA* O!R ?AN D ! ADULTS4 ,9 MO/ CASES1 H["E1 ! L>VAE1 ?\< ACTIVE1 / OBEY1 M OR LESS CLOSELY1 ! LAW ( -MON EMBRYONIC RESEMBL.E4 ,CIRRIP$ES AF=D A GD 9/.E ( ?2 EV5 ! ILLU/RI\S ,CUVI] DID N P]CV T A B>NACLE 0 A CRU/AC1N3 B A GL.E AT ! L>VA %[S ? 9 AN UNMISTAKA# MANN]4 ,S AG ! TWO MA9 DIVI.NS ( CIRRIP$ES1 ! P$UNCULAT$ & SESSILE1 ?\< DI6]+ WIDELY 9 EXT]NAL APPE>.E1 H L>VAE 9 ALL _! /AGES B>ELY 4T+UI%A#4 ,! EMBRYO 9 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOP;T G5],Y RISES 9 ORGANIS,N2 ,I USE ? EXPRES.N1 ?\< ,I AM AW>E T X IS H>DLY POSSI# 6DEF9E CLE>LY :AT IS M1NT 0! ORGANIS,N 2+ HI<] OR L[]4 ,B NO "O PROBABLY W 4PUTE T ! BUTT]FLY IS HI<] ?AN ! CAT]PILL>4 ,9 "S CASES1 H["E1 ! MATURE ANIMAL M/ 2 3SID]$ Z L[] 9 ! SCALE ?AN ! L>VA1 Z ) C]TA9 P>ASITIC CRU/AC1NS4 ,6REF] ONCE AG 6CIRRIP$ES3 ! L>VAE 9 ! F/ /AGE H ?REE PAIRS ( LOCOMOTIVE ORGANS1 A SIMPLE S+LE EYE1 &A PROBOSCI=M$ M\?1 ) : !Y FE$ L>GELY1 = !Y 9CR1SE M* 9 SIZE4 ,9 ! SECOND /AGE1 ANSW]+ 6! *RYSALIS /AGE ( BUTT]FLIES1 !Y H SIX PAIRS ( B1UTI;LLY 3/RUCT$ NATATORY LEGS1 A PAIR ( MAGNIFIC5T -P.D EYES1 & EXTREMELY -PLEX ANT5NAE2 B !Y H A CLOS$ & IMP]FECT M\?1 & _C FE$3 _! FUNC;N AT ? /AGE IS1 6SE>* \ 0_! WELL-DEVELOP$ ORGANS ( S5SE1 & 6R1* 0_! ACTIVE P[]S ( SWIMM+1 A PROP] PLACE ON : 62COME ATTA*$ & 6"UGO _! F9AL METAMORPHOSIS4 ,:5 ? IS -PLET$ !Y >E FIX$ = LIFE3 _! LEGS >E N[ 3V]T$ 96PREH5SILE ORGANS2 !Y AG OBTA9 A WELL-3/RUCT$ M\?2 B !Y H NO ANT5NAE1 & _! TWO EYES >E N[ RECONV]T$ 96A M9UTE1 S+LE1 SIMPLE EYE-SPOT4 ,9 ? LA/ & -PLETE /ATE1 CIRRIP$ES MAY 2 3SID]$ Z EI M HIVAL 3DI;N4 ,B 9 "S G5]A ! L>VAE 2COME DEVELOP$ 96H]MAPHRODITES HAV+ ! ORD9>Y /RUCTURE1 & 96:AT ,I H CALL$ -PLE;TAL MALES2 & 9 ! LATT] ! DEVELOP;T HAS ASSUR$LY BE5 RETROGRADE1 =! MALE IS A M]E SACK1 : LIVES =A %ORT "T & IS DE/ITUTE ( M\?1 /OMA*1 & E O!R ORGAN ( IMPORT.E1 EXCEPT+ ^? = REPRODUC;N4 ,WE >E S M* A3U/OM$ 6SEE A DI6];E 9 /RUCTURE 2T ! EMBRYO &! ADULT1 T WE >E TEMPT$ 6LOOK AT ? DI6];E Z 9 "S NEC MANN] 3T+5T ON GR[?4 ,B "! IS NO R1SON :Y1 = 9/.E1 ! W+ (A BAT1 OR ! F9 (A PORPOISE1 %D N H BE5 SKET*$ \ ) ALL _! "PS 9 PROP] PROPOR;N1 Z SOON Z ANY "P 2CAME VISI#4 ,9 "S :OLE GR\PS ( ANIMALS & 9 C]TA9 MEMB]S ( O!R GR\PS ? IS ! CASE1 &! EMBRYO DOES N AT ANY P]IOD DI6] WIDELY F ! ADULT3 ?US ,[5 HAS REM>K$ 9 REG>D 6CUTTLEFI%1 8,"! IS NO METAMORPHOSIS2 ! CEPHALOPODIC "* IS MANIFE/$ L;G 2F ! "PS (! EMBRYO >E -PLET$40 ,L&%ELLS & FRE%-WAT] CRU/AC1NS >E BORN HAV+ _! PROP] =MS1 :IL/ ! M>9E MEMB]S (! SAME TWO GRT CLASSES PASS "? 3SID]A# & (T5 GRT *ANGES DUR+ _! DEVELOP;T4 ,SPID]S1 AG1 B>ELY "UGO ANY METAMORPHOSIS4 ,! L>VAE ( MO/ 9SECTS PASS "? A WORM-L /AGE1 :E!R !Y >E ACTIVE & ADAPT$ 6DIV]SIFI$ HABITS1 OR >E 9ACTIVE F 2+ PLAC$ 9 ! MID/ ( PROP] NUTRI;T OR F 2+ F$ 0_! P>5TS2 B 9 "S FEW CASES1 Z 9 T ( ,APHIS1 IF WE LOOK 6! ADMIRA# DRAW+S (! DEVELOP;T ( ? 9SECT1 0,PROFESSOR ,HUXLEY1 WE SEE H>DLY ANY TRACE (! V]MI=M /AGE4 ,"S"TS X IS ONLY ! E>LI] DEVELOP;TAL /AGES : FAIL4 ,?US ,FRITZ ,MULL] HAS MADE ! REM>KA# 4COV]Y T C]TA9 %RIMP-L CRU/AC1NS 7ALLI$ 6,P5AEUS7 F/ APPE> "U ! SIMPLE NAUPLIUS-=M1 & AF PASS+ "? TWO OR M ZOEA-/AGES1 & !N "? ! MYSIS-/AGE1 F9,Y ACQUIRE _! MATURE /RUCTURE3 N[ 9 ! :OLE GRT MALACO/RACAN ORD]1 6: ^! CRU/AC1NS 2L;G1 NO O!R MEMB] IS Z YET "KN 6BE F/ DEVELOP$ "U ! NAUPLIUS-=M1 ?\< _M APPE> Z ZO1S2 N"E!.S ,MULL] ASSIGNS R1SONS = 8 2LIEF1 T IF "! _H BE5 NO SUPPRES.N ( DEVELOP;T1 ALL ^! CRU/AC1NS WD H APPE>$ Z NAUPLII4 ,H[1 !N1 C WE EXPLA9 ^! S"EAL FACTS 9 EMBRYOLOGY1- "NLY1 ! V G5]AL1 ?\< N UNIV]SAL1 DI6];E 9 /RUCTURE 2T ! EMBRYO &! ADULT2- ! V>I\S "PS 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL EMBRYO1 : ULTIMATELY 2COME V UNLIKE & S]VE = DIV]SE PURPOSES1 2+ AT AN E>LY P]IOD ( GR[? ALIKE2- ! -MON1 B N 9V>IA#1 RESEMBL.E 2T ! EMBRYOS OR L>VAE (! MO/ 4T9CT SPECIES 9 ! SAME CLASS2- ! EMBRYO (T5 RETA9+1 :IL/ )9 ! EGG OR WOMB1 /RUCTURES : >E ( NO S]VICE 6X1 EI AT T OR AT A LAT] P]IOD ( LIFE2 ON ! O!R H&1 L>VAE1 : H 6PROVIDE = _! [N WANTS1 2+ P]FECTLY ADAPT$ 6! SURR.D+ 3DI;NS2- & LA/LY ! FACT ( C]TA9 L>VAE /&+ HI<] 9 ! SCALE ( ORGANIS,N ?AN ! MATURE ANIMAL 96: !Y >E DEVELOP$8 ,I 2LIEVE T ALL ^! FACTS C 2 EXPLA9$1 Z FOLL[S4 ,X IS -MONLY ASSUM$1 P]H F MON/ROSITIES A6ECT+ ! EMBRYO AT A V E>LY P]IOD1 T SLII,NS OR 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES NECESS>ILY APPE> AT AN EQU,Y E>LY P]IOD4 ,WE H LL EVID;E ON ? H1D1 B :AT WE H C]TA9LY PO9TS ! O!R WAY2 = X IS NOTORI\S T BRE$]S ( CATTLE1 HORSES1 & V>I\S FANCY ANIMALS1 _C POSITIVELY TELL1 UNTIL "S "T AF BIR?1 :AT W 2 ! M]ITS OR DEM]ITS ( _! "Y ANIMALS4 ,WE SEE ? PLA9LY 9 \R [N *N2 WE _C TELL :E!R A * W 2 TALL OR %ORT1 OR :AT XS PRECISE F1TURES W BE4 ,! "Q IS N1 AT :AT P]IOD ( LIFE EA* V>I,N MAY H BE5 CAUS$1 B AT :AT P]IOD ! E6ECTS >E 4PLAY$4 ,! CAUSE MAY H ACT$1 & ,I 2LIEVE (T5 HAS ACT$1 ON "O OR BO? P>5TS 2F ! ACT ( G5],N4 ,X DES]VES NOTICE T X IS ( NO IMPORT.E 6A V "Y ANIMAL1 Z L;G Z X REMA9S 9 XS "M'S WOMB OR 9 ! EGG1 OR Z L;G Z X IS N\RI%$ & PROTECT$ 0XS P>5T1 :E!R MO/ ( XS "*S >E ACQUIR$ LL E>LI] OR LAT] 9 LIFE4 ,X WD N SIGNIFY1 = 9/.E1 6A BIRD : OBTA9$ XS FOOD 0HAV+ A M*-CURV$ B1K :E!R OR N :IL/ "Y X POSSESS$ A B1K ( ? %APE1 Z L;G Z X 0 F$ 0XS P>5TS4 ,I H /AT$ 9 ! F/ *APT]1 T AT :AT"E AGE A V>I,N F/ APPE>S 9 ! P>5T1 X T5DS 6RE- APPE> AT A CORRESPOND+ AGE 9 ! (FSPR+4 ,C]TA9 V>I,NS C ONLY APPE> AT CORRESPOND+ AGES2 = 9/.E1 PECULI>ITIES 9 ! CAT]PILL>1 COCOON1 OR IMAGO /ATES (! SILK-MO?2 OR1 AG1 9 ! FULL-GR[N HORNS ( CATTLE4 ,B V>I,NS1 :1 = ALL T WE C SEE MI$ EI E>LI] OR LAT] 9 LIFE1 LIKEWISE T5D 6REAPPE> AT A CORRESPOND+ AGE 9 ! (FSPR+ & P>5T4 ,I AM F> F M1N+ T ? IS 9V>IABLY ! CASE1 & ,I CD GIVE S"EAL EXCEP;NAL CASES ( V>I,NS 7TAK+ ! ^W 9 ! L>GE/ S5SE7 : H SUP]V5$ AT AN E>LI] AGE 9 ! * ?AN 9 ! P>5T4 ,^! TWO PR9CIPLES1 "NLY1 T SLII,NS G5],Y APPE> AT A N V E>LY P]IOD ( LIFE1 & >E 9H]IT$ AT A CORRESPOND+ N E>LY P]IOD1 EXPLA91 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 ALL ! ABV-SPECIFI$ L1D+ FACTS 9 EMBRYOLOGY4 ,B F/ LET U LOOK 6A FEW ANALOG\S CASES 9 \R DOME/IC V>IETIES4 ,"S AU?ORS :O H WRITT5 ON DOGS1 MA9TA9 T ! GREYH.D & BULLDOG1 ?\< S DI6]5T1 >E RE,Y CLOSELY ALLI$ V>IETIES1 DESC5D$ F ! SAME WILD /OCK2 H;E ,I 0 CURI\S 6SEE H[ F> _! PUPPIES DI6]$ F EA* O!R3 ,I 0 TOLD 0BRE$]S T !Y DI6]$ J Z M* Z _! P>5TS1 & ?1 JUDG+ 0! EYE1 SEEM$ ALM 6BE ! CASE2 B ON ACTU,Y M1SUR+ ! OLD DOGS & _! SIX-"DS-OLD PUPPIES1 ,I F.D T ! PUPPIES _H N ACQUIR$ NE>LY _! FULL AM.T ( PROPOR;NAL DI6];E4 ,S1 AG1 ,I 0 TOLD T ! FOALS ( C>T- & RACE-HORSES- BRE$S : H BE5 ALM :OLLY =M$ 0SELEC;N "U DOME/IC,N- DI6]$ Z M* Z ! FULL-GR[N ANIMALS2 B HAV+ _H C>E;L M1SURE;TS MADE (! DAMS &( ?REE-"DS-OLD COLTS ( RACE & H1VY C>T-HORSES1 ,I F9D T ? IS 0NO M1NS ! CASE4 ,Z WE H 3CLUSIVE EVID;E T ! BRE$S (! PIGEON >E DESC5D$ F A S+LE WILD SPECIES1 ,I -P>$ ! "Y )9 TWELVE H\RS AF 2+ HAT*$2 ,I C>E;LLY M1SUR$ ! PROPOR;NS 7B W N "H GIVE ! DETAILS7 (! B1K1 WID? ( M\?1 L5G? ( NO/RIL &( EYELID1 SIZE ( FEET & L5G? ( LEG1 9 ! WILD P>5T-SPECIES1 9 P\T]S1 FANTAILS1 RUNTS1 B>BS1 DRAGONS1 C>RI]S1 & TUM#RS4 ,N[ "S ( ^! BIRDS1 :5 MATURE1 DI6] 9 S EXTRAORD9>Y A MANN] 9 ! L5G? & =M ( B1K1 & 9 O!R "*S1 T !Y WD C]TA9LY H BE5 RANK$ Z 4T9CT G5]A IF F.D 9 A /ATE ( NATURE4 ,B :5 ! NE/L+ BIRDS ( ^! S"EAL BRE$S 7 PLAC$ 9 A R[1 ?\< MO/ ( !M CD J 2 4T+UI%$1 ! PROPOR;NAL DI6];ES 9 ! ABV SPECIFI$ PO9TS 7 9COMP>ABLY LESS ?AN 9 ! FULL-GR[N BIRDS4 ,"S "*I/IC PO9TS ( DI6];E- = 9/.E1 T (! WID? ( M\?- CD H>DLY 2 DETECT$ 9 ! "Y4 ,B "! 0 "O REM>KA# EXCEP;N 6? RULE1 =! "Y (! %ORT- FAC$ TUM#R DI6]$ F ! "Y (! WILD ROCK- PIGEON &(! O!R BRE$S1 9 ALM EXACTLY ! SAME PROPOR;NS Z 9 ! ADULT /ATE4 ,^! FACTS >E EXPLA9$ 0! ABV TWO PR9CIPLES4 ,FANCI]S SELECT _! DOGS1 HORSES1 PIGEONS1 &C41 = BRE$+1 :5 NE>LY GR[N UP3 !Y >E 9DI6]5T :E!R ! DESIR$ QUALITIES >E ACQUIR$ E>LI] OR LAT] 9 LIFE1 IF ! FULL-GR[N ANIMAL POSSESSES !M4 ,&! CASES J GIV51 M ESPECI,Y T (! PIGEONS1 %[ T ! "*I/IC DI6];ES : H BE5 A3UMULAT$ 0MAN'S SELEC;N1 & : GIVE VALUE 6HIS BRE$S1 D N G5],Y APPE> AT A V E>LY P]IOD ( LIFE1 & >E 9H]IT$ AT A CORRESPOND+ N E>LY P]IOD4 ,B ! CASE (! %ORTFAC$ TUM#R1 : :5 TWELVE H\RS OLD POSSESS$ XS PROP] "*S1 PROVES T ? IS N ! UNIV]SAL RULE2 = "H ! "*I/IC DI6];ES M/ EI H APPE>$ AT AN E>LI] P]IOD ?AN USUAL1 OR1 IF N S1 ! DI6];ES M/ H BE5 9H]IT$1 N AT A CORRESPOND+1 B AT AN E>LI] AGE4 ,N[ LET U APPLY ^! TWO PR9CIPLES 6SPECIES 9 A /ATE ( NATURE4 ,LET U TAKE A GR\P ( BIRDS1 DESC5D$ F "S ANCI5T =M & MODIFI$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N = DI6]5T HABITS4 ,!N1 F ! _M SLII,NS HAV+ SUP]V5$ 9 ! S"EAL SPECIES AT A N E>LY AGE1 & HAV+ BE5 9H]IT$ AT A CORRESPOND+ AGE1 ! "Y W H BE5 B LL MODIFI$1 & !Y W / RESEM# EA* O!R M* M CLOSELY ?AN D ! ADULTS1- J Z WE H SE5 )! BRE$S (! PIGEON4 ,WE MAY EXT5D ? VIEW 6WIDELY 4T9CT /RUCTURES & 6:OLE CLASSES4 ,! =E-LIMBS1 = 9/.E1 : ONCE S]V$ Z LEGS 6A REMOTE PROG5ITOR1 MAY H 2COME1 "? A L;G C\RSE ( MODIFIC,N1 ADAPT$ 9 "O DESC5DANT 6ACT Z H&S1 9 ANO!R Z PA4LES1 9 ANO!R Z W+S2 B ON ! ABV TWO PR9CIPLES ! =E-LIMBS W N H BE5 M* MODIFI$ 9 ! EMBRYOS ( ^! S"EAL =MS2 AL? 9 EA* =M ! =E-LIMB W DI6] GRTLY 9 ! ADULT /ATE4 ,:AT"E 9FLU;E L;G-3T9U$ USE OR 4USE MAY H _H 9 MODIFY+ ! LIMBS OR O!R "PS ( ANY SPECIES1 ? W *IEFLY OR SOLELY H A6ECT$ X :5 NE>LY MATURE1 :5 X 0 -PELL$ 6USE XS FULL P[]S 6GA9 XS [N LIV+2 &! E6ECTS ?US PRODUC$ W H BE5 TRANSMITT$ 6! (FSPR+ AT A CORRESPOND+ NE>LY MATURE AGE4 ,?US ! "Y W N 2 MODIFI$1 OR W 2 MODIFI$ ONLY 9 A SLII,NS MAY H SUP]V5$ AT A V E>LY P]IOD ( LIFE1 OR ! /EPS MAY H BE5 9H]IT$ AT AN E>LI] AGE ?AN T AT : !Y F/ O3URR$4 ,9 EI ( ^! CASES1 ! "Y OR EMBRYO W CLOSELY RESEM# ! MATURE P>5T-=M1 Z WE H SE5 )! %ORT-FAC$ TUM#R4 ,& ? IS ! RULE ( DEVELOP;T 9 C]TA9 :OLE GR\PS1 OR 9 C]TA9 SUB-GR\PS AL"O1 Z ) CUTTLE-FI%1 L&-%ELLS1 FRE%- WAT] CRU/AC1NS1 SPID]S1 & "S MEMB]S (! GRT CLASS ( 9SECTS4 ,) RESPECT 6! F9AL CAUSE (! "Y 9 S* GR\PS N PASS+ "? ANY METAMORPHOSIS1 WE C SEE T ? WD FOLL[ F ! FOLL[+ 3T+5CIES2 "NLY1 F ! "Y HAV+ 6PROVIDE AT A V E>LY AGE = _! [N WANTS1 & F _! FOLL[+ ! SAME HABITS ( LIFE ) _! P>5TS2 = 9 ? CASE1 X WD 2 9DISP5SA# = _! EXI/;E T !Y %D 2 MODIFI$ 9 ! SAME MANN] Z _! P>5TS4 ,AG1 ) RESPECT 6! S+UL> FACT T _M T]RE/RIAL & FRE%-WAT] ANIMALS D N "UGO ANY METAMORPHOSIS1 :IL/ M>9E MEMB]S (! SAME GR\PS PASS "? V>I\S TRANS=M,NS1 ,FRITZ ,MULL] HAS SU7E/$ T ! PROCESS ( SL[LY MODIFY+ & ADAPT+ AN ANIMAL 6LIVE ON ! L& OR 9 FRE% WAT]1 9/1D ( 9 ! SEA1 WD 2 GRTLY SIMPLIFI$ 0XS N PASS+ "? ANY L>VAL /AGE2 = X IS N PROBA# T PLACES WELL ADAPT$ = BO? ! L>VAL & MATURE /AGES1 "U S* NEW & GRTLY *ANG$ HABITS ( LIFE1 WD -MONLY 2 F.D UNO3UPI$ OR ILL- O3UPI$ 0O!R ORGANISMS4 ,9 ? CASE ! GRADUAL ACQUIRE;T AT AN E>LI] & E>LI] AGE (! ADULT /RUCTURE WD 2 FAV\R$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N2 & ALL TRACES ( =M] METAMORPHOSES WD F9,Y 2 LO/4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 X PR(IT$ ! "Y ( AN ANIMAL 6FOLL[ HABITS ( LIFE SLI5T-=M1 & 3SEQU5TLY 6BE 3/RUCT$ ON A SLIVA ALR DI6]5T F XS P>5T 6*ANGE / FUR!R1 !N1 ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES1 ! "Y OR ! L>VAE MI5TS 6ANY 3CEIVA# EXT5T4 ,DI6];ES 9 ! L>VA MIVA1 9 ! F/ /AGE MIVA 9 ! SECOND /AGE1 Z IS ! CASE ) _M ANIMALS4 ,! ADULT MIKS J MADE WE C SEE H[ 0*ANGES ( /RUCTURE 9 ! "Y1 9 3=M;Y ) *ANG$ HABITS ( LIFE1 TGR ) 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES1 ANIMALS MIE N[ 3V9C$ T ! V>I\S L>VAL & PUPAL /AGES ( 9SECTS H ?US BE5 ACQUIR$ "? ADAPT,N1 & N "? 9H]IT.E F "S ANCI5T =M4 ,! CURI\S CASE ( ,SIT>IS- A BEETLE : PASSES "? C]TA9 UNUSUAL /AGES ( DEVELOP;T- W ILLU/RATE H[ ? MIVAL =M IS DESCRIB$ BY ;,M4 ,FABRE1 Z AN ACTIVE1 M9UTE 9SECT1 FURNI%$ ) SIX LEGS1 TWO L;G ANT5NAE1 & F\R EYES4 ,^! L>VAE >E HAT*$ 9 ! NE/S ( BEES2 & :5 ! MALE-BEES EM]GE F _! BURR[S1 9 ! SPR+1 : !Y D 2F ! FEMALES1 ! L>VAE SPR+ ON !M1 & AFWS CRAWL ON 6! FEMALES :IL/ PAIR$ )! MALES4 ,Z SOON Z ! FEMALE BEE DEPOSITS H] E7S ON ! SURFACE (! H"OY /OR$ 9 ! CELLS1 ! L>VAS (! ,SIT>IS L1P ON ! E7S & DEV\R !M4 ,AFWS !Y "UGO A -PLETE *ANGE2 _! EYES 4APPE>2 _! LEGS & ANT5NAE 2COME RUDI;T>Y1 & !Y FE$ ON H"OY2 S T !Y N[ M CLOSELY RESEM# ! ORD9>Y L>VAE ( 9SECTS2 ULTIMATELY !Y "UGO A FUR!R TRANS=M,N1 & F9,Y EM]GE Z ! P]FECT BEETLE4 ,N[1 IF AN 9SECT1 "UGO+ TRANS=M,NS L ^? (! ,SIT>IS1 7 62COME ! PROG5ITOR (A :OLE NEW CLASS ( 9SECTS1 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOP;T (! NEW CLASS WD 2 WIDELY DI6]5T F T ( \R EXI/+ 9SECTS2 &! F/ L>VAL /AGE C]TA9LY WD N REPRES5T ! =M] 3DI;N ( ANY ADULT & ANCI5T =M4 ,ON ! O!R H& X IS HIVAL /AGES %[ U1 M OR LESS -PLETELY1 ! 3DI;N (! PROG5ITOR (! :OLE GR\P 9 XS ADULT /ATE4 ,9 ! GRT CLASS (! ,CRU/ACEA1 =MS WOND];LLY 4T9CT F EA* O!R1 "NLY1 SUCTORIAL P>ASITES1 CIRRIP$ES1 5TOMO/RACA1 & EV5 ! MALACO/RACA1 APPE> AT F/ Z L>VAE "U ! NAUPLIUS-=M2 & Z ^! L>VAE LIVE & FE$ 9 ! OP5 SEA1 & >E N ADAPT$ = ANY PECULI> HABITS ( LIFE1 & F O!R R1SONS ASSIGN$ 0,FRITZ ,MULL] X IS PROBA# T AT "S V REMOTE P]IOD AN 9DEP5D5T ADULT ANIMAL1 RESEMBL+ ! NAUPLIUS1 EXI/$1 & SUBSEQU5TLY PRODUC$1 AL;G S"EAL DIV]G5T L9ES ( DESC5T1 ! ABV-"ND GRT CRU/AC1N GR\PS4 ,S AG X IS PROBA#1 F :AT WE "K (! EMBRYOS ( MAMMALS1 BIRDS1 FI%ES1 & REPTILES1 T ^! ANIMALS >E ! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS ( "S ANCI5T PROG5ITOR1 : 0 FURNI%$ 9 XS ADULT /ATE ) BRAN*IAE1 A SWIMBLA4]1 F\R F9LIKE LIMBS1 &A L;G TAIL1 ALL FITT$ = AN AQUATIC LIFE4 ,Z ALL ! ORGANIC 2+S1 EXT9CT & REC5T1 : H "E LIV$1 C 2 >RANG$ )9 A FEW GRT CLASSES2 & Z ALL )9 EA* CLASS H1 AC 6\R !ORY1 BE5 3NECT$ TGR 0F9E GRAD,NS1 ! BE/1 &1 IF \R COLLEC;NS 7 NE>LY P]FECT1 ! ONLY POSSI# >RANGE;T1 WD 2 G5EALOGICAL2 DESC5T 2+ ! HI45 BOND ( 3NEXION : NATURALI/S H BE5 SEEK+ "U ! T]M (! ,NATURAL ,SY/EM4 ,ON ? VIEW WE C "U/& H[ X IS T1 9 ! EYES ( MO/ NATURALI/S1 ! /RUCTURE (! EMBRYO IS EV5 M IMPORTANT = CLASSIFIC,N ?AN T (! ADULT4 ,9 TWO OR M GR\PS ( ANIMALS1 H["E M* !Y MAY DI6] F EA* O!R 9 /RUCTURE & HABITS 9 _! ADULT 3DI;N1 IF !Y PASS "? CLOSELY SIMIL> EMBRYONIC /AGES1 WE MAY FEEL ASSUR$ T !Y ALL >E DESC5D$ F "O P>5T-=M1 & >E "!=E CLOSELY RELAT$4 ,?US1 -MUN;Y 9 EMBRYONIC /RUCTURE REV1LS -MUN;Y ( DESC5T2 B 4SIMIL>;Y 9 EMBRYONIC DEVELOP;T DOES N PROVE 4COMMUN;Y ( DESC5T1 = 9 "O ( TWO GR\PS ! DEVELOP;TAL /AGES MAY H BE5 SUPPRESS$1 OR MAY H BE5 S GRTLY MODIFI$ "? ADAPT,N 6NEW HABITS ( LIFE1 Z 6BE NO L;G] RECOGNISA#4 ,EV5 9 GR\PS1 9 : ! ADULTS H BE5 MODIFI$ 6AN EXTREME DEGREE1 -MUN;Y ( ORIG9 IS (T5 REV1L$ 0! /RUCTURE (! L>VAE2 WE H SE51 = 9/.E1 T CIRRIP$ES1 ?\< EXT]N,Y S L %ELL- FI%1 >E AT ONCE "KN 0_! L>VAE 62L;G 6! GRT CLASS ( CRU/AC1NS4 ,Z ! EMBRYO (T5 %[S U M OR LESS PLA9LY ! /RUCTURE (! LESS MODIFI$ & ANCI5T PROG5ITOR (! GR\P1 WE C SEE :Y ANCI5T & EXT9CT =MS S RESEM# 9 _! ADULT /ATE ! EMBRYOS ( EXI/+ SPECIES (! SAME CLASS4 ,AGASSIZ 2LIEVES ? 6BE A UNIV]SAL LAW ( NATURE2 & WE MAY HOPE "HAF 6SEE ! LAW PROV$ TRUE4 ,X C1 H["E1 2 PROV$ TRUE ONLY 9 ^? CASES 9 : ! ANCI5T /ATE (! PROG5ITOR (! GR\P HAS N BE5 :OLLY OBLIT]AT$1 EI 0SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS HAV+ SUP]V5$ AT A V E>LY P]IOD ( GR[?1 OR 0S* V>I,NS HAV+ BE5 9H]IT$ AT AN E>LI] AGE ?AN T AT : !Y F/ APPE>$4 ,X %D AL 2 BORNE 9 M9D1 T ! LAW MAY 2 TRUE1 B YET1 [+ 6! GEOLOGICAL RECORD N EXT5D+ F> 5 BACK 9 "T1 MAY REMA9 =A L;G P]IOD1 OR = "E1 9CAPA# ( DEMON/R,N4 ,! LAW W N /RICTLY HOLD GD 9 ^? CASES 9 : AN ANCI5T =M 2CAME ADAPT$ 9 XS L>VAE /ATE 6"S SPECIAL L9E ( LIFE1 & TRANSMITT$ ! SAME L>VAL /ATE 6A :OLE GR\P ( DESC5DANTS2 = S* L>VAE W N RESEM# ANY / M ANCI5T =M 9 XS ADULT /ATE4 ,?US1 Z X SEEMS 6ME1 ! L1D+ FACTS 9 EMBRYOLOGY1 : >E SECOND 6N"O 9 IMPORT.E1 >E EXPLA9$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( V>I,NS 9 ! _M DESC5DANTS F "S "O ANCI5T PROG5ITOR1 HAV+ APPE>$ AT A N V E>LY P]IOD ( LIFE1 & HAV+ BE5 9H]IT$ AT A CORRESPOND+ P]IOD4 ,EMBRYOLOGY RISES GRTLY 9 9T]E/1 :5 WE LOOK AT ! EMBRYO Z A PICTURE1 M OR LESS OBSCUR$1 (! PROG5ITOR1 EI 9 XS ADULT OR L>VAL /ATE1 ( ALL ! MEMB]S (! SAME GRT CLASS4 ,RUDI;T>Y1 ,ATROPHI$1 & ,ABORT$ ,ORGANS ,ORGANS OR "PS 9 ? /RANGE 3DI;N1 BE>+ ! PLA9 /AMP ( 9UTIL;Y1 >E EXTREMELY -MON1 OR EV5 G5]AL1 "?\T NATURE4 ,X WD 2 IMPOSSI# 6"N "O (! HI<] ANIMALS 9 : "S "P OR O!R IS N 9 A RUDI;T>Y 3DI;N4 ,9 ! MAMMALIA1 = 9/.E1 ! MALES POSSESS RUDI;T>Y MAMMAE2 9 SNAKES "O LOBE (! LUNGS IS RUDI;T>Y2 9 BIRDS ! 8BA/>DW+0 MAY SAFELY 2 3SID]$ Z A RUDI;T>Y DIGIT1 & 9 "S SPECIES ! :OLE W+ IS S F> RUDI;T>Y T X _C 2 US$ = FLIY ORGANS PLA9LY DCL _! ORIG9 & M1N+ 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,"! >E BEETLES 2L;G+ 6CLOSELY ALLI$ SPECIES1 OR EV5 6! SAME ID5TICAL SPECIES1 : H EI FULL-SIZ$ & P]FECT W+S1 OR M]E RUDI;TS ( MEMBRANE1 : N R>ELY LIE "U W+-COV]S FIRMLY SOLD]$ TGR2 & 9 ^! CASES X IS IMPOSSI# 6D\BT1 T ! RUDI;TS REPRES5T W+S4 ,RUDI;T>Y ORGANS "S"TS RETA9 _! POT5TIAL;Y3 ? O3A.N,Y O3URS )! MAMMAE ( MALE MAMMALS1 : H BE5 "KN 62COME WELL DEVELOP$ & 6SECRETE MILK4 ,S AG 9 ! U4]S 9 ! G5US ,BOS1 "! >E NORM,Y F\R DEVELOP$ & TWO RUDI;T>Y T1TS2 B ! LATT] 9 \R DOME/IC C[S "S"TS 2COME WELL DEVELOP$ & YIELD MILK4 ,9 REG>D 6PLANTS ! PETALS >E "S"TS RUDI;T>Y1 & "S"TS WELL-DEVELOP$ 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES4 ,9 C]TA9 PLANTS HAV+ SEP>AT$ SEXES ,KOLREUT] F.D T 0CROSS+ A SPECIES1 9 : ! MALE FL[]S 9CLUD$ A RUDI;T (A PI/IL1 ) AN H]MAPHRODITE SPECIES1 HAV+ ( C\RSE A WELL-DEVELOP$ PI/IL1 ! RUDI;T 9 ! HYBRID (FSPR+ 0 M* 9CR1S$ 9 SIZE2 & ? CLE>LY %[S T ! RUDI;T>Y & P]FECT PI/ILS >E ESS5TI,Y ALIKE 9 NATURE4 ,AN ANIMAL MAY POSSESS V>I\S "PS 9 A P]FECT /ATE1 & YET !Y MAY 9 "O S5SE 2 RUDI;T>Y1 = !Y >E USE.S3 ?US ! TADPOLE (! -MON SALAM&] OR WAT]-NEWT1 Z ,MR4 ,G4 ,H4 ,LEWES REM>KS1 8HAS GILLS1 & PASSES XS EXI/;E 9 ! WAT]2 B ! ,SALAM&RA ATRA1 : LIVES HI< UP AM;G ! M.TA9S1 BR+S =? XS "Y FULL-=M$4 ,? ANIMAL N"E LIVES 9 ! WAT]4 ,YET IF WE OP5 A GRAVID FEMALE1 WE F9D TADPOLES 9SIDE H] ) EXQUISITELY F1!R$ GILLS2 & :5 PLAC$ 9 WAT] !Y SWIM AB L ! TADPOLES (! WAT]-NEWT4 ,OBVI\SLY ? AQUATIC ORGANIS,N HAS NO REF];E 6! FUTURE LIFE (! ANIMAL1 NOR HAS X ANY ADAPT,N 6XS EMBRYONIC 3DI;N2 X HAS SOLELY REF];E 6ANCE/RAL ADAPT,NS1 X REP1TS A PHASE 9 ! DEVELOP;T ( XS PROG5ITORS40 ,AN ORGAN1 S]V+ = TWO PURPOSES1 MAY 2COME RUDI;T>Y OR UTT]LY ABORT$ = "O1 EV5 ! M IMPORTANT PURPOSE1 & REMA9 P]FECTLY E6ICI5T =! O!R4 ,?US 9 PLANTS1 ! (FICE (! PI/IL IS 6ALL[ ! POLL5-TUBES 6R1* ! OVULES )9 ! OV>IUM4 ,! PI/IL 3SI/S (A /IGMA SUPPORT$ ON A /YLE2 B 9 "S ,-POSITAE1 ! MALE FLORETS1 : ( C\RSE _C 2 FECUNDAT$1 H A RUDI;T>Y PI/IL1 = X IS N CR[N$ )A /IGMA2 B ! /YLE REMA9S WELL DEVELOP$ & IS CLO!D 9 ! USUAL MANN] ) HAIRS1 : S]VE 6BRU% ! POLL5 \ (! SURR.D+ & 3JO9$ AN!RS4 ,AG1 AN ORGAN MAY 2COME RUDI;T>Y = XS PROP] PURPOSE1 & 2 US$ =A 4T9CT "O3 9 C]TA9 FI%ES ! SWIMBLA4] SEEMS 6BE RUDI;T>Y = XS PROP] FUNC;N ( GIV+ BUOYANCY1 B HAS 2COME 3V]T$ 96A NASC5T BR1?+ ORGAN OR LUNG4 ,_M SIMIL> 9/.ES CD 2 GIV54 ,USE;L ORGANS1 H["E LL !Y MAY 2 DEVELOP$1 UN.S WE H R1SON 6SUPPOSE T !Y 7 =M]LY M HIY4 ,!Y MAY 2 9 A NASC5T 3DI;N1 & 9 PROGRESS T[>DS FUR!R DEVELOP;T4 ,RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E EI Q USE.S1 S* Z TEE? : N"E CUT "? ! GUMS1 OR ALM USE.S1 S* Z ! W+S ( AN O/RI*1 : S]VE M]ELY Z SAILS4 ,Z ORGANS 9 ? 3DI;N WD =M]LY1 :5 / LESS DEVELOP$1 H BE5 ( EV5 LESS USE ?AN AT PRES5T1 !Y _C =M]LY H BE5 PRODUC$ "? V>I,N & NATURAL SELEC;N1 : ACTS SOLELY 0! PRES]V,N ( USE;L MODIFIC,NS4 ,!Y H BE5 "PI,Y RETA9$ 0! P[] ( 9H]IT.E1 & RELATE 6A =M] /ATE ( ?+S4 ,X IS1 H["E1 (T5 DI6ICULT 64T+UI% 2T RUDI;T>Y & NASC5T ORGANS2 = WE C JUDGE ONLY 0ANALOGY :E!R A "P IS CAPA# ( FUR!R DEVELOP;T1 9 : CASE AL"O X DES]VES 6BE CALL$ NASC5T4 ,ORGANS 9 ? 3DI;N W ALW 2 "S:AT R>E2 = 2+S ?US PROVID$ W -MONLY H BE5 SUPPLANT$ 0_! SU3ESSORS )! SAME ORGAN 9 A M P]FECT /ATE1 & 3SEQU5TLY W H 2COME L;G AGO EXT9CT4 ,! W+ (! P5GU9 IS ( HI< S]VICE1 ACT+ Z A F92 X MAY1 "!=E1 REPRES5T ! NASC5T /ATE (! W+3 N T ,I 2LIEVE ? 6BE ! CASE2 X IS M PROBABLY A REDUC$ ORGAN1 MODIFI$ =A NEW FUNC;N3 ! W+ (! ,APT]YX1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS Q USE.S1 & IS TRULY RUDI;T>Y4 ,[5 3SID]S ! SIMPLE FILA;T>Y LIMBS (! LEPIDOSIR5 Z ! 82G9N+S ( ORGANS : ATTA9 FULL FUNC;NAL DEVELOP;T 9 HI<] V]TEBRATES02 B1 AC 6! VIEW LATELY ADVOCAT$ 0,DR4 ,GUN!R1 !Y >E PROBABLY REMNANTS1 3SI/+ (! P]SI/5T AXIS (A F91 ) ! LAT]AL RAYS ( BRAN*ES ABORT$4 ,! MAMM>Y GL&S (! ,ORNI?ORHYN*US MAY 2 3SID]$1 9 -P>ISON )! U4]S (A C[1 Z 9 A NASC5T 3DI;N4 ,! OVIG]\S FR5A ( C]TA9 CIRRIP$ES1 : H C1S$ 6GIVE ATTA*;T 6! OVA & >E FEEBLY DEVELOP$1 >E NASC5T BRAN*IAE4 ,RUDI;T>Y ORGANS 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES >E V LIA# 6V>Y 9 ! DEGREE ( _! DEVELOP;T & 9 O!R RESPECTS4 ,9 CLOSELY ALLI$ SPECIES1 AL1 ! EXT5T 6: ! SAME ORGAN HAS BE5 REDUC$ O3A.N,Y DI6]S M*4 ,? LATT] FACT IS WELL EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! /ATE (! W+S ( FEMALE MO?S 2L;G+ 6! SAME FAMILY4 ,RUDI;T>Y ORGANS MAY 2 UTT]LY ABORT$2 & ? IMPLIES1 T 9 C]TA9 ANIMALS OR PLANTS1 "PS >E 5TIRELY ABS5T : ANALOGY WD L1D U 6EXPECT 6F9D 9 !M1 & : >E O3A.N,Y F.D 9 MON/R\S 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?US 9 MO/ (! ,SCROPHUL>IAC1E ! FIF? /AM5 IS UTT]LY ABORT$2 YET WE MAY 3CLUDE T A FIF? /AM5 ONCE EXI/$1 =A RUDI;T ( X IS F.D 9 _M SPECIES (! FAMILY1 & ? RUDI;T O3A.N,Y 2COMES P]FECTLY DEVELOP$1 Z MAY "S"TS 2 SE5 9 ! -MON SNAP-DRAGON4 ,9 TRAC+ ! HOMOLOGIES ( ANY "P 9 DI6]5T MEMB]S (! SAME CLASS1 NO?+ IS M -MON1 OR1 9 ORD] FULLY 6"U/& ! REL,NS (! "PS1 M USE;L ?AN ! 4COV]Y ( RUDI;TS4 ,? IS WELL %[N 9 ! DRAW+S GIV5 0,[5 (! LEG- B"OS (! HORSE1 OX1 & RH9OC]OS4 ,X IS AN IMPORTANT FACT T RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 S* Z TEE? 9 ! UPP] JAWS ( :ALES & RUM9ANTS1 C (T5 2 DETECT$ 9 ! EMBRYO1 B AFWS :OLLY 4APPE>4 ,X IS AL1 ,I 2LIEVE1 A UNIV]SAL RULE1 T A RUDI;T>Y "P IS ( GRT] SIZE 9 ! EMBRYO RELATIVELY 6! ADJO9+ "PS1 ?AN 9 ! ADULT2 S T ! ORGAN AT ? E>LY AGE IS LESS RUDI;T>Y1 OR EV5 _C 2 SD 6BE 9 ANY DEGREE RUDI;T>Y4 ,H;E RUDI;T>Y ORGANS 9 ! ADULT >E (T5 SD 6H RETA9$ _! EMBRYONIC 3DI;N4 ,I H N[ GIV5 ! L1D+ FACTS ) RESPECT 6RUDI;T>Y ORGANS4 ,9 REFLECT+ ON !M1 E "O M/ 2 /RUCK ) A/ONI%;T2 =! SAME R1SON+ P[] : TELLS U T MO/ "PS & ORGANS >E EXQUISITELY ADAPT$ = C]TA9 PURPOSES1 TELLS U ) EQUAL PLA9;S T ^! RUDI;T>Y OR ATROPHI$ ORGANS >E IMP]FECT & USE.S4 ,9 "WS ON NATURAL HI/ORY1 RUDI;T>Y ORGANS >E G5],Y SD 6H BE5 CR1T$ 8=! SAKE ( SYMMETRY10 OR 9 ORD] 86-PLETE ! S*EME ( NATURE40 ,B ? IS N AN EXPLAN,N1 M]ELY A RE-/ATE;T (! FACT4 ,NOR IS X 3SI/5T ) XF2 ?US ! BOA 3/RICTOR HAS RUDI;TS ( H9D-LIMBS &(A PELVIS1 & IF X 2 SD T ^! B"OS H BE5 RETA9$ 86-PLETE ! S*EME ( NATURE10 :Y1 Z ,PROFESSOR ,WEISMANN ASKS1 H !Y N BE5 RETA9$ 0O!R SNAKES1 : D N POSSESS EV5 A VE/IGE ( ^! SAME B"OS8 ,:AT WD 2 ?"\ ( AN A/RONOM] :O MA9TA9$ T ! SATELLITES REVOLVE 9 ELLIPTIC C\RSES R.D _! PLANETS 8=! SAKE ( SYMMETRY10 2C ! PLANETS ?US REVOLVE R.D ! SUN8 ,AN EM95T PHYSIOLOGI/ A3.TS =! PRES;E ( RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 0SUPPOS+ T !Y S]VE 6EXCRETE MATT] 9 EXCESS1 OR MATT] 9JURI\S 6! SY/EM2 B C WE SUPPOSE T ! M9UTE PAPILLA1 : (T5 REPRES5TS ! PI/IL 9 MALE FL[]S1 & : IS =M$ ( M]E CELLUL> TISSUE1 C ?US ACT8 ,C WE SUPPOSE T RUDI;T>Y TEE?1 : >E SUBSEQU5TLY ABSORB$1 >E B5EFICIAL 6! RAPIDLY GR[+ EMBRYONIC CALF 0REMOV+ MATT] S PRECI\S Z PHOSPHATE ( LIME8 ,:5 A MAN'S F+]S H BE5 AMPUTAT$1 IMP]FECT NAILS H BE5 "KN 6APPE> ON ! /UMPS1 & ,I CD Z SOON 2LIEVE T ^! VE/IGES ( NAILS >E DEVELOP$ 9 ORD] 6EXCRETE HORNY MATT]1 Z T ! RUDI;T>Y NAILS ON ! F9 (! MANATEE H BE5 DEVELOP$ = ? SAME PURPOSE4 ,ON ! VIEW ( DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N1 ! ORIG9 ( RUDI;T>Y ORGANS IS -P>ATIVELY SIMPLE2 & WE C "U/& 6A L>GE EXT5T ! LAWS GOV]N+ _! IMP]FECT DEVELOP;T4 ,WE H PL5TY ( CASES ( RUDI;T>Y ORGANS 9 \R DOME/IC PRODUC;NS1- Z ! /UMP (A TAIL 9 TAIL.S BRE$S1- ! VE/IGE ( AN E> 9 E>.S BRE$S ( %EEP1- ! REAPPE>.E ( M9UTE DANGL+ HORNS 9 HORN.S BRE$S ( CATTLE1 M ESPECI,Y1 AC 6,Y\ATT1 9 "Y ANIMALS1- &! /ATE (! :OLE FL[] 9 ! CAULIFL[]4 ,WE (T5 SEE RUDI;TS ( V>I\S "PS 9 MON/]S2 B ,I D\BT :E!R ANY ( ^! CASES ?R[ LIY ORGANS 9 A /ATE ( NATURE1 FUR!R ?AN 0%[+ T RUDI;TS C 2 PRODUC$2 =! BAL.E ( EVID;E CLE>LY 9DICATES T SPECIES "U NATURE D N "UGO GRT & ABRUPT *ANGES4 ,B WE LE>N F ! /UDY ( \R DOME/IC PRODUC;NS T ! 4USE ( "PS L1DS 6_! REDUC$ SIZE2 & T ! RESULT IS 9H]IT$4 ,X APPE>S PROBA# T 4USE HAS BE5 ! MA9 AG5T 9 R5D]+ ORGANS RUDI;T>Y4 ,X WD AT F/ L1D 0SL[ /EPS 6! M & M -PLETE REDUC;N (A "P1 UNTIL AT LA/ X 2CAME RUDI;T>Y1- Z 9 ! CASE (! EYES ( ANIMALS 9HABIT+ D>K CAV]NS1 &(! W+S ( BIRDS 9HABIT+ OC1NIC ISL&S1 : H SELDOM BE5 =C$ 0B1/S ( PREY 6TAKE FLIM.S & RUDI;T>Y4 ,ANY *ANGE 9 /RUCTURE & FUNC;N1 : C 2 E6ECT$ 0SMALL /AGES1 IS )9 ! P[] ( NATURAL SELEC;N2 S T AN ORGAN R5D]$1 "? *ANG$ HABITS ( LIFE1 USE.S OR 9JURI\S = "O PURPOSE1 MIIA#1 = _! V>I,NS C NO L;G] 2 *EEK$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,ALL ? AGREES WELL ) :AT WE SEE "U NATURE4 ,MOREOV]1 AT :AT"E P]IOD ( LIFE EI 4USE OR SELEC;N REDUCES AN ORGAN1 & ? W G5],Y 2 :5 ! 2+ HAS -E 6MATUR;Y & HAS 6EX]T XS FULL P[]S ( AC;N1 ! PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES W T5D 6REPRODUCE ! ORGAN 9 XS REDUC$ /ATE AT ! SAME MATURE AGE1 B W SELDOM E6ECT X 9 ! EMBRYO4 ,?US WE C "U/& ! GRT] SIZE ( RUDI;T>Y ORGANS 9 ! EMBRYO RELATIVELY 6! ADJO9+ "PS4 & _! LESS] RELATIVE SIZE 9 ! ADULT4 ,IF1 = 9/.E1 ! DIGIT ( AN ADULT ANIMAL 0 US$ LESS & LESS DUR+ _M G5],NS1 [+ 6"S *ANGE ( HABITS1 OR IF AN ORGAN OR GL& 0 LESS & LESS FUNC;N,Y EX]CIS$1 WE MAY 9F] T X WD 2COME REDUC$ 9 SIZE 9 ! ADULT DESC5DANTS ( ? ANIMAL1 B WD RETA9 NE>LY XS ORIG9AL /&>D ( DEVELOP;T 9 ! EMBRYO4 ,"! REMA9S1 H["E1 ? DI6ICULTY4 ,AF AN ORGAN HAS C1S$ 2+ US$1 & HAS 2COME 9 3SEQU;E M* REDUC$1 H[ C X 2 / FUR!R REDUC$ 9 SIZE UNTIL ! M]E/ VE/IGE IS LEFT2 & H[ C X 2 F9,Y Q OBLIT]AT$8 ,X IS SC>CELY POSSI# T 4USE C G ON PRODUC+ ANY FUR!R E6ECT AF ! ORGAN HAS ONCE BE5 R5D]$ FUNC;N.S4 ,"S A4I;NAL EXPLAN,N IS "H REQUISITE : ,I _C GIVE4 ,IF1 = 9/.E1 X CD 2 PROV$ T E "P (! ORGANIS,N T5DS 6V>Y 9 A GRT] DEGREE T[>DS DIM9U;N ?AN T[>DS AUG;T,N ( SIZE1 !N WE %D 2 A# 6"U/& H[ AN ORGAN : HAS 2COME USE.S WD 2 R5D]$1 9DEP5D5TLY (! E6ECTS ( 4USE1 RUDI;T>Y & WD AT LA/ 2 :OLLY SUPPRESS$2 =! V>I,NS T[>DS DIM9I%$ SIZE WD NO L;G] 2 *ECK$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,! PR9CIPLE (! ECONOMY ( GR[?1 EXPLA9$ 9 A =M] *APT]1 0: ! MAT]IALS =M+ ANY "P1 IF N USE;L 6! POSSESSOR1 >E SAV$ Z F> Z POSSI#1 W P]H -E 96PLAY 9 R5D]+ A USE.S "P RUDI;T>Y4 ,B ? PR9CIPLE W ALM NECESS>ILY 2 3F9$ 6! E>LI] /AGES (! PROCESS ( REDUC;N2 = WE _C SUPPOSE T A M9UTE PAPILLA1 = 9/.E1 REPRES5T+ 9 A MALE FL[] ! PI/IL (! FEMALE FL[]1 & =M$ M]ELY ( CELLUL> TISSUE1 CD 2 FUR!R REDUC$ OR ABSORB$ =! SAKE ( ECONOMIS+ NUTRI;T4 ,F9,Y1 Z RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 0:AT"E /EPS !Y MAY H BE5 DEGRAD$ 96_! PRES5T USE.S 3DI;N1 >E ! RECORD (A =M] /ATE ( ?+S1 & H BE5 RETA9$ SOLELY "? ! P[] ( 9H]IT.E1- WE C "U/&1 ON ! G5EALOGICAL VIEW ( CLASSIFIC,N1 H[ X IS T SY/EMATI/S1 9 PLAC+ ORGANISMS 9 _! PROP] PLACES 9 ! NATURAL SY/EM1 H (T5 F.D RUDI;T>Y "PS Z USE;L Z1 OR EV5 "S"TS M USE;L ?AN1 "PS ( HI< PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORT.E4 ,RUDI;T>Y ORGANS MAY 2 -P>$ )! LRS 9 A ^W1 / RETA9$ 9 ! SPELL+1 B 2COME USE.S 9 ! PRONUNCI,N1 B : S]VE Z A CLUE = XS D]IV,N4 ,ON ! VIEW ( DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N1 WE MAY 3CLUDE T ! EXI/;E ( ORGANS 9 A RUDI;T>Y1 IMP]FECT1 & USE.S 3DI;N1 OR Q ABORT$1 F> F PRES5T+ A /RANGE DI6ICULTY1 Z !Y ASSUR$LY D ON ! OLD DOCTR9E ( CRE,N1 MIY ,9 ? *APT] ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6%[1 T ! >RANGE;T ( ALL ORGANIC 2+S "?\T ALL "T 9 GR\PS "U GR\PS- T ! NATURE (! REL,N%IPS 0: ALL LIV+ & EXT9CT ORGANISMS >E UNIT$ 0-PLEX1 RADIAT+1 & CIRCUIT\S L9ES ( A69ITIES 96A FEW GR& CLASSES1- ! RULES FOLL[$ &! DI6ICULTIES 5C.T]$ 0NATURALI/S 9 _! CLASSIFIC,NS1- ! VALUE SET ^U "*S1 IF 3/ANT & PREVAL5T1 :E!R ( HI< OR (! MO/ TRIFL+ IMPORT.E1 OR1 Z ) RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 ( NO IMPORT.E1- ! WIDE OPPOSI;N 9 VALUE 2T ANALOGICAL OR ADAPTIVE "*S1 & "*S ( TRUE A69;Y2 & O!R S* RULES2- ALL NATUR,Y FOLL[ IF WE ADMIT ! -MON P>5TAGE ( ALLI$ =MS1 TGR ) _! MODIFIC,N "? V>I,N & NATURAL SELEC;N1 )! 3T+5CIES ( EXT9C;N & DIV]G;E ( "*4 ,9 3SID]+ ? VIEW ( CLASSIFIC,N1 X %D 2 BORNE 9 M9D T ! ELE;T ( DESC5T HAS BE5 UNIV]S,Y US$ 9 RANK+ TGR ! SEXES1 AGES1 DIMORPHIC =MS1 & AC"KL$G$ V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES1 H["E M* !Y MAY DI6] F EA* O!R 9 /RUCTURE4 ,IF WE EXT5D ! USE ( ? ELE;T ( DESC5T1- ! "O C]TA9LY "KN CAUSE ( SIMIL>;Y 9 ORGANIC 2+S1- WE % "U/& :AT IS M1NT 0! ,NATURAL ,SY/EM3 X IS G5EALOGICAL 9 XS ATTEMPT$ >RANGE;T1 )! GRADES ( ACQUIR$ DI6];E M>K$ 0! T]MS1 V>IETIES1 SPECIES1 G5]A1 FAMILIES1 ORD]S1 & CLASSES4 ,ON ? SAME VIEW ( DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N1 MO/ (! GRT FACTS 9 ,MORPHOLOGY 2COME 9TELLIGI#1- :E!R WE LOOK 6! SAME PATT]N 4PLAY$ 0! DI6]5T SPECIES (! SAME CLASS 9 _! HOMOLOG\S ORGANS1 6:AT"E PURPOSE APPLI$2 OR 6! S]IAL & LAT]AL HOMOLOGIES 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL ANIMAL & PLANT4 ,ON ! PR9CIPLE ( SU3ESSIVE SLII,NS1 N NECESS>ILY OR G5],Y SUP]V5+ AT A V E>LY P]IOD ( LIFE1 & 2+ 9H]IT$ AT A CORRESPOND+ P]IOD1 WE C "U/& ! L1D+ FACTS 9 ,EMBRYOLOGY2 "NLY1 ! CLOSE RESEMBL.E 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL EMBRYO (! "PS : >E HOMOLOG\S1 & : :5 MATUR$ 2COME WIDELY DI6]5T 9 /RUCTURE & FUNC;N2 &! RESEMBL.E (! HOMOLOG\S "PS OR ORGANS 9 ALLI$ ?\< 4T9CT SPECIES1 ?\< FITT$ 9 ! ADULT /ATE = HABITS Z DI6]5T Z IS POSSI#4 ,L>VAE >E ACTIVE EMBRYOS1 : H BE5 SPECI,Y MODIFI$ 9 A GRT] OR LESS DEGREE 9 REL,N 6_! HABITS ( LIFE1 ) _! MODIFIC,NS 9H]IT$ AT A CORRESPOND+ E>LY AGE4 ,ON ^! SAME PR9CIPLES1- & BE>+ 9 M9D T :5 ORGANS >E REDUC$ 9 SIZE1 EI F 4USE OR "? NATURAL SELEC;N1 X W G5],Y 2 AT T P]IOD ( LIFE :5 ! 2+ HAS 6PROVIDE = XS [N WANTS1 & BE>+ 9 M9D H[ /R;G IS ! =CE ( 9H]IT.E- ! O3URR;E ( RUDI;T>Y ORGANS MIY ORGANS 9 CLASSIFIC,N IS 9TELLIGI#1 ON ! VIEW T A NATURAL >RANGE;T M/ 2 G5EALOGICAL4 ,F9,Y1 ! S"EAL CLASSES ( FACTS : H BE5 3SID]$ 9 ? *APT]1 SEEM 6ME 6PROCLAIM S PLA9LY1 T ! 9NUM]A# SPECIES1 G5]A & FAMILIES1 ) : ? _W IS PEOPL$1 >E ALL DESC5D$1 EA* )9 XS [N CLASS OR GR\P1 F -MON P>5TS1 & H ALL BE5 MODIFI$ 9 ! C\RSE ( DESC5T1 T ,I %D )\T HESIT,N ADOPT ? VIEW1 EV5 IF X 7 UNSUPPORT$ 0O!R FACTS OR >GU;TS4