,,*APT] ,,XIII3 ,,GEOGRAPHICAL
           ,,4TRIBU;N ,3T9U$

    ,FRE%-WAT] ,PRODUC;NS
  ,Z LAKES & RIV]-SY/EMS >E SEP>AT$ F
EA* O!R 0B>RI]S ( L&1 X MI<T H BE5 ?"\ T
FRE%-WAT] PRODUC;NS WD N H RANG$ WIDELY
)9 ! SAME C.TRY1 & Z ! SEA IS APP>5TLY A
/ M =MIDA# B>RI]1 T !Y WD N"E H EXT5D$
64TANT C.TRIES4 ,B ! CASE IS EXACTLY !
REV]SE4 ,N ONLY H _M FRE%-WAT] SPECIES1
2L;G+ 6DI6]5T CLASSES1 AN ENORM\S RANGE1
B ALLI$ SPECIES PREVAIL 9 A REM>KA#
MANN] "?\T ! _W4 ,:5 F/ COLLECT+ 9 !
FRE% WAT]S ( ,BRAZIL1 ,I WELL REMEMB]
FEEL+ M* SURPRISE AT ! SIMIL>;Y (! FRE%-
WAT] 9SECTS1 %ELLS &C41 & AT ! 4SIMIL>;Y
(! SURR.D+ T]RE/RIAL 2+S1 -P>$ ) ^? (
,BRITA94
  ,B ! WIDE RANG+ P[] ( FRE%-WAT]
PRODUC;NS C1 ,I ?9K1 9 MO/ CASES 2
EXPLA9$ 0_! HAV+ 2COME FITT$1 9 A MANN]
HI<LY USE;L 6!M1 = %ORT & FREQU5T
MIGR,NS F POND 6POND1 OR F /R1M 6/R1M1
)9 _! [N C.TRIES2 & LIABIL;Y 6WIDE
4P]SAL WD FOLL[ F ? CAPAC;Y Z AN ALM NEC
3SEQU;E4 ,WE C "H 3SID] ONLY A FEW
CASES2 ( ^!1 "S (! MO/ DI6ICULT 6EXPLA9
>E PRES5T$ 0FI%4 ,X 0 =M]LY 2LIEV$ T !
SAME FRE%-WAT] SPECIES N"E EXI/$ ON TWO
3T95TS 4TANT F EA* O!R4 ,B ,DR4 ,GUN!R
HAS LATELY %[N T ! ,GALAXIAS ATT5UATUS
9HABITS ,TASMANIA1 ,NEW ,Z1L&1 ! ,FALKL&
,ISL&S1 &! MA9L& ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,? IS A
WOND];L CASE1 & PROBABLY 9DICATES 4P]SAL
F AN ,ANT>CTIC C5TRE DUR+ A =M] W>M
P]IOD4 ,? CASE1 H["E1 IS R5D]$ 9 "S
DEGREE LESS SURPRIS+ 0! SPECIES ( ? G5US
HAV+ ! P[] ( CROSS+ 0"S UN"KN M1NS
3SID]A# SPACES ( OP5 OC1N3 ?US "! IS "O
SPECIES -MON 6,NEW ,Z1L& & 6! ,AUCKL&
,ISL&S1 ?\< SEP>AT$ 0A 4T.E ( AB #BCJ
MILES4 ,ON ! SAME 3T95T FRE%-WAT] FI%
(T5 RANGE WIDELY1 & Z IF CAPRICI\SLY2 =
9 TWO ADJO9+ RIV]-SY/EMS "S (! SPECIES
MAY 2 ! SAME1 & "S :OLLY DI6]5T4
  ,X IS PROBA# T !Y >E O3A.N,Y
TRANSPORT$ 0:AT MAY 2 CALL$ A3ID5TAL
M1NS4 ,?US FI%ES / ALIVE >E N V R>ELY
DROPP$ AT 4TANT PO9TS 0:IRLW9DS2 & X IS
"KN T ! OVA RETA9 _! VITAL;Y =A 3SID]A#
"T AF REMOVAL F ! WAT]4 ,_! 4P]SAL MAY1
H["E1 2 MA9LY ATTRIBUT$ 6*ANGES 9 !
LEVEL (! L& )9 ! REC5T P]IOD1 CAUS+
RIV]S 6FL[ 96EA* O!R4 ,9/.ES1 AL1 CD 2
GIV5 ( ? HAV+ O3URR$ DUR+ FLOODS1 )\T
ANY *ANGE ( LEVEL4 ,! WIDE DI6];E (! FI%
ON ! OPPOSITE SIDES ( MO/ M.TA9-RANGES1
: >E 3T9U\S1 & : 3SEQU5TLY M/ F AN E>LY
P]IOD H -PLETELY PREV5T$ ! 9OSCUL,N (!
RIV]-SY/EMS ON ! TWO SIDES1 L1DS 6! SAME
3CLU.N4 ,"S FRE%-WAT] FI% 2L;G 6V ANCI5T
=MS1 & 9 S* CASES "! W H BE5 AMPLE "T =
GRT GEOGRAPHICAL *ANGES1 & 3SEQU5TLY "T
& M1NS = M* MIGR,N4 ,MOREOV]1 ,DR4
,GUN!R HAS REC5TLY BE5 L$ 0S"EAL
3SID],NS 69F] T ) FI%ES ! SAME =MS H A
L;G 5DUR.E4 ,SALT-WAT] FI% C ) C>E 2
SL[LY A3U/OM$ 6LIVE 9 FRE% WAT]2 &1 AC
6,VAL5CI5NES' "! IS H>DLY A S+LE GR\P (
: AN ! MEMB]S >E 3F9$ 6FRE% WAT]1 S T A
M>9E SPECIES 2L;G+ 6A FRE%-WAT] GR\P
MI<T TRAVEL F> AL;G ! %ORES (! SEA1 &
CD1 X IS PROBA#1 2COME ADAPT$ )\T M*
DI6ICULTY 6! FRE% WAT]S (A 4TANT L&4
  ,"S SPECIES ( FRE%-WAT] %ELLS H V WIDE
RANGES1 & ALLI$ SPECIES :1 ON \R !ORY1
>E DESC5D$ F A -MON P>5T1 & M/ H PROCE$$
F A S+LE S\RCE1 PREVAIL "?\T ! _W4 ,_!
4TRIBU;N AT F/ P]PLEX$ ME M*1 Z _! OVA
>E N LIKELY 6BE TRANSPORT$ 0BIRDS2 &!
OVA1 Z WELL Z ! ADULTS1 >E IMMLY KILL$
0SEA-WAT]4 ,I CD N EV5 "U/& H[ "S
NATURALIS$ SPECIES H SPR1D RAPIDLY "?\T
! SAME C.TRY4 ,B TWO FACTS1 : ,I H
OBS]V$- & _M O!RS NO D\BT W 2 4COV]$-
?R[ "S LI<T ON ? SUBJECT4 ,:5 DUCKS
SU45LY EM]GE F A POND COV]$ ) DUCK-WE$1
,I H TWICE SE5 ^! LL PLANTS ADH]+ 6_!
BACKS2 & X HAS HAPP5$ 6ME1 9 REMOV+ A LL
DUCK-WE$ F "O AQU>IUM 6ANO!R1 T ,I H
UN9T5;N,Y /OCK$ ! "O ) FRE%-WAT] %ELLS F
! O!R4 ,B ANO!R AG5CY IS P]H M E6ECTUAL3
,I SUSP5D$ ! FEET (A DUCK 9 AN AQU>IUM1
": _M OVA ( FRE%-WAT] %ELLS 7 HAT*+2 &
,I F.D T NUMB]S (! EXTREMELY M9UTE & J-
HAT*$ %ELLS CRAWL$ ON ! FEET1 & CLUNG
6!M S FIRMLY T :5 TAK5 \ (! WAT] !Y CD N
2 J>R$ (F1 ?\< AT A "S:AT M ADV.ED AGE
!Y WD VOLUNT>ILY DROP (F4 ,^! J-HAT*$
MOLLUSCS1 ?\< AQUATIC 9 _! NATURE1
SURVIV$ ON ! DUCK'S FEET1 9 DAMP AIR1 F
TWELVE 6TW5TY-H\RS2 & 9 ? L5G? ( "T A
DUCK OR H]ON MI<T FLY AT L1/ SIX OR SEV5
HUNDR$ MILES1 & IF BL[N ACR ! SEA 6AN
OC1NIC ISL&1 OR 6ANY O!R 4TANT PO9T1 WD
2 SURE 6ALI<T ON A POOL OR RIVULET4 ,SIR
,*>LES ,LYELL 9=MS ME T A ,DYTISCUS HAS
BE5 CAU<T ) AN ,ANCYLUS 7A FRE%-WAT]
%ELL L A LIMPET7 FIRMLY ADH]+ 6X2 &A
WAT]-BEETLE (! SAME FAMILY1 A
,COLYMBETES1 ONCE FLEW ON BO>D !
8,B1GLE10 :5 =TY-FIVE MILES 4TANT F !
NE>E/ L&3 H[ M* F>!R X MI<T H BE5 BL[N
0A FAV\R+ GALE NO "O C TELL4
  ,) RESPECT 6PLANTS1 X HAS L;G BE5 "KN
:AT ENORM\S RANGES _M FRE%-WAT]1 & EV5
M>% SPECIES1 H1 BO? OV] 3T95TS & 6! MO/
REMOTE OC1NIC ISL&S4 ,? IS /RIK+LY
ILLU/RAT$1 AC 6,ALPH4 DE ,C&OLLE1 9 ^?
L>GE GR\PS ( T]RE/RIAL PLANTS1 : H V FEW
AQUATIC MEMB]S2 =! LATT] SEEM IMMLY
6ACQUIRE1 Z IF 9 3SEQU;E1 A WIDE RANGE4
,I ?9K FAV\RA# M1NS ( 4P]SAL EXPLA9 ?
FACT4 ,I H 2F M5;N$ T E>? O3A.N,Y AD"HS
9 "S QUANT;Y 6! FEET & B1KS ( BIRDS4
,WAD+ BIRDS1 : FREQU5T ! MU4Y $GES (
PONDS1 IF SU45LY FLU%$1 WD 2 ! MO/
LIKELY 6H MU4Y FEET4 ,BIRDS ( ? ORD] W&]
M ?AN ^? ( ANY O!R2 & !Y >E O3A.N,Y F.D
ON ! MO/ REMOTE & B>R5 ISL&S (! OP5
OC1N2 !Y WD N 2 LIKELY 6ALI<T ON !
SURFACE (! SEA1 S T ANY DIRT ON _! FEET
WD N 2 WA%$ (F2 & :5 GA9+ ! L&1 !Y WD 2
SURE 6FLY 6_! NATURAL FRE%-WAT] HAUNTS4
,I D N 2LIEVE T BOTANI/S >E AW>E H[ *>G$
! MUD ( PONDS IS ) SE$S2 ,I H TRI$ S"EAL
LL EXP]I;TS1 B W "H GIVE ONLY ! MO/
/RIK+ CASE3 ,I TOOK 9 ,FEBRU>Y ?REE
TA#SPOON;LS ( MUD F ?REE DI6]5T PO9TS1
2N WAT]1 ON ! $GE (A LL POND3 ? MUD :5
DRI$ WEI<$ ONLY #FC/D \NCES2 ,I KEPT X
COV]$ UP 9 MY /UDY = SIX MON?S1 PULL+ UP
& C.T+ EA* PLANT Z X GREW2 ! PLANTS 7 (
_M K9DS1 & 7 ALT #ECG 9 NUMB]2 & YET !
VISCID MUD 0 ALL 3TA9$ 9 A BR1KFA/ CUP6
,3SID]+ ^! FACTS1 ,I ?9K X WD 2 AN
9EXPLICA# CIRCUM/.E IF WAT]-BIRDS DID N
TRANSPORT ! SE$S ( FRE%-WAT] PLANTS
6UN/OCK$ PONDS & /R1MS1 SITUAT$ AT V
4TANT PO9TS4 ,! SAME AG5CY MAY H -E
96PLAY )! E7S ( "S (! SMALL] FRE%-WAT]
ANIMALS4
  ,O!R & UN"KN AG5CIES PROBABLY H AL
PLAY$ A "P4 ,I H /AT$ T FRE%-WAT] FI%
EAT "S K9DS ( SE$S1 ?\< !Y REJECT _M O!R
K9DS AF HAV+ SWALL[$ !M2 EV5 SMALL FI%
SWALL[ SE$S ( MOD]ATE SIZE1 Z (! YELL[
WAT]-LILY & ,POTAMOGETON4 ,H]ONS & O!R
BIRDS1 C5TURY AF C5TURY1 H G"O ON DAILY
DEV\R+ FI%2 !Y !N TAKE FLI<T & G 6O!R
WAT]S1 OR >E BL[N ACR ! SEA2 & WE H SE5
T SE$S RETA9 _! P[] ( G]M9,N1 :5 REJECT$
_M H\RS AFWS 9 PELLETS OR 9 ! EXCRE;T4
,:5 ,I SAW ! GRT SIZE (! SE$S ( T F9E
WAT]-LILY1 ! ,NELUMBIUM1 & REMEMB]$
,ALPH4 DE ,C&OLLE'S REM>KS ON ! 4TRIBU;N
( ? PLANT1 ,I ?"\ T ! M1NS ( XS 4P]SAL
M/ REMA9 9EXPLICA#2 B ,AUDUBON /ATES T
HE F.D ! SE$S (! GRT S\!RN WAT]-LILY
7PROBABLY1 AC 6,DR4 ,HOOK]1 ! ,NELUMBIUM
LUTEUM7 9 A H]ON'S /OMA*4 ,N[ ? BIRD M/
(T5 H FL[N ) XS /OMA* ?US WELL /OCK$
64TANT PONDS1 & !N GETT+ A HE>TY M1L (
FI%1 ANALOGY MAKES ME 2LIEVE T X WD H
REJECT$ ! SE$S 9 A PELLET 9 A FIT /ATE =
G]M9,N4
  ,9 3SID]+ ^! S"EAL M1NS ( 4TRIBU;N1 X
%D 2 REMEMB]$ T :5 A POND OR /R1M IS F/
=M$1 = 9/.E1 ON A RIS+ ISLET1 X W 2
UNO3UPI$2 &A S+LE SE$ OR EGG W H A GD
*.E ( SU3E$+4 ,AL? "! W ALW 2 A /RU7LE =
LIFE 2T ! 9HABITANTS (! SAME POND1 H["E
FEW 9 K9D1 YET Z ! NUMB] EV5 9 A WELL-
/OCK$ POND IS SMALL 9 -P>ISON )! NUMB] (
SPECIES 9HABIT+ AN EQUAL >EA ( L&1 !
-PETI;N 2T !M W PROBABLY 2 LESS SEV]E
?AN 2T T]RE/RIAL SPECIES2 3SEQU5TLY AN
9TRUD] F ! WAT]S (A =EIGN C.TRY WD H A
BETT] *.E ( SEIZ+ ON NEW PLACE1 ?AN 9 !
CASE ( T]RE/RIAL COLONI/S4 ,WE %D AL
REMEMB] T _M FRE%-WAT] PRODUC;NS >E L[ 9
! SCALE ( NATURE1 & WE H R1SON 62LIEVE T
S* 2+S 2COME MODIFI$ M SL[LY ?AN ! HI<2
& ? W GIVE "T =! MIGR,N ( AQUATIC
SPECIES4 ,WE %D N =GET ! PROBABIL;Y ( _M
FRE%-WAT] =MS LAV+ =M]LY RANG$ 3T9U\SLY
OV] IMM5SE >1S1 & !N HAV+ 2COME EXT9CT
AT 9T]M$IATE PO9TS4 ,B ! WIDE 4TRIBU;N (
FRE%-WAT] PLANTS &(! L[] ANIMALS1 :E!R
RETA9+ ! SAME ID5TICAL =M OR 9 "S DEGREE
MODIFI$1 APP>5TLY DEP5DS 9 MA9 "P ON !
WIDE 4P]SAL ( _! SE$S & E7S 0ANIMALS1 M
ESPECI,Y 0FRE%-WAT] BIRDS1 : H GRT P[]S
( FLI<T1 & NATUR,Y TRAVEL F "O PIECE (
WAT] 6ANO!R4
  ,ON ! ,9HABITANTS ( ,OC1NIC ,ISL&S
  ,WE N[ -E 6! LA/ (! ?REE CLASSES (
FACTS1 : ,I H SELECT$ Z PRES5T+ ! GRTE/
AM.T ( DI6ICULTY ) RESPECT 64TRIBU;N1 ON
! VIEW T N ONLY ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
SPECIES H MIGRAT$ F "S "O >EA1 B T ALLI$
SPECIES1 AL? N[ 9HABIT+ ! MO/ 4TANT
PO9TS1 H PROCE$$ F A S+LE >EA1- !
BIR?PLACE ( _! E>LY PROG5ITORS4 ,I H ALR
GIV5 MY R1SONS = 4BELIEV+ 9 3T95TAL
EXT5.NS )9 ! P]IOD ( EXI/+ SPECIES1 ON S
ENORM\S A SCALE T ALL ! _M ISL&S (!
S"EAL OC1NS 7 ?US /OCK$ ) _! PRES5T
T]RE/RIAL 9HABITANTS4 ,? VIEW REMOVES _M
DI6ICULTIES1 B X DOES N A3ORD ) ALL !
FACTS 9 REG>D 6! PRODUC;NS ( ISL&S4 ,9 !
FOLL[+ REM>KS ,I % N 3F9E MYF 6! M]E "Q
( 4P]SAL1 B % 3SID] "S O!R CASES BE>+ ON
! TRU? (! TWO !ORIES ( 9DEP5D5T CRE,N &(
DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N4
  ,! SPECIES ( ALL K9DS : 9HABIT OC1NIC
ISL&S >E FEW 9 NUMB] -P>$ ) ^? ON EQUAL
3T95TAL >1S3 ,ALPH4 DE ,C&OLLE ADMITS ?
= PLANTS1 & ,WOLLA/ON = 9SECTS4 ,NEW
,Z1L&1 = 9/.E1 ) XS L(TY M.TA9S &
DIV]SIFI$ /,NS1 EXT5D+ OV] #GHJ MILES (
LATITUDE1 TGR )! \TLY+ ISL&S ( ,AUCKL&1
,CAMPBELL & ,*ATHAM1 3TA9 ALT ONLY #IFJ
K9DS ( FL[]+ PLANTS2 IF WE -P>E ?
MOD]ATE NUMB] )! SPECIES : SW>M OV]
EQUAL >1S 9 ,S\?-,WE/]N ,AU/RALIA OR AT
! ,CAPE ( ,GD ,HOPE1 WE M/ ADMIT T "S
CAUSE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( DI6]5T PHYSICAL
3DI;NS1 HAS GIV5 RISE 6S GRT A DI6];E 9
NUMB]4 ,EV5 ! UNI=M C.TY ( ,CAMBRIDGE
HAS #HDG PLANTS1 &! LL ISL& ( ,ANGLESEA
#GFD1 B A FEW F]NS &A FEW 9TRODUC$
PLANTS >E 9CLUD$ 9 ^! NUMB]S1 &! -P>ISON
9 "S O!R RESPECTS IS N Q FAIR4 ,WE H
EVID;E T ! B>R5 ISL& ( ,ASC5.N ABORIG9,Y
POSSESS$ LESS ?AN HALF-A-DOZ5 FL[]+
PLANTS2 YET _M SPECIES H N[ 2COME
NATURALIS$ ON X1 Z !Y H 9 ,NEW ,Z1L& &
ON E O!R OC1NIC ISL& : C 2 "ND4 ,9 ,/4
,HEL5A "! IS R1SON 62LIEVE T !
NATURALIS$ PLANTS & ANIMALS H NE>LY OR Q
EXT]M9AT$ _M NATIVE PRODUC;NS4 ,HE :O
ADMITS ! DOCTR9E (! CRE,N ( EA* SEP>ATE
SPECIES1 W H 6ADMIT T A SU6ICI5T NUMB] (
! BE/ ADAPT$ PLANTS & ANIMALS 7 N CR1T$
= OC1NIC ISL&S2 = MAN HAS UN9T5;N,Y
/OCK$ !M F> M FULLY & P]FECTLY ?AN DID
NATURE4
  ,AL? 9 OC1NIC ISL&S ! SPECIES >E FEW 9
NUMB]1 ! PROPOR;N ( 5DEMIC K9DS 7I4E41
^? F.D NO": ELSE 9 ! _W7 IS (T5
EXTREMELY L>GE4 ,IF WE -P>E1 = 9/.E1 !
NUMB] ( 5DEMIC L&%ELLS 9 ,MADEIRA1 OR (
5DEMIC BIRDS 9 ! ,GALAPAGOS ,>*IPELAGO1
)! NUMB] F.D ON ANY 3T95T1 & !N -P>E !
>EA (! ISL& ) T (! 3T95T1 WE % SEE T ?
IS TRUE4 ,? FACT MI<T H BE5 !ORETIC,Y
EXPECT$1 =1 Z ALR EXPLA9$1 SPECIES
O3A.N,Y >RIV+ AF L;G 9T]VALS ( "T 9 !
NEW & ISOLAT$ 4TRICT1 & HAV+ 6-PETE )
NEW ASSOCIATES1 WD 2 EM95TLY LIA#
6MODIFIC,N1 & WD (T5 PRODUCE GR\PS (
MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS4 ,B X 0NO M1NS FOLL[S
T1 2C 9 AN ISL& NE>LY ALL ! SPECIES ( "O
CLASS >E PECULI>1 ^? ( ANO!R CLASS1 OR (
ANO!R SEC;N (! SAME CLASS1 >E PECULI>2 &
? DI6];E SEEMS 6DEP5D "PLY ON ! SPECIES
: >E N MODIFI$ HAV+ IMMIGRAT$ 9 A BODY1
S T _! MUTUAL REL,NS H N BE5 M* 4TURB$2
& "PLY ON ! FREQU5T >RIVAL ( UNMODIFI$
IMMIGRANTS F ! "M-C.TRY1 ) : ! 9SUL> =MS
H 9T]CROSS$4 ,X %D 2 BORNE 9 M9D T !
(FSPR+ ( S* CROSSES WD C]TA9LY GA9 9
VIG\R1 S T EV5 AN O3A.NAL CROSS WD
PRODUCE M E6ECT ?AN MI<T H BE5
ANTICIPAT$4 ,I W GIVE A FEW ILLU/R,NS (!
=EGO+ REM>KS3 9 ! ,GALAPAGOS ,ISL&S "!
>E #I.F L&-BIRDS2 ( ^! #BA 7OR P]H #IC7
>E PECULI>1 ":AS (! #AA M>9E BIRDS ONLY
#B >E PECULI>2 & X IS OBVI\S T M>9E
BIRDS CD >RIVE AT ^! ISL&S M* M EASILY &
FREQU5TLY ?AN L&-BIRDS4 ,B]MUDA1 ON !
O!R H&1 : LIES AT AB ! SAME 4T.E F ,NOR?
,AM]ICA Z ! ,GALAPAGOS ,ISL&S D F ,S\?
,AM]ICA1 & : HAS A V PECULI> SOIL1 DOES
N POSSESS A S+LE 5DEMIC L&BIRD1 & WE "K
F ,MR4 ,J4 ,M4 ,J"OS'S ADMIRA# A3.T (
,B]MUDA1 T V _M ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN BIRDS
O3A.N,Y OR EV5 FREQU5TLY VISIT ?1 ISL&4
,ALM E YE>1 Z ,I AM 9=M$ 0,MR4 ,E4 ,V4
,H>C\RT1 _M ,EUROP1N & ,AFRICAN BIRDS >E
BL[N 6,MADEIRA2 ? ISL& IS 9HABIT$ 0#II
K9DS ( : "O AL"O IS PECULI>1 ?\< V
CLOSELY RELAT$ 6A ,EUROP1N =M2 & ?REE OR
F\R O!R SPECIES >E 3F9$ 6? ISL& & 6!
,CAN>IES4 ,S T ! ISL&S ( ,B]MUDA &
,MADEIRA H BE5 /OCK$ F ! NEI<B\R+ 3T95TS
) BIRDS1 : = L;G AGES H "! /RU7L$ TGR1 &
H 2COME MUTU,Y CO-ADAPT$4 ,H;E :5 SETTL$
9 _! NEW HOMES1 EA* K9D W H BE5 KEPT 0!
O!RS 6XS PROP] PLACE & HABITS1 & W
3SEQU5TLY H BE5 B LL LIA# 6MODIFIC,N4
,ANY T5D5CY 6MODIFIC,N W AL H BE5 *ECK$
09T]CROSS+ )! UNMODIFI$ IMMIGRANTS1 (T5
>RIV+ F ! "M-C.TRY4 ,MADEIRA AG IS
9HABIT$ 0A WOND];L NUMB] ( PECULI> L&-
%ELLS1 ":AS N "O SPECIES ( SEA-%ELL IS
PECULI> 6XS %ORES3 N[1 ?\< WE D N "K H[
S1%ELLS >E 4P]S$1 YET WE C SEE T _! E7S
OR L>VAE1 P]H ATTA*$ 6S1WE$ OR FLOAT+
TIMB]1 OR 6! FEET ( WAD+-BIRDS1 MI<T 2
TRANSPORT$ ACR ?REE OR F\R HUNDR$ MILES
( OP5 SEA F> M EASILY ?AN L&-%ELLS4 ,!
DI6]5T ORD]S ( 9SECTS 9HABIT+ ,MADEIRA
PRES5T NE>LY P>ALLEL CASES4
  ,OC1NIC ISL&S >E "S"TS DEFICI5T 9
ANIMALS ( C]TA9 :OLE CLASSES1 & _!
PLACES >E O3UPI$ 0O!R CLASSES2 ?US 9 !
,GALAPAGOS ,ISL&S REPTILES1 & 9 ,NEW
,Z1L& GIGANTIC W+.S BIRDS1 TAKE1 OR
REC5TLY TOOK1 ! PLACE ( MAMMALS4 ,AL?
,NEW ,Z1L& IS "H SPOK5 ( Z AN OC1NIC
ISL&1 X IS 9 "S DEGREE D\BT;L :E!R X %D
2 S RANK$2 X IS ( L>GE SIZE1 & IS N
SEP>AT$ F ,AU/RALIA 0A PROF.DLY DEEP
SEA2 F XS GEOLOGICAL "* &! DIREC;N ( XS
M.TA9-RANGES1 ! ,REV4 ,W4 ,B4 ,CL>KE HAS
LATELY MA9TA9$ T ? ISL&1 Z WELL Z ,NEW
,CAL$ONIA1 %D 2 3SID]$ Z APPURT5.ES (
,AU/RALIA4 ,TURN+ 6PLANTS1 ,DR4 ,HOOK]
HAS %[N T 9 ! ,GALAPAGOS ,ISL&S !
PROPOR;NAL NUMB]S (! DI6]5T ORD]S >E V
DI6]5T F :AT !Y >E ELSE":4 ,ALL S*
DI6];ES 9 NUMB]1 &! ABS;E ( C]TA9 :OLE
GR\PS ( ANIMALS & PLANTS1 >E G5],Y A3.T$
= 0SUPPOS$ DI6];ES 9 ! PHYSICAL 3DI;NS (
! ISL&S2 B ? EXPLAN,N IS N A LL D\BT;L4
,FACIL;Y ( IMMIGR,N SEEMS 6H BE5 FULLY Z
IMPORTANT Z ! NATURE (! 3DI;NS4
  ,_M REM>KA# LL FACTS CD 2 GIV5 )
RESPECT 6! 9HABITANTS ( OC1NIC ISL&S4 ,=
9/.E1 9 C]TA9 ISL&S N T5ANT$ 0A S+LE
MAMMAL1 "S (! 5DEMIC PLANTS H B1UTI;LLY
HOOK$ SE$S2 YET FEW REL,NS >E M MANIFE/
?AN T HOOKS S]VE =! TRANSPORTAL ( SE$S 9
! WOOL OR FUR ( QUADRUP$S4 ,B A HOOK$
SE$ MI<T 2 C>RI$ 6AN ISL& 0O!R M1NS2 &!
PLANT !N 2COM+ MODIFI$ WD =M AN 5DEMIC
SPECIES1 / RETA9+ XS HOOKS1 : WD =M A
USE.S APP5DAGE L ! %RIVELL$ W+S "U !
SOLD]$ W+-COV]S ( _M 9SUL> BEETLES4 ,AG1
ISL&S (T5 POSSESS TREES OR BU%ES 2L;G+
6ORD]S : ELSE": 9CLUDE ONLY H]BACE\S
SPECIES2 N[ TREES1 Z ,ALPH4 DE ,C&OLLE
HAS %[N1 G5],Y H1 :AT"E ! CAUSE MAY BE1
3F9$ RANGES4 ,H;E TREES WD 2 LL LIKELY
6R1* 4TANT OC1NIC ISL&S2 & AN H]BACE\S
PLANT1 : _H NO *.E ( SU3ESS;LLY -PET+ )!
_M FULLY DEVELOP$ TREES GR[+ ON A 3T95T1
MI<T1 :5 E/ABLI%$ ON AN ISL&1 GA9 AN
ADVANTAGE OV] O!R H]BACE\S PLANTS 0GR[+
TALL] & TALL] & OV]TOPP+ !M4 ,9 ? CASE1
NATURAL SELEC;N WD T5D 6ADD 6! /ATURE (!
PLANT1 6:AT"E ORD] X 2L;G$1 & ?US F/
3V]T X 96A BU% & !N 96A TREE4
  ,ABS;E ( ,BATRA*IANS & ,T]RE/RIAL
,MAMMALS ON ,OC1NIC ,ISL&S
  ,) RESPECT 6! ABS;E ( :OLE ORD]S (
ANIMALS ON OC1NIC ISL&S1 ,BORY ,/4
,V9C5T L;G AGO REM>K$ T BATRA*IANS
7FROGS1 TOADS1 NEWTS7 >E N"E F.D ON ANY
(! _M ISL&S ) : ! GRT OC1NS >E /U4$4 ,I
H TAK5 PA9S 6V]IFY ? ASS];N1 & H F.D X
TRUE1 )! EXCEP;N ( ,NEW ,Z1L&1 ,NEW
,CAL$ONIA1 ! ,&AMAN ,ISL&S1 & P]H !
,SOLOMON ,ISL&S &! ,SEY*ELLES4 ,B ,I H
ALR REM>K$ T X IS D\BT;L :E!R ,NEW ,Z1L&
& ,NEW ,CAL$ONIA "\ 6BE CLASS$ Z OC1NIC
ISL&S2 & ? IS / M D\BT;L ) RESPECT 6!
,&AMAN & ,SOLOMON GR\PS &! ,SEY*ELLES4
,? G5]AL ABS;E ( FROGS1 TOADS1 & NEWTS
ON S _M TRUE OC1NIC ISL&S _C 2 A3.T$ =
0_! PHYSICAL 3DI;NS3 9DE$ X SEEMS T
ISL&S >E PECULI>LY FITT$ = ^! ANIMALS2 =
FROGS H BE5 9TRODUC$ 96,MADEIRA1 !
,AZORES1 & ,MAURITIUS1 & H MULTIPLI$ S Z
62COME A NUIS.E4 ,B Z ^! ANIMALS & _!
SPAWN >E IMMLY KILL$ 7)! EXCEP;N1 Z F> Z
"KN1 ( "O ,9DIAN SPECIES7 0SEA-WAT]1 "!
WD 2 GRT DI6ICULTY 9 _! TRANSPORTAL ACR
! SEA1 & "!=E WE C SEE :Y !Y D N EXI/ ON
/RICTLY OC1NIC ISL&S4 ,B :Y1 ON ! !ORY (
CRE,N1 !Y %D N H BE5 CR1T$ "!1 X WD 2 V
DI6ICULT 6EXPLA94
  ,MAMMALS (F] ANO!R & SIMIL> CASE4 ,I H
C>E;LLY SE>*$ ! OLDE/ VOYAGES1 & H N F.D
A S+LE 9/.E1 FREE F D\BT1 (A T]RE/RIAL
MAMMAL 7EXCLUD+ DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS KEPT
0! NATIVES7 9HABIT+ AN ISL& SITUAT$ ABV
#CJJ MILES F A 3T95T OR GRT 3T95TAL
ISL&2 & _M ISL&S SITUAT$ AT A M* LESS
4T.E >E EQU,Y B>R54 ,! ,FALKL& ,ISL&S1 :
>E 9HABIT$ 0A WOLF-L FOX1 -E NE>E/ 6AN
EXCEP;N2 B ? GR\P _C 2 3SID]$ Z OC1NIC1
Z X LIES ON A BANK 9 3NEC;N )! MA9L& AT
! 4T.E ( AB #BHJ MILES2 MOREOV]1 ICEB]GS
=M]LY BR"\ B\LD]S 6XS WE/]N %ORES1 & !Y
MAY H =M]LY TRANSPORT$ FOXES1 Z N[
FREQU5TLY HAPP5S 9 ! >CTIC REGIONS4 ,YET
X _C 2 SD T SMALL ISL&S W N SUPPORT AT
L1/ SMALL MAMMALS1 = !Y O3UR 9 _M "PS (!
_W ON V SMALL ISL&S1 :5 LY+ CLOSE 6A
3T95T2 & H>DLY AN ISL& C 2 "ND ON : \R
SMALL] QUADRUP$S H N 2COME NATURALIS$ &
GRTLY MULTIPLI$4 ,X _C 2 SD1 ON ! ORD9>Y
VIEW ( CRE,N1 T "! HAS N BE5 "T =! CRE,N
( MAMMALS2 _M VOLCANIC ISL&S >E
SU6ICI5TLY ANCI5T1 Z %[N 0! /UP5D\S
DEGRAD,N : !Y H SU6]$1 & 0_! T]TI>Y
/RATA3 "! HAS AL BE5 "T =! PRODUC;N (
5DEMIC SPECIES 2L;G+ 6O!R CLASSES2 & ON
3T95TS X IS "KN T NEW SPECIES ( MAMMALS
APPE> & 4APPE> AT A QK] RATE ?AN O!R &
L[] ANIMALS4 ,AL? T]RE/RIAL MAMMALS D N
O3UR ON OC1NIC ISL&S1 AERIAL MAMMALS D
O3UR ON ALM E ISL&4 ,NEW ,Z1L& POSSESSES
TWO BATS F.D NO": ELSE 9 ! _W3 ,NORFOLK
,ISL&1 ! ,VITI ,>*IPELAGO1 ! ,BON9
,ISL&S1 ! ,C>OL9E & ,M>IANNE
,>*IPELAGOES1 & ,MAURITIUS1 ALL POSSESS
_! PECULI> BATS4 ,:Y1 X MAY 2 ASK$1 HAS
! SUPPOS$ CR1TIVE =CE PRODUC$ BATS & NO
O!R MAMMALS ON REMOTE ISL&S8 ,ON MY VIEW
? "Q C EASILY 2 ANSW]$2 = NO T]RE/RIAL
MAMMAL C 2 TRANSPORT$ ACR A WIDE SPACE (
SEA1 B BATS C FLY ACR4 ,BATS H BE5 SE5
W&]+ 0"D F> OV] ! ,ATLANTIC ,OC1N2 & TWO
,NOR? ,AM]ICAN SPECIES EI REGUL>LY OR
O3A.N,Y VISIT ,B]MUDA1 AT ! 4T.E ( #FJJ
MILES F ! MA9L&4 ,I HE> F ,MR4 ,TOMES1
:O HAS SPECI,Y /UDI$ ? FAMILY1 T _M
SPECIES H ENORM\S RANGES1 & >E F.D ON
3T95TS & ON F> 4TANT ISL&S4 ,H;E WE H
ONLY 6SUPPOSE T S* W&]+ SPECIES H BE5
MODIFI$ 9 _! NEW HOMES 9 REL,N 6_! NEW
POSI;N1 & WE C "U/& ! PRES;E ( 5DEMIC
BATS ON OC1NIC ISL&S1 )! ABS;E ( ALL O!R
T]RE/RIAL MAMMALS4
  ,ANO!R 9T]E/+ REL,N EXI/S1 "NLY1 2T !
DEP? (! SEA SEP>AT+ ISL&S F EA* O!R OR F
! NE>E/ 3T95T1 &! DEGREE ( A69;Y ( _!
MAMMALIAN 9HABITANTS4 ,MR4 ,W9DSOR ,E>L
HAS MADE "S /RIK+ OBS]V,NS ON ? H1D1
S9CE GRTLY EXT5D$ 0,MR4 ,WALLACE'S
ADMIRA# RESE>*ES1 9 REG>D 6! GRT ,MALAY
,>*IPELAGO1 : IS TRAV]S$ NE> ,CELEBES 0A
SPACE ( DEEP OC1N1 & ? SEP>ATES TWO
WIDELY 4T9CT MAMMALIAN FAUNAS4 ,ON EI
SIDE ! ISL&S /& ON A MOD]ATELY %ALL[
SUBM>9E BANK1 & ^! ISL&S >E 9HABIT$ 0!
SAME OR 0CLOSELY ALLI$ QUADRUP$S4 ,I H N
Z YET _H "T 6FOLL[ UP ? SUBJECT 9 ALL
QU>T]S (! _W2 B Z F> Z ,I H G"O1 ! REL,N
HOLDS GD4 ,= 9/.E1 ,BRITA9 IS SEP>AT$ 0A
%ALL[ *ANNEL F ,EUROPE1 &! MAMMALS >E !
SAME ON BO? SIDES2 & S X IS ) ALL !
ISL&S NE> ! %ORES ( ,AU/RALIA4 ,! ,WE/
,9DIAN ,ISL&S1 ON ! O!R H&1 /& ON A
DEEPLY SUBM]G$ BANK1 NE>LY #AJJJ FA?OMS
9 DEP?1 & "H WE F9D ,AM]ICAN =MS1 B !
SPECIES & EV5 ! G5]A >E Q 4T9CT4 ,Z !
AM.T ( MODIFIC,N : ANIMALS ( ALL K9DS
"UGO "PLY DEP5DS ON ! LAPSE ( "T1 & Z !
ISL&S : >E SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R OR F !
MA9L& 0%ALL[ *ANNELS1 >E M LIKELY 6H BE5
3T9U\SLY UNIT$ )9 A REC5T P]IOD ?AN !
ISL&S SEP>AT$ 0DEEP] *ANNELS1 WE C "U/&
H[ X IS T A REL,N EXI/S 2T ! DEP? (! SEA
SEP>AT+ TWO MAMMALIAN FAUNAS1 &! DEGREE
( _! A69;Y1- A REL,N : IS Q 9EXPLICA# ON
! !ORY ( 9DEP5D5T ACTS ( CRE,N4
  ,! =EGO+ /ATE;TS 9 REG>D 6! 9HABITANTS
( OC1NIC ISL&S1- "NLY1 ! FEW;S (!
SPECIES1 )A L>GE PROPOR;N 3SI/+ ( 5DEMIC
=MS1- ! MEMB]S ( C]TA9 GR\PS1 B N ^? (
O!R GR\PS 9 ! SAME CLASS1 HAV+ BE5
MODIFI$1- ! ABS;E ( C]TA9 :OLE ORD]S1 Z
( BATRA*IANS &( T]RE/RIAL MAMMALS1
NOT)/&+ ! PRES;E ( AERIAL BATS1- ! S+UL>
PROPOR;NS ( C]TA9 ORD]S ( PLANTS1-
H]BACE\S =MS HAV+ BE5 DEVELOP$ 96TREES1
&C41- SEEM 6ME 6A3ORD BETT] )! 2LIEF 9 !
E6ICI5CY ( O3A.NAL M1NS ( TRANSPORT1
C>RI$ ON DUR+ A L;G C\RSE ( "T1 ?AN )!
2LIEF 9 ! =M] 3NEC;N ( ALL OC1NIC ISL&S
)! NE>E/ 3T95T2 = ON ? LATT] VIEW X IS
PROBA# T ! V>I\S CLASSES WD H IMMIGRAT$
M UNI=MLY1 & F ! SPECIES HAV+ 5T]$ 9 A
BODY _! MUTUAL REL,NS WD N H BE5 M*
4TURB$1 & 3SEQU5TLY !Y WD EI H N BE5
MODIFI$1 OR ALL ! SPECIES 9 A M EQUA#
MANN]4
  ,I D N D5Y T "! >E _M & S]I\S
DI6ICULTIES 9 "U/&+ H[ _M ,(! 9HABITANTS
(! 9HABITANTS (! M REMOTE ISL&S1 :E!R /
RETA9+ ! SAME SPECIFIC =M OR SUBSEQU5TLY
MODIFI$1 H R1*$ _! PRES5T HOMES4 ,B !
PROBABIL;Y ( O!R ISL&S HAV+ ONCE EXI/$ Z
HALT+-PLACES1 ( : N A WRECK N[ REMA9S1
M/ N 2 OV]LOOK$4 ,I W SPECIFY "O
DI6ICULT CASE4 ,ALM ALL OC1NIC ISL&S1
EV5 ! MO/ ISOLAT$ & SMALLE/1 >E 9HABIT$
0L&%ELLS1 G5],Y 05DEMIC SPECIES1 B "S"TS
0SPECIES F.D ELSE":1- /RIK+ 9/.ES ( : H
BE5 GIV5 0,DR4 ,A4 ,A4 ,G\LD 9 REL,N 6!
,PACIFIC4 ,N[ X IS NOTORI\S T L&-%ELLS
>E EASILY KILL$ 0SEA-WAT]2 _! E7S1 AT
L1/ S* Z ,I H TRI$1 S9K 9 X & >E KILL$4
,YET "! M/ 2 "S UN"KN1 B O3A.N,Y E6ICI5T
M1NS = _! TRANSPORTAL4 ,WD ! J-HAT*$ "Y
"S"TS AD"H 6! FEET ( BIRDS ROO/+ ON !
GR.D1 & ?US GET TRANSPORT$8 ,X O3URR$
6ME T L&%ELLS1 :5 HIB]NAT+ & HAV+ A
MEMBRAN\S DIAPHRAGM OV] ! M\? (! %ELL1
MI<T 2 FLOAT$ 9 *9KS ( DRIFT$ TIMB] ACR
MOD]ATELY WIDE >MS (! SEA4 ,& ,I F9D T
S"EAL SPECIES 9 ? /ATE )/& UN9JUR$ AN
IMM].N 9 SEA-WAT] DUR+ SEV5 "DS3 "O
%ELL1 ! ,HELIX POMATIA1 AF HAV+ BE5 ?US
TR1T$ & AG HIB]NAT+ 0 PUT 96SEA-WAT] =
TW5TY "DS1 & P]FECTLY RECOV]$4 ,DUR+ ?
L5G? ( "T ! %ELL MI<T H BE5 C>RI$ 0A
M>9E CURR5T ( AV]AGE SWIFT;S1 6A 4T.E (
#FFJ GEOGRAPHICAL MILES4 ,Z ? ,HELIX HAS
A ?ICK CALC>E\S OP]CULUM1 ,I REMOV$ X1 &
:5 X _H =M$ A NEW MEMBRAN\S "O1 ,I AG
IMM]S$ X = F\RTE5 "DS 9 SEA-WAT]1 & AG X
RECOV]$ & CRAWL$ AWAY4 ,B>ON ,AUCAPITA9E
HAS S9CE TRI$ SIMIL> EXP]I;TS3 HE PLAC$
#AJJ L&%ELLS1 2L;G+ 6T5 SPECIES1 9 A BOX
PI]C$ ) HOLES1 & IMM]S$ X =A =TNI<T 9 !
SEA4 ,\ (! HUNDR$ %ELLS1 TW5TY-SEV5
RECOV]$4 ,! PRES;E ( AN OP]CULUM SEEMS
6H BE5 ( IMPORT.E1 Z \ ( TWELVE SPECIM5S
( ,CYCLO/OMA ELEGANS1 : IS ?US FURNI%$1
ELEV5 REVIV$4 ,X IS REM>KA#1 SEE+ H[
WELL ! ,HELIX POMATIA RESI/$ ) ME !
SALT-WAT]1 T N "O ( FIFTY-F\R SPECIM5S
2L;G+ 6F\R O!R SPECIES ( ,HELIX TRI$
0,AUCAPITA9E1 RECOV]$4 ,X IS1 H["E1 N AT
ALL PROBA# T L&-%ELLS H (T5 BE5 ?US
TRANSPORT$2 ! FEET ( BIRDS (F] A M
PROBA# ME?OD4
  ,ON ! ,REL,NS (! ,9HABITANTS ( ,ISL&S
6^? (! NE>E/ ,MA9L&
  ,! MO/ /RIK+ & IMPORTANT FACT = U IS !
A69;Y (! SPECIES : 9HABIT ISL&S 6^? (!
NE>E/ MA9L&1 )\T 2+ ACTU,Y ! SAME4
,NUM]\S 9/.ES CD 2 GIV54 ,! ,GALAPAGOS
,>*IPELAGO1 SITUAT$ "U ! EQUATOR1 LIES
AT ! 4T.E ( 2T #EJJ & #FJJ MILES F !
%ORES ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,"H ALM E PRODUCT
(! L& &(! WAT] BE>S ! UNMISTAKA# /AMP (!
,AM]ICAN 3T95T4 ,"! >E TW5TY-SIX L&-
BIRDS2 ( ^!1 TW5TY-"O1 OR P]H TW5TY-?REE
>E RANK$ Z 4T9CT SPECIES1 & WD -MONLY 2
ASSUM$ 6H BE5 "H CR1T$2 YET ! CLOSE
A69;Y ( MO/ ( ^! BIRDS 6,AM]ICAN SPECIES
IS MANIFE/ 9 E "*1 9 _! HABITS1 GE/URES1
& T"OS ( VOICE4 ,S X IS )! O!R ANIMALS1
&)A L>GE PROPOR;N (! PLANTS1 Z %[N 0,DR4
,HOOK] 9 8 ADMIRA# ,FLORA ( ? >*IPELAGO4
,! NATURALI/1 LOOK+ AT ! 9HABITANTS ( ^!
VOLCANIC ISL&S 9 ! ,PACIFIC1 4TANT S"EAL
HUNDR$ MILES F ! 3T95T1 FEELS T HE IS
/&+ ON ,AM]ICAN L&4 ,:Y %D ? 2 S8 ,:Y %D
! SPECIES : >E SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 CR1T$ 9 !
,GALAPAGOS ,>*IPELAGO1 & NO": ELSE1 BE>
S PLA9LY ! /AMP ( A69;Y 6^? CR1T$ 9
,AM]ICA8 ,"! IS NO?+ 9 ! 3DI;NS ( LIFE1
9 ! GEOLOGICAL NATURE (! ISL&S1 9 _!
HEI<T OR CLIMATE1 OR 9 ! PROPOR;NS 9 : !
S"EAL CLASSES >E ASSOCIAT$ TGR1 :
CLOSELY RESEM#2 ! 3DI;NS (! ,S\?
,AM]ICAN COA/3 9 FACT1 "! IS A 3SID]A#
4SIMIL>;Y 9 ALL ^! RESPECTS4 ,ON ! O!R
H&1 "! IS A 3SID]A# DEGREE ( RESEMBL.E 9
! VOLCANIC NATURE (! SOIL1 9 ! CLIMATE1
HEI<T1 & SIZE (! ISL&S1 2T ! ,GALAPAGOS
& ,CAPE ,V]DE ,>*IPELAGOES3 B :AT AN
5TIRE & ABSOLUTE DI6];E 9 _! 9HABITANTS6
,! 9HABITANTS (! ,CAPE ,V]DE ,ISL&S >E
RELAT$ 6^? ( ,AFRICA1 L ^? (! ,GALAPAGOS
6,AM]ICA4 ,FACTS S* Z ^! ADMIT ( NO SORT
( EXPLAN,N ON ! ORD9>Y VIEW ( 9DEP5D5T
CRE,N2 ":AS ON ! VIEW "H MA9TA9$1 X IS
OBVI\S T ! ,GALAPAGOS ,ISL&S WD 2 LIKELY
6RCV COLONI/S F ,AM]ICA1 :E!R 0O3A.NAL
M1NS ( TRANSPORT OR 7?\< ,I D N 2LIEVE 9
? DOCTR9E7 0=M]LY 3T9U\S L&1 &! ,CAPE
,V]DE ,ISL&S F ,AFRICA2 S* COLONI/S WD 2
LIA# 6MODIFIC,N1- ! PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E /
2TRAY+ _! ORIG9AL BIR?PLACE4
  ,_M ANALOG\S FACTS CD 2 GIV53 9DE$ X
IS AN ALM UNIV]SAL RULE T ! 5DEMIC
PRODUC;NS ( ISL&S >E RELAT$ 6^? (! NE>E/
3T95T1 OR (! NE>E/ L>GE ISL&4 ,!
EXCEP;NS >E FEW1 & MO/ ( !M C 2 EXPLA9$4
,?US AL? ,K]GUEL5 ,L& /&S NE>] 6,AFRICA
?AN 6,AM]ICA1 ! PLANTS >E RELAT$1 & T V
CLOSELY1 Z WE "K F ,DR4 ,HOOK]'S A3.T1
6^? ( ,AM]ICA3 B ON ! VIEW T ? ISL& HAS
BE5 MA9LY /OCK$ 0SE$S BR"\ ) E>? & /"OS
ON ICEB]GS1 DRIFT$ 0! PREVAIL+ CURR5TS1
? ANOMALY 4APPE>S4 ,NEW ,Z1L& 9 XS
5DEMIC PLANES IS M* M CLOSELY RELAT$
6,AU/RALIA1 ! NE>E/ MA9L&1 ?AN 6ANY O!R
REGION3 & ? IS :AT MI<T H BE5 EXPECT$2 B
X IS AL PLA9LY RELAT$ 6,S\? ,AM]ICA1 :1
AL? ! NEXT NE>E/ 3T95T1 IS S ENORM\SLY
REMOTE1 T ! FACT 2COMES AN ANOMALY4 ,B ?
DI6ICULTY "PI,Y 4APPE>S ON ! VIEW T ,NEW
,Z1L&1 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 &! O!R S\!RN L&S H
BE5 /OCK$ 9 "P F A NE>LY 9T]M$IATE ?\<
4TANT PO9T1 "NLY F ! ANT>CTIC ISL&S1 :5
!Y 7 CLO!D ) VEGET,N1 DUR+ A W>M] T]TI>Y
P]IOD1 2F ! -M;E;T (! LA/ ,GLACIAL
P]IOD4 ,! A69;Y1 : ?\< FEE#1 ,I AM
ASSUR$ 0,DR4 ,HOOK] IS R1L1 2T ! FLORA (
! S\?-WE/]N CORN] ( ,AU/RALIA &(! ,CAPE
( ,GD ,HOPE1 IS A F> M REM>KA# CASE2 B ?
A69;Y IS 3F9$ 6! PLANTS1 & W1 NO D\BT1
"S "D 2 EXPLA9$4
  ,! SAME LAW : HAS DET]M9$ ! REL,N%IP
2T ! 9HABITANTS ( ISL&S &! NE>E/ MA9L&1
IS "S"TS 4PLAY$ ON A SMALL SCALE1 B 9 A
MO/ 9T]E/+ MANN]1 )9 ! LIMITS (! SAME
>*IPELAGO4 ,?US EA* SEP>ATE ISL& (!
,GALAPAGOS ,>*IPELAGO IS T5ANT$1 &! FACT
IS A M>VELL\S "O1 0_M DI6]5T SPECIES2 B
^! SPECIES >E RELAT$ 6EA* O!R 9 A V M*
CLOS] MANN] ?AN 6! 9HABITANTS (!
,AM]ICAN 3T95T1 OR ( ANY O!R QU>T] (!
_W4 ,? IS :AT MI<T H BE5 EXPECT$1 =
ISL&S SITUAT$ S NE> 6EA* O!R WD ALM
NECESS>ILY RCV IMMIGRANTS F ! SAME
ORIG9AL S\RCE1 & F EA* O!R4 ,B H[ IS X T
_M (! IMMIGRANTS H BE5 DI6]5TLY MODIFI$1
?\< ONLY 9 A SMALL DEGREE1 9 ISL&S
SITUAT$ )9 SI<T ( EA* O!R1 HAV+ ! SAME
GEOLOGICAL NATURE1 ! SAME HEI<T1
CLIMATE1 &C48 ,? L;G APPE>$ 6ME A GRT
DI6ICULTY3 B X >ISES 9 *IEF "P F !
DEEPLY-S1T$ ]ROR ( 3SID]+ ! PHYSICAL
3DI;NS (A C.TRY Z ! MO/ IMPORTANT2 ":AS
X _C 2 4PUT$ T ! NATURE (! O!R SPECIES )
: EA* HAS 6-PETE1 IS AT L1/ Z IMPORTANT1
& G5],Y A F> M IMPORTANT ELE;T ( SU3ESS4
,N[ IF WE LOOK 6! SPECIES : 9HABIT !
,GALAPAGOS ,>*IPELAGO1 & >E LIKEWISE F.D
9 O!R "PS (! _W1 WE F9D T !Y DI6]
3SID]ABLY 9 ! S"EAL ISL&S4 ,? DI6];E
MI<T 9DE$ H BE5 EXPECT$ IF ! ISL&S _H
BE5 /OCK$ 0O3A.NAL M1NS ( TRANSPORT- A
SE$1 = 9/.E1 ( "O PLANT HAV+ BE5 BR"\
6"O ISL&1 & T ( ANO!R PLANT 6ANO!R ISL&1
?\< ALL PROCE$+ F ! SAME G5]AL S\RCE4
,H;E1 :5 9 =M] "TS AN IMMIGRANT F/
SETTL$ ON "O (! ISL&S1 OR :5 X
SUBSEQU5TLY SPR1D F "O 6ANO!R1 X WD
UND\BT$LY 2 EXPOS$ 6DI6]5T 3DI;NS 9 !
DI6]5T ISL&S1 = X WD H 6-PETE )A DI6]5T
SET ( ORGANISMS2 A PLANT1 = 9/.E1 WD F9D
! GR.D BE/ FITT$ = X O3UPI$ 0"S:AT
DI6]5T SPECIES 9 ! DI6]5T ISL&S1 & WD 2
EXPOS$ 6! ATTACKS ( "S:AT DI6]5T 5EMIES4
,IF !N X V>I$1 NATURAL SELEC;N WD
PROBABLY FAV\R DI6]5T V>IETIES 9 !
DI6]5T ISL&S4 ,"S SPECIES1 H["E1 MI<T
SPR1D & YET RETA9 ! SAME "* "?\T ! GR\P1
J Z WE SEE "S SPECIES SPR1D+ WIDELY "?\T
A 3T95T & REMA9+ ! SAME4
  ,! RE,Y SURPRIS+ FACT 9 ? CASE (!
,GALAPAGOS ,>*IPELAGO1 & 9 A LESS]
DEGREE 9 "S ANALOG\S CASES1 IS T EA* NEW
SPECIES AF 2+ =M$ 9 ANY "O ISL&1 DID N
SPR1D QKLY 6! O!R ISL&S4 ,B ! ISL&S1 ?\<
9 SI<T ( EA* O!R1 >E SEP>AT$ 0DEEP >MS (
! SEA1 9 MO/ CASES WID] ?AN ! ,BRITI%
,*ANNEL1 & "! IS NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T !Y
H AT ANY =M] P]IOD BE5 3T9U\SLY UNIT$4
,! CURR5TS (! SEA >E RAPID & SWEEP 2T !
ISL&S1 & GALES ( W9D >E EXTRAORD9>ILY
R>E2 S T ! ISL&S >E F> M E6ECTU,Y
SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R ?AN !Y APPE> ON A MAP4
,N"E!.S "S (! SPECIES1 BO? ( ^? F.D 9
O!R "PS (! _W &( ^? 3F9$ 6! >*IPELAGO1
>E -MON 6! S"EAL ISL&S2 & WE MAY 9F] F
_! PRES5T MANN] ( 4TRIBU;N1 T !Y H SPR1D
F "O ISL& 6! O!RS4 ,B WE (T5 TAKE1 ,I
?9K1 AN ]RONE\S VIEW (! PROBABIL;Y (
CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES 9VAD+ EA* O!R'S
T]RITORY1 :5 PUT 96FREE 9T]COMMUNIC,N4
,UND\BT$LY1 IF "O SPECIES HAS ANY
ADVANTAGE OV] ANO!R1 X W 9 A V BRIEF "T
:OLLY OR 9 "P SUPPLANT X2 B IF BO? >E
EQU,Y WELL FITT$ = _! [N PLACES1 BO? W
PROBABLY HOLD _! SEP>ATE PLACES = ALM
ANY L5G? ( "T4 ,2+ FAMILI> )! FACT T _M
SPECIES1 NATURALIS$ "? MAN'S AG5CY1 H
SPR1D ) A/ONI%+ RAPID;Y OV] WIDE >1S1 WE
>E APT 69F] T MO/ SPECIES WD ?US SPR1D2
B WE %D REMEMB] T ! SPECIES : 2COME
NATURALIS$ 9 NEW C.TRIES >E N G5],Y
CLOSELY ALLI$ 6! ABORIG9AL 9HABITANTS1 B
>E V 4T9CT =MS1 2L;G+ 9 A L>GE PROPOR;N
( CASES1 Z %[N 0,ALPH4 DE ,C&OLLE1
64T9CT G5]A4 ,9 ! ,GALAPAGOS ,>*IPELAGO1
_M EV5 (! BIRDS1 ?\< S WELL ADAPT$ =
FLY+ F ISL& 6ISL&1 DI6] ON ! DI6]5T
ISL&S2 ?US "! >E ?REE CLOSELY-ALLI$
SPECIES ( MOCK+-?RU%1 EA* 3F9$ 6XS [N
ISL&4 ,N[ LET U SUPPOSE ! MOCK+-?RU% (
,*ATHAM ,ISL& 6BE BL[N 6,*>LES ,ISL&1 :
HAS XS [N MOCK+-?RU%1 :Y %D X SU3E$ 9
E/ABLI%+ XF "!8 ,WE MAY SAFELY 9F] T
,*>LES ,ISL& IS WELL /OCK$ ) XS [N
SPECIES1 = ANNU,Y M E7S >E LAID & "Y
BIRDS HAT*$1 ?AN C POSSIBLY 2 RE>$2 & WE
MAY 9F] T ! MOCK+-?RU% PECULI> 6,*>LES'S
,ISL& IS AT L1/ Z WELL FITT$ = XS HOME Z
IS ! SPECIES PECULI> 6,*ATHAM ,ISL&4
,SIR ,C4 ,LYELL & ,MR4 ,WOLLA/ON H
-MUNICAT$ 6ME A REM>KA# FACT BE>+ ON ?
SUBJECT2 "NLY1 T ,MADEIRA &! ADJO9+
ISLET ( ,PORTO ,SANTO POSSESS _M 4T9CT B
REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES ( L&-%ELLS1 "S ( :
LIVE 9 CREVICES ( /"O2 & AL? L>GE
QUANTITIES ( /"O >E ANNU,Y TRANSPORT$ F
,PORTO ,SANTO 6,MADEIRA1 YET ? LATT]
ISL& HAS N 2COME COLONIS$ 0! ,PORTO
,SANTO SPECIES2 N"E!.S BO? ISL&S H BE5
COLONIS$ 0,EUROP1N L&-%ELLS1 : NO D\BT
_H "S ADVANTAGE OV] ! 9DIG5\S SPECIES4
,F ^! 3SID],NS ,I ?9K WE NE$ N GRTLY
M>VEL AT ! 5DEMIC SPECIES : 9HABIT !
S"EAL ISL&S (! ,GALAPAGOS ,>*IPELAGO1 N
HAV+ ALL SPR1D F ISL& 6ISL&4 ,ON ! SAME
3T95T1 AL1 PREO3UP,N HAS PROBABLY PLAY$
AN IMPORTANT "P 9 *ECK+ ! -M+L+ (!
SPECIES : 9HABIT DI6]5T 4TRICTS ) NE>LY
! SAME PHYSICAL 3DI;NS4 ,?US1 ! S\?-EA/
& S\?-WE/ CORN]S ( ,AU/RALIA H NE>LY !
SAME PHYSICAL 3DI;NS1 & >E UNIT$ 03T9U\S
L&1 YET !Y >E 9HABIT$ 0A VA/ NUMB] (
4T9CT MAMMALS1 BIRDS1 & PLANTS2 S X IS1
AC 6,MR4 ,BATES1 )! BUTT]FLIES & O!R
ANIMALS 9HABIT+ ! GRT1 OP51 & 3T9U\S
VALLEY (! ,AMAZONS4
  ,! SAME PR9CIPLE : GOV]NS ! G5]AL "* (
! 9HABITANTS ( OC1NIC ISL&S1 "NLY1 !
REL,N 6! S\RCE :;E COLONI/S CD H BE5 MO/
EASILY DERIV$1 TGR ) _! SUBSEQU5T
MODIFIC,N1 IS (! WIDE/ APPLIC,N "?\T
NATURE4 ,WE SEE ? ON E M.TA9 SUMMIT1 9 E
LAKE & M>%4 ,= ,ALP9E SPECIES1 EXCEPT+ 9
Z F> Z ! SAME SPECIES H 2COME WIDELY
SPR1D DUR+ ! ,GLACIAL EPO*1 >E RELAT$
6^? (! SURR.D+ L[L&S2 ?US WE H 9 ,S\?
,AM]ICA1 ,ALP9E HUMM+-BIRDS1 ,ALP9E
ROD5TS1 ,ALP9E PLANTS1 &C41 ALL /RICTLY
2L;G+ 6,AM]ICAN =MS2 & X IS OBVI\S T A
M.TA91 Z X 2CAME SL[LY UNH1V$1 WD 2
COLONIS$ F ! SURR.D+ L[L&S4 ,S X IS )!
9HABITANTS ( LAKES & M>%ES1 EXCEPT+ 9 S
F> Z GRT FACIL;Y ( TRANSPORT HAS ALL[$ !
SAME =MS 6PREVAIL "?\T L>GE POR;NS (!
_W4 ,WE SEE ? SAME PR9CIPLE 9 ! "* ( MO/
(! BL ANIMALS 9HABIT+ ! CAVES ( ,AM]ICA
&( ,EUROPE4 ,O!R ANALOG\S FACTS CD 2
GIV54 ,X W1 ,I 2LIEVE1 2 F.D UNIV]S,Y
TRUE1 T :]"E 9 TWO REGIONS1 LET !M 2 "E
S 4TANT1 _M CLOSELY ALLI$ OR
REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES O3UR1 "! W
LIKEWISE 2 F.D "S ID5TICAL SPECIES2 &
:]"E _M CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES O3UR1 "! W
2 F.D _M =MS : "S NATURALI/S RANK Z
4T9CT SPECIES1 & O!RS Z M]E V>IETIES2 ^!
D\BT;L =MS %[+ U ! /EPS 9 ! PROGRESS (
MODIFIC,N4
  ,! REL,N 2T ! P[] & EXT5T ( MIGR,N 9
C]TA9 SPECIES1 EI AT ! PRES5T OR AT "S
=M] P]IOD1 &! EXI/;E AT REMOTE PO9TS (!
_W ( CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES1 IS %[N 9
ANO!R & M G5]AL WAY4 ,MR4 ,G\LD REM>K$
6ME L;G AGO1 T 9 ^? G5]A ( BIRDS : RANGE
OV] ! _W1 _M (! SPECIES H V WIDE RANGES4
,I C H>DLY D\BT T ? RULE IS G5],Y TRUE1
?\< DI6ICULT ( PRO(4 ,AM;G/ MAMMALS1 WE
SEE X /RIK+LY 4PLAY$ 9 BATS1 & 9 A LESS]
DEGREE 9 ! ,FELIDAE & ,CANIDAE4 ,WE SEE
! SAME RULE 9 ! 4TRIBU;N ( BUTT]FLIES &
BEETLES4 ,S X IS ) MO/ (! 9HABITANTS (
FRE% WAT]1 = _M (! G5]A 9 ! MO/ 4T9CT
CLASSES RANGE OV] ! _W1 & _M (! SPECIES
H ENORM\S RANGES4 ,X IS N M1NT T ALL1 B
T "S (! SPECIES H V WIDE RANGES 9 ! G5]A
: RANGE V WIDELY4 ,NOR IS X M1NT T !
SPECIES 9 S* G5]A H ON AN AV]AGE A V
WIDE RANGE2 = ? W L>GELY DEP5D ON H[ F>
! PROCESS ( MODIFIC,N HAS G"O2 = 9/.E1
TWO V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES 9HABIT
,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1 & ?US ! SPECIES HAS
AN IMM5SE RANGE2 B1 IF V>I,N 7 6BE C>RI$
A LL FUR!R1 ! TWO V>IETIES WD 2 RANK$ Z
4T9CT SPECIES1 & _! RANGE WD 2 GRTLY
REDUC$4 ,/ LESS IS X M1NT1 T SPECIES : H
! CAPAC;Y ( CROSS+ B>RI]S & RANG+
WIDELY1 Z 9 ! CASE ( C]TA9 P[];LLY-W+$
BIRDS1 W NECESS>ILY RANGE WIDELY2 = WE
%D N"E =GET T 6RANGE WIDELY IMPLIES N
ONLY ! P[] ( CROSS+ B>RI]S1 B ! M
IMPORTANT P[] ( 2+ VICTORI\S 9 4TANT L&S
9 ! /RU7LE = LIFE ) =EIGN ASSOCIATES4 ,B
AC 6! VIEW T ALL ! SPECIES (A G5US1 ?\<
4TRIBUT$ 6! MO/ REMOTE PO9TS (! _W1 >E
DESC5D$ F A S+LE PROG5ITOR1 WE "\ 6F9D1
& ,I 2LIEVE Z A G5]AL RULE WE D F9D1 T
"S AT L1/ (! SPECIES RANGE V WIDELY4
  ,WE %D BE> 9 M9D T _M G5]A 9 ALL
CLASSES >E ( ANCI5T ORIG91 &! SPECIES 9
? CASE W H _H AMPLE "T = 4P]SAL &
SUBSEQU5T MODIFIC,N4 ,"! IS AL R1SON
62LIEVE F GEOLOGICAL EVID;E1 T )9 EA*
GRT CLASS ! L[] ORGANISMS *ANGE AT A
SL[] RATE ?AN ! HI<]2 3SEQU5TLY !Y W H
_H A BETT] *.E ( RANG+ WIDELY &( /
RETA9+ ! SAME SPECIFIC "*4 ,? FACT1 TGR
) T (! SE$S & E7S ( MO/ L[LY ORGANIS$
=MS 2+ V M9UTE & BETT] FITT$ = 4TANT
TRANSPORTAL1 PROBABLY A3.TS =A LAW : HAS
L;G BE5 OBS]V$1 & : HAS LATELY BE5
4CUSS$ 0,ALPH4 DE ,C&OLLE 9 REG>D
6PLANTS1 "NLY1 T ! L[] ANY GR\P (
ORGANISMS /&S ! M WIDELY X RANGES4
  ,! REL,NS J 4CUSS$1- "NLY1 L[]
ORGANISMS RANG+ M WIDELY ?AN ! HI<]1- "S
(! SPECIES ( WIDELY-RANG+ G5]A !MVS
RANG+ WIDELY1- S* FACTS1 Z ,ALP9E1
LACU/R9E1 & M>% PRODUC;NS 2+ G5],Y
RELAT$ 6^? : LIVE ON ! SURR.D+ L[ L&S &
DRY L&S1- ! /RIK+ REL,N%IP 2T !
9HABITANTS ( ISL&S & ^? (! NE>E/ MA9L&1
! / CLOS] REL,N%IP (! 4T9CT 9HABITANTS (
! ISL&S 9 ! SAME >*IPELAGO1- >E
9EXPLICA# ON ! ORD9>Y VIEW (! 9DEP5D5T
CRE,N ( EA* SPECIES1 B >E EXPLICA# IF WE
ADMIT COLONIS,N F ! NE>E/ OR R1DIE/
S\RCE1 TGR )! SUBSEQU5T ADAPT,N (!
COLONI/S 6_! NEW HOMES4
  ,SUMM>Y (! LA/ & PRES5T ,*APT]S
  ,9 ^! *APT]S ,I H 5D1V\R$ 6%[1 T IF WE
MAKE DUE ALL[.E = \R IGNOR.E (! FULL
E6ECTS ( *ANGES ( CLIMATE &(! LEVEL (!
L&1 : H C]TA9LY O3URR$ )9 ! REC5T P]IOD1
&( O!R *ANGES : H PROBABLY O3URR$1- IF
WE REMEMB] H[ IGNORANT WE >E ) RESPECT
6! _M CURI\S M1NS ( O3A.NAL TRANSPORT1-
IF WE BE> 9 M9D1 & ? IS A V IMPORTANT
3SID],N1 H[ (T5 A SPECIES MAY H RANG$
3T9U\SLY OV] A WIDE >EA1 & !N H 2COME
EXT9CT 9 ! 9T]M$IATE TRACTS1- !
DI6ICULTY IS N 9SUP]A# 9 2LIEV+ T ALL !
9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES1 :]"E F.D1 >E
DESC5D$ F -MON P>5TS4 ,& WE >E L$ 6?
3CLU.N1 : HAS BE5 >RIV$ AT 0_M
NATURALI/S "U ! DESIGN,N ( S+LE C5TRES (
CRE,N1 0V>I\S G5]AL 3SID],NS1 M ESPECI,Y
F ! IMPORT.E ( B>RI]S ( ALL K9DS1 & F !
ANALOGICAL 4TRIBU;N ( SUBG5]A1 G5]A1 &
FAMILIES4
  ,) RESPECT 64T9CT SPECIES 2L;G+ 6!
SAME G5US1 : ON \R !ORY H SPR1D F "O
P>5T-S\RCE2 IF WE MAKE ! SAME ALL[.ES Z
2F = \R IGNOR.E1 & REMEMB] T "S =MS (
LIFE H *ANG$ V SL[LY1 ENORM\S P]IODS (
"T HAV+ BE5 ?US GRANT$ = _! MIGR,N1 !
DI6ICULTIES >E F> F 9SUP]A#2 ?\< 9 ?
CASE1 Z 9 T (! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
SPECIES1 !Y >E (T5 GRT4
  ,Z EXEMPLIFY+ ! E6ECTS ( CLIMATAL
*ANGES ON 4TRIBU;N1 ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6%[ H[
IMPORTANT A "P ! LA/ ,GLACIAL P]IOD HAS
PLAY$1 : A6ECT$ EV5 ! EQUATORIAL
REGIONS1 & :1 DUR+ ! ALT]N,NS (! COLD 9
! NOR? & S\?1 ALL[$ ! PRODUC;NS (
OPPOSITE HEMISPH]ES 6M+LE1 & LEFT "S (
!M /R&$ ON ! M.TA9-SUMMITS 9 ALL "PS (!
_W4 ,Z %[+ H[ DIV]SIFI$ >E ! M1NS (
O3A.NAL TRANSPORT1 ,I H 4CUSS$ AT "S LL
L5G? ! M1NS ( 4P]SAL ( FRE%-WAT]
PRODUC;NS4
  ,IF ! DI6ICULTIES 2 N 9SUP]A# 9
ADMITT+ T 9 ! L;G C\RSE ( "T ALL !
9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES1 & LIKEWISE (
! S"EAL SPECIES 2L;G+ 6! SAME G5US1 H
PROCE$$ F "S "O S\RCE2 !N ALL ! GR& L1D+
FACTS ( GEOGRAPHICAL 4TRIBU;N >E
EXPLICA# ON ! !ORY ( MIGR,N1 TGR )
SUBSEQU5T MODIFIC,N &! MULTIPLIC,N ( NEW
=MS4 ,WE C ?US "U/& ! HI< IMPORT.E (
B>RI]S1 :E!R ( L& OR WAT]1 9 N ONLY
SEP>AT+1 B 9 APP>5TLY =M+ ! S"EAL
ZOOLOGICAL & BOTANICAL PROV9CES4 ,WE C
?US "U/& ! 3C5TR,N ( RELAT$ SPECIES )9 !
SAME >1S2 & H[ X IS T "U DI6]5T
LATITUDES1 = 9/.E 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 !
9HABITANTS (! PLA9S & M.TA9S1 (! =E/S1
M>%ES1 & DES]TS1 >E L9K$ TGR 9 S MY/]I\S
A MANN]1 & >E LIKEWISE L9K$ 6! EXT9CT
2+S : =M]LY 9HABIT$ ! SAME 3T95T4 ,BE>+
9 M9D T ! MUTUAL REL,N ( ORGANISM
6ORGANISM IS (! HI<E/ IMPORT.E1 WE C SEE
:Y TWO >1S HAV+ NE>LY ! SAME PHYSICAL
3DI;NS %D (T5 2 9HABIT$ 0V DI6]5T =MS (
LIFE2 = AC 6! L5G? ( "T : HAS ELAPS$
S9CE ! COLONI/S 5T]$ "O (! REGIONS1 OR
BO?2 AC 6! NATURE (! -MUNIC,N : ALL[$
C]TA9 =MS & N O!RS 65T]1 EI 9 GRT] OR
LESS] NUMB]S2 AC OR N1 Z ^? : 5T]$
HAPP5$ 6-E 96M OR LESS DIRECT -PETI;N )
EA* O!R &)! ABORIG9ES2 & AC Z !
IMMIGRANTS 7 CAPA# ( V>Y+ M OR LESS
RAPIDLY1 "! WD 5SUE 9 ! TWO OR M
REGIONS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( _! PHYSICAL
3DI;NS1 9F9ITELY DIV]SIFI$ 3DI;NS (
LIFE1- "! WD 2 AN ALM 5D.S AM.T (
ORGANIC AC;N & REAC;N1- & WE %D F9D "S
GR\PS ( 2+S GRTLY1 & "S ONLY SLI<TLY
MODIFI$1- "S DEVELOP$ 9 GRT =CE1 "S
EXI/+ 9 SCANTY NUMB]S- & ? WE D F9D 9 !
S"EAL GRT GEOGRAPHICAL PROV9CES (! _W4
  ,ON ^! SAME PR9CIPLES WE C "U/&1 Z ,I
H 5D1V\R$ 6%[1 :Y OC1NIC ISL&S %D H FEW
9HABITANTS1 B T ( ^!1 A L>GE PROPOR;N %D
2 5DEMIC OR PECULI>2 & :Y1 9 REL,N 6!
M1NS ( MIGR,N1 "O GR\P ( 2+S %D H ALL XS
SPECIES PECULI>1 & ANO!R GR\P1 EV5 )9 !
SAME CLASS1 %D H ALL XS SPECIES ! SAME )
^? 9 AN ADJO9+ QU>T] (! _W4 ,WE C SEE :Y
:OLE GR\PS ( ORGANISMS1 Z BATRA*IANS &
T]RE/RIAL MAMMALS1 %D 2 ABS5T F OC1NIC
ISL&S1 :IL/ ! MO/ ISOLAT$ ISL&S %D
POSSESS _! [N PECULI> SPECIES ( AERIAL
MAMMALS OR BATS4 ,WE C SEE :Y1 9 ISL&S1
"! %D 2 "S REL,N 2T ! PRES;E ( MAMMALS1
9 A M OR LESS MODIFI$ 3DI;N1 &! DEP? (!
SEA 2T S* ISL&S &! MA9L&4 ,WE C CLE>LY
SEE :Y ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( AN >*IPELAGO1
?\< SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT ON ! S"EAL ISLETS1
%D 2 CLOSELY RELAT$ 6EA* O!R2 & %D
LIKEWISE 2 RELAT$1 B LESS CLOSELY1 6^? (
! NE>E/ 3T95T1 OR O!R S\RCE :;E
IMMIGRANTS MI<T H BE5 DERIV$4 ,WE C SEE
:Y1 IF "! EXI/S V CLOSELY ALLI$ OR
REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES 9 TWO >1S1 H["E
4TANT F EA* O!R1 "S ID5TICAL SPECIES W
ALM ALW "! 2 F.D4
  ,Z ! LATE ,$W>D ,=BES (T5 9SI/$1 "! IS
A /RIK+ P>ALLELISM 9 ! LAWS ( LIFE "?\T
"T & SPACE2 ! LAWS GOV]N+ ! SU3ES.N (
=MS 9 PA/ "TS 2+ NE>LY ! SAME ) ^?
GOV]N+ AT ! PRES5T "T ! DI6];ES 9 DI6]5T
>1S4 ,WE SEE ? 9 _M FACTS4 ,! 5DUR.E (
EA* SPECIES & GR\P ( SPECIES IS 3T9U\S 9
"T2 =! APP>5T EXCEP;NS 6! RULE >E S FEW1
T !Y MAY FAIRLY 2 ATTRIBUT$ 6\R N HAV+ Z
YET 4COV]$ 9 AN 9T]M$IATE DEPOSIT C]TA9
=MS : >E ABS5T 9 X1 B : O3UR BO? ABV &
2L3 S 9 SPACE1 X C]TA9LY IS ! G5]AL RULE
T ! >EA 9HABIT$ 0A S+LE SPECIES1 OR 0A
GR\P ( SPECIES1 IS 3T9U\S1 &! EXCEP;NS1
: >E N R>E1 MAY1 Z ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6%[1 2
A3.T$ = 0=M] MIGR,NS "U DI6]5T
CIRCUM/.ES1 OR "? O3A.NAL M1NS (
TRANSPORT1 OR 0! SPECIES HAV+ 2COME
EXT9CT 9 ! 9T]M$IATE TRACTS4 ,BO? 9 "T &
SPACE SPECIES & GR\PS ( SPECIES H _!
PO9TS ( MAXIMUM DEVELOP;T4 ,GR\PS (
SPECIES1 LIV+ DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD ( "T1 OR
LIV+ )9 ! SAME >EA1 >E (T5 "*IS$ 0TRIFL+
F1TURES 9 -MON1 Z ( SCULPTURE OR COL\R4
,9 LOOK+ 6! L;G SU3ES.N ( PA/ AGES1 Z 9
LOOK+ 64TANT PROV9CES "?\T ! _W1 WE F9D
T SPECIES 9 C]TA9 CLASSES DI6] LL F EA*
O!R1 :IL/ ^? 9 ANO!R CLASS1 OR ONLY 9 A
DI6]5T SEC;N (! SAME ORD]1 DI6] GRTLY F
EA* O!R4 ,9 BO? "T & SPACE ! L[LY
ORGANIS$ MEMB]S ( EA* CLASS G5],Y *ANGE
LESS ?AN ! HI<LY ORGANIS$2 B "! >E 9 BO?
CASES M>K$ EXCEP;NS 6! RULE4 ,AC 6\R
!ORY1 ^! S"EAL REL,NS "?\T "T & SPACE >E
9TELLIGI#2 = :E!R WE LOOK 6! ALLI$ =MS (
LIFE : H *ANG$ DUR+ SU3ESSIVE AGES1 OR
6^? : H *ANG$ AF HAV+ MIGRAT$ 964TANT
QU>T]S1 9 BO? CASES !Y >E 3NECT$ 0! SAME
BOND ( ORD9>Y G5],N2 9 BO? CASES ! LAWS
( V>I,N H BE5 ! SAME1 & MODIFIC,NS H BE5
A3UMULAT$ 0! SAME M1NS ( NATURAL
SELEC;N4