,,*APT] ,,XII3 ,,GEOGRAPHICAL
               ,,4TRIBU;N
  ,9 3SID]+ ! 4TRIBU;N ( ORGANIC 2+S OV]
! FACE (! GLOBE1 ! F/ GRT FACT : /RIKES
U IS1 T NEI ! SIMIL>;Y NOR ! 4SIMIL>;Y (
! 9HABITANTS ( V>I\S REGIONS C 2 :OLLY
A3.T$ = 0CLIMATAL & O!R PHYSICAL 3DI;NS4
,( LATE1 ALM E AU?OR :O HAS /UDI$ !
SUBJECT HAS -E 6? 3CLU.N4 ,! CASE (
,AM]ICA AL"O WD ALM SU6ICE 6PROVE XS
TRU?2 = IF WE EXCLUDE ! >CTIC & NOR!RN
TEMP]ATE "PS1 ALL AU?ORS AGREE T "O (!
MO/ FUNDA;TAL DIVI.NS 9 GEOGRAPHICAL
4TRIBU;N IS T 2T ! ,NEW & ,OLD ,_WS2 YET
IF WE TRAVEL OV] ! VA/ ,AM]ICAN 3T95T1 F
! C5TRAL "PS (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 6XS
EXTREME S\!RN PO9T1 WE MEET )! MO/
DIV]SIFI$ 3DI;NS2 HUMID 4TRICTS1 >ID
DES]TS1 L(TY M.TA9S1 GRASSY PLA9S1 =E/S1
M>%ES1 LAKES1 & GRT RIV]S1 "U ALM E
TEMP]ATURE4 ,"! IS H>DLY A CLIMATE OR
3DI;N 9 ! ,OLD ,_W : _C 2 P>ALLEL$ 9 !
,NEW- AT L1/ Z CLOSELY Z ! SAME SPECIES
G5],Y REQUIRE4 ,NO D\BT SMALL >1S C 2
PO9T$ \ 9 ! ,OLD ,_W HOTT] ?AN ANY 9 !
,NEW ,_W2 B ^! >E N 9HABIT$ 0A FAUNA
DI6]5T F T (! SURR.D+ 4TRICTS2 = X IS
R>E 6F9D A GR\P ( ORGANISMS 3F9$ 6A
SMALL >EA1 ( : ! 3DI;NS >E PECULI> 9
ONLY A SLI<T DEGREE4 ,NOT)/&+ ? G5]AL
P>ALLELISM 9 ! 3DI;NS (! ,OLD & ,NEW
,_WS1 H[ WIDELY DI6]5T >E _! LIV+
PRODUC;NS6
  ,9 ! S\!RN HEMISPH]E1 IF WE -P>E L>GE
TRACTS ( L& 9 ,AU/RALIA1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 &
WE/]N ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 2T LATITUDES #BE &
#CE1 WE % F9D "PS EXTREMELY SIMIL> 9 ALL
_! 3DI;NS1 YET X WD N 2 POSSI# 6PO9T \
?REE FAUNAS & FLORAS M UTT]LY 4SIMIL>4
,OR1 AG1 WE MAY -P>E ! PRODUC;NS ( ,S\?
,AM]ICA S\? ( LAT4 #CE ) ^? NOR? ( #BE1
: 3SEQU5TLY >E SEP>AT$ 0A SPACE ( T5
DEGREES ( LATITUDE1 & >E EXPOS$
63SID]ABLY DI6]5T 3DI;NS2 YET !Y >E
9COMP>ABLY M CLOSELY RELAT$ 6EA* O!R ?AN
!Y >E 6! PRODUC;NS ( ,AU/RALIA OR
,AFRICA "U NE>LY ! SAME CLIMATE4
,ANALOG\S FACTS CD 2 GIV5 ) RESPECT 6!
9HABITANTS (! SEA4
  ,A SECOND GRT FACT : /RIKES U 9 \R
G5]AL REVIEW IS1 T B>RI]S ( ANY K9D1 OR
OB/ACLES 6FREE MIGR,N1 >E RELAT$ 9 A
CLOSE & IMPORTANT MANN] 6! DI6];ES 2T !
PRODUC;NS ( V>I\S REGIONS4 ,WE SEE ? 9 !
GRT DI6];E 9 NE>LY ALL ! T]RE/RIAL
PRODUC;NS (! ,NEW & ,OLD ,_WS1 EXCEPT+ 9
! NOR!RN "PS1 ": ! L& ALM JO9S1 & ":1 "U
A SLI<TLY DI6]5T CLIMATE1 "! MI<T H BE5
FREE MIGR,N =! NOR!RN TEMP]ATE =MS1 Z "!
N[ IS =! /RICTLY >CTIC PRODUC;NS4 ,WE
SEE ! SAME FACT 9 ! GRT DI6];E 2T !
9HABITANTS ( ,AU/RALIA1 ,AFRICA1 & ,S\?
,AM]ICA "U ! SAME LATITUDE2 = ^! C.TRIES
>E ALM Z M* ISOLAT$ F EA* O!R Z IS
POSSI#4 ,ON EA* 3T95T1 AL1 WE SEE ! SAME
FACT2 = ON ! OPPOSITE SIDES ( L(TY &
3T9U\S M.TA9-RANGES1 ( GRT DES]TS & EV5
( L>GE RIV]S1 WE F9D DI6]5T PRODUC;NS2
?\< Z M.TA9-*A9S1 DES]TS1 &C41 >E N Z
IMPASSA#1 OR LIKELY 6H 5DUR$ S L;G1 Z !
OC1NS SEP>AT+ 3T95TS1 ! DI6];ES >E V
9F]IOR 9 DEGREE 6^? "*I/IC ( 4T9CT
3T95TS4
  ,TURN+ 6! SEA1 WE F9D ! SAME LAW4 ,!
M>9E 9HABITANTS (! EA/]N & WE/]N %ORES (
,S\? ,AM]ICA >E V 4T9CT1 ) EXTREMELY FEW
%ELLS1 ,CRU/ACEA1 OR ,E*9OD]MATA 9 -MON2
B ,DR4 ,GUN!R HAS REC5TLY %[N T AB ?IRTY
P] C5T4 (! FI%ES >E ! SAME ON ! OPPOSITE
SIDES (! IS?MUS ( ,PANAMA2 & ? FACT HAS
L$ NATURALI/S 62LIEVE T ! IS?MUS 0 =M]LY
OP54 ,WE/W>D (! %ORES ( ,AM]ICA1 A WIDE
SPACE ( OP5 OC1N EXT5DS1 ) N AN ISL& Z A
HALT+-PLACE = EMIGRANTS2 "H WE H A B>RI]
( ANO!R K9D1 & Z SOON Z ? IS PASS$ WE
MEET 9 ! EA/]N ISL&S (! ,PACIFIC ) ANO!R
& TOT,Y 4T9CT FAUNA4 ,S T ?REE M>9E
FAUNAS RANGE F> NOR?W>D & S\?W>D 9
P>ALLEL L9ES N F> F EA* O!R1 "U
CORRESPOND+ CLIMATES2 B F 2+ SEP>AT$ F
EA* O!R 0IMPASSA# B>RI]S1 EI ( L& OR OP5
SEA1 !Y >E ALM :OLLY 4T9CT4 ,ON ! O!R
H&1 PROCE$+ / F>!R WE/W>D F ! EA/]N
ISL&S (! TROPICAL "PS (! ,PACIFIC1 WE
5C.T] NO IMPASSA# B>RI]S1 & WE H 9NUM]A#
ISL&S Z HALT+-PLACES1 OR 3T9U\S COA/S1
UNTIL1 AF TRAVELL+ OV] A HEMISPH]E1 WE
-E 6! %ORES ( ,AFRICA2 & OV] ? VA/ SPACE
WE MEET ) NO WELL-DEF9$ & 4T9CT M>9E
FAUNAS4 ,AL? S FEW M>9E ANIMALS >E -MON
6! ABV-"ND ?REE APPROXIMATE FAUNAS (
EA/]N & WE/]N ,AM]ICA &! EA/]N ,PACIFIC
ISL&S1 YET _M FI%ES RANGE F ! ,PACIFIC
96! ,9DIAN ,OC1N1 & _M %ELLS >E -MON 6!
EA/]N ISL&S (! ,PACIFIC &! EA/]N %ORES (
,AFRICA ON ALM EXACTLY OPPOSITE M]IDIANS
( L;GITUDE4
  ,A ?IRD GRT FACT1 "PLY 9CLUD$ 9 !
=EGO+ /ATE;T1 IS ! A69;Y (! PRODUC;NS (!
SAME 3T95T OR (! SAME SEA1 ?\< ! SPECIES
!MVS >E 4T9CT AT DI6]5T PO9TS & /,NS4 ,X
IS A LAW (! WIDE/ G5]AL;Y1 & E 3T95T
(F]S 9NUM]A# 9/.ES4 ,N"E!.S ! NATURALI/1
9 TRAVELL+1 = 9/.E1 F NOR? 6S\?1 N"E
FAILS 6BE /RUCK 0! MANN] 9 : SU3ESSIVE
GR\PS ( 2+S1 SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT1 ?\< NE>LY
RELAT$1 REPLACE EA* O!R4 ,HE HE>S F
CLOSELY ALLI$1 YET 4T9CT K9DS ( BIRDS1
NOTES NE>LY SIMIL>1 & SEES _! NE/S
SIMIL>LY 3/RUCT$1 B N Q ALIKE1 ) E7S
COL\R$ 9 NE>LY ! SAME MANN]4 ,! PLA9S
NE> ! ,/RAITS ( ,MAGELLAN >E 9HABIT$ 0"O
SPECIES ( ,RHEA 7,AM]ICAN O/RI*7 &
NOR?W>D ! PLA9S ( ,LA ,PLATA 0ANO!R
SPECIES (! SAME G5US2 & N 0A TRUE O/RI*
OR EMU1 L ^? 9HABIT+ ,AFRICA & ,AU/RALIA
"U ! SAME LATITUDE4 ,ON ^! SAME PLA9S (
,LA ,PLATA WE SEE ! AG\TI & BIZCA*A1
ANIMALS HAV+ NE>LY ! SAME HABITS Z \R
H>ES & RA2ITS1 & 2L;G+ 6! SAME ORD] (
ROD5TS1 B !Y PLA9LY 4PLAY AN ,AM]ICAN
TYPE ( /RUCTURE4 ,WE ASC5D ! L(TY P1KS (
! ,CORDILL]A1 & WE F9D AN ALP9E SPECIES
( BIZCA*A2 WE LOOK 6! WAT]S1 & WE D N
F9D ! B1V] OR MUSK-RAT1 B ! COYPU &
CAPYB>A1 ROD5TS (! ,S4 ,AM]ICAN TYPE4
,9NUM]A# O!R 9/.ES CD 2 GIV54 ,IF WE
LOOK 6! ISL&S (F ! ,AM]ICAN %ORE1 H["E
M* !Y MAY DI6] 9 GEOLOGICAL /RUCTURE1 !
9HABITANTS >E ESS5TI,Y ,AM]ICAN1 ?\< !Y
MAY 2 ALL PECULI> SPECIES4 ,WE MAY LOOK
BACK 6PA/ AGES1 Z %[N 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 &
WE F9D ,AM]ICAN TYPES !N PREVAIL+ ON !
,AM]ICAN 3T95T & 9 ! ,AM]ICAN S1S4 ,WE
SEE 9 ^! FACTS "S DEEP ORGANIC BOND1
"?\T SPACE & "T1 OV] ! SAME >1S ( L& &
WAT]1 9DEP5D5TLY ( PHYSICAL 3DI;NS4 ,!
NATURALI/ M/ 2 DULL :O IS N L$ 65QUIRE
:AT ? BOND IS4
  ,! BOND IS SIMPLY 9H]IT.E1 T CAUSE :
AL"O1 Z F> Z WE POSITIVELY "K1 PRODUCES
ORGANISMS Q L EA* O!R1 OR1 Z WE SEE 9 !
CASE ( V>IETIES1 NE>LY ALIKE4 ,!
4SIMIL>;Y (! 9HABITANTS ( DI6]5T REGIONS
MAY 2 ATTRIBUT$ 6MODIFIC,N "? V>I,N &
NATURAL SELEC;N1 & PROBABLY 9 A
SUBORD9ATE DEGREE 6! DEF9ITE 9FLU;E (
DI6]5T PHYSICAL 3DI;NS4 ,! DEGREES (
4SIMIL>;Y W DEP5D ON ! MIGR,N (! M
DOM9ANT =MS ( LIFE F "O REGION 96ANO!R
HAV+ BE5 M OR LESS E6ECTU,Y PREV5T$1 AT
P]IODS M OR LESS REMOTE2- ON ! NATURE &
NUMB] (! =M] IMMIGRANTS2- & ON ! AC;N (!
9HABITANTS ON EA* O!R 9 L1D+ 6! PRES]V,N
( DI6]5T MODIFIC,NS2 ! REL,N ( ORGANISM
6ORGANISM 9 ! /RU7LE = LIFE 2+1 Z ,I H
ALR (T5 REM>K$1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL
REL,NS4 ,?US ! HI< IMPORT.E ( B>RI]S -ES
96PLAY 0*ECK+ MIGR,N2 Z DOES "T =! SL[
PROCESS ( MODIFIC,N "? NATURAL SELEC;N4
,WIDELY-RANG+ SPECIES1 AB.D+ 9
9DIVIDUALS1 : H ALR TRIUMPH$ OV] _M
-PETITORS 9 _! [N WIDELY-EXT5D$ HOMES1 W
H ! BE/ *.E ( SEIZ+ ON NEW PLACES1 :5 !Y
SPR1D 96NEW C.TRIES4 ,9 _! NEW HOMES !Y
W 2 EXPOS$ 6NEW 3DI;NS1 & W FREQU5TLY
"UGO FUR!R MODIFIC,N & IMPROVE;T2 & ?US
!Y W 2COME / FUR!R VICTORI\S1 & W
PRODUCE GR\PS ( MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS4 ,ON
? PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E ) MODIFIC,N WE C
"U/& H[ X IS T SEC;NS ( G5]A1 :OLE G5]A1
& EV5 FAMILIES1 >E 3F9$ 6! SAME >1S1 Z
IS S -MONLY & NOTORI\SLY ! CASE4
  ,"! IS NO EVID;E1 Z 0 REM>K$ 9 ! LA/
*APT]1 (! EXI/;E ( ANY LAW ( NEC
DEVELOP;T4 ,Z ! V>IABIL;Y ( EA* SPECIES
IS AN 9DEP5D5T PROP]TY1 & W 2 TAK5
ADVANTAGE ( 0NATURAL SELEC;N1 ONLY S F>
Z X PR(ITS EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9 XS -PLEX
/RU7LE = LIFE1 S ! AM.T ( MODIFIC,N 9
DI6]5T SPECIES W 2 NO UNI=M QUANT;Y4 ,IF
A NUMB] ( SPECIES1 AF HAV+ L;G -PET$ )
EA* O!R 9 _! OLD HOME1 7 6MIGRATE 9 A
BODY 96A NEW & AFWS ISOLAT$ C.TRY1 !Y WD
2 LL LIA# 6MODIFIC,N2 = NEI MIGR,N NOR
ISOL,N 9 !MVS E6ECT ANY?+4 ,^! PR9CIPLES
-E 96PLAY ONLY 0BR++ ORGANISMS 96NEW
REL,NS ) EA* O!R & 9 A LESS] DEGREE )!
SURR.D+ PHYSICAL 3DI;NS4 ,Z WE H SE5 9 !
LA/ *APT] T "S =MS H RETA9$ NE>LY ! SAME
"* F AN ENORM\SLY REMOTE GEOLOGICAL
P]IOD1 S C]TA9 SPECIES H MIGRAT$ OV] VA/
SPACES1 & H N 2COME GRTLY OR AT ALL
MODIFI$4
  ,AC 6^! VIEWS1 X IS OBVI\S T ! S"EAL
SPECIES (! SAME G5US1 ?\< 9HABIT+ ! MO/
4TANT QU>T]S (! _W1 M/ ORIG9,Y H PROCE$$
F ! SAME S\RCE1 Z !Y >E DESC5D$ F ! SAME
PROG5ITOR4 ,9 ! CASE ( ^? SPECIES : H
"UG"O DUR+ ! :OLE GEOLOGICAL P]IODS LL
MODIFIC,N1 "! IS N M* DI6ICULTY 9 2LIEV+
T !Y H MIGRAT$ F1 ! SAME REGION2 = DUR+
! VA/ GEOGRAPHICAL & CLIMATAL *ANGES : H
SUP]V5$ S9CE ANCI5T "TS1 ALM ANY AM.T (
MIGR,N IS POSSI#4 ,B 9 _M O!R CASES1 9 :
WE H R1SON 62LIEVE T ! SPECIES (A G5US H
BE5 PRODUC$ )9 -P>ATIVELY REC5T "TS1 "!
IS GRT DI6ICULTY ON ? H1D4 ,X IS AL
OBVI\S T ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES1
?\< N[ 9HABIT+ 4TANT & ISOLAT$ REGIONS1
M/ H PROCE$$ F "O SPOT1 ": _! P>5TS 7 F/
PRODUC$3 =1 Z HAS BE5 EXPLA9$1 X IS
9CR$I# T 9DIVIDUALS ID5TIC,Y ! SAME %D H
BE5 PRODUC$ F P>5TS SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT4
  ,S+LE ,C5TRES ( SUPPOS$ ,CRE,N4- ,WE
>E ?US BR"\ 6! "Q : HAS BE5 L>GELY
4CUSS$ 0NATURALI/S1 "NLY1 :E!R SPECIES H
BE5 CR1T$ AT "O OR M PO9TS (! E>?'S
SURFACE4 ,UND\BT$LY "! >E _M CASES (
EXTREME DI6ICULTY 9 "U/&+ H[ ! SAME
SPECIES CD POSSIBLY H MIGRAT$ F "S "O
PO9T 6! S"EAL 4TANT & ISOLAT$ PO9TS1 ":
N[ F.D4 ,N"E!.S ! SIMPLIC;Y (! VIEW T
EA* SPECIES 0 F/ PRODUC$ )9 A S+LE
REGION CAPTIVATES ! M9D4 ,HE :O REJECTS
X1 REJECTS ! V]A CAUSA ( ORD9>Y G5],N )
SUBSEQU5T MIGR,N1 & CALLS 9 ! AG5CY (A
MIRACLE4 ,X IS UNIV]S,Y ADMITT$1 T 9 MO/
CASES ! >EA 9HABIT$ 0A SPECIES IS
3T9U\S2 & T :5 A PLANT OR ANIMAL 9HABITS
TWO PO9TS S 4TANT F EA* O!R1 OR ) AN
9T]VAL ( S* A NATURE1 T ! SPACE CD N H
BE5 EASILY PASS$ OV] 0MIGR,N1 ! FACT IS
GIV5 Z "S?+ REM>KA# & EXCEP;NAL4 ,!
9CAPAC;Y ( MIGRAT+ ACR A WIDE SEA IS M
CLE> 9 ! CASE ( T]RE/RIAL MAMMALS ?AN
P]H ) ANY O!R ORGANIC 2+S2 &1 ACLY1 WE
F9D NO 9EXPLICA# 9/.ES (! SAME MAMMALS
9HABIT+ 4TANT PO9TS (! _W4 ,NO GEOLOGI/
FEELS ANY DI6ICULTY 9 ,GRT ,BRITA9
POSSESS+ ! SAME QUADRUP$S )! RE/ (
,EUROPE1 = !Y 7 NO D\BT ONCE UNIT$4 ,B
IF ! SAME SPECIES C 2 PRODUC$ AT TWO
SEP>ATE PO9TS1 :Y D WE N F9D A S+LE
MAMMAL -MON 6,EUROPE & ,AU/RALIA OR ,S\?
,AM]ICA8 ,! 3DI;NS ( LIFE >E NE>LY !
SAME1 S T A MULTITUDE ( ,EUROP1N ANIMALS
& PLANTS H 2COME NATURALIS$ 9 ,AM]ICA &
,AU/RALIA2 & "S (! ABORIG9AL PLANTS >E
ID5TIC,Y ! SAME AT ^! 4TANT PO9TS (!
NOR!RN & S\!RN HEMISPH]ES4 ,! ANSW]1 Z
,I 2LIEVE1 IS1 T MAMMALS H N BE5 A#
6MIGRATE1 ":AS "S PLANTS1 F _! V>I$ M1NS
( 4P]SAL1 H MIGRAT$ ACR ! WIDE & BROK5
9T]SPACES4 ,! GRT & /RIK+ 9FLU;E (
B>RI]S ( ALL K9DS1 IS 9TELLIGI# ONLY ON
! VIEW T ! GRT MAJOR;Y ( SPECIES H BE5
PRODUC$ ON "O SIDE1 & H N BE5 A#
6MIGRATE 6! OPPOSITE SIDE4 ,"S FEW
FAMILIES1 _M SUB-FAMILIES1 V _M G5]A1 &A
/ GRT] NUMB] ( SEC;NS ( G5]A1 >E 3F9$ 6A
S+LE REGION2 & X HAS BE5 OBS]V$ 0S"EAL
NATURALI/S T ! MO/ NATURAL G5]A1 OR ^?
G5]A 9 : ! SPECIES >E MO/ CLOSELY RELAT$
6EA* O!R1 >E G5],Y 3F9$ 6! SAME1 C.TRY1
OR IF !Y H A WIDE RANGE T _! RANGE IS
3T9U\S4 ,:AT A /RANGE ANOMALY X WD BE1
IF A DIRECTLY OPPOSITE RULE 7 6PREVAIL1
:5 WE G D[N "O /EP L[] 9 ! S]IES1 "NLY1
6! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES1 & ^! _H N
BE51 AT L1/ AT F/1 3F9$ 6"S "O REGION6
  ,H;E X SEEMS 6ME1 Z X HAS 6_M O!R
NATURALI/S1 T ! VIEW ( EA* SPECIES HAV+
BE5 PRODUC$ 9 "O >EA AL"O1 & HAV+
SUBSEQU5TLY MIGRAT$ F T >EA Z F> Z XS
P[]S ( MIGR,N & SUBSI/;E "U PA/ & PRES5T
3DI;NS P]MITT$1 IS ! MO/ PROBA#4
,UND\BT$LY _M CASES O3UR1 9 : WE _C
EXPLA9 H[ ! SAME SPECIES CD H PASS$ F "O
PO9T 6! O!R4 ,B ! GEOGRAPHICAL &
CLIMATAL *ANGES : H C]TA9LY O3URR$ )9
REC5T GEOLOGICAL "TS1 M/ H R5D]$
4CONT9U\S ! =M]LY 3T9U\S RANGE ( _M
SPECIES4 ,S T WE >E REDUC$ 63SID] :E!R !
EXCEP;NS 63T9U;Y ( RANGE >E S NUM]\S &(
S GRAVE A NATURE1 T WE "\ 6GIVE UP !
2LIEF1 R5D]$ PROBA# 0G5]AL 3SID],NS1 T
EA* SPECIES HAS BE5 PRODUC$ )9 "O >EA1 &
HAS MIGRAT$ ?;E Z F> Z X CD4 ,X WD 2
HOPE.SLY T$I\S 64CUSS ALL ! EXCEP;NAL
CASES (! SAME SPECIES1 N[ LIV+ AT 4TANT
& SEP>AT$ PO9TS1 NOR D ,I =A MO;T PRET5D
T ANY EXPLAN,N CD 2 (F]$ ( _M 9/.ES4 ,B1
AF "S PRELIM9>Y REM>KS1 ,I W 4CUSS A FEW
(! MO/ /RIK+ CLASSES ( FACTS2 "NLY1 !
EXI/;E (! SAME SPECIES ON ! SUMMITS (
4TANT M.TA9 RANGES1 & AT 4TANT PO9TS 9 !
>CTIC & ANT>CTIC REGIONS2 & SECONDLY 7IN
! FOLL[+ *APT]71 ! WIDE 4TRIBU;N ( FRE%-
WAT] PRODUC;NS2 & ?IRDLY1 ! O3URR;E (!
SAME T]RE/RIAL SPECIES ON ISL&S & ON !
NE>E/ MA9L&1 ?\< SEP>AT$ 0HUNDR$S (
MILES ( OP5 SEA4 ,IF ! EXI/;E (! SAME
SPECIES AT 4TANT & ISOLAT$ PO9TS (!
E>?'S SURFACE1 C 9 _M 9/.ES 2 EXPLA9$ ON
! VIEW ( EA* SPECIES HAV+ MIGRAT$ F A
S+LE BIR?PLACE2 !N1 3SID]+ \R IGNOR.E )
RESPECT 6=M] CLIMATAL & GEOGRAPHICAL
*ANGES & 6! V>I\S O3A.NAL M1NS (
TRANSPORT1 ! 2LIEF T A S+LE BIR?PLACE IS
! LAW1 SEEMS 6ME 9COMP>ABLY ! SAFE/4
  ,9 4CUSS+ ? SUBJECT1 WE % 2 5A#D AT !
SAME "T 63SID] A PO9T EQU,Y IMPORTANT =
U1 "NLY1 :E!R ! S"EAL SPECIES (A G5US :
M/ ON \R !ORY ALL 2 DESC5D$ F A -MON
PROG5ITOR1 C H MIGRAT$1 "UGO+ MODIFIC,N
DUR+ _! MIGR,N1 F "S "O >EA4 ,IF1 :5 MO/
(! SPECIES 9HABIT+ "O REGION >E DI6]5T F
^? ( ANO!R REGION1 ?\< CLOSELY ALLI$
6!M1 X C 2 %[N T MIGR,N F ! "O REGION 6!
O!R HAS PROBABLY O3URR$ AT "S =M] P]IOD1
\R G5]AL VIEW W 2 M* /R5G!N$2 =!
EXPLAN,N IS OBVI\S ON ! PR9CIPLE (
DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N4 ,A VOLCANIC ISL&1 =
9/.E1 UPH1V$ & =M$ AT ! 4T.E (A FEW
HUNDR$S ( MILES F A 3T95T1 WD PROBABLY
RCV F X 9 ! C\RSE ( "T A FEW COLONI/S1 &
_! DESC5DANTS1 ?\< MODIFI$1 WD / 2
RELAT$ 09H]IT.E 6! 9HABITANTS ( T 3T95T4
,CASES ( ? NATURE >E -MON1 & >E1 Z WE %
"HAF SEE1 9EXPLICA# ON ! !ORY ( 9DEP5D5T
CRE,N4 ,? VIEW (! REL,N (! SPECIES ( "O
REGION 6^? ( ANO!R1 DOES N DI6] M* F T
ADV.ED 0,MR4 ,WALLACE1 :O 3CLUDES T 8E
SPECIES HAS -E 96EXI/;E CO9CID5T BO? 9
SPACE & "T )A PRE-EXI/+ CLOSELY ALLI$
SPECIES40 ,& X IS N[ WELL "KN T HE
ATTRIBUTES ? CO9CID;E 6DESC5T )
MODIFIC,N4
  ,! "Q ( S+LE OR MULTIPLE C5TRES (
CRE,N DI6]S F ANO!R ?\< ALLI$ "Q1- "NLY1
:E!R ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES >E
DESC5D$ F A S+LE PAIR1 OR S+LE
H]MAPHRODITE1 OR :E!R1 Z "S AU?ORS
SUPPOSE1 F _M 9DIVIDUALS SIMULTANE\SLY
CR1T$4 ,) ORGANIC 2+S : N"E 9T]CROSS1 IF
S* EXI/1 EA* SPECIES M/ 2 DESC5D$ F A
SU3ES.N ( MODIFI$ V>IETIES1 T H
SUPPLANT$ EA* O!R1 B H N"E BL5D$ ) O!R
9DIVIDUALS OR V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES2
S T1 AT EA* SU3ESSIVE /AGE ( MODIFIC,N1
ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME =M W 2 DESC5D$
F A S+LE P>5T4 ,B 9 ! GRT MAJOR;Y (
CASES1 "NLY1 ) ALL ORGANISMS : HABITU,Y
UNITE = EA* BIR?1 OR : O3A.N,Y 9T]CROSS1
! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES 9HABIT+ !
SAME >EA W 2 KEPT NE>LY UNI=M
09T]CROSS+2 S T _M 9DIVIDUALS W G ON
SIMULTANE\SLY *ANG+1 &! :OLE AM.T (
MODIFIC,N AT EA* /AGE W N 2 DUE 6DESC5T
F A S+LE P>5T4 ,6ILLU/RATE :AT ,I M1N3
\R ,5GLI% RACE-HORSES DI6] F ! HORSES (
E O!R BRE$2 B !Y D N [E _! DI6];E &
SUP]IOR;Y 6DESC5T F ANY S+LE PAIR1 B
63T9U$ C>E 9 ! SELECT+ & TRA9+ ( _M
9DIVIDUALS DUR+ EA* G5],N4
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  ,SIR ,C4 ,LYELL & O!R AU?ORS H ABLY
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BRIEFE/ AB/RACT (! M IMPORTANT FACTS4
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ORGANISMS F ! NATURE ( XS CLIMATE1 MI<T
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? BRAN* (! SUBJECT 9 "S DETAIL4 ,*ANGES
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H ALL[$ T]RE/RIAL PRODUC;NS 6PASS F "O
6! O!R ,NO GEOLOGI/ 4PUTES T GRT MUT,NS
( LEVEL H O3URR$ )9 ! P]IOD ( EXI/+
ORGANISMS4 ,$W>D ,=BES 9SI/$ T ALL !
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LIKEWISE ) ,AM]ICA4 ,O!R AU?ORS H ?US
HYPO!TIC,Y BRIDG$ OV] E OC1N1 & UNIT$
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T SC>CELY A S+LE ISL& EXI/S : HAS N
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REC5T P]IOD 6EA* O!R & 6! S"EAL 9T]V5+
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MAY H S]V$ Z HALT+-PLACES = PLANTS &= _M
ANIMALS DUR+ _! MIGR,N4 ,9 ! CORAL-
PRODUC+ OC1NS S* SUNK5 ISL&S >E N[ M>K$
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4TRIBU;N1- S* Z ! GRT DI6];E 9 ! M>9E
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3T95T1 2+ 9 "P DET]M9$ 7Z WE % "HAF SEE7
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FACTS >E OPPOS$ 6! ADMIS.N ( S*
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REC5T P]IOD1 Z >E NEC ON ! VIEW ADV.ED
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OC1NIC ISL&S >E LIKEWISE OPPOS$ 6! 2LIEF
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ALM UNIV]S,Y VOLCANIC -POSI;N ( S* ISL&S
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3T95TAL M.TA9 RANGES1 "S AT L1/ (! ISL&S
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GRANITE1 METAMORPHIC S*I/S1 OLD
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M]E PILES ( VOLCANIC MATT]4
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A3ID5TAL M1NS1 B : M PROP]LY %D 2 CALL$
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MYF 6PLANTS4 ,9 BOTANICAL "WS1 ? OR T
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:OLLY UN"KN4 ,UNTIL ,I TRI$1 ) ,MR4
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#BH "DS1 &A FEW SURVIV$ AN IMM].N ( #ACG
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F> M 9JUR$ ?AN O!RS3 N9E LEGUM9OSAE 7
TRI$1 &1 ) "O EXCEP;N1 !Y RESI/$ ! SALT-
WAT] BADLY2 SEV5 SPECIES (! ALLI$ ORD]S1
,HYDROPHYLLAC1E & ,POLEMONIACAE1 7 ALL
KILL$ 0A MON?'S IMM].N4 ,= 3V5I;E0' SAKE
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( GRE5 & S1SON$ TIMB]2 & X O3URR$ 6ME T
FLOODS WD (T5 WA% 96! SEA DRI$ PLANTS OR
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6!M4 ,H;E ,I 0 L$ 6DRY ! /EMS & BRAN*ES
( #ID PLANTS ) RIPE FRUIT1 & 6PLACE !M
ON SEA-WAT]4 ,! MAJOR;Y SANK RAPIDLY1 B
"S :1 :IL/ GRE51 FLOAT$ =A %ORT "T1 :5
DRI$ FLOAT$ M* L;G]2 = 9/.E1 RIPE HAZEL-
NUTS SANK IMMLY1 B :5 DRI$ !Y FLOAT$ =
#IJ "DS1 & AFWS :5 PLANT$ G]M9AT$2 AN
ASP>AGUS-PLANT ) RIPE B]RIES FLOAT$ =
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SE$S AFWS G]M9AT$2 ! RIPE SE$S (
,HELOSCIADIUM SANK 9 TWO "DS1 :5 DRI$ !Y
FLOAT$ = ABV #IJ "DS1 & AFWS G]M9AT$4
,ALT1 \ (! #ID DRI$ PLANTS1 #AH FLOAT$ =
ABV #BH "DS2 & "S (! #AH FLOAT$ =A V M*
L;G] P]IOD4 ,S T Z #FD/HG K9DS ( SE$S
G]M9AT$ AF AN IMM].N ( #BH "DS2 & Z
#AH/ID 4T9CT SPECIES ) RIPE FRUIT 7B N
ALL ! SAME SPECIES Z 9 ! =EGO+ EXP]I;T7
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MAY 3CLUDE1 Z F> Z ANY?+ C 2 9F]R$ F ^!
SCANTY FACTS1 T ! SE$S ( #AD/AJJ K9DS (
PLANTS ( ANY C.TRY MI<T 2 FLOAT$ 0SEA
CURR5TS DUR+ #BH "DS1 & WD RETA9 _! P[]
( G]M9,N4 ,9 ,JOHN/ON'S ,PHYSICAL
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CURR5TS IS #CC MILES P] DIEM 7"S CURR5TS
RUNN+ AT ! RATE ( MILES P] DIEM72 ON ?
AV]AGE1 ! SE$S ( #AD/AJJ PLANTS 2L;G+
6"O C.TRY MI<T 2 FLOAT$ ACR #IBD MILES (
SEA 6ANO!R C.TRY1 & :5 /R&$1 IF BL[N 0AN
9L& GALE 6A FAV\RA# SPOT1 WD G]M9ATE4
  ,SUBSEQU5TLY 6MY EXP]I;TS1 ,M4 ,M>T5S
TRI$ SIMIL> "OS1 B 9 A M* BETT] MANN]1 =
HE PLAC$ ! SE$S 9 A BOX 9 ! ACTUAL SEA1
S T !Y 7 ALT]NATELY WET & EXPOS$ 6! AIR
L RE,Y FLOAT+ PLANTS4 ,HE TRI$ #IH SE$S1
MO/LY DI6]5T F M9E2 B HE *OSE _M L>GE
FRUITS & LIKEWISE SE$S F PLANTS : LIVE
NE> ! SEA2 & ? WD H FAV\R$ BO? ! AV]AGE
L5G? ( _! FLOT,N & _! RESI/.E 6! 9JURI\S
AC;N (! SALT-WAT]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE DID
N PREVI\SLY DRY ! PLANTS OR BRAN*ES )!
FRUIT2 & ?1 Z WE H SE51 WD H CAUS$ "S (
!M 6H FLOAT$ M* L;G]4 ,! RESULT 0 T
#AH/IH?S ( 8 SE$S ( DI6]5T K9DS FLOAT$ =
#DB "DS1 & 7 !N CAPA# ( G]M9,N4 ,B ,I D
N D\BT T PLANTS EXPOS$ 6! WAVES WD FLOAT
=A LESS "T ?AN ^? PROTECT$ F VIOL5T
MOVE;T Z 9 \R EXP]I;TS4 ,"!=E X WD P]H 2
SAF] 6ASSUME T ! SE$S ( AB #AJ/AJJ
PLANTS (A FLORA1 AF HAV+ BE5 DRI$1 CD 2
FLOAT$ ACR A SPACE ( SEA #IJJ MILES 9
WID?1 & WD !N G]M9ATE4 ,! FACT (! L>G]
FRUITS (T5 FLOAT+ L;G] ?AN ! SMALL1 IS
9T]E/+2 Z PLANTS ) L>GE SE$S OR FRUIT :1
Z ,ALPH4 DE ,C&OLLE HAS %[N1 G5],Y H
RE/RICT$ RANGES1 CD H>DLY 2 TRANSPORT$
0ANY O!R M1NS4
  ,SE$S MAY 2 O3A.N,Y TRANSPORT$ 9 ANO!R
MANN]4 ,DRIFT TIMB] IS ?R[N UP ON MO/
ISL&S1 EV5 ON ^? 9 ! MID/ (! WIDE/
OC1NS2 &! NATIVES (! CORAL ISL&S 9 !
,PACIFIC PROCURE /"OS = _! TOOLS1 SOLELY
F ! ROOTS ( DRIFT$ TREES1 ^! /"OS 2+ A
VALUA# ROYAL TAX4 ,I F9D T :5 IRREGUL>LY
%AP$ >E EMB$D$ 9 ! ROOTS ( TREES1 SMALL
P>CELS ( E>? >E FREQU5TLY 5CLOS$ 9 _!
9T]/ICES & 2H !M1- S P]FECTLY T N A
"PICLE CD 2 WA%$ AWAY DUR+ ! L;GE/
TRANSPORT3 \ ( "O SMALL POR;N ( E>? ?US
-PLETELY 5CLOS$ 0! ROOTS ( AN OAK AB #EJ
YE>S OLD1 ?REE DICOTYL$ON\S PLANTS
G]M9AT$3 ,I AM C]TA9 (! A3URACY ( ?
OBS]V,N4 ,AG1 ,I C %[ T ! C>CASES (
BIRDS1 :5 FLOAT+ ON ! SEA1 "S"TS ESCAPE
2+ IMMLY DEV\R$3 & _M K9DS ( SE$S 9 !
CROPS ( FLOAT+ BIRDS L;G RETA9 _!
VITAL;Y3 P1S & VET*ES1 = 9/.E1 >E KILL$
0EV5 A FEW "DS' IMM].N 9 SEA-WAT]2 B "S
TAK5 \ (! CROP (A PIGEON1 : _H FLOAT$ ON
>TIFICIAL SEA-WAT] = #CJ "DS1 6MY
SURPRISE NE>LY ALL G]M9AT$4
  ,LIV+ BIRDS C H>DLY FAIL 6BE HI<LY
E6ECTIVE AG5TS 9 ! TRANSPORT,N ( SE$S4
,I CD GIVE _M FACTS %[+ H[ FREQU5TLY
BIRDS ( _M K9DS >E BL[N 0GALES 6VA/
4T.ES ACR ! OC1N4 ,WE MAY SAFELY ASSUME
T "U S* CIRCUM/.ES _! RATE ( FLI<T WD
(T5 2 #CE MILES AN H\R2 & "S AU?ORS H
GIV5 A F> HI<] E/IMATE4 ,I H N"E SE5 AN
9/.E ( NUTRITI\S SE$S PASS+ "? ! 9TE/9ES
(A BIRD1 B H>D SE$S ( FRUIT PASS UN9JUR$
"? EV5 ! DIGE/IVE ORGANS (A TURKEY4 ,9 !
C\RSE ( TWO MON?S1 ,I PICK$ UP 9 MY G>D5
#AB K9DS ( SE$S1 \ (! EXCRE;T ( SMALL
BIRDS1 & ^! SEEM$ P]FECT1 & "S ( !M1 : 7
TRI$1 G]M9AT$4 ,B ! FOLL[+ FACT IS M
IMPORTANT3 ! CROPS ( BIRDS D N SECRETE
GA/RIC JUICE1 & D N1 Z ,I "K 0TRIAL1
9JURE 9 ! L1/ ! G]M9,N ( SE$S2 N[1 AF A
BIRD HAS F.D & DEV\R$ A L>GE SUPPLY (
FOOD1 X IS POSITIVELY ASS]T$ T ALL !
GRA9S D N PASS 96! GIZZ>D = TWELVE OR
EV5 EI<TE5 H\RS4 ,A BIRD 9 ? 9T]VAL MI<T
EASILY 2 BL[N 6! 4T.E ( #EJJ MILES1 &
HAWKS >E "KN 6LOOK \ = TIR$ BIRDS1 &!
3T5TS ( _! TORN CROPS MI<T ?US R1DILY
GET SCATT]$4 ,"S HAWKS & [LS BOLT _!
PREY :OLE1 &1 AF AN 9T]VAL ( F TWELVE
6TW5TY H\RS1 4GORGE PELLETS1 :1 Z ,I "K
F EXP]I;TS MADE 9 ! ,ZOOLOGICAL ,G>D5S1
9CLUDE SE$S CAPA# ( G]M9,N4 ,"S SE$S (!
OAT1 :1T1 MILLET1 CAN>Y1 HEMP1 CLOV]1 &
BEET G]M9AT$ AF HAV+ BE5 F TWELVE
6TW5TY-"O H\RS 9 ! /OMA*S ( DI6]5T BIRDS
( PREY2 & TWO SE$S ( BEET GREW AF HAV+
BE5 ?US RETA9$ = TWO "DS & F\RTE5 H\RS4
,FRE%-WAT] FI%1 ,I F9D1 EAT SE$S ( _M L&
& WAT] PLANTS2 FI% >E FREQU5TLY DEV\R$
0BIRDS1 & ?US ! SE$S MI<T 2 TRANSPORT$ F
PLACE 6PLACE4 ,I =C$ _M K9DS ( SE$S 96!
/OMA*S ( D1D FI%1 & !N GAVE _! BODIES
6FI%+-EAGLES1 /ORKS1 & PELICANS2 ^!
BIRDS1 AF AN 9T]VAL ( _M H\RS1 EI
REJECT$ ! SE$S 9 PELLETS OR PASS$ !M 9
_! EXCRE;T2 & S"EAL ( ^! SE$S RETA9$ !
P[] ( G]M9,N4 ,C]TA9 SE$S1 H["E1 7 ALW
KILL$ 0? PROCESS4
  ,LOCU/S >E "S"TS BL[N 6GRT 4T.ES F !
L&2 ,I MYF CAU<T "O #CGJ MILES F ! COA/
( ,AFRICA1 & H HE>D ( O!RS CAU<T AT GRT]
4T.ES4 ,! ,REV4 ,R4 ,T4 ,L[E 9=M$ ,SIR
,C4 ,LYELL T 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #AHDD1 SW>MS (
LOCU/S VISIT$ ! ISL& ( ,MADEIRA4 ,!Y 7 9
C.T.S NUMB]S1 Z ?ICK Z ! FLAKES ( SN[ 9
! H1VIE/ SN[/ORM1 & EXT5D$ UPW>DS Z F> Z
CD 2 SE5 )A TELESCOPE4 ,DUR+ TWO OR ?REE
"DS !Y SL[LY C>E]$ R.D & R.D 9 AN IMM5SE
ELLIPSE1 AT L1/ FIVE OR SIX MILES 9
DIAMET]1 & AT NI<T ALI<T$ ON ! TALL]
TREES1 : 7 -PLETELY COAT$ ) !M4 ,!Y !N
4APPE>$ OV] ! SEA1 Z SU45LY Z !Y _H
APPE>$1 & H N S9CE VISIT$ ! ISL&4 ,N[1 9
"PS ( ,NATAL X IS 2LIEV$ 0"S F>M]S1 ?\<
ON 9SU6ICI5T EVID;E1 T 9JURI\S SE$S >E
9TRODUC$ 96_! GRASS-L& 9 ! DUNG LEFT 0!
GRT FLI<TS ( LOCU/S : (T5 VISIT T C.TRY4
,9 3SEQU;E ( ? 2LIEF ,MR4 ,W1LE S5T ME 9
A LR A SMALL PACKET (! DRI$ PELLETS1 \ (
: ,I EXTRACT$ "U ! MICROSCOPE S"EAL
SE$S1 & RAIS$ F !M SEV5 GRASS PLANTS1
2L;G+ 6TWO SPECIES1 ( TWO G5]A4 ,H;E A
SW>M ( LOCU/S1 S* Z T : VISIT$ ,MADEIRA1
MI<T R1DILY 2 ! M1NS ( 9TRODUC+ S"EAL
K9DS ( PLANTS 96AN ISL& LY+ F> F !
MA9L&4
  ,AL? ! B1KS & FEET ( BIRDS >E G5],Y
CL1N1 E>? "S"TS AD"HS 6!M3 9 "O CASE ,I
REMOV$ SIXTY-"O GRA9S1 & 9 ANO!R CASE
TW5TY-TWO GRA9S ( DRY >GILLACE\S E>? F !
FOOT (A "PRIDGE1 & 9 ! E>? "! 0 A PEB# Z
L>GE Z ! SE$ (A VET*4 ,"H IS A BETT]
CASE3 ! LEG (A WOODCOCK 0 S5T 6ME 0A FR1
)A LL CAKE ( DRY E>? ATTA*$ 6! %ANK1
WEI<+ ONLY N9E GRA9S2 & ? 3TA9$ A SE$ (!
TOAD-RU% 7,JUNCUS BUFONIUS7 : G]M9AT$ &
FL[]$4 ,MR4 ,SWAYSL&1 ( ,B"RON1 :O DUR+
! LA/ =TY YE>S HAS PD CLOSE ATT5;N 6\R
MIGRATORY BIRDS1 9=MS ME T HE HAS (T5
%OT WAGTAILS 7,MOTACILLAE71 :1T-E>S1 &
:9*ATS 7,SAXICOLAE71 ON _! F/ >RIVAL ON
\R %ORES1 2F !Y _H ALI<T$2 & HE HAS
S"EAL "TS NOTIC$ LL CAKES ( E>? ATTA*$
6_! FEET4 ,_M FACTS CD 2 GIV5 %[+ H[
G5],Y SOIL IS *>G$ ) SE$S4 ,= 9/.E1
,PR(4 ,NEWTON S5T ME ! LEG (A R$-LE7$
"PRIDGE 7,CA3ABIS RUFA7 : _H BE5 W.D$ &
CD N FLY1 )A BALL ( H>D E>? ADH]+ 6X1 &
WEI<+ SIX &A HALF \NCES4 ,! E>? _H BE5
KEPT = ?REE YE>S1 B :5 BROK51 WAT]$ &
PLAC$ "U A BELL GLASS1 NO LESS ?AN #HB
PLANTS SPRUNG F X3 ^! 3SI/$ ( #AB
MONOCOTYL$ONS1 9CLUD+ ! -MON OAT1 & AT
L1/ "O K9D ( GRASS1 &( #GJ DICOTYL$ONS1
: 3SI/$1 JUDG+ F ! "Y L1VES1 ( AT L1/
?REE 4T9CT SPECIES4 ,) S* FACTS 2F U1 C
WE D\BT T ! _M BIRDS : >E ANNU,Y BL[N
0GALES ACR GRT SPACES ( OC1N1 & : ANNU,Y
MIGRATE- = 9/.E1 ! MILLIONS ( QUAILS ACR
! ,M$IT]RAN1N- M/ O3A.N,Y TRANSPORT A
FEW SE$S EMB$D$ 9 DIRT ADH]+ 6_! FEET OR
B1KS8 ,B ,I % H 6RECUR 6? SUBJECT4
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E>? & /"OS1 & H EV5 C>RI$ BRU%WOOD1
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D\BT$ T !Y M/ O3A.N,Y1 Z SU7E/$ 0,LYELL1
H TRANSPORT$ SE$S F "O "P 6ANO!R (!
>CTIC & ANT>CTIC REGIONS2 & DUR+ !
,GLACIAL P]IOD F "O "P (! N[ TEMP]ATE
REGIONS 6ANO!R4 ,9 ! ,AZORES1 F ! L>GE
NUMB] ( PLANTS -MON 6,EUROPE1 9 -P>ISON
)! SPECIES ON ! O!R ISL&S (! ,ATLANTIC1
: /& NE>] 6! MA9L&1 & 7Z REM>K$ 0,MR4
,H4 ,C4 ,WATSON7 F _! "S:AT NOR!RN "* 9
-P>ISON )! LATITUDE1 ,I SUSPECT$ T ^!
ISL&S _H BE5 "PLY /OCK$ 0ICE-BORNE SE$S1
DUR+ ! ,GLACIAL EPO*4 ,AT MY REQUE/ ,SIR
,C4 ,LYELL WROTE TO ;,M4 ,H>TUNG 69QUIRE
:E!R HE _H OBS]V$ ]RATIC B\LD]S ON ^!
ISL&S1 & HE ANSW]$ T HE _H F.D L>GE
FRAG;TS ( GRANITE & O!R ROCKS1 : D N
O3UR 9 ! >*IPELAGO4 ,H;E WE MAY SAFELY
9F] T ICEB]GS =M]LY L&$ _! ROCKY BUR!NS
ON ! %ORES ( ^! MID-OC1N ISL&S & X IS AT
L1/ POSSI# T !Y MAY H BR"\ ?I!R "S FEW
SE$S ( NOR!RN PLANTS4
  ,3SID]+ T ^! S"EAL M1NS ( TRANSPORT1 &
T O!R M1NS1 : )\T D\BT REMA9 6BE 4COV]$1
H BE5 9 AC;N YE> AF YE> = T5S ( ?\S&S (
YE>S1 X WD1 ,I ?9K1 2 A M>VELL\S FACT IF
_M PLANTS _H N ?US 2COME WIDELY
TRANSPORT$4 ,^! M1NS ( TRANSPORT >E
"S"TS CALL$ A3ID5TAL1 B ? IS N /RICTLY
CORRECT3 ! CURR5TS (! SEA >E N A3ID5TAL1
NOR IS ! DIREC;N ( PREVAL5T GALES ( W9D4
,X %D 2 OBS]V$ T SC>CELY ANY M1NS (
TRANSPORT WD C>RY SE$S = V GRT 4T.ES3 =
SE$S D N RETA9 _! VITAL;Y :5 EXPOS$ =A
GRT L5G? ( "T 6! AC;N ( SEA-WAT]2 NOR CD
!Y 2 L;G C>RI$ 9 ! CROPS OR 9TE/9ES (
BIRDS4 ,^! M1NS1 H["E1 WD SU6ICE =
O3A.NAL TRANSPORT ACR TRACTS ( SEA "S
HUNDR$ MILES 9 BR1D?1 OR F ISL& 6ISL&1
OR F A 3T95T 6A NEI<B\R+ ISL&1 B N F "O
4TANT 3T95T 6ANO!R4 ,! FLORAS ( 4TANT
3T95TS WD N 0S* M1NS 2COME M+L$2 B WD
REMA9 Z 4T9CT Z !Y N[ >E4 ,! CURR5TS1 F
_! C\RSE1 WD N"E BR+ SE$S F ,NOR?
,AM]ICA 6,BRITA91 ?\< !Y MI<T & D BR+
SE$S F ! ,WE/ ,9DIES 6\R WE/]N %ORES1
":1 IF N KILL$ 0_! V L;G IMM].N 9 SALT
WAT]1 !Y CD N 5DURE \R CLIMATE4 ,ALM E
YE>1 "O OR TWO L&-BIRDS >E BL[N ACR !
:OLE ,ATLANTIC ,OC1N1 F ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 6!
WE/]N %ORES ( ,IREL& & ,5GL&2 B SE$S CD
2 TRANSPORT$ 0^! R>E W&]]S ONLY 0"O
M1NS1 "NLY1 0DIRT ADH]+ 6_! FEET OR
B1KS1 : IS 9 XF A R>E A3ID5T4 ,EV5 9 ?
CASE1 H[ SMALL WD 2 ! *.E (A SE$ FALL+
ON FAV\RA# SOIL1 & -+ 6MATUR;Y6 ,B X WD
2 A GRT ]ROR 6>GUE T 2C A WELL-/OCK$
ISL&1 L ,GRT ,BRITA91 HAS N1 Z F> Z IS
"KN 7& X WD 2 V DI6ICULT 6PROVE ?71 RCVD
)9 ! LA/ FEW C5TURIES1 "? O3A.NAL M1NS (
TRANSPORT1 IMMIGRANTS F ,EUROPE OR ANY
O!R 3T95T1 T A POORLY-/OCK$ ISL&1 ?\<
/&+ M REMOTE F ! MA9L&1 WD N RCV
COLONI/S 0SIMIL> M1NS4 ,\ (A HUNDR$ K9DS
( SE$S OR ANIMALS TRANSPORT$ 6AN ISL&1
EV5 IF F> LESS WELL-/OCK$ ?AN ,BRITA91
P]H N M ?AN "O WD 2 S WELL FITT$ 6XS NEW
HOME1 Z 62COME NATURALIS$4 ,B ? IS NO
VALID >GU;T AG/ :AT WD 2 E6ECT$ 0O3A.NAL
M1NS ( TRANSPORT1 DUR+ ! L;G LAPSE (
GEOLOGICAL "T1 :IL/ ! ISL& 0 2+ UPH1V$1
& 2F X _H 2COME FULLY /OCK$ )
9HABITANTS4 ,ON ALM B>E L&1 ) FEW OR NO
DE/RUCTIVE 9SECTS OR BIRDS LIV+ "!1
NE>LY E SE$ : *.ED 6>RIVE1 IF FITT$ =!
CLIMATE1 WD G]M9ATE & SURVIVE4
  ,4P]SAL DUR+ ! ,GLACIAL ,P]IOD
  ,! ID5T;Y ( _M PLANTS & ANIMALS1 ON
M.TA9-SUMMITS1 SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R
0HUNDR$S ( MILES ( L[L&S1 ": ,ALP9E
SPECIES CD N POSSIBLY EXI/1 IS "O (! MO/
/RIK+ CASES "KN (! SAME SPECIES LIV+ AT
4TANT PO9TS )\T ! APP>5T POSSIBIL;Y ( _!
HAV+ MIGRAT$ F "O PO9T 6! O!R4 ,X IS
9DE$ A REM>KA# FACT 6SEE S _M PLANTS (!
SAME SPECIES LIV+ ON ! SN[Y REGIONS (!
,ALPS OR ,PYR5EES1 & 9 ! EXTREME NOR!RN
"PS ( ,EUROPE2 B X IS F> M REM>KA#1 T !
PLANTS ON ! ,:ITE ,M.TA9S1 9 ! ,UNIT$
,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 >E ALL ! SAME ) ^? (
,LABRADOR1 & NE>LY ALL ! SAME1 Z WE HE>
F ,ASA ,GRAY1 ) ^? ON ! L(TIE/ M.TA9S (
,EUROPE4 ,EV5 Z L;G AGO Z #AGDG1 S*
FACTS L$ ,GMEL9 63CLUDE T ! SAME SPECIES
M/ H BE5 9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$ AT _M 4T9CT
PO9TS2 & WE MI<T H REMA9$ 9 ? SAME
2LIEF1 _H N ,AGASSIZ & O!RS CALL$ VIVID
ATT5;N 6! ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 :1 Z WE %
IMMLY SEE1 AF=DS A SIMPLE EXPLAN,N ( ^!
FACTS4 ,WE H EVID;E ( ALM E 3CEIVA# K9D1
ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC1 T1 )9 A V REC5T
GEOLOGICAL P]IOD1 C5TRAL ,EUROPE & ,NOR?
,AM]ICA SU6]$ "U AN >CTIC CLIMATE4 ,!
RU9S (A H\SE BURNT 0FIRE D N TELL _!
TALE M PLA9LY ?AN D ! M.TA9S ( ,SCOTL& &
,WALES1 ) _! SCOR$ FLANKS1 POLI%$
SURFACES1 & P]*$ B\LD]S1 (! ICY /R1MS )
: _! VALLEYS 7 LATELY FILL$4 ,S GRTLY
HAS ! CLIMATE ( ,EUROPE *ANG$1 T 9
NOR!RN ,ITALY1 GIGANTIC MORA9ES1 LEFT
0OLD GLACI]S1 >E N[ CLO!D 0! V9E &
MAIZE4 ,"?\T A L>GE "P (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1
]RATIC B\LD]S & SCOR$ ROCKS PLA9LY REV1L
A =M] COLD P]IOD4
  ,! =M] 9FLU;E (! GLACIAL CLIMATE ON !
4TRIBU;N (! 9HABITANTS ( ,EUROPE1 Z
EXPLA9$ 0,$W>D ,=BES1 IS SUB/ANTI,Y Z
FOLL[S4 ,B WE % FOLL[ ! *ANGES M R1DILY1
0SUPPOS+ A NEW GLACIAL P]IOD SL[LY 6-E
ON1 & !N PASS AWAY1 Z =M]LY O3URR$4 ,Z !
COLD CAME ON1 & Z EA* M S\!RN Z"O 2CAME
FITT$ =! 9HABITANTS (! NOR?1 ^! WD TAKE
! PLACES (! =M] 9HABITANTS (! TEMP]ATE
REGIONS4 ,! LATT]1 AT ! SAME "T1 WD
TRAVEL FUR!R & FUR!R S\?W>D1 UN.S !Y 7
/OPP$ 0B>RI]S1 9 : CASE !Y WD P]I%4 ,!
M.TA9S WD 2COME COV]$ ) SN[ & ICE1 & _!
=M] ,ALP9E 9HABITANTS WD DESC5D 6!
PLA9S4 ,0! "T T ! COLD _H R1*$ XS
MAXIMUM1 WE %D H AN >CTIC FAUNA & FLORA1
COV]+ ! C5TRAL "PS ( ,EUROPE1 Z F> S\? Z
! ,ALPS & ,PYR5EES1 & EV5 /RET*+
96,SPA94 ,! N[ TEMP]ATE REGIONS (!
,UNIT$ ,/ATES WD LIKEWISE 2 COV]$ 0>CTIC
PLANTS & ANIMALS & ^! WD 2 NE>LY ! SAME
) ^? ( ,EUROPE2 =! PRES5T CIRCUMPOL>
9HABITANTS1 : WE SUPPOSE 6H "EY":
TRAVELL$ S\?W>D1 >E REM>KABLY UNI=M R.D
! _W4
  ,Z ! W>M? RETURN$1 ! >CTIC =MS WD
RETR1T NOR?W>D1 CLOSELY FOLL[$ UP 9 _!
RETR1T 0! PRODUC;NS (! M TEMP]ATE
REGIONS4 ,& Z ! SN[ MELT$ F ! BASES (!
M.TA9S1 ! >CTIC =MS WD SEIZE ON ! CLE>$
& ?AW$ GR.D1 ALW ASC5D+1 Z ! W>M? 9CR1S$
&! SN[ / FUR!R 4APPE>$1 HI<] & HI<]1
:IL/ _! BRE?R5 7 PURSU+ _! NOR!RN
J\RNEY4 ,H;E1 :5 ! W>M? _H FULLY
RETURN$1 ! SAME SPECIES1 : _H LATELY
LIV$ TGR ON ! ,EUROP1N & ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN
L[L&S1 WD AG 2 F.D 9 ! >CTIC REGIONS (!
,OLD & ,NEW ,_WS1 & ON _M ISOLAT$ M.TA9-
SUMMITS F> 4TANT F EA* O!R4
  ,?US WE C "U/& ! ID5T;Y ( _M PLANTS AT
PO9TS S IMM5SELY REMOTE Z ! M.TA9S (!
,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ^? ( ,EUROPE4 ,WE C ?US
AL "U/& ! FACT T ! ,ALP9E PLANTS ( EA*
M.TA9 RANGE >E M ESPECI,Y RELAT$ 6!
>CTIC =MS LIV+ DUE NOR? OR NE>LY DUE
NOR? ( !M3 =! F/ MIGR,N :5 ! COLD CAME
ON1 &! RE-MIGR,N ON ! RETURN+ W>M?1 WD
G5],Y H BE5 DUE S\? & NOR?4 ,! ,ALP9E
PLANTS1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ,SCOTL&1 Z REM>K$
0,MR4 ,H4 ,C4 ,WATSON1 & ^? (! ,PYR5EES1
Z REM>K$ 0,RAMOND1 >E M ESPECI,Y ALLI$
6! PLANTS ( NOR!RN ,SC&9AVIA2 ^? (!
,UNIT$ ,/ATES 6,LABRADOR2 ^? (! M.TA9S (
,SIB]IA 6! >CTIC REGIONS ( T C.TRY4 ,^!
VIEWS1 GR.D$ Z !Y >E ON ! P]FECTLY WELL-
ASC]TA9$ O3URR;E (A =M] ,GLACIAL P]IOD1
SEEM 6ME 6EXPLA9 9 S SATISFACTORY A
MANN] ! PRES5T 4TRIBU;N (! ,ALP9E &
>CTIC PRODUC;NS ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 T
:5 9 O!R REGIONS WE F9D ! SAME SPECIES
ON 4TANT M.TA9-SUMMITS1 WE MAY ALM
3CLUDE1 )\T O!R EVID;E1 T A COLD]
CLIMATE =M]LY P]MITT$ _! MIGR,N ACR !
9T]V5+ L[L&S1 N[ 2COME TOO W>M = _!
EXI/;E4
  ,Z ! >CTIC =MS MOV$ F/ S\?W>D & AFWS
BACKW>DS 6! NOR?1 9 UNISON )! *ANG+
CLIMATE1 !Y W N H BE5 EXPOS$ DUR+ _! L;G
MIGR,N 6ANY GRT DIV]S;Y ( TEMP]ATURE2 &
Z !Y ALL MIGRAT$ 9 A BODY TGR1 _! MUTUAL
REL,NS W N H BE5 M* 4TURB$4 ,H;E1 9
A3ORD.E )! PR9CIPLES 9CULCAT$ 9 ?
VOLUME1 ^! =MS W N H BE5 LIA# 6M*
MODIFIC,N4 ,B )! ,ALP9E PRODUC;NS1 LEFT
ISOLAT$ F ! MO;T (! RETURN+ W>M?1 F/ AT
! BASES & ULTIMATELY ON ! SUMMITS (!
M.TA9S1 ! CASE W H BE5 "S:AT DI6]5T2 = X
IS N LIKELY T ALL ! SAME >CTIC SPECIES W
H BE5 LEFT ON M.TA9 RANGES F> 4TANT F
EA* O!R1 & H SURVIV$ "! "E S9CE2 !Y W AL
9 ALL PROBABIL;Y1 H 2COME M+L$ ) ANCI5T
,ALP9E SPECIES1 : M/ H EXI/$ ON ! M.TA9S
2F ! -M;E;T (! ,GLACIAL EPO*1 & : DUR+ !
COLDE/ P]IOD W H BE5 TEMPOR>ILY DRIV5
D[N 6! PLA9S2 !Y W1 AL1 H BE5
SUBSEQU5TLY EXPOS$ 6"S:AT DI6]5T
CLIMATAL 9FLU;ES4 ,_! MUTUAL REL,NS W
?US H BE5 9 "S DEGREE 4TURB$2 3SEQU5TLY
!Y W H BE5 LIA# 6MODIFIC,N2 & !Y H BE5
MODIFI$2 = IF WE -P>E ! PRES5T ,ALP9E
PLANTS & ANIMALS (! S"EAL GRT ,EUROP1N
M.TA9 RANGES "O ) ANO!R1 ?\< _M (!
SPECIES REMA9 ID5TIC,Y ! SAME1 "S EXI/ Z
V>IETIES1 "S Z D\BT;L =MS OR SUB-
SPECIES1 & "S Z 4T9CT YET CLOSELY ALLI$
SPECIES REPRES5T+ EA* O!R ON ! S"EAL
RANGES4
  ,9 ! =EGO+ ILLU/R,N ,I H ASSUM$ T AT !
-M;E;T ( \R IMAG9>Y ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 !
>CTIC PRODUC;NS 7 Z UNI=M R.D ! POL>
REGIONS Z !Y >E AT ! PRES5T "D4 ,B X IS
AL NEC 6ASSUME T _M SUB->CTIC & "S FEW
TEMP]ATE =MS 7 ! SAME R.D ! _W1 = "S (!
SPECIES : N[ EXI/ ON ! L[] M.TA9-SLOPES
& ON ! PLA9S ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE
>E ! SAME2 & X MAY 2 ASK$ H[ ,I A3.T = ?
DEGREE ( UNI=M;Y 9 ! SUB->CTIC &
TEMP]ATE =MS R.D ! _W1 AT ! -M;E;T (!
R1L ,GLACIAL P]IOD4 ,AT ! PRES5T "D1 !
SUB->CTIC & NOR!RN TEMP]ATE PRODUC;NS (!
,OLD & ,NEW ,_WS >E SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R 0!
:OLE ,ATLANTIC ,OC1N & 0! NOR!RN "P (!
,PACIFIC4 ,DUR+ ! ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 :5 !
9HABITANTS (! ,OLD & ,NEW ,_WS LIV$ F>!R
S\?W>D ?AN !Y D AT PRES5T1 !Y M/ H BE5 /
M -PLETELY SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R 0WID]
SPACES ( OC1N2 S T X MAY WELL 2 ASK$ H[
! SAME SPECIES CD !N OR PREVI\SLY H 5T]$
! TWO 3T95TS4 ,! EXPLAN,N1 ,I 2LIEVE1
LIES 9 ! NATURE (! CLIMATE 2F ! -M;E;T (
! ,GLACIAL P]IOD4 ,AT ?1 ! NEW] ,PLIOC5E
P]IOD1 ! MAJOR;Y (! 9HABITANTS (! _W 7
SPECIFIC,Y ! SAME Z N[1 & WE H GD R1SON
62LIEVE T ! CLIMATE 0 W>M] ?AN AT !
PRES5T "D4 ,H;E WE MAY SUPPOSE T !
ORGANISMS : N[ LIVE "U LATITUDE #FJ1
LIV$ DUR+ ! ,PLIOC5E P]IOD F>!R NOR? "U
! ,POL> ,CIRCLE1 9 LATITUDE #FF-FG2 & T
! PRES5T >CTIC PRODUC;NS !N LIV$ ON !
BROK5 L& / NE>] 6! POLE4 ,N[1 IF WE
LOOK$ AT A T]RE/RIAL GLOBE1 WE SEE "U !
,POL> ,CIRCLE T "! IS ALM 3T9U\S L& F
WE/]N ,EUROPE1 "? ,SIB]IA1 6EA/]N
,AM]ICA4 ,& ? 3T9U;Y (! CIRCUMPOL> L&1 )
! 3SEQU5T FREEDOM "U A M FAV\RA# CLIMATE
= 9T]MIGR,N1 W A3.T =! SUPPOS$ UNI=M;Y (
! SUB->CTIC & TEMP]ATE PRODUC;NS (! ,OLD
& ,NEW ,_WS1 AT A P]IOD ANT]IOR 6!
,GLACIAL EPO*4
  ,2LIEV+1 F R1SONS 2F ALLUD$ TO1 T \R
3T95TS H L;G REMA9$ 9 NE>LY ! SAME
RELATIVE POSI;N1 ?\< SUBJECT$ 6GRT
OSCILL,NS ( LEVEL1 ,I AM /R;GLY 9CL9$
6EXT5D ! ABV VIEW1 & 69F] T DUR+ "S /
E>LI] & / W>M] P]IOD1 S* Z ! OLD]
,PLIOC5E P]IOD1 A L>GE NUMB] (! SAME
PLANTS & ANIMALS 9HABIT$ ! ALM 3T9U\S
CIRCUMPOL> L&2 & T ^! PLANTS & ANIMALS1
BO? 9 ! ,OLD & ,NEW ,_WS1 2GAN SL[LY
6MIGRATE S\?W>DS Z ! CLIMATE 2CAME LESS
W>M1 L;G 2F ! -M;E;T (! ,GLACIAL P]IOD4
,WE N[ SEE1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 _! DESC5DANTS1
MO/LY 9 A MODIFI$ 3DI;N1 9 ! C5TRAL "PS
( ,EUROPE &! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,ON ? VIEW
WE C "U/& ! REL,N%IP ) V LL ID5T;Y1 2T !
PRODUC;NS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1- A
REL,N%IP : IS HI<LY REM>KA#1 3SID]+ !
4T.E (! TWO >1S1 & _! SEP>,N 0! :OLE
,ATLANTIC ,OC1N4 ,WE C FUR!R "U/& !
S+UL> FACT REM>K$ ON 0S"EAL OBS]V]S T !
PRODUC;NS ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA DUR+ !
LAT] T]TI>Y /AGES 7 M CLOSELY RELAT$
6EA* O!R ?AN !Y >E AT ! PRES5T "T2 =
DUR+ ^! W>M] P]IODS ! NOR!RN "PS (! ,OLD
& ,NEW ,_WS W H BE5 ALM 3T9U\SLY UNIT$
0L&1 S]V+ Z A BRIDGE1 S9CE R5D]$
IMPASSA# 0COLD1 =! 9T]MIGR,N ( _!
9HABITANTS4
  ,DUR+ ! SL[LY DECR1S+ W>M? (! ,PLIOC5E
P]IOD1 Z SOON Z ! SPECIES 9 -MON1 :
9HABIT$ ! ,NEW & ,OLD ,_WS1 MIGRAT$ S\?
(! ,POL> ,CIRCLE1 !Y W H BE5 -PLETELY
CUT (F F EA* O!R4 ,? SEP>,N1 Z F> Z ! M
TEMP]ATE PRODUC;NS >E 3C]N$1 M/ H TAK5
PLACE L;G AGES AGO4 ,Z ! PLANTS &
ANIMALS MIGRAT$ S\?W>DS1 !Y W H 2COME
M+L$ 9 ! "O GRT REGION )! NATIVE
,AM]ICAN PRODUC;NS1 & WD H _H 6-PETE )
!M2 & 9 ! O!R GRT REGION1 ) ^? (! ,OLD
,_W4 ,3SEQU5TLY WE H "H "EY?+ FAV\RA# =
M* MODIFIC,N1- = F> M MODIFIC,N ?AN )!
,ALP9E PRODUC;NS1 LEFT ISOLAT$1 )9 A M*
M REC5T P]IOD1 ON ! S"EAL M.TA9-RANGES &
ON ! >CTIC L&S ( ,EUROPE & ,N4 ,AM]ICA4
,H;E X HAS -E1 T :5 WE -P>E ! N[ LIV+
PRODUC;NS (! TEMP]ATE REGIONS (! ,NEW &
,OLD ,_WS1 WE F9D V FEW ID5TICAL SPECIES
7?\< ,ASA ,GRAY HAS LATELY %[N T M
PLANTS >E ID5TICAL ?AN 0 =M]LY SUPPOS$71
B WE F9D 9 E GRT CLASS _M =MS1 : "S
NATURALI/S RANK Z GEOGRAPHICAL RACES1 &
O!RS Z 4T9CT SPECIES2 &A HO/ ( CLOSELY
ALLI$ OR REPRES5TATIVE =MS : >E RANK$
0ALL NATURALI/S Z SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT4
  ,Z ON ! L&1 S 9 ! WAT]S (! SEA1 A SL[
S\!RN MIGR,N (A M>9E FAUNA1 :1 DUR+ !
,PLIOC5E OR EV5 A "S:AT E>LI] P]IOD1 0
NE>LY UNI=M AL;G ! 3T9U\S %ORES (! ,POL>
,CIRCLE1 W A3.T1 ON ! !ORY ( MODIFIC,N1
= _M CLOSELY ALLI$ =MS N[ LIV+ 9 M>9E
>1S -PLETELY S"U$4 ,?US1 ,I ?9K1 WE C
"U/& ! PRES;E ( "S CLOSELY ALLI$1 /
EXI/+ & EXT9CT T]TI>Y =MS1 ON ! EA/]N &
WE/]N %ORES ( TEMP]ATE ,NOR? ,AM]ICA2 &!
/ M /RIK+ FACT ( _M CLOSELY ALLI$
CRU/AC1NS 7Z DESCRIB$ 9 ,DANA'S ADMIRA#
"W71 "S FI% & O!R M>9E ANIMALS1 9HABIT+
! ,M$IT]RAN1N &! S1S ( ,JAPAN1- ^! TWO
>1S 2+ N[ -PLETELY SEP>AT$ 0! BR1D? (A
:OLE 3T95T & 0WIDE SPACES ( OC1N4
  ,^! CASES ( CLOSE REL,N%IP 9 SPECIES
EI N[ OR =M]LY 9HABIT+ ! S1S ON ! EA/]N
& WE/]N %ORES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 !
,M$IT]RAN1N & ,JAPAN1 &! TEMP]ATE L&S (
,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1 >E 9EXPLICA# ON
! !ORY ( CRE,N4 ,WE _C MA9TA9 T S*
SPECIES H BE5 CR1T$ ALIKE1 9
CORRESPOND;E )! NE>LY SIMIL> PHYSICAL
3DI;NS (! >1S2 = IF WE -P>E1 = 9/.E1
C]TA9 "PS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA ) "PS ( ,S\?
,AFRICA OR ,AU/RALIA1 WE SEE C.TRIES
CLOSELY SIMIL> 9 ALL _! PHYSICAL 3DI;NS1
) _! 9HABITANTS UTT]LY 4SIMIL>4
  ,ALT]NATE ,GLACIAL ,P]IODS 9 ! ,NOR? &
,S\?
  ,B WE M/ RETURN 6\R M IMM SUBJECT4 ,I
AM 3V9C$ T ,=BES'S VIEW MAY 2 L>GELY
EXT5D$4 ,9 ,EUROPE WE MEET )! PLA9E/
EVID;E (! ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 F ! WE/]N
%ORES ( ,BRITA9 6! ,\RAL RANGE1 & S\?W>D
6! ,PYR5EES4 ,WE MAY 9F] F ! FROZ5
MAMMALS & NATURE (! M.TA9 VEGET,N1 T
,SIB]IA 0 SIMIL>LY A6ECT$4 ,9 !
,LEBANON1 AC 6,DR4 ,HOOK]1 P]PETUAL SN[
=M]LY COV]$ ! C5TRAL AXIS1 & F$ GLACI]S
: ROLL$ #DJJ FEET D[N ! VALLEYS4 ,! SAME
OBS]V] HAS REC5TLY F.D GRT MORA9ES AT A
L[ LEVEL ON ! ,ATLAS RANGE 9 ,N4
,AFRICA4 ,AL;G ! ,HIMALAYA1 AT PO9TS
#IJJ MILES A"P1 GLACI]S H LEFT ! M>KS (
_! =M] L[ DESC5T2 & 9 ,SIKKIM1 ,DR4
,HOOK] SAW MAIZE GR[+ ON ANCI5T &
GIGANTIC MORA9ES4 ,S\?W>D (! ,ASIATIC
3T95T1 ON ! OPPOSITE SIDE (! EQUATOR1 WE
"K1 F ! EXCELL5T RESE>*ES ( ,DR4 ,J4
,HAA/ & ,DR4 ,HECTOR1 T 9 ,NEW ,Z1L&
IMM5SE GLACI]S =M]LY DESC5D$ 6A L[
LEVEL2 &! SAME PLANTS F.D 0,DR4 ,HOOK]
ON WIDELY SEP>AT$ M.TA9S 9 ? ISL& TELL !
SAME /ORY (A =M] COLD P]IOD4 ,F FACTS
-MUNICAT$ 6ME 0! ,REV4 ,W4 ,B4 ,CL>KE1 X
APPE>S AL T "! >E TRACES ( =M] GLACIAL
AC;N ON ! M.TA9S (! S\?-EA/]N CORN] (
,AU/RALIA4
  ,LOOK+ 6,AM]ICA2 9 ! NOR!RN HALF1 ICE-
BORNE FRAG;TS ( ROCK H BE5 OBS]V$ ON !
EA/]N SIDE (! 3T95T1 Z F> S\? Z LAT4
#CF-CG1 & ON ! %ORES (! ,PACIFIC1 ": !
CLIMATE IS N[ S DI6]5T1 Z F> S\? Z LAT4
#DF4 ,]RATIC B\LD]S H1 AL1 BE5 NOTIC$ ON
! ,ROCKY ,M.TA9S4 ,9 ! ,CORDILL]A ( ,S\?
,AM]ICA1 NE>LY "U ! EQUATOR1 GLACI]S
ONCE EXT5D$ F> 2L _! PRES5T LEVEL4 ,9
,C5TRAL ,*ILE ,I EXAM9$ A VA/ M.D (
DETRITUS ) GRT B\LD]S1 CROSS+ !
,PORTILLO VALLEY1 : "! C H>DLY 2 A D\BT
ONCE =M$ A HUGE MORA9E2 & ,MR4 ,D4 ,=BES
9=MS ME T HE F.D 9 V>I\S "PS (!
,CORDILL]A1 F LAT4 #AC DEG4 6#CJ DEG4
,S41 AT AB ! HEI<T ( #AI1JJJ FEET1
DEEPLY FURR[$ ROCKS1 RESEMBL+ ^? ) : HE
0 FAMILI> 9 ,NORWAY1 & LIKEWISE GRT
MASSES ( DETRITUS1 9CLUD+ GROOV$ PEB#S4
,AL;G ? :OLE SPACE (! ,CORDILL]A TRUE
GLACI]S D N EXI/ EV5 AT M* M 3SID]A#
HEI<TS4 ,F>!R S\? ON BO? SIDES (! 3T95T1
F LAT4 #DA DEG4 6! S\!RNMO/ EXTREM;Y1 WE
H ! CLE>E/ EVID;E ( =M] GLACIAL AC;N1 9
NUM]\S IMM5SE B\LD]S TRANSPORT$ F> F _!
P>5T S\RCE4
  ,F ^! S"EAL FACTS1 "NLY F ! GLACIAL
AC;N HAV+ EXT5D$ ALL R.D ! NOR!RN &
S\!RN HEMISPH]ES- F ! P]IOD HAV+ BE5 9 A
GEOLOGICAL S5SE REC5T 9 BO? HEMISPH]ES-
F XS HAV+ LA/$ 9 BO? DUR+ A GRT L5G? (
"T1 Z MAY 2 9F]R$ F ! AM.T ( "W A6ECT$-
& LA/LY F GLACI]S HAV+ REC5TLY DESC5D$
6A L[ LEVEL AL;G ! :OLE L9E (!
,CORDILL]A1 X AT "O "T APPE>$ 6ME T WE
CD N AVOID ! 3CLU.N T ! TEMP]ATURE (!
:OLE _W _H BE5 SIMULTANE\SLY L[]$ DUR+ !
,GLACIAL P]IOD4 ,B N[ ,MR4 ,CROLL1 9 A
S]IES ( ADMIRA# MEMOIRS1 HAS ATTEMPT$
6%[ T A GLACIAL 3DI;N ( CLIMATE IS !
RESULT ( V>I\S PHYSICAL CAUSES1 BR"\
96OP],N 0AN 9CR1SE 9 ! E35TRIC;Y (!
E>?'S ORBIT4 ,ALL ^! CAUSES T5D T[>DS !
SAME 5D2 B ! MO/ P[];L APPE>S 6BE !
9DIRECT 9FLU;E (! E35TRIC;Y (! ORBIT ^U
OC1NIC CURR5TS4 ,AC 6,MR4 ,CROLL1 COLD
P]IODS REGUL>LY O3UR E T5 OR FIFTE5 ?\S&
YE>S2 & ^! AT L;G 9T]VALS >E EXTREMELY
SEV]E1 [+ 6C]TA9 3T+5CIES1 ( : ! MO/
IMPORTANT1 Z ,SIR ,C4 ,LYELL HAS %[N1 IS
! RELATIVE POSI;N (! L& & WAT]4 ,MR4
,CROLL 2LIEVES T ! LA/ GRT ,GLACIAL
P]IOD O3URR$ AB #BDJ1JJJ YE>S AGO1 &
5DUR$ ) SLI<T ALT],NS ( CLIMATE = AB
#AFJ1JJJ YE>S4 ,) RESPECT 6M ANCI5T
,GLACIAL P]IODS1 S"EAL GEOLOGI/S >E
3V9C$ F DIRECT EVID;E T S* O3URR$ DUR+ !
,MIOC5E & ,EOC5E =M,NS1 N 6M5;N / M
ANCI5T =M,NS4 ,B ! MO/ IMPORTANT RESULT
= U1 >RIV$ AT 0,MR4 ,CROLL1 IS T :5"E !
NOR!RN HEMISPH]E PASSES "? A COLD P]IOD
! TEMP]ATURE (! S\!RN HEMISPH]E IS
ACTU,Y RAIS$1 )! W9T]S R5D]$ M* MILD]1
*IEFLY "? *ANGES 9 ! DIREC;N (! OC1N
CURR5TS4 ,S 3V]SELY X W 2 )! NOR!RN
HEMISPH]E1 :IL/ ! S\!RN PASSES "? A
,GLACIAL P]IOD4 ,? 3CLU.N ?R[S S M* LI<T
ON GEOGRAPHICAL 4TRIBU;N T ,I AM /R;GLY
9CL9$ 6TRU/ 9 X2 B ,I W F/ GIVE ! FACTS1
: DEM& AN EXPLAN,N4
  ,9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ,DR4 ,HOOK] HAS %[N T
2SS _M CLOSELY ALLI$ SPECIES1 2T =TY &
FIFTY (! FL[]+ PLANTS ( ,TI]RA DEL
,FUEGO1 =M+ NO 9CONSID]A# "P ( XS SCANTY
FLORA1 >E -MON 6,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1
ENORM\SLY REMOTE Z ^! >1S 9 OPPOSITE
HEMISPH]ES >E F EA* O!R4 ,ON ! L(TY
M.TA9S ( EQUATORIAL ,AM]ICA A HO/ (
PECULI> SPECIES 2L;G+ 6,EUROP1N G5]A
O3UR4 ,ON ! ,ORGAN M.TA9S ( ,BRAZIL1 "S
FEW TEMP]ATE ,EUROP1N1 "S ,ANT>CTIC1 &
"S ,&1N G5]A 7 F.D 0,G>DN]1 : D N EXI/ 9
! L[ 9T]V5+ HOT C.TRIES4 ,ON ! ,SILLA (
,C>A3AS1 ! ILLU/RI\S ,HUMBOLDT L;G AGO
F.D SPECIES 2L;G+ 6G5]A "*I/IC (!
,CORDILL]A4
  ,9 ,AFRICA1 S"EAL =MS "*I/IC ( ,EUROPE
& "S FEW REPRES5TATIVES (! FLORA (!
,CAPE ( ,GD ,HOPE O3UR 9 ! M.TA9S (
,ABYSS9IA4 ,AT ! ,CAPE ( ,GD ,HOPE A V
FEW ,EUROP1N SPECIES1 2LIEV$ N 6H BE5
9TRODUC$ 0MAN1 & ON ! M.TA9S S"EAL
REPRES5TATIVE ,EUROP1N =MS >E F.D1 : H N
BE5 4COV]$ 9 ! 9T]TROPICAL "PS (
,AFRICA4 ,DR4 ,HOOK] HAS AL LATELY %[N T
S"EAL (! PLANTS LIV+ ON ! UPP] "PS (!
L(TY ISL& ( ,F]N&O ,PO & ON ! NEI<B\R+
,CAM]OON M.TA9S1 9 ! ,GULF ( ,GU9EA1 >E
CLOSELY RELAT$ 6^? ON ! M.TA9S (
,ABYSS9IA1 & LIKEWISE 6^? ( TEMP]ATE
,EUROPE4 ,X N[ AL APPE>S1 Z ,I HE> F
,DR4 ,HOOK]1 T "S ( ^! SAME TEMP]ATE
PLANTS H BE5 4COV]$ 0! ,REV4 ,R4 ,T4
,L[E ON ! M.TA9S (! ,CAPE ,V]DE ,ISL&S4
,? EXT5.N (! SAME TEMP]ATE =MS1 ALM "U !
EQUATOR1 ACR ! :OLE 3T95T ( ,AFRICA & 6!
M.TA9S (! ,CAPE ,V]DE ,>*IPELAGO1 IS "O
(! MO/ A/ONI%+ FACTS "E RECORD$ 9 !
4TRIBU;N ( PLANTS4
  ,ON ! ,HIMALAYA1 & ON ! ISOLAT$ M.TA9-
RANGES (! P59SULA ( ,9DIA1 ON ! HEI<TS (
,CEYLON1 & ON ! VOLCANIC C"OS ( ,JAVA1
_M PLANTS O3UR1 EI ID5TIC,Y ! SAME OR
REPRES5T+ EA* O!R1 & AT ! SAME "T
REPRES5T+ PLANTS ( ,EUROPE1 N F.D 9 !
9T]V5+ HOT L[L&S4 ,A LI/ (! G5]A (
PLANTS COLLECT$ ON ! L(TI] P1KS ( ,JAVA1
RAISES A PICTURE (A COLLEC;N MADE ON A
HILLOCK 9 ,EUROPE6 ,/ M /RIK+ IS ! FACT
T PECULI> ,AU/RALIAN =MS >E REPRES5T$
0C]TA9 PLANTS GR[+ ON ! SUMMITS (!
M.TA9S ( ,BORNEO4 ,"S ( ^! ,AU/RALIAN
=MS1 Z ,I HE> F ,DR4 ,HOOK]1 EXT5D AL;G
! HEI<TS (! P59SULA ( ,MALA3A1 & >E ?9LY
SCATT]$ ON ! "O H& OV] ,9DIA1 & ON ! O!R
H& Z F> NOR? Z ,JAPAN4
  ,ON ! S\!RN M.TA9S ( ,AU/RALIA1 ,DR4
,F4 ,MULL] HAS 4COV]$ S"EAL ,EUROP1N
SPECIES2 O!R SPECIES1 N 9TRODUC$ 0MAN1
O3UR ON ! L[L&S2 &A L;G LI/ C 2 GIV51 Z
,I AM 9=M$ 0,DR4 ,HOOK]1 ( ,EUROP1N
G5]A1 F.D 9 ,AU/RALIA1 B N 9 ! 9T]M$IATE
TORRID REGIONS4 ,9 ! ADMIRA# ,9TRODUC;N
6! ,FLORA ( ,NEW ,Z1L&1 0,DR4 ,HOOK]1
ANALOG\S & /RIK+ FACTS >E GIV5 9 REG>D
6! PLANTS ( T L>GE ISL&4 ,H;E WE SEE T
C]TA9 PLANTS GR[+ ON ! M L(TY M.TA9S (!
TROPICS 9 ALL "PS (! _W1 & ON ! TEMP]ATE
PLA9S (! NOR? & S\?1 >E EI ! SAME
SPECIES OR V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES4 ,X
%D1 H["E1 2 OBS]V$ T ^! PLANTS >E N
/RICTLY >CTIC =MS2 =1 Z ,MR4 ,H4 ,C4
,WATSON HAS REM>K$1 8IN REC$+ F POL>
T[>DS EQUATORIAL LATITUDES1 ! ,ALP9E OR
M.TA9 FLORAS RE,Y 2COME LESS & LESS
,>CTIC40 ,2SS ^! ID5TICAL & CLOSELY
ALLI$ =MS1 _M SPECIES 9HABIT+ ! SAME
WIDELY S"U$ >1S1 2L;G 6G5]A N N[ F.D 9 !
9T]M$IATE TROPICAL L[L&S4
  ,^! BRIEF REM>KS APPLY 6PLANTS AL"O2 B
"S FEW ANALOG\S FACTS CD 2 GIV5 9 REG>D
6T]RE/RIAL ANIMALS4 ,9 M>9E PRODUC;NS1
SIMIL> CASES LIKEWISE O3UR2 Z AN
EXAMPLE1 ,I MAY QUOTE A /ATE;T 0! HI<E/
AU?OR;Y1 ,PR(4 ,DANA1 T 8,X IS C]TA9LY A
WOND];L FACT T ,NEW ,Z1L& %D H A CLOS]
RESEMBL.E 9 XS ,CRU/ACEA 6,GRT ,BRITA91
XS ANTIPODE1 ?AN 6ANY O!R "P (! _W40
,SIR ,J4 ,RI*>DSON1 AL1 SP1KS (!
REAPPE>.E ON ! %ORES ( ,NEW ,Z1L&1
,TASMANIA1 &C41 ( NOR!RN =MS ( FI%4 ,DR4
,HOOK] 9=MS ME T TW5TY-FIVE SPECIES (
,ALGAE >E -MON 6,NEW ,Z1L& & 6,EUROPE1 B
H N BE5 F.D 9 ! 9T]M$IATE TROPICAL S1S4
  ,F ! =EGO+ FACTS1 "NLY1 ! PRES;E (
TEMP]ATE =MS ON ! HI<L&S ACR ! :OLE (
EQUATORIAL ,AFRICA1 & AL;G ! ,P59SULA (
,9DIA1 6,CEYLON &! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO1 &
9 A LESS WELL-M>K$ MANN] ACR ! WIDE
EXPANSE ( TROPICAL ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 X
APPE>S ALM C]TA9 T AT "S =M] P]IOD1 NO
D\BT DUR+ ! MO/ SEV]E "P (A ,GLACIAL
P]IOD1 ! L[L&S ( ^! GRT 3T95TS 7 "EY":
T5ANT$ "U ! EQUATOR 03SID]A# NUMB] (
TEMP]ATE =MS4 ,AT ? P]IOD ! EQUATORIAL
CLIMATE AT ! LEVEL (! SEA 0 PROBABLY AB
! SAME ) T N[ EXP]I;ED AT ! HEI<T ( F
FIVE 6SIX ?\S& FEET "U ! SAME LATITUDE1
OR P]H EV5 R COOL]4 ,DUR+ ?1 ! COLDE/
P]IOD1 ! L[L&S "U ! EQUATOR M/ H BE5
CLO!D )A M+L$ TROPICAL & TEMP]ATE
VEGET,N1 L T DESCRIB$ 0,HOOK] Z GR[+
LUXURIANTLY AT ! HEI<T ( F F\R 6FIVE
?\S& FEET ON ! L[] SLOPES (! ,HIMALAYA1
B ) P]H A / GRT] PREPOND].E ( TEMP]ATE
=MS4 ,S AG 9 ! M.TA9\S ISL& ( ,F]N&O
,PO1 9 ! ,GULF ( ,GU9EA1 ,MR4 ,MANN F.D
TEMP]ATE ,EUROP1N =MS 2G9N+ 6APPE> AT !
HEI<T ( AB FIVE ?\S& FEET4 ,ON ! M.TA9S
( ,PANAMA1 AT ! HEI<T ( ONLY TWO ?\S&
FEET1 ,DR4 ,SEEMANN F.D ! VEGET,N L T (
,MEXICO1 8) =MS (! TORRID Z"O H>MONI\SLY
BL5D$ ) ^? (! TEMP]ATE40
  ,N[ LET U SEE :E!R ,MR4 ,CROLL'S
3CLU.N T :5 ! NOR!RN HEMISPH]E SU6]$ F !
EXTREME COLD (! GRT ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 !
S\!RN HEMISPH]E 0 ACTU,Y W>M]1 ?R[S ANY
CLE> LI<T ON ! PRES5T APP>5TLY 9EXPLICA#
4TRIBU;N ( V>I\S ORGANISMS 9 ! TEMP]ATE
"PS ( BO? HEMISPH]ES1 & ON ! M.TA9S (!
TROPICS4 ,! ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 Z M1SUR$
0YE>S1 M/ H BE5 V L;G2 & :5 WE REMEMB]
OV] :AT VA/ SPACES "S NATURALIS$ PLANTS
& ANIMALS H SPR1D )9 A FEW C5TURIES1 ?
P]IOD W H BE5 AMPLE = ANY AM.T ( MIGR,N4
,Z ! COLD 2CAME M & M 9T5SE1 WE "K T
>CTIC =MS 9VAD$ ! TEMP]ATE REGIONS2 &1 F
! FACTS J GIV51 "! C H>DLY 2 A D\BT T "S
(! M VIGOR\S1 DOM9ANT1 & WIDE/-SPR1D+
TEMP]ATE =MS 9VAD$ ! EQUATORIAL L[L&S4
,! 9HABITANTS ( ^! HOT L[L&S WD AT !
SAME "T H MIGRAT$ 6! TROPICAL &
SUBTROPICAL REGIONS (! S\?1 =! S\!RN
HEMISPH]E 0 AT ? P]IOD W>M]4 ,ON !
DECL9E (! ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 Z BO?
HEMISPH]ES GRADU,Y RECOV]$ _! =M]
TEMP]ATURES1 ! NOR!RN TEMP]ATE =MS LIV+
ON ! L[L&S "U ! EQUATOR1 WD H BE5 DRIV5
6_! =M] HOMES OR H BE5 DE/ROY$1 2+
REPLAC$ 0! EQUATORIAL =MS RETURN+ F !
S\?4 ,"S1 H["E1 (! NOR!RN TEMP]ATE =MS
WD ALM C]TA9LY H ASC5D$ ANY ADJO9+ HI<
L&1 ":1 IF SU6ICI5TLY L(TY1 !Y WD H L;G
SURVIV$ L ! >CTIC =MS ON ! M.TA9S (
,EUROPE4 ,!Y MI<T H SURVIV$1 EV5 IF !
CLIMATE 0 N P]FECTLY FITT$ = !M1 =!
*ANGE ( TEMP]ATURE M/ H BE5 V SL[1 &
PLANTS UND\BT$LY POSSESS A C]TA9 CAPAC;Y
= A3LIMATIS,N1 Z %[N 0_! TRANSMITT+ 6_!
(FSPR+ DI6]5T 3/ITU;NAL P[]S ( RESI/+
H1T & COLD4
  ,9 ! REGUL> C\RSE ( EV5TS ! S\!RN
HEMISPH]E WD 9 XS TURN 2 SUBJECT$ 6A
SEV]E ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 )! NOR!RN
HEMISPH]E R5D]$ W>M]2 & !N ! S\!RN
TEMP]ATE =MS WD 9VADE ! EQUATORIAL
L[L&S4 ,! NOR!RN =MS : _H 2F BE5 LEFT ON
! M.TA9S WD N[ DESC5D & M+LE )! S\!RN
=MS4 ,^! LATT]1 :5 ! W>M? RETURN$1 WD
RETURN 6_! =M] HOMES1 L1V+ "S FEW
SPECIES ON ! M.TA9S1 & C>RY+ S\?W>D ) !M
"S (! NOR!RN TEMP]ATE =MS : _H DESC5D$ F
_! M.TA9 FA/;SES4 ,?US1 WE %D H "S FEW
SPECIES ID5TIC,Y ! SAME 9 ! NOR!RN &
S\!RN TEMP]ATE Z"OS & ON ! M.TA9S (!
9T]M$IATE TROPICAL REGIONS4 ,B ! SPECIES
LEFT DUR+ A L;G "T ON ^! M.TA9S1 OR 9
OPPOSITE HEMISPH]ES1 WD H 6-PETE ) _M
NEW =MS & WD 2 EXPOS$ 6"S:AT DI6]5T
PHYSICAL 3DI;NS2 H;E !Y WD 2 EM95TLY
LIA# 6MODIFIC,N1 & WD G5],Y N[ EXI/ Z
V>IETIES OR Z REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES2 & ?
IS ! CASE4 ,WE M/1 AL1 BE> 9 M9D !
O3URR;E 9 BO? HEMISPH]ES ( =M] ,GLACIAL
P]IODS2 = ^! W A3.T1 9 A3ORD.E )! SAME
PR9CIPLES1 =! _M Q 4T9CT SPECIES 9HABIT+
! SAME WIDELY SEP>AT$ >1S1 & 2L;G+ 6G5]A
N N[ F.D 9 ! 9T]M$IATE TORRID Z"OS4
  ,X IS A REM>KA# FACT /R;GLY 9SI/$ ON
0,HOOK] 9 REG>D 6,AM]ICA1 & 0,ALPH4 DE
,C&OLLE 9 REG>D 6,AU/RALIA1 T _M M
ID5TICAL OR SLI<TLY MODIFI$ SPECIES H
MIGRAT$ F ! NOR? 6! S\?1 ?AN 9 A REV]S$
DIREC;N4 ,WE SEE1 H["E1 A FEW S\!RN =MS
ON ! M.TA9S ( ,BORNEO & ,ABYSS9IA4 ,I
SUSPECT T ? PREPOND]ANT MIGR,N F ! NOR?
6! S\? IS DUE 6! GRT] EXT5T ( L& 9 !
NOR?1 & 6! NOR!RN =MS HAV+ EXI/$ 9 _! [N
HOMES 9 GRT] NUMB]S1 & HAV+ 3SEQU5TLY
BE5 ADV.ED "? NATURAL SELEC;N & -PETI;N
6A HI<] /AGE ( P]FEC;N1 OR DOM9AT+ P[]1
?AN ! S\!RN =MS4 ,& ?US1 :5 ! TWO SETS
2CAME -M+L$ 9 ! EQUATORIAL REGIONS1 DUR+
! ALT]N,NS 6! ,GLACIAL P]IODS1 ! NOR!RN
=MS 7 ! M P[];L & 7 A# 6HOLD _! PLACES
ON ! M.TA9S1 & AFWS 6MIGRATE S\?W>D )!
S\!RN =MS2 B N S ! S\!RN 9 REG>D 6!
NOR!RN =MS4 ,9 ! SAME MANN] AT ! PRES5T
"D1 WE SEE T V _M ,EUROP1N PRODUC;NS
COV] ! GR.D 9 ,LA ,PLATA1 ,NEW ,Z1L&1 &
6A LESS] DEGREE 9 ,AU/RALIA1 & H B1T5 !
NATIVES2 ":AS EXTREMELY FEW S\!RN =MS H
2COME NATURALIS$ 9 ANY "P (! NOR!RN
HEMISPH]E1 ?\< HIDES1 WOOL1 & O!R
OBJECTS LIKELY 6C>RY SE$S H BE5 L>GELY
IMPORT$ 96,EUROPE DUR+ ! LA/ TWO OR ?REE
C5TURIES F ,LA ,PLATA & DUR+ ! LA/ =TY
OR FIFTY YE>S F ,AU/RALIA4 ,! ,NEIL<]RIE
M.TA9S 9 ,9DIA1 H["E1 (F] A "PIAL
EXCEP;N2 = "H1 Z ,I HE> F ,DR4 ,HOOK]1
,AU/RALIAN =MS >E RAPIDLY S[+ !MVS &
2COM+ NATURALIS$4 ,2F ! LA/ GRT ,GLACIAL
P]IOD1 NO D\BT ! 9T]TROPICAL M.TA9S 7
/OCK$ ) 5DEMIC ,ALP9E =MS2 B ^! H ALM
"EY": YIELD$ 6! M DOM9ANT =MS G5]AT$ 9 !
L>G] >1S & M E6ICI5T "W%OPS (! NOR?4 ,9
_M ISL&S ! NATIVE PRODUC;NS >E NE>LY
EQUALL$1 OR EV5 \TNUMB]$1 0^? : H 2COME
NATURALIS$2 & ? IS ! F/ /AGE T[>DS _!
EXT9C;N4 ,M.TA9S >E ISL&S ON ! L&1 & _!
9HABITANTS H YIELD$ 6^? PRODUC$ )9 !
L>G] >1S (! NOR?1 J 9 ! SAME WAY Z !
9HABITANTS ( R1L ISL&S H "EY": YIELD$ &
>E / YIELD+ 63T95TAL =MS NATURALIS$ "?
MAN'S AG5CY4
  ,! SAME PR9CIPLES APPLY 6! 4TRIBU;N (
T]RE/RIAL ANIMALS &( M>9E PRODUC;NS1 9 !
NOR!RN & S\!RN TEMP]ATE Z"OS1 & ON !
9T]TROPICAL M.TA9S4 ,:51 DUR+ ! HEI<T (!
,GLACIAL P]IOD1 ! OC1N-CURR5TS 7 WIDELY
DI6]5T 6:AT !Y N[ >E1 "S (! 9HABITANTS (
! TEMP]ATE S1S MI<T H R1*$ ! EQUATOR2 (
^! A FEW WD P]H AT ONCE 2 A# 6MIGRATE
S\?W>D1 0KEEP+ 6! COOL] CURR5TS1 :IL/
O!RS MI<T REMA9 & SURVIVE 9 ! COLD]
DEP?S UNTIL ! S\!RN HEMISPH]E 0 9 XS
TURN SUBJECT$ 6A GLACIAL CLIMATE &
P]MITT$ _! FUR!R PROGRESS2 9 NE>LY !
SAME MANN] Z1 AC 6,=BES1 ISOLAT$ SPACES
9HABIT$ 0>CTIC PRODUC;NS EXI/ 6! PRES5T
"D 9 ! DEEP] "PS (! NOR!RN TEMP]ATE S1S4
  ,I AM F> F SUPPOS+ T ALL ! DI6ICULTIES
9 REG>D 6! 4TRIBU;N & A69ITIES (!
ID5TICAL & ALLI$ SPECIES1 : N[ LIVE S
WIDELY SEP>AT$ 9 ! NOR? & S\?1 & "S"TS
ON ! 9T]M$IATE M.TA9-RANGES1 >E REMOV$
ON ! VIEWS ABV GIV54 ,! EXACT L9ES (
MIGR,N _C 2 9DICAT$4 ,WE _C SAY :Y C]TA9
SPECIES & N O!RS H MIGRAT$2 :Y C]TA9
SPECIES H BE5 MODIFI$ & H GIV5 RISE 6NEW
=MS1 :IL/ O!RS H REMA9$ UNALT]$4 ,WE _C
HOPE 6EXPLA9 S* FACTS1 UNTIL WE C SAY :Y
"O SPECIES & N ANO!R 2COMES NATURALIS$
0MAN'S AG5CY 9 A =EIGN L&2 :Y "O SPECIES
RANGES TWICE OR ?RICE Z F>1 & IS TWICE
OR ?RICE Z -MON1 Z ANO!R SPECIES )9 _!
[N HOMES4
  ,V>I\S SPECIAL DI6ICULTIES AL REMA9
6BE SOLV$2 = 9/.E1 ! O3URR;E1 Z %[N
0,DR4 ,HOOK]1 (! SAME PLANTS AT PO9TS S
ENORM\SLY REMOTE Z ,K]GUEL5 ,L&1 ,NEW
,Z1L&1 & ,FUEGIA2 B ICEB]GS1 Z SU7E/$
0,LYELL1 MAY H BE5 3C]N$ 9 _! 4P]SAL4 ,!
EXI/;E AT ^! & O!R 4TANT PO9TS (! S\!RN
HEMISPH]E1 ( SPECIES1 :1 ?\< 4T9CT1 2L;G
6G5]A EXCLUSIVELY 3F9$ 6! S\?1 IS A M
REM>KA# CASE4 ,"S ( ^! SPECIES >E S
4T9CT1 T WE _C SUPPOSE T "! HAS BE5 "T
S9CE ! -M;E;T (! LA/ ,GLACIAL P]IOD = _!
MIGR,N & SUBSEQU5T MODIFIC,N 6! NEC
DEGREE4 ,! FACTS SEEM 69DICATE T 4T9CT
SPECIES 2L;G+ 6! SAME G5]A H MIGRAT$ 9
RADIAT+ L9ES F A -MON C5TRE2 & ,I AM
9CL9$ 6LOOK 9 ! S\!RN1 Z 9 ! NOR!RN
HEMISPH]E1 6A =M] & W>M] P]IOD1 2F !
-M;E;T (! LA/ ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 :5 !
,ANT>CTIC L&S1 N[ COV]$ ) ICE1 SUPPORT$
A HI<LY PECULI> & ISOLAT$ FLORA4 ,X MAY
2 SUSPECT$ T 2F ? FLORA 0 EXT]M9AT$ DUR+
! LA/ ,GLACIAL EPO*1 A FEW =MS _H BE5
ALR WIDELY 4P]S$ 6V>I\S PO9TS (! S\!RN
HEMISPH]E 0O3A.NAL M1NS ( TRANSPORT1 &
0! AID Z HALT+-PLACES1 ( N[ SUNK5 ISL&S4
,?US ! S\!RN %ORES ( ,AM]ICA1 ,AU/RALIA1
& ,NEW ,Z1L& MAY H 2COME SLI<TLY T9T$ 0!
SAME PECULI> =MS ( LIFE4
  ,SIR ,C4 ,LYELL 9 A /RIK+ PASSAGE HAS
SPECULAT$1 9 LANGUAGE ALM ID5TICAL )
M9E1 ON ! E6ECTS ( GRT ALT],NS ( CLIMATE
"?\T ! _W ON GEOGRAPHICAL 4TRIBU;N4 ,&
WE H N[ SE5 T ,MR4 ,CROLL'S 3CLU.N T
SU3ESSIVE ,GLACIAL P]IODS 9 ! "O
HEMISPH]E CO9CIDE ) W>M] P]IODS 9 !
OPPOSITE HEMISPH]E1 TGR )! ADMIS.N (!
SL[ MODIFIC,N ( SPECIES1 EXPLA9S A
MULTITUDE ( FACTS 9 ! 4TRIBU;N (! SAME &
(! ALLI$ =MS ( LIFE 9 ALL "PS (! GLOBE4
,! LIV+ WAT]S H FL[$ DUR+ "O P]IOD F !
NOR? & DUR+ ANO!R F ! S\?1 & 9 BO? CASES
H R1*$ ! EQUATOR2 B ! /R1M ( LIFE HAS
FL[$ ) GRT] =CE F ! NOR? ?AN 9 !
OPPOSITE DIREC;N1 & HAS 3SEQU5TLY M
FREELY 9UNDAT$ ! S\?4 ,Z ! TIDE L1VES XS
DRIFT 9 HORIZONTAL L9ES1 RIS+ HI<] ON !
%ORES ": ! TIDE RISES HI<E/1 S H ! LIV+
WAT]S LEFT _! LIV+ DRIFT ON \R M.TA9
SUMMITS1 9 A L9E G5TLY RIS+ F ! >CTIC
L[L&S 6A GRT ALTITUDE "U ! EQUATOR4 ,!
V>I\S 2+S ?US LEFT /R&$ MAY 2 -P>$ )
SAVAGE RACES ( MAN1 DRIV5 UP & SURVIV+ 9
! M.TA9 FA/;SES ( ALM E L&1 : S]VES Z A
RECORD1 FULL ( 9T]E/ 6U1 (! =M]
9HABITANTS (! SURR.D+ L[L&S4