,,*APT] ;,X3 ,,ON ,,! ,,IMP]FEC;N ,,( ,,! ,,GEOLOGICAL ,,RECORD ,9 ! SIX? *APT] ,I ENUM]AT$ ! *IEF OBJEC;NS : MI5TLY MO/ FAV\RA# = _! PRES;E1 "NLY1 ON AN EXT5SIVE & 3T9U\S >EA ) GRADUAT$ PHYSICAL 3DI;NS4 ,I 5D1V\R$ 6%[1 T ! LIFE ( EA* SPECIES DEP5DS 9 A M IMPORTANT MANN] ON ! PRES;E ( O!R ALR DEF9$ ORGANIC =MS1 ?AN ON CLIMATE1 &1 "!=E1 T ! RE,Y GOV]N+ 3DI;NS ( LIFE D N GRADUATE AWAY Q 9S5SIBLY L H1T OR MOI/URE4 ,I 5D1V\R$1 AL1 6%[ T 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES1 F EXI/+ 9 LESS] NUMB]S ?AN ! =MS : !Y 3NECT1 W G5],Y 2 B1T5 \ & EXT]M9AT$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( FUR!R MODIFIC,N & IMPROVE;T4 ,! MA9 CAUSE1 H["E1 ( 9NUM]A# 9T]M$IATE L9KS N N[ O3URR+ "EY": "?\T NATURE1 DEP5DS ON ! V PROCESS ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 "? : NEW V>IETIES 3T9U,Y TAKE ! PLACES (& SUPPLANT _! P>5T-=MS4 ,B J 9 PROPOR;N Z ? PROCESS ( EXT]M9,N HAS ACT$ ON AN ENORM\S SCALE1 S M/ ! NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES1 : H =M]LY EXI/$1 2 TRULY ENORM\S4 ,:Y !N IS N E GEOLOGICAL =M,N & E /RATUM FULL ( S* 9T]M$IATE L9KS8 ,GEOLOGY ASSUR$LY DOES N REV1L ANY S* F9ELY-GRADUAT$ ORGANIC *A92 & ?1 P]H1 IS ! MO/ OBVI\S & S]I\S OBJEC;N : C 2 URG$ AG/ ! !ORY4 ,! EXPLAN,N LIES1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 9 ! EXTREME IMP]FEC;N (! GEOLOGICAL RECORD4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 X %D ALW 2 BORNE 9 M9D :AT SORT ( 9T]M$IATE =MS M/1 ON ! !ORY1 H =M]LY EXI/$4 ,I H F.D X DI6ICULT1 :5 LOOK+ AT ANY TWO SPECIES1 6AVOID PICTUR+ 6MYF =MS DIRECTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T !M4 ,B ? IS A :OLLY FALSE VIEW2 WE %D ALW LOOK = =MS 9T]M$IATE 2T EA* SPECIES &A -MON B UN"KN PROG5ITOR2 &! PROG5ITOR W G5],Y H DI6]$ 9 "S RESPECTS F ALL XS MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS4 ,6GIVE A SIMPLE ILLU/R,N3 ! FANTAIL & P\T] PIGEONS >E BO? DESC5D$ F ! ROCK-PIGEON2 IF WE POSSESS$ ALL ! 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES : H "E EXI/$1 WE %D H AN EXTREMELY CLOSE S]IES 2T BO? &! ROCK- PIGEON2 B WE %D H NO V>IETIES DIRECTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T ! FANTAIL & P\T]2 N"O1 = 9/.E1 -B9+ A TAIL "S:AT EXP&$ )A CROP "S:AT 5L>G$1 ! "*I/IC F1TURES ( ^! TWO BRE$S4 ,^! TWO BRE$S1 MOREOV]1 H 2COME S M* MODIFI$1 T1 IF WE _H NO HI/ORICAL OR 9DIRECT EVID;E REG>D+ _! ORIG91 X WD N H BE5 POSSI# 6H DET]M9$1 F A M]E -P>ISON ( _! /RUCTURE ) T (! ROCK-PIGEON1 ,C4 LIVIA1 :E!R !Y _H DESC5D$ F ? SPECIES OR F "S ALLI$ =M1 S* Z ,C4 AENAS4 ,S1 ) NATURAL SPECIES1 IF WE LOOK 6=MS V 4T9CT1 = 9/.E 6! HORSE & TAPIR1 WE H NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T L9KS DIRECTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T !M "E EXI/$1 B 2T EA* & AN UN"KN -MON P>5T4 ,! -MON P>5T W H _H 9 XS :OLE ORGANIS,N M* G5]AL RESEMBL.E 6! TAPIR & 6! HORSE2 B 9 "S PO9TS ( /RUCTURE MAY H DI6]$ 3SID]ABLY F BO?1 EV5 P]H M ?AN !Y DI6] F EA* O!R4 ,H;E1 9 ALL S* CASES1 WE %D 2 UNA# 6RECOGNISE ! P>5T-=M ( ANY TWO OR M SPECIES1 EV5 IF WE CLOSELY -P>$ ! /RUCTURE (! P>5T ) T ( XS MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS1 UN.S AT ! SAME "T WE _H A NE>LY P]FECT *A9 (! 9T]M$IATE L9KS4 ,X IS J POSSI# 0!ORY1 T "O ( TWO LIV+ =MS MI5T1 W R5D] ? A V R>E EV5T2 = 9 ALL CASES ! NEW & IMPROV$ =MS ( LIFE T5D 6SUPPLANT ! OLD & UNIMPROV$ =MS4 ,0! !ORY ( NATURAL SELEC;N ALL LIV+ SPECIES H BE5 3NECT$ )! P>5T-SPECIES ( EA* G5US1 0DI6];ES N GRT] ?AN WE SEE 2T ! NATURAL & DOME/IC V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES AT ! PRES5T "D2 & ^! P>5T- SPECIES1 N[ G5],Y EXT9CT1 H 9 _! TURN BE5 SIMIL>LY 3NECT$ ) M ANCI5T =MS2 & S ON BACKW>DS1 ALW 3V]G+ 6! -MON ANCE/OR ( EA* GRT CLASS4 ,S T ! NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE & TRANSI;NAL L9KS1 2T ALL LIV+ & EXT9CT SPECIES1 M/ H BE5 9CONCEIVABLY GRT4 ,B ASSUR$LY1 IF ? !ORY 2 TRUE1 S* H LIV$ ^U ! E>?4 ,ON ! ,LAPSE ( ,"T1 Z 9F]R$ F ! RATE ( ,DEPOSI;N & EXT5T ( ,DENUD,N ,9DEP5D5TLY ( \R N F9D+ FOSSIL REMA9S ( S* 9F9ITELY NUM]\S 3NECT+ L9KS1 X MAY 2 OBJECT$ T "T _C H SU6IC$ = S GRT AN AM.T ( ORGANIC *ANGE1 ALL *ANGES HAV+ BE5 E6ECT$ SL[LY4 ,X IS H>DLY POSSI# = ME 6RECALL 6! R1D] :O IS N A PRACTICAL GEOLOGI/1 ! FACTS L1D+ ! M9D FEEBLY 6-PREH5D ! LAPSE ( "T4 ,HE :O C R1D ,SIR ,*>LES ,LYELL'S GR& "W ON ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,GEOLOGY1 : ! FUTURE HI/ORIAN W RECOGNISE Z HAV+ PRODUC$ A REVOLU;N 9 NATURAL SCI;E1 & YET DOES N ADMIT H[ VA/ H BE5 ! PA/ P]IODS ( "T1 MAY AT ONCE CLOSE ? VOLUME4 ,N T X SU6ICES 6/UDY ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,GEOLOGY1 OR 6R1D SPECIAL TR1TISES 0DI6]5T OBS]V]S ON SEP>ATE =M,NS1 & 6M>K H[ EA* AU?OR ATTEMPTS1 6GIVE AN 9ADEQUATE IDEA (! DUR,N ( EA* =M,N1 OR EV5 ( EA* /RATUM4 ,WE C BE/ GA9 "S IDEA ( PA/ "T 0"K+ ! AG5CIES AT "W1 & LE>N+ H[ DEEPLY ! SURFACE (! L& HAS BE5 DENUD$1 & H[ M* S$I;T HAS BE5 DEPOSIT$4 ,Z ,LYELL HAS WELL REM>K$1 ! EXT5T & ?ICK;S ( \R S$I;T>Y =M,NS >E ! RESULT &! M1SURE (! DENUD,N : ! E>?'S CRU/ HAS ELSE": "UG"O4 ,"!=E A MAN %D EXAM9E = HMF ! GRT PILES ( SUP]IMPOS$ /RATA1 & WAT* ! RIVULETS BR++ D[N MUD1 &! WAVES WE>+ AWAY ! SEA-CLI6S1 9 ORD] 6-PREH5D "S?+ AB ! DUR,N ( PA/ "T1 ! MONU;TS ( : WE SEE ALL >.D U4 ,X IS GD 6W&] AL;G ! COA/1 :5 =M$ ( MOD]ATELY H>D ROCKS1 & M>K ! PROCESS ( DEGRAD,N4 ,! TIDES 9 MO/ CASES R1* ! CLI6S ONLY =A %ORT "T TWICE A "D1 &! WAVES EAT 96!M ONLY :5 !Y >E *>G$ ) S& OR PEB#S2 = "! IS GD EVID;E T PURE WAT] E6ECTS NO?+ 9 WE>+ AWAY ROCK4 ,AT LA/ ! BASE (! CLIFF IS "UM9$1 HUGE FRAG;TS FALL D[N1 & ^!1 REMA9+ FIX$1 H 6BE WORN AWAY ATOM 0ATOM1 UNTIL AF 2+ REDUC$ 9 SIZE !Y C 2 ROLL$ AB 0! WAVES1 & !N !Y >E M QKLY GR.D 96PEB#S1 S&1 OR MUD4 ,B H[ (T5 D WE SEE AL;G ! BASES ( RETR1T+ CLI6S R.D$ B\LD]S1 ALL ?ICKLY CLO!D 0M>9E PRODUC;NS1 %[+ H[ LL !Y >E ABRAD$ & H[ SELDOM !Y >E ROLL$ AB6 ,MOREOV]1 IF WE FOLL[ =A FEW MILES ANY L9E ( ROCKY CLIFF1 : IS "UGO+ DEGRAD,N1 WE F9D T X IS ONLY "H & "!1 AL;G A %ORT L5G? OR R.D A PROMONTORY1 T ! CLI6S >E AT ! PRES5T "T SU6]+4 ,! APPE>.E (! SURFACE &! VEGET,N %[ T ELSE": YE>S H ELAPS$ S9CE ! WAT]S WA%$ _! BASE4 ,WE H1 H["E1 REC5TLY LE>NT F ! OBS]V,NS ( ,RAMSAY1 9 ! VAN ( _M EXCELL5T OBS]V]S- ( ,JUKES1 ,GEIKIE1 ,CROLL1 & O!RS1 T SUBAERIAL DEGRAD,N IS A M* M IMPORTANT AG5CY ?AN COA/-AC;N1 OR ! P[] (! WAVES4 ,! :OLE SURFACE (! L& IS EXPOS$ 6! *EMICAL AC;N (! AIR &(! RA9- WAT] ) XS 4SOLV$ C>BOLIC ACID1 & 9 COLD] C.TRIES 6FRO/2 ! 49TEGRAT$ MATT] IS C>RI$ D[N EV5 G5TLE SLOPES DUR+ H1VY RA91 & 6A GRT] EXT5T ?AN MIID 4TRICTS1 0! W9D2 X IS !N TRANSPORT$ 0! /R1MS & RIV]S1 : :5 RAPID DEEP5 _! *ANNELS1 & TRITURATE ! FRAG;TS4 ,ON A RA9Y "D1 EV5 9 A G5TLY UNDULAT+ C.TRY1 WE SEE ! E6ECTS ( SUBAERIAL DEGRAD,N 9 ! MU4Y RILLS : FL[ D[N E SLOPE4 ,MESSRS4 ,RAMSAY & ,:ITAK] H %[N1 &! OBS]V,N IS A MO/ /RIK+ "O1 T ! GRT L9ES ( ESC>P;T 9 ! ,W1LD5 4TRICT & ^? RANG+ ACR ,5GL&1 : =M]LY 7 LOOK$ AT Z ANCI5T SEA-COA/S1 _C H BE5 ?US =M$1 = EA* L9E IS -POS$ ( "O &! SAME =M,N1 :IL/ \R SEA-CLI6S >E "EY": =M$ 0! 9T]SEC;N ( V>I\S =M,NS4 ,? 2+ ! CASE1 WE >E -PELL$ 6ADMIT T ! ESC>P;TS [E _! ORIG9 9 *IEF "P 6! ROCKS ( : !Y >E -POS$ HAV+ RESI/$ SUBAERIAL DENUD,N BETT] ?AN ! SURR.D+ SURFACE2 ? SURFACE 3SEQU5TLY HAS BE5 GRADU,Y L[]$1 )! L9ES ( H>D] ROCK LEFT PROJECT+4 ,NO?+ IMPRESSES ! M9D )! VA/ DUR,N ( "T1 AC 6\R ID1S ( "T1 M =CIBLY ?AN ! 3VIC;N ?US GA9$ T SUBAERIAL AG5CIES : APP>5TLY H S LL P[]1 & : SEEM 6"W S SL[LY1 H PRODUC$ GRT RESULTS4 ,:5 ?US IMPRESS$ )! SL[ RATE AT : ! L& IS WORN AWAY "? SUBAERIAL & LITTORAL AC;N1 X IS GD1 9 ORD] 6APPRECIATE ! PA/ DUR,N ( "T1 63SID]1 ON ! "O H&1 ! MASSES ( ROCK : H BE5 REMOV$ OV] _M EXT5SIVE >1S1 & ON ! O!R H& ! ?ICK;S ( \R S$I;T>Y =M,NS4 ,I REMEMB] HAV+ BE5 M* /RUCK :5 VIEW+ VOLCANIC ISL&S1 : H BE5 WORN 0! WAVES & P>$ ALL R.D 96P]P5DICUL> CLI6S ( "O OR TWO ?\S& FEET 9 HEI ! H>D1 ROCKY B$S _H ONCE EXT5D$ 96! OP5 OC1N4 ,! SAME /ORY IS TOLD / M PLA9LY 0FAULTS1- ^? GRT CRACKS AL;G : ! /RATA H BE5 UPH1V$ ON "O SIDE1 OR ?R[N D[N ON ! O!R1 6! HEITS1 ! SURFACE (! L& HAS BE5 S -PLETELY PLAN$ D[N T NO TRACE ( ^! VA/ 4LOC,NS IS EXT]N,Y VISI#4 ,! ,CRAV5 FAULT1 = 9/.E1 EXT5DS = UPW>DS ( #CJ MILES1 & AL;G ? L9E ! V]TICAL 4PLACE;T (! /RATA V>IES F #FJJ 6#CJJJ FEET4 ,PROFESSOR ,RAMSAY HAS PUBLI%$ AN A3.T (A D[N?R[ 9 ,ANGLESEA ( #BCJJ FEET2 & HE 9=MS ME T HE FULLY 2LIEVES T "! IS "O 9 ,M]IONE?%IRE ( #AB1JJJ FEET2 YET 9 ^! CASES "! IS NO?+ ON ! SURFACE (! L& 6%[ S* PRODIGI\S MOVE;TS2 ! PILE ( ROCKS ON EI SIDE (! CRACK HAV+ BE5 SMOO?LY SWEPT AWAY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ALL "PS (! _W ! PILES ( S$I;T>Y /RATA >E ( WOND];L ?ICK;S4 ,9 ! ,CORDILL]A ,I E/IMAT$ "O MASS ( 3GLOM]ATE AT T5 ?\S& FEET2 & AL? 3GLOM]ATES H PROBABLY BE5 A3UMULAT$ AT A QK] RATE ?AN F9] S$I;TS1 YET F 2+ =M$ ( WORN & R.D$ PEB#S1 EA* ( : BE>S ! /AMP ( "T1 !Y >E GD 6%[ H[ SL[LY ! MASS M/ H BE5 H1P$ TGR4 ,PROFESSOR ,RAMSAY HAS GIV5 ME ! MAXIMUM ?ICK;S1 F ACTUAL M1SURE;T 9 MO/ CASES1 (! SU3ESSIVE =M,NS 9 DI6]5T "PS ( ,GRT ,BRITA92 & ? IS ! RESULT3- ,PALAEOZOIC /RATA 7N 9CLUD+ IGNE\S B$S7 #EG1AED FEET ,SECOND>Y /RATA #AC1AIJ FEET ,T]TI>Y /RATA #B1BDI FEET -MAK+ ALT #GB1EHD FEET2 T IS1 V NE>LY ?IRTE5 & ?REE-QU>T]S ,BRITI% MILES4 ,"S (! =M,NS1 : >E REPRES5T$ 9 ,5GL& 0?9 B$S1 >E ?\S&S ( FEET 9 ?ICK;S ON ! ,3T95T4 ,MOREOV]1 2T EA* SU3ESSIVE =M,N1 WE H1 9 ! OP9ION ( MO/ GEOLOGI/S1 BLANK P]IODS ( ENORM\S L5G?4 ,S T ! L(TY PILE ( S$I;T>Y ROCKS 9 ,BRITA9 GIVES B AN 9ADEQUATE IDEA (! "T : HAS ELAPS$ DUR+ _! A3UMUL,N4 ,! 3SID],N ( ^! V>I\S FACTS IMPRESSES ! M9D ALM 9 ! SAME MANN] Z DOES ! VA9 5D1V\R 6GRAPPLE )! IDEA ( ET]N;Y4 ,N"E!.S ? IMPRES.N IS "PLY FALSE4 ,MR4 ,CROLL1 9 AN 9T]E/+ PAP]1 REM>KS T WE D N ]R 8IN =M+ TOO GRT A 3CEP;N (! L5G? ( GEOLOGICAL P]IODS10 B 9 E/IMAT+ !M 0YE>S4 ,:5 GEOLOGI/S LOOK AT L>GE & -PLICAT$ PH5OM5A1 & !N AT ! FIGURES REPRES5T+ S"EAL MILLION YE>S1 ! TWO PRODUCE A TOT,Y DI6]5T E6ECT ON ! M9D1 & ! FIGURES >E AT ONCE PRON\NC$ TOO SMALL4 ,9 REG>D 6SUBAERIAL DENUD,N1 ,MR4 ,CROLL %[S1 0CALCULAT+ ! "KN AM.T ( S$I;T ANNU,Y BR"\ D[N 0C]TA9 RIV]S1 RELATIVELY 6_! >1S ( DRA9AGE1 T #AJJJ FEET ( SOLID ROCK1 Z X 2CAME GRADU,Y 49TEGRAT$1 WD ?US 2 REMOV$ F ! M1N LEVEL (! :OLE >EA 9 ! C\RSE ( SIX MILLION YE>S4 ,? SEEMS AN A/ONI%+ RESULT1 & "S 3SID],NS L1D 6! SUSPICION T X MAY 2 TOO L>GE1 B EV5 IF HALV$ OR QU>T]$ X IS / V SURPRIS+4 ,FEW ( U1 H["E1 "K :AT A MILLION RE,Y M1NS3 ,MR4 ,CROLL GIVES ! FOLL[+ ILLU/R,N3 TAKE A N>R[ /RIP ( PAP]1 #HC FEET #D 9*ES 9 L5G?1 & /RET* X AL;G ! WALL (A L>GE HALL2 !N M>K (F AT "O 5D ! T5? ( AN 9*4 ,? T5? ( AN 9* W REPRES5T "O HUNDR$ YE>S1 &! 5TIRE /RIP A MILLION YE>S4 ,B LET X 2 BORNE 9 M9D1 9 REL,N 6! SUBJECT ( ? "W1 :AT A HUNDR$ YE>S IMPLIES1 REPRES5T$ Z X IS 0A M1SURE UTT]LY 9SIGNIFICANT 9 A HALL (! ABV DIM5.NS4 ,S"EAL EM95T BRE$]S1 DUR+ A S+LE LIFE"T1 H S L>GELY MODIFI$ "S (! HI<] ANIMALS : PROPAGATE _! K9D M* M SL[LY ?AN MO/ (! L[] ANIMALS1 T !Y H =M$ :AT WELL DES]VES 6BE CALL$ A NEW SUB-BRE$4 ,FEW M5 H ATT5D$ ) DUE C>E 6ANY "O /RA9 = M ?AN HALF A C5TURY1 S T A HUNDR$ YE>S REPRES5TS ! "W ( TWO BRE$]S 9 SU3ES.N4 ,X IS N 6BE SUPPOS$ T SPECIES 9 A /ATE ( NATURE "E *ANGE S QKLY Z DOME/IC ANIMALS "U ! GUID.E ( ME?ODICAL SELEC;N4 ,! -P>ISON WD 2 9 E WAY FAIR] )! E6ECTS : FOLL[ F UNCONSCI\S SELEC;N1 T IS ! PRES]V,N (! MO/ USE;L OR B1UTI;L ANIMALS1 ) NO 9T5;N ( MODIFY+ ! BRE$2 B 0? PROCESS ( UNCONSCI\S SELEC;N1 V>I\S BRE$S H BE5 S5SIBLY *ANG$ 9 ! C\RSE ( TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES4 ,SPECIES1 H["E1 PROBABLY *ANGE M* M SL[LY1 & )9 ! SAME C.TRY ONLY A FEW *ANGE AT ! SAME "T4 ,? SL[;S FOLL[S F ALL ! 9HABITANTS (! SAME C.TRY 2+ ALR S WELL ADAPT$ 6EA* O!R1 T NEW PLACES 9 ! POL;Y ( NATURE D N O3UR UNTIL AF L;G 9T]VALS1 DUE 6! O3URR;E ( PHYSICAL *ANGES ( "S K9D1 OR "? ! IMMIGR,N ( NEW =MS4 ,MOREOV] V>I,NS OR 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES (! "R NATURE1 0: "S (! 9HABITANTS MIDS ( YE>S1 H[ L;G A P]IOD X TAKES 6MODIFY A SPECIES2 B 6! SUBJECT ( "T WE M/ RETURN4 ,ON ! ,POOR;S ( ,PALAEONTOLOGICAL ,COLLEC;NS ,N[ LET U TURN 6\R RI*E/ GEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS1 & :AT A PALTRY 4PLAY WE 2HOLD6 ,T \R COLLEC;NS >E IMP]FECT IS ADMITT$ 0E "O4 ,! REM>K ( T ADMIRA# PALAEONTOLOGI/1 ,$W>D ,=BES1 %D N"E 2 =GOTT51 "NLY1 T V _M FOSSIL SPECIES >E "KN & "ND F S+LE & (T5 BROK5 SPECIM5S1 OR F A FEW SPECIM5S COLLECT$ ON "S "O SPOT4 ,ONLY A SMALL POR;N (! SURFACE (! E>? HAS BE5 GEOLOGIC,Y EXPLOR$1 & NO "P ) SU6ICI5T C>E1 Z ! IMPORTANT 4COV]IES MADE E YE> 9 ,EUROPE PROVE4 ,NO ORGANISM :OLLY S(T C 2 PRES]V$4 ,%ELLS & B"OS DECAY & 4APPE> :5 LEFT ON ! BOTTOM (! SEA1 ": S$I;T IS N A3UMULAT+4 ,WE PROBABLY TAKE A Q ]RONE\S VIEW1 :5 WE ASSUME T S$I;T IS 2+ DEPOSIT$ OV] NE>LY ! :OLE B$ (! SEA1 AT A RATE SU6ICI5TLY QK 6EMB$ & PRES]VE FOSSIL REMA9S4 ,"?\T AN ENORM\SLY L>GE PROPOR;N (! OC1N1 ! B"R BLUE T9T (! WAT] 2SP1KS XS PUR;Y4 ,! _M CASES ON RECORD (A =M,N 3=MABLY COV]$1 AF AN IMM5SE 9T]VAL ( "T1 0ANO!R & LAT] =M,N1 )\T ! "ULY+ B$ HAV+ SU6]$ 9 ! 9T]VAL ANY WE> & TE>1 SEEM EXPLICA# ONLY ON ! VIEW (! BOTTOM (! SEA N R>ELY LY+ = AGES 9 AN UNALT]$ 3DI;N4 ,! REMA9S : D 2COME EMB$D$1 IF 9 S& OR GRAVEL1 W1 :5 ! B$S >E UPRAIS$1 G5],Y 2 4SOLV$ 0! P]COL,N ( RA9-WAT] *>G$ ) C>BOLIC ACID4 ,"S (! _M K9DS ( ANIMALS : LIVE ON ! B1* 2T HI< & L[ WAT] M>K SEEM 6BE R>ELY PRES]V$4 ,= 9/.E1 ! S"EAL SPECIES (! ,*?AMAL9AE 7A SUB-FAMILY ( SESSILE CIRRIP$ES7 COAT ! ROCKS ALL OV] ! _W 9 9F9ITE NUMB]S3 !Y >E ALL /RICTLY LITTORAL1 )! EXCEP;N (A S+LE ,M$IT]RAN1N SPECIES1 : 9HABITS DEEP WAT]1 & ? HAS BE5 F.D FOSSIL 9 ,SICILY1 ":AS N "O O!R SPECIES HAS HI!RTO BE5 F.D 9 ANY T]TI>Y =M,N3 YET X IS "KN T ! G5US ,*?AMALUS EXI/$ DUR+ ! ,*ALK P]IOD4 ,LA/LY1 _M GRT DEPOSITS REQUIR+ A VA/ L5G? ( "T = _! A3UMUL,N1 >E 5TIRELY DE/ITUTE ( ORGANIC REMA9S1 )\T \R 2+ A# 6ASSIGN ANY R1SON3 "O (! MO/ /RIK+ 9/.ES IS T (! ,FLYS* =M,N1 : 3SI/S ( %ALE & S&/"O1 S"EAL ?\S&1 O3A.N,Y EV5 SIX ?\S& FEET 9 ?ICK;S1 & EXT5D+ = AT L1/ #CJJ MILES F ,VI5NA 6,SWITZ]L&2 & AL? ? GRT MASS HAS BE5 MO/ C>E;LLY SE>*$1 NO FOSSILS1 EXCEPT A FEW VEGETA# REMA9S1 H BE5 F.D4 ,) RESPECT 6! T]RE/RIAL PRODUC;NS : LIV$ DUR+ ! ,SECOND>Y & ,PALAEOZOIC P]IODS1 X IS SUP]FLU\S 6/ATE T \R EVID;E IS FRAG;T>Y 9 AN EXTREME DEGREE4 ,= 9/.E1 UNTIL REC5TLY N A L&-%ELL 0 "KN 2L;G+ 6EI ( ^! VA/ P]IODS1 )! EXCEP;N ( "O SPECIES 4COV]$ 0,SIR ,C4 ,LYELL & ,DR4 ,DAWSON 9 ! C>BONIF]\S /RATA ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA2 B N[ L&-%ELLS H BE5 F.D 9 ! LIAS4 ,9 REG>D 6MAMMIF]\S REMA9S1 A GL.E AT ! HI/ORICAL TA# PUBLI%$ 9 ,LYELL'S ,MANUAL W BR+ HOME ! TRU?1 H[ A3ID5TAL & R>E IS _! PRES]V,N1 F> BETT] ?AN PAGES ( DETAIL4 ,NOR IS _! R>;Y SURPRIS+1 :5 WE REMEMB] H[ L>GE A PROPOR;N (! B"OS ( T]TI>Y MAMMALS H BE5 4COV]$ EI 9 CAVES OR 9 LACU/R9E DEPOSITS2 & T N A CAVE OR TRUE LACU/R9E B$ IS "KN 2L;G+ 6! AGE ( \R SECOND>Y OR PALAEOZOIC =M,NS4 ,B ! IMP]FEC;N 9 ! GEOLOGICAL RECORD L>GELY RESULTS F ANO!R & M IMPORTANT CAUSE ?AN ANY (! =EGO+2 "NLY1 F ! S"EAL =M,NS 2+ SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R 0WIDE 9T]VALS ( "T4 ,? DOCTR9E HAS BE5 EMPHATIC,Y ADMITT$ 0_M GEOLOGI/S & PALAEONTOLOGI/S1 :O1 L ,E4 ,=BES1 5TIRELY 4BELIEVE 9 ! *ANGE ( SPECIES4 ,:5 WE SEE ! =M,NS TABULAT$ 9 WRITT5 "WS1 OR :5 WE FOLL[ !M 9 NATURE1 X IS DI6ICULT 6AVOID 2LIEV+ T !Y >E CLOSELY 3SECUTIVE4 ,B WE "K1 = 9/.E1 F ,SIR ,R4 ,MUR*ISON'S GRT "W ON ,RUSSIA1 :AT WIDE GAPS "! >E 9 T C.TRY 2T ! SUP]IMPOS$ =M,NS2 S X IS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & 9 _M O!R "PS (! _W4 ,! MO/ SKIL;L GEOLOGI/ IF 8 ATT5;N _H BE5 3F9$ EXCLUSIVELY 6^! L>GE T]RITORIES1 WD N"E H SUSPECT$ T1 DUR+ ! P]IODS : 7 BLANK & B>R5 9 8 [N C.TRY1 GRT PILES ( S$I;T1 *>G$ ) NEW & PECULI> =MS ( LIFE1 _H ELSE": BE5 A3UMULAT$4 ,& IF1 9 EA* SEP>ATE T]RITORY1 H>DLY ANY IDEA C 2 =M$ (! L5G? ( "T : HAS ELAPS$ 2T ! 3SECUTIVE =M,NS1 WE MAY 9F] T ? CD NO": 2 ASC]TA9$4 ,! FREQU5T & GRT *ANGES 9 ! M9]ALOGICAL -POSI;N ( 3SECUTIVE =M,NS1 G5],Y IMPLY+ GRT *ANGES 9 ! GEOGRAPHY (! SURR.D+ L&S1 :;E ! S$I;T 0 DERIV$1 A3ORD )! 2LIEF ( VA/ 9T]VALS ( "T HAV+ ELAPS$ 2T EA* =M,N4 ,WE C1 ,I ?9K1 SEE :Y ! GEOLOGICAL =M,NS ( EA* REGION >E ALM 9V>IABLY 9T]MITT5T2 T IS1 H N FOLL[$ EA* O!R 9 CLOSE SEQU;E4 ,SC>CELY ANY FACT /RUCK ME M :5 EXAM9+ _M HUNDR$ MILES (! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN COA/S1 : H BE5 UPRAIS$ S"EAL HUNDR$ FEET )9 ! REC5T P]IOD1 ?AN ! ABS;E ( ANY REC5T DEPOSITS SU6ICI5TLY EXT5SIVE 6LA/ = EV5 A %ORT GEOLOGICAL P]IOD4 ,AL;G ! :OLE WE/ COA/1 : IS 9HABIT$ 0A PECULI> M>9E FAUNA1 T]TI>Y B$S >E S POORLY DEVELOP$1 T NO RECORD ( S"EAL SU3ESSIVE & PECULI> M>9E FAUNAS W PROBABLY 2 PRES]V$ 6A 4TANT AGE4 ,A LL REFLEC;N W EXPLA9 :Y1 AL;G ! RIS+ COA/ ( ! WE/]N SIDE ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 NO EXT5SIVE =M,NS ) REC5T OR T]TI>Y REMA9S C ANY": 2 F.D1 ?\< ! SUPPLY ( S$I;T M/ = AGES H BE5 GRT1 F ! ENORM\S DEGRAD,N (! COA/- ROCKS & F MU4Y /R1MS 5T]+ ! SEA4 ,! EXPLAN,N1 NO D\BT1 IS1 T ! LITTORAL & SUB-LITTORAL DEPOSITS >E 3T9U,Y WORN AWAY1 Z SOON Z !Y >E BR"\ UP 0! SL[ & GRADUAL RIS+ (! L& )9 ! GR9D+ AC;N (! COA/-WAVES4 ,WE MAY1 ,I ?9K1 3CLUDE T S$I;T M/ 2 A3UMULAT$ 9 EXTREMELY ?ICK1 SOLID1 OR EXT5SIVE MASSES1 9 ORD] 6)/& ! 9CESSANT AC;N (! WAVES1 :5 F/ UPRAIS$ & DUR+ SU3ESSIVE OSCILL,NS ( LEVEL Z WELL Z ! SUBSEQU5T SUBAERIAL DEGRAD,N4 ,S* ?ICK & EXT5SIVE A3UMUL,NS ( S$I;T MAY 2 =M$ 9 TWO WAYS2 EI 9 PROF.D DEP?S (! SEA1 9 : CASE ! BOTTOM W N 2 9HABIT$ 0S _M & S* V>I$ =MS ( LIFE1 Z ! M %ALL[ S1S2 &! MASS :5 UPRAIS$ W GIVE AN IMP]FECT RECORD (! ORGANISMS : EXI/$ 9 ! NEILY BAL.E EA* O!R1 ! SEA W REMA9 %ALL[ & FAV\RA# = _M & V>I$ =MS1 & ?US A RI* FOSSILIF]\S =M,N1 ?ICK 5\<1 :5 UPRAIS$1 6RESI/ A L>GE AM.T ( DENUD,N1 MAY 2 =M$4 ,I AM 3V9C$ T NE>LY ALL \R ANCI5T =M,NS1 : >E "?\T ! GRT] "P ( _! ?ICK;S RI* 9 FOSSILS1 H ?US BE5 =M$ DUR+ SUBSID;E4 ,S9CE PUBLI%+ MY VIEWS ON ? SUBJECT 9 #AHDE1 ,I H WAT*$ ! PROGRESS ( GEOLOGY1 & H BE5 SURPRIS$ 6NOTE H[ AU?OR AF AU?OR1 9 TR1T+ ( ? OR T GRT =M,N1 HAS -E 6! 3CLU.N T X 0 A3UMULAT$ DUR+ SUBSID;E4 ,I MAY ADD1 T ! ONLY ANCI5T T]TI>Y =M,N ON ! WE/ COA/ ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 : HAS BE5 BULKY 5 6RESI/ S* DEGRAD,N Z X HAS YET SU6]$1 B : W H>DLY LA/ 6A 4TANT GEOLOGICAL AGE1 0 DEPOSIT$ DUR+ A D[NW>D OSCILL,N ( LEVEL1 & ?US GA9$ 3SID]A# ?ICK;S4 ,ALL GEOLOGICAL FACTS TELL U PLA9LY T EA* >EA HAS "UG"O SL[ OSCILL,NS ( LEVEL1 & APP>5TLY ^! OSCILL,NS H A6ECT$ WIDE SPACES4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 =M,NS RI* 9 FOSSILS & SU6ICI5TLY ?ICK & EXT5SIVE 6RESI/ SUBSEQU5T DEGRAD,N1 W H BE5 =M$ OV] WIDE SPACES DUR+ P]IODS ( SUBSID;E1 B ONLY ": ! SUPPLY ( S$I;T 0 SU6ICI5T 6KEEP ! SEA %ALL[ & 6EMB$ & PRES]VE ! REMA9S 2F !Y _H "T 6DECAY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 Z L;G Z ! B$ (! SEA REMA9S /,N>Y1 ?ICK DEPOSITS _C H BE5 A3UMULAT$ 9 ! %ALL[ "PS1 : >E ! MO/ FAV\RA# 6LIFE4 ,/ LESS C ? H HAPP5$ DUR+ ! ALT]NATE P]IODS ( ELEV,N2 OR1 6SP1K M A3URATELY1 ! B$S : 7 !N A3UMULAT$ W G5],Y H BE5 DE/ROY$ 02+ UPRAIS$ & BR"\ )9 ! LIMITS (! COA/-AC;N4 ,^! REM>KS APPLY *IEFLY 6LITTORAL & SUB-LITTORAL DEPOSITS4 ,9 ! CASE ( AN EXT5SIVE & %ALL[ SEA1 S* Z T )9 A L>GE "P (! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO1 ": ! DEP? V>IES F #CJ OR #DJ 6#FJ FA?OMS1 A WIDELY EXT5D$ =M,N MIEA1 AF RIS+ & 2F 2+ DENUD$1 SUBSID$1 ! DEPOSIT =M$ DUR+ ! RIS+ MOVE;T1 ?\< N ?ICK1 MIY B$S ( 3SID]A# HORIZONTAL EXT5T H R>ELY BE5 -PLETELY DE/ROY$4 ,B ALL GEOLOGI/S1 EXCEPT+ ! FEW :O 2LIEVE T \R PRES5T METAMORPHIC S*I/S & PLUTONIC ROCKS ONCE =M$ ! PRIMORDIAL NUCLEUS (! GLOBE1 W ADMIT T ^! LATT] ROCKS H BE5 /RIPT ( _! COV]+S 6AN ENORM\S EXT5T4 ,= X IS SC>CELY POSSI# T S* ROCKS CD H BE5 SOLIDIFI$ & CRY/ALLIZ$ :IL/ UNCOV]$2 B IF ! METAMORPHIC AC;N O3URR$ AT PROF.D DEP?S (! OC1N1 ! =M] PROTECT+ MANTLE ( ROCK MAY N H BE5 V ?ICK4 ,ADMITT+ !N T GNEISS1 MICA-S*I/1 GRANITE1 DIORITE1 &;C1 7 ONCE NECESS>ILY COV]$ UP1 H[ C WE A3.T =! NAK$ & EXT5SIVE >1S ( S* ROCKS 9 _M "PS (! _W1 EXCEPT ON ! 2LIEF T !Y H SUBSEQU5TLY BE5 -PLETELY DENUD$ ( ALL OV]LY+ /RATA8 ,T S* EXT5SIVE >1S D EXI/ _C 2 D\BT$3 ! GRANITIC REGION ( ,P>IME IS DESCRIB$ 0,HUMBOLDT Z 2+ Z L1/ N9ETE5 "TS Z L>GE Z ,SWITZ]L&4 ,S\? (! ,AMAZON1 ,B\E COL\RS AN >EA -POS$ ( ROCKS ( ? NATURE Z EQUAL 6T ( ,SPA91 ,FR.E1 ,ITALY1 "P ( ,G]_M1 &! ,BRITI% ,ISL&S1 ALL 3JO9$4 ,? REGION HAS N BE5 C>E;LLY EXPLOR$1 B F ! 3CURR5T TE/IMONY ( TRAVELL]S1 ! GRANITIC >EA IS V L>GE3 ?US1 VON ,ES*WEGE GIVES A DETAIL$ SEC;N ( ^! ROCKS1 /RET*+ F ,RIO DE ,JANEIRO = #BFJ GEOGRAPHICAL MILES 9L& 9 A /RAI ,RIO DE ,JANEIRO 6! M\? (! ,PLATA1 A 4T.E ( #AAJJ GEOGRAPHICAL MILES1 7 EXAM9$ 0ME1 & !Y ALL 2L;G$ 6? CLASS4 ,9L&1 AL;G ! :OLE NOR!RN BANK (! ,PLATA ,I SAW1 2SS MOD]N T]TI>Y B$S1 ONLY "O SMALL PAT* ( SLI1S 0CUTT+ \ & WEI<+ ! PAP]1 & ,I F9D T ! METAMORPHIC 7EXCLUD+ 8! SEMI-METAMORPHIC07 & GRANITIC ROCKS EXCE$1 9 ! PROPOR;N ( #AI 6#AB.E1 ! :OLE (! NEW] ,PALAEOZOIC =M,NS4 ,9 _M REGIONS ! METAMORPHIC & GRANITIC ROCKS WD 2 F.D M* M WIDELY EXT5D$ ?AN !Y APPE> 6BE1 IF ALL ! S$I;T>Y B$S 7 REMOV$ : RE/ UNCON=MABLY ON !M1 & : CD N H =M$ "P (! ORIG9AL MANTLE "U : !Y 7 CRY/ALLIZ$4 ,H;E X IS PROBA# T 9 "S "PS (! _W :OLE =M,NS H BE5 -PLETELY DENUD$1 ) N A WRECK LEFT 2H4 ,"O REM>K IS "H WOR? A PASS+ NOTICE4 ,DUR+ P]IODS ( ELEV,N ! >EA (! L& &(! ADJO9+ %OAL "PS (! SEA W 2 9CR1S$1 & NEW /,NS W (T5 2 =M$3- ALL CIRCUM/.ES FAV\RA#1 Z PREVI\SLY EXPLA9$1 =! =M,N ( NEW V>IETIES & SPECIES2 B DUR+ S* P]IODS "! W G5],Y 2 A BLANK 9 ! GEOLOGICAL RECORD4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 DUR+ SUBSID;E1 ! 9HABIT$ >EA & NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS W DECR1SE 7EXCEPT+ ON ! %ORES (A 3T95T :5 F/ BROK5 UP 96AN >*IPELAGO71 & 3SEQU5TLY DUR+ SUBSID;E1 ?\< "! W 2 M* EXT9C;N1 FEW NEW V>IETIES OR SPECIES W 2 =M$2 & X IS DUR+ ^! V P]IODS ( SUBSID;E1 T ! DEPOSITS : >E RI*E/ 9 FOSSILS H BE5 A3UMULAT$4 ,ON ! ,ABS;E ( ,NUM]\S ,9T]M$IATE ,V>IETIES 9 ANY ,S+LE ,=M,N ,F ^! S"EAL 3SID],NS1 X _C 2 D\BT$ T ! GEOLOGICAL RECORD1 VIEW$ Z A :OLE1 IS EXTREMELY IMP]FECT2 B IF WE 3F9E \R ATT5;N 6ANY "O =M,N1 X 2COMES M* M DI6ICULT 6"U/& :Y WE D N "!9 F9D CLOSELY GRADUAT$ V>IETIES 2T ! ALLI$ SPECIES : LIV$ AT XS -M;E;T & AT XS CLOSE4 ,S"EAL CASES >E ON RECORD (! SAME SPECIES PRES5T+ V>IETIES 9 ! UPP] & L[] "PS (! SAME =M,N2 ?US1 ,TRAUTS*OLD GIVES A NUMB] ( 9/.ES ) AMMONITES2 & ,HILG5DORF HAS DESCRIB$ A MO/ CURI\S CASE ( T5 GRADUAT$ =MS ( ,PLANORBIS MULTI=MIS 9 ! SU3ESSIVE B$S (A FRE%-WAT] =M,N 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,AL? EA* =M,N HAS 9DISPUTABLY REQUIR$ A VA/ NUMB] ( YE>S = XS DEPOSI;N1 S"EAL R1SONS C 2 GIV5 :Y EA* %D N -MONLY 9CLUDE A GRADUAT$ S]IES ( L9KS 2T ! SPECIES : LIV$ AT XS -M;E;T & CLOSE2 B ,I _C ASSIGN DUE PROPOR;NAL WEIK A V L;G LAPSE ( YE>S1 EA* PROBABLY IS %ORT -P>$ )! P]IOD REQUISITE 6*ANGE "O SPECIES 96ANO!R4 ,I AM AW>E T TWO PALAEONTOLOGI/S1 ^: OP9IONS >E WOR?Y ( M* DEF];E1 "NLY ,BRONN & ,WOODW>D1 H 3CLUD$ T ! AV]AGE DUR,N ( EA* =M,N IS TWICE OR ?RICE Z L;G Z ! AV]AGE DUR,N ( SPECIFIC =MS4 ,B 9SUP]A# DI6ICULTIES1 Z X SEEMS 6ME1 PREV5T U F -+ 6ANY J 3CLU.N ON ? H1D4 ,:5 WE SEE A SPECIES F/ APPE>+ 9 ! MI4LE ( ANY =M,N1 X WD 2 RA% 9 ! EXTREME 69F] T X _H N ELSE": PREVI\SLY EXI/$4 ,S AG :5 WE F9D A SPECIES 4APPE>+ 2F ! LA/ LAY]S H BE5 DEPOSIT$1 X WD 2 EQU,Y RA% 6SUPPOSE T X !N 2CAME EXT9CT4 ,WE =GET H[ SMALL ! >EA ( ,EUROPE IS -P>$ )! RE/ (! _W2 NOR H ! S"EAL /AGES (! SAME =M,N "?\T ,EUROPE BE5 CORRELAT$ ) P]FECT A3URACY4 ,WE MAY SAFELY 9F] T ) M>9E ANIMALS ( ALL K9DS "! HAS BE5 A L>GE AM.T ( MIGR,N DUE 6CLIMATAL & O!R *ANGES2 & :5 WE SEE A SPECIES F/ APPE>+ 9 ANY =M,N1 ! PROBABIL;Y IS T X ONLY !N F/ IMMIGRAT$ 96T >EA4 ,X IS WELL "KN1 = 9/.E1 T S"EAL SPECIES APPE> "S:AT E>LI] 9 ! PALAEOZOIC B$S ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ?AN 9 ^? ( ,EUROPE2 "T HAV+ APP>5TLY BE5 REQUIR$ = _! MIGR,N F ! ,AM]ICAN 6! ,EUROP1N S1S4 ,9 EXAM9+ ! LATE/ DEPOSITS 9 V>I\S QU>T]S (! _W1 X HAS "EY": BE5 NOT$1 T "S FEW / EXI/+ SPECIES >E -MON 9 ! DEPOSIT1 B H 2COME EXT9CT 9 ! IMMLY SURR.D+ SEA2 OR1 3V]SELY T "S >E N[ ABUNDANT 9 ! NEIE R>E OR ABS5T 9 ? "PICUL> DEPOSIT4 ,X IS AN EXCELL5T LESSON 6REFLECT ON ! ASC]TA9$ AM.T ( MIGR,N (! 9HABITANTS ( ,EUROPE DUR+ ! GLACIAL EPO*1 : =MS ONLY A "P ( "O :OLE GEOLOGICAL P]IOD2 & LIKEWISE 6REFLECT ON ! *ANGES ( LEVEL1 ON ! EXTREME *ANGE ( CLIMATE1 & ON ! GRT LAPSE ( "T1 ALL 9CLUD$ )9 ? SAME GLACIAL P]IOD4 ,YET X MAY 2 D\BT$ :E!R1 9 ANY QU>T] (! _W1 S$I;T>Y DEPOSITS1 9CLUD+ FOSSIL REMA9S1 H G"O ON A3UMULAT+ )9 ! SAME >EA DUR+ ! :OLE ( ? P]IOD4 ,X IS N1 = 9/.E1 PROBA# T S$I;T 0 DEPOSIT$ DUR+ ! :OLE (! GLACIAL P]IOD NE> ! M\? (! ,MISSISSIPPI1 )9 T LIMIT ( DEP? AT : M>9E ANIMALS C BE/ FL\RI%3 = WE "K T GRT GEOGRAPHICAL *ANGES O3URR$ 9 O!R "PS ( ,AM]ICA DUR+ ? SPACE ( "T4 ,:5 S* B$S Z 7 DEPOSIT$ 9 %ALL[ WAT] NE> ! M\? (! ,MISSISSIPPI DUR+ "S "P (! GLACIAL P]IOD % H BE5 UPRAIS$1 ORGANIC REMA9S W PROBABLY F/ APPE> & 4APPE> AT DI6]5T LEVELS1 [+ 6! MIGR,NS ( SPECIES & 6GEOGRAPHICAL *ANGES4 ,& 9 ! 4TANT FUTURE1 A GEOLOGI/1 EXAM9+ ^! B$S1 WD 2 TEMPT$ 63CLUDE T ! AV]AGE DUR,N ( LIFE (! EMB$D$ FOSSILS _H BE5 LESS ?AN T (! GLACIAL P]IOD1 9/1D ( HAV+ BE5 RE,Y F> GRT]1 T IS1 EXT5D+ F 2F ! GLACIAL EPO* 6! PRES5T "D4 ,9 ORD] 6GET A P]FECT GRAD,N 2T TWO =MS 9 ! UPP] & L[] "PS (! SAME =M,N1 ! DEPOSIT M/ H G"O ON 3T9U\SLY A3UMULAT+ DUR+ A L;G P]IOD1 SU6ICI5T =! SL[ PROCESS ( MODIFIC,N2 H;E ! DEPOSIT M/ 2 A V ?ICK "O2 &! SPECIES1 "UGO+ *ANGE M/ H LIV$ 9 ! SAME 4TRICT "?\T ! :OLE "T4 ,B WE H SE5 T A ?ICK =M,N1 FOSSILIF]\S "?\T XS 5TIRE ?ICK;S1 C A3UMULATE ONLY DUR+ A P]IOD ( SUBSID;E2 & 6KEEP ! DEP? APPROXIMATELY ! SAME1 : IS NEC T ! SAME M>9E SPECIES MAY LIVE ON ! SAME SPACE1 ! SUPPLY ( S$I;T M/ NE>LY C.T]BAL.E ! AM.T ( SUBSID;E4 ,B ? SAME MOVE;T ( SUBSID;E W T5D 6SUBM]GE ! >EA :;E ! S$I;T IS DERIV$1 & ?US DIM9I% ! SUPPLY1 :IL/ ! D[NW>D MOVE;T 3T9UES4 ,9 FACT1 ? NE>LY EXACT BALANC+ 2T ! SUPPLY ( S$I;T &! AM.T ( SUBSID;E IS PROBABLY A R>E 3T+5CY2 = X HAS BE5 OBS]V$ 0M ?AN "O PALAEONTOLOGI/1 T V ?ICK DEPOSITS >E USU,Y B>R5 ( ORGANIC REMA9S1 EXCEPT NE> _! UPP] OR L[] LIMITS4 ,X WD SEEM T EA* SEP>ATE =M,N1 L ! :OLE PILE ( =M,NS 9 ANY C.TRY1 HAS G5],Y BE5 9T]MITT5T 9 XS A3UMUL,N4 ,:5 WE SEE1 Z IS S (T5 ! CASE1 A =M,N -POS$ ( B$S ( WIDELY DI6]5T M9]ALOGICAL -POSI;N1 WE MAY R1SONABLY SUSPECT T ! PROCESS ( DEPOSI;N HAS BE5 M OR LESS 9T]RUPT$4 ,NOR W ! CLOSE/ 9SPEC;N (A =M,N GIVE U ANY IDEA (! L5G? ( "T : XS DEPOSI;N MAY H 3SUM$4 ,_M 9/.ES CD 2 GIV5 ( B$S ONLY A FEW FEET 9 ?ICK;S1 REPRES5T+ =M,NS1 : >E ELSE": ?\S&S ( FEET 9 ?ICK;S1 & : M/ H REQUIR$ AN ENORM\S P]IOD = _! A3UMUL,N2 YET NO "O IGNORANT ( ? FACT WD H EV5 SUSPECT$ ! VA/ LAPSE ( "T REPRES5T$ 0! ?9N] =M,N4 ,_M CASES CD 2 GIV5 (! L[] B$S (A =M,N HAV+ BE5 UPRAIS$1 DENUD$1 SUBM]G$1 & !N RE-COV]$ 0! UPP] B$S (! SAME =M,N1- FACTS1 %[+ :AT WIDE1 YET EASILY OV]LOOK$1 9T]VALS H O3URR$ 9 XS A3UMUL,N4 ,9 O!R CASES WE H ! PLA9E/ EVID;E 9 GRT FOSSILIS$ TREES1 / /&+ UP"R Z !Y GREW1 ( _M L;G 9T]VALS ( "T & *ANGES ( LEVEL DUR+ ! PROCESS ( DEPOSI;N1 : WD N H BE5 SUSPECT$1 _H N ! TREES BE5 PRES]V$3 ?US ,SIR ,C4 ,LYELL & ,DR4 ,DAWSON F.D C>BONIF]\S B$S #ADJJ FEET ?ICK 9 ,NOVA ,SCOTIA1 ) ANCI5T ROOT-BE>+ /RATA1 "O ABV ! O!R AT NO LESS ?AN SIXTY-EI$ & REAPPE>$1 P]H _M "TS1 DUR+ ! SAME GEOLOGICAL P]IOD4 ,3SEQU5TLY IF X 7 6"UGO A 3SID]A# AM.T ( MODIFIC,N DUR+ ! DEPOSI;N ( ANY "O GEOLOGICAL =M,N1 A SEC;N WD N 9CLUDE ALL ! F9E 9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS : M/ ON \R !ORY H EXI/$1 B ABRUPT1 ?\< P]H SLIIETIES2 !Y GRANT "S LL V>IABIL;Y 6EA* SPECIES1 B :5 !Y MEET )A "S:AT GRT] AM.T ( DI6];E 2T ANY TWO =MS1 !Y RANK BO? Z SPECIES1 UN.S !Y >E 5A#D 63NECT !M TGR 0! CLOSE/ 9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS2 & ?1 F ! R1SONS J ASSIGN$1 WE C SELDOM HOPE 6E6ECT 9 ANY "O GEOLOGICAL SEC;N4 ,SUPPOS+ ;,B & ;,C 6BE TWO SPECIES1 &A ?IRD1 ;,A1 6BE F.D 9 AN OLD] & "ULY+ B$2 EV5 IF ,A 7 /RICTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T ;,B & ;,C1 X WD SIMPLY 2 RANK$ Z A ?IRD & 4T9CT SPECIES1 UN.S AT ! SAME "T X CD 2 CLOSELY 3NECT$ 09T]M$IATE V>IETIES ) EI "O OR BO? =MS4 ,NOR %D X 2 =GOTT51 Z 2F EXPLA9$1 T ,A MIILY 2 /RICTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T !M 9 ALL RESPECTS4 ,S T WE MI5T-SPECIES1 & XS S"EAL MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS F ! L[] & UPP] B$S (! SAME =M,N1 & UN.S WE OBTA9$ NUM]\S TRANSI;NAL GRAD,NS1 WE %D N RECOGNISE _! BLOOD- REL,N%IP1 & %D 3SEQU5TLY RANK !M Z 4T9CT SPECIES4 ,X IS NOTORI\S ON :AT EXCESSIVELY SLIE N[ S9K+ _M (! V F9E SPECIES ( ,D',ORBIGNY & O!RS 96! RANK ( V>IETIES2 & ON ? VIEW WE D F9D ! K9D ( EVID;E ( *ANGE : ON ! !ORY WE "\ 6F9D4 ,LOOK AG AT ! LAT] T]TI>Y DEPOSITS1 : 9CLUDE _M %ELLS 2LIEV$ 0! MAJOR;Y ( NATURALI/S 6BE ID5TICAL ) EXI/+ SPECIES2 B "S EXCELL5T NATURALI/S Z ,AGASSIZ & ,PICTET1 MA9TA9 T ALL ^! T]TI>Y SPECIES >E SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT1 ?\< ! 4T9C;N IS ADMITT$ 6BE V SLIY SPECIES RE,Y PRES5T NO DI6];E :AT"E F _! LIV+4 REPRES5TATIVES1 OR UN.S WE ADMIT1 9 OPPOSI;N 6! JUDG;T ( MO/ NATURALI/S1 T ^! T]TI>Y SPECIES >E ALL TRULY 4T9CT F ! REC5T1 WE H EVID;E (! FREQU5T O3URR;E ( SLIE F> M CLOSELY RELAT$ 6EA* O!R ?AN >E ! SPECIES F.D 9 M WIDELY SEP>AT$ =M,NS2 S T "H AG WE H UND\BT$ EVID;E ( *ANGE 9 ! DIREC;N REQUIR$ 0! !ORY2 B 6? LATT] SUBJECT ,I % RETURN 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]4 ,) ANIMALS & PLANTS T PROPAGATE RAPIDLY & D N W&] M*1 "! IS R1SON 6SUSPECT1 Z WE H =M]LY SE51 T _! V>IETIES >E G5],Y AT F/ LOCAL2 & T S* LOCAL V>IETIES D N SPR1D WIDELY & SUPPLANT _! P>5T-=MS UNTIL !Y H BE5 MODIFI$ & P]FECT$ 9 "S 3SID]A# DEGREE4 ,AC 6? VIEW1 ! *.E ( 4COV]+ 9 A =M,N 9 ANY "O C.TRY ALL ! E>LY /AGES ( TRANSI;N 2T ANY TWO =MS1 IS SMALL1 =! SU3ESSIVE *ANGES >E SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 LOCAL OR 3F9$ 6"S "O SPOT4 ,MO/ M>9E ANIMALS H A WIDE RANGE2 & WE H SE5 T ) PLANTS X IS ^? : H ! WIDE/ RANGE1 T (T5E/ PRES5T V>IETIES2 S T1 ) %ELLS & O!R M>9E ANIMALS1 X IS PROBA# T ^? : _H ! WIDE/ RANGE1 F> EXCE$+ ! LIMITS (! "KN GEOLOGICAL =M,NS 9 ,EUROPE1 H (T5E/ GIV5 RISE1 F/ 6LOCAL V>IETIES & ULTIMATELY 6NEW SPECIES2 & ? AG WD GRTLY LESS5 ! *.E ( \R 2+ A# TRACE ! /AGES ( TRANSI;N 9 ANY "O GEOLOGICAL =M,N4 ,X IS A M IMPORTANT 3SID],N1 L1D+ 6! SAME RESULT1 Z LATELY 9SI/$ ON 0,DR4 ,FALCON]1 "NLY1 T ! P]IOD DUR+ : EA* SPECIES "UW5T MODIFIC,N1 ?\< L;G Z M1SUR$ 0YE>S1 0 PROBABLY %ORT 9 -P>ISON ) T DUR+ : X REMA9$ )\T "UGO+ ANY *ANGE4 ,X %D N 2 =GOTT51 T AT ! PRES5T "D1 ) P]FECT SPECIM5S = EXAM9,N1 TWO =MS C SELDOM 2 3NECT$ 09T]M$IATE V>IETIES1 & ?US PROV$ 6BE ! SAME SPECIES1 UNTIL _M SPECIM5S >E COLLECT$ F _M PLACES2 &) FOSSIL SPECIES ? C R>ELY 2 D"O4 ,WE %1 P]H1 BE/ P]CV ! IMPROBABIL;Y ( \R 2+ 5A#D 63NECT SPECIES 0NUM]\S1 F9E1 9T]M$IATE1 FOSSIL L9KS1 0ASK+ \RVS :E!R1 = 9/.E1 GEOLOGI/S AT "S FUTURE P]IOD W 2 A# 6PROVE T \R DI6]5T BRE$S ( CATTLE1 %EEP1 HORSES1 & DOGS >E DESC5D$ F A S+LE /OCK OR F S"EAL ABORIG9AL /OCKS2 OR1 AG1 :E!R C]TA9 SEA-%ELLS 9HABIT+ ! %ORES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 : >E RANK$ 0"S 3*OLOGI/S Z 4T9CT SPECIES F _! ,EUROP1N REPRES5TATIVES1 & 0O!R 3*OLOGI/S Z ONLY V>IETIES1 >E RE,Y V>IETIES1 OR >E1 Z X IS CALL$1 SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT4 ,? CD 2 E6ECT$ 0! FUTURE GEOLOGI/ ONLY 0HIS 4COV]+ 9 A FOSSIL /ATE NUM]\S 9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS2 & S* SU3ESS IS IMPROBA# 9 ! HIK$1 8,E SPECIES IS A L9K 2T O!R ALLI$ =MS40 ,IF WE TAKE A G5US HAV+ A SCORE ( SPECIES1 REC5T & EXT9CT1 & DE/ROY F\R-FIF?S ( !M1 NO "O D\BTS T ! REMA9D] W /& M* M 4T9CT F EA* O!R4 ,IF ! EXTREME =MS 9 ! G5US HAPP5 6H BE5 ?US DE/ROY$1 ! G5US XF W /& M 4T9CT F O!R ALLI$ G5]A4 ,:AT GEOLOGICAL RESE>* HAS N REV1L$1 IS ! =M] EXI/;E ( 9F9ITELY NUM]\S GRAD,NS1 Z F9E Z EXI/+ V>IETIES1 3NECT+ TGR NE>LY ALL EXI/+ & EXT9CT SPECIES4 ,B ? "\ N 6BE EXPECT$2 YET ? HAS BE5 REP1T$LY ADV.ED Z A MO/ S]I\S OBJEC;N AG/ MY VIEWS4 ,X MAY 2 WOR? :ILE 6SUM UP ! =EGO+ REM>KS ON ! CAUSES (! IMP]FEC;N (! GEOLOGICAL RECORD "U AN IMAG9>Y ILLU/R,N4 ,! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO IS AB ! SIZE ( ,EUROPE F ! ,NOR? ,CAPE 6! ,M$IT]RAN1N1 & F ,BRITA9 6,RUSSIA2 & "!=E EQUALS ALL ! GEOLOGICAL =M,NS : H BE5 EXAM9$ ) ANY A3URACY1 EXCEPT+ ^? (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,I FULLY AGREE ) ,MR4 ,GODW9-,AU/51 T ! PRES5T 3DI;N (! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO1 ) XS NUM]\S L>GE ISL&S SEP>AT$ 0WIDE & %ALL[ S1S1 PROBABLY REPRES5TS ! =M] /ATE ( ,EUROPE1 :IL/ MO/ ( \R =M,NS 7 A3UMULAT+4 ,! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO IS "O (! RI*E/ REGIONS 9 ORGANIC 2+S2 YET IF ALL ! SPECIES 7 6BE COLLECT$ : H "E LIV$ "!1 H[ IMP]FECTLY WD !Y REPRES5T ! NATURAL HI/ORY (! _W6 ,B WE H E R1SON 62LIEVE T ! T]RE/RIAL PRODUC;NS (! >*IPELAGO WD 2 PRES]V$ 9 AN EXTREMELY IMP]FECT MANN] 9 ! =M,NS : WE SUPPOSE 6BE "! A3UMULAT+4 ,N _M (! /RICTLY LITTORAL ANIMALS1 OR ( ^? : LIV$ ON NAK$ SUBM>9E ROCKS1 WD 2 EMB$D$2 & ^? EMB$D$ 9 GRAVEL OR S& WD N 5DURE 6A 4TANT EPO*4 ,:]"E S$I;T DID N A3UMULATE ON ! B$ (! SEA1 OR ": X DID N A3UMULATE AT A SU6ICI5T RATE 6PROTECT ORGANIC BODIES F DECAY1 NO REMA9S CD 2 PRES]V$4 ,=M,NS RI* 9 FOSSILS ( _M K9DS1 &( ?ICK;S SU6ICI5T 6LA/ 6AN AGE Z 4TANT 9 FUTUR;Y Z ! SECOND>Y =M,NS LIE 9 ! PA/1 WD G5],Y 2 =M$ 9 ! >*IPELAGO ONLY DUR+ P]IODS ( SUBSID;E4 ,^! P]IODS ( SUBSID;E WD 2 SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R 0IMM5SE 9T]VALS ( "T1 DUR+ : ! >EA WD 2 EI /,N>Y OR RIS+2 :IL/ RIS+1 ! FOSSILIF]\S =M,NS ON ! /EEP] %ORES WD 2 DE/ROY$1 ALM Z SOON Z A3UMULAT$1 0! 9CESSANT COA/-AC;N1 Z WE N[ SEE ON ! %ORES ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,EV5 "?\T ! EXT5SIVE & %ALL[ S1S )9 ! >*IPELAGO1 S$I;T>Y B$S CD H>DLY 2 A3UMULAT$ ( GRT ?ICK;S DUR+ ! P]IODS ( ELEV,N1 OR 2COME CAPP$ & PROTECT$ 0SUBSEQU5T DEPOSITS1 S Z 6H A GD *.E ( 5DUR+ 6A V 4TANT FUTURE4 ,DUR+ ! P]IODS ( SUBSID;E1 "! WD PROBABLY 2 M* EXT9C;N ( LIFE2 DUR+ ! P]IODS ( ELEV,N1 "! WD 2 M* V>I,N1 B ! GEOLOGICAL RECORD WD !N 2 LESS P]FECT4 ,X MAY 2 D\BT$ :E!R ! DUR,N ( ANY "O GRT P]IOD ( SUBSID;E OV] ! :OLE OR "P (! >*IPELAGO1 TGR )A 3TEMPORANE\S A3UMUL,N ( S$I;T1 WD EXCE$ ! AV]AGE DUR,N (! SAME SPECIFIC =MS2 & ^! 3T+5CIES >E 9DISP5SA# =! PRES]V,N ( ALL ! TRANSI;NAL GRAD,NS 2T ANY TWO OR M SPECIES4 ,IF S* GRAD,NS 7 N ALL FULLY PRES]V$1 TRANSI;NAL V>IETIES WD M]ELY APPE> Z S _M NEW1 ?\< CLOSELY ALLI$ SPECIES4 ,X IS AL PROBA# T EA* GRT P]IOD ( SUBSID;E WD 2 9T]RUPT$ 0OSCILL,NS ( LEVEL1 & T SLI*IPELAGO WD MIGRATE1 & NO CLOSELY 3SECUTIVE RECORD ( _! MODIFIC,NS CD 2 PRES]V$ 9 ANY "O =M,N4 ,V _M (! M>9E 9HABITANTS (! >*IPELAGO N[ RANGE ?\S&S ( MILES 2Y XS 3F9ES2 & ANALOGY PLA9LY L1DS 6! 2LIEF T X WD 2 *IEFLY ^! F> RANG+ SPECIES1 ?\< ONLY "S ( !M1 : WD (T5E/ PRODUCE NEW V>IETIES2 & ! V>IETIES WD AT F/ 2 LOCAL OR 3F9$ 6"O PLACE1 B IF POSSESS$ ( ANY DECID$ ADVANTAGE1 OR :5 FUR!R MODIFI$ & IMPROV$1 !Y WD SL[LY SPR1D & SUPPLANT _! P>5T-=MS4 ,:5 S* V>IETIES RETURN$ 6_! ANCI5T HOMES1 Z !Y WD DI6] F _! =M] /ATE 9 A NE>LY UNI=M1 ?\< P]H EXTREMELY SLIKS1 WE H NO "R 6EXPECT 6F9D1 9 \R GEOLOGICAL =M,NS1 AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( ^? F9E TRANSI;NAL =MS :1 ON \R !ORY1 H 3NECT$ ALL ! PA/ & PRES5T SPECIES (! SAME GR\P 96"O L;G & BRAN*+ *A9 ( LIFE4 ,WE "\ ONLY 6LOOK =A FEW L9KS1 & S* ASSUR$LY WE D F9D- "S M 4TANTLY1 "S M CLOSELY1 RELAT$ 6EA* O!R2 & ^! L9KS1 LET !M 2 "E S CLOSE1 IF F.D 9 DI6]5T /AGES ( ! SAME =M,N1 WD1 0_M PALAEONTOLOGI/S1 2 RANK$ Z 4T9CT SPECIES4 ,B ,I D N PRET5D T ,I %D "E H SUSPECT$ H[ POOR 0 ! RECORD 9 ! BE/ PRES]V$ GEOLOGICAL SEC;NS1 _H N ! ABS;E ( 9NUM]A# TRANSI;NAL L9KS 2T ! SPECIES : LIV$ AT ! -M;E;T & CLOSE ( EA* =M,N1 PRESS$ S H>DLY ON MY !ORY4 ,ON ! SU45 ,APPE>.E ( :OLE ,GR\PS ( ALLI$ ,SPECIES ,! ABRUPT MANN] 9 : :OLE GR\PS ( SPECIES SU45LY APPE> 9 C]TA9 =M,NS1 HAS BE5 URG$ 0S"EAL PALAEONTOLOGI/S- = 9/.E1 0,AGASSIZ1 ,PICTET1 & ,S$GWICK- Z A FATAL OBJEC;N 6! 2LIEF 9 ! TRANSMUT,N ( SPECIES4 ,IF NUM]\S SPECIES1 2L;G+ 6! SAME G5]A OR FAMILIES1 H RE,Y />T$ 96LIFE AT ONCE1 ! FACT WD 2 FATAL 6! !ORY ( EVOLU;N "? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,=! DEVELOP;T 0? M1NS (A GR\P ( =MS1 ALL ( : >E DESC5D$ F "S "O PROG5ITOR1 M/ H BE5 AN EXTREMELY SL[ PROCESS2 &! PROG5ITORS M/ H LIV$ L;G 2F _! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS4 ,B WE 3T9U,Y OV]RATE ! P]FEC;N (! GEOLOGICAL RECORD1 & FALSELY 9F]1 2C C]TA9 G5]A OR FAMILIES H N BE5 F.D 2N A C]TA9 /AGE1 T !Y DID N EXI/ 2F T /AGE4 ,9 ALL CASES POSITIVE PALAEONTOLOGICAL EVID;E MAY 2 IMPLICITLY TRU/$2 NEGATIVE EVID;E IS WOR?.S1 Z EXP]I;E HAS S (T5 %[N4 ,WE 3T9U,Y =GET H[ L>GE ! _W IS1 -P>$ )! >EA OV] : \R GEOLOGICAL =M,NS H BE5 C>E;LLY EXAM9$2 WE =GET T GR\PS ( SPECIES MAY ELSE": H L;G EXI/$1 & H SL[LY MULTIPLI$1 2F !Y 9VAD$ ! ANCI5T >*IPELAGOES ( ,EUROPE &! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,WE D N MAKE DUE ALL[.E =! 9T]VALS ( "T : H ELAPS$ 2T \R 3SECUTIVE =M,NS1- L;G] P]H 9 _M CASES ?AN ! "T REQUIR$ =! A3UMUL,N ( EA* =M,N4 ,^! 9T]VALS W H GIV5 "T =! MULTIPLIC,N ( SPECIES F "S "O P>5T-=M3 & 9 ! SU3E$+ =M,N1 S* GR\PS OR SPECIES W APPE> Z IF SU45LY CR1T$4 ,I MAY "H RECALL A REM>K =M]LY MADE1 "NLY1 T X MI L9E ( LIFE1 = 9/.E1 6FLY "? ! AIR2 & 3SEQU5TLY T ! TRANSI;NAL =MS WD (T5 L;G REMA9 3F9$ 6"S "O REGION2 B T1 :5 ? ADAPT,N _H ONCE BE5 E6ECT$1 &A FEW SPECIES _H ?US ACQUIR$ A GRT ADVANTAGE OV] O!R ORGANISMS1 A -P>ATIVELY %ORT "T WD 2 NEC 6PRODUCE _M DIV]G5T =MS1 : WD SPR1D RAPIDLY & WIDELY1 "?\T ! _W4 ,PROFESSOR ,PICTET1 9 8 EXCELL5T REVIEW ( ? "W1 9 -;T+ ON E>LY TRANSI;NAL =MS1 & TAK+ BIRDS Z AN ILLU/R,N1 _C SEE H[ ! SU3ESSIVE MODIFIC,NS (! ANT]IOR LIMBS (A SUPPOS$ PROTOTYPE CD POSSIBLY H BE5 ( ANY ADVANTAGE4 ,B LOOK AT ! P5GU9S (! ,S\!RN ,OC1N2 H N ^! BIRDS _! FRONT LIMBS 9 ? PRECISE 9T]M$IATE /ATE ( 8NEI TRUE >MS NOR TRUE W+S08 ,YET ^! BIRDS HOLD _! PLACE VICTORI\SLY 9 ! BATTLE = LIFE2 = !Y EXI/ 9 9F9ITE NUMB]S &( _M K9DS4 ,I D N SUPPOSE T WE "H SEE ! R1L TRANSI;NAL GRADES "? : ! W+S ( BIRDS H PASS$2 B :AT SPECIAL DI6ICULTY IS "! 9 2LIEV+ T X MIKS1 & 6%[ H[ LIA# WE >E 6]ROR 9 SUPPOS+ T :OLE GR\PS ( SPECIES H SU45LY BE5 PRODUC$4 ,EV5 9 S %ORT AN 9T]VAL Z T 2T ! F/ & SECOND EDI;NS ( ,PICTET'S GRT "W ON ,PALAEONTOLOGY1 PUBLI%$ 9 #AHDD-DF & 9 #AHEC-EG1 ! 3CLU.NS ON ! F/ APPE>.E & 4APPE>.E ( S"EAL GR\PS ( ANIMALS H BE5 3SID]ABLY MODIFI$2 &A ?IRD EDI;N WD REQUIRE / FUR!R *ANGES4 ,I MAY RECALL ! WELL-"KN FACT T 9 GEOLOGICAL TR1TISES1 PUBLI%$ N _M YE>S AGO1 MAMMALS 7 ALW SPOK5 ( Z HAV+ ABRUPTLY -E 9 AT ! -M;E;T (! T]TI>Y S]IES4 ,& N[ "O (! RI*E/ "KN A3UMUL,NS ( FOSSIL MAMMALS 2L;GS 6! MI4LE (! SECOND>Y S]IES2 & TRUE MAMMALS H BE5 4COV]$ 9 ! NEW R$ S&/"O AT NE>LY ! -M;E;T ( ? GRT S]IES4 ,CUVI] US$ 6URGE T NO MONKEY O3URR$ 9 ANY T]TI>Y /RATUM2 B N[ EXT9CT SPECIES H BE5 4COV]$ 9 ,9DIA1 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & 9 ,EUROPE1 Z F> BACK Z ! MIOC5E /AGE4 ,_H X N BE5 =! R>E A3ID5T ( ! PRES]V,N (! FOOT/EPS 9 ! NEW R$ S&/"O (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :O WD H V5TUR$ 6SUPPOSE T NO LESS ?AN AT L1/ ?IRTY DI6]5T BIRD-L ANIMALS1 "S ( GIGANTIC SIZE1 EXI/$ DUR+ T P]IOD8 ,N A FRAG;T ( B"O HAS BE5 4COV]$ 9 ^! B$S4 ,N L;G AGO1 PALAEONTOLOGI/S MA9TA9$ T ! :OLE CLASS ( BIRDS CAME SU45LY 96EXI/;E DUR+ ! EOC5E P]IOD2 B N[ WE "K1 ON ! AU?OR;Y ( ,PROFESSOR ,[51 T A BIRD C]TA9LY LIV$ DUR+ ! DEPOSI;N (! UPP] GRE5S&2 & / M REC5TLY1 T /RANGE BIRD1 ! ,>*EOPT]YX1 )A L;G LIZ>D-L TAIL1 BE>+ A PAIR ( F1!RS ON EA* JO9T1 &) XS W+S FURNI%$ ) TWO FREE CLAWS1 HAS BE5 4COV]$ 9 ! OOLITIC SLATES ( ,SOL5H(54 ,H>DLY ANY REC5T 4COV]Y %[S M =CIBLY ?AN ?1 H[ LL WE Z YET "K (! =M] 9HABITANTS (! _W4 ,I MAY GIVE ANO!R 9/.E1 :1 F HAV+ PASS$ "U MY [N EYES1 HAS M* /RUCK ME4 ,9 A MEMOIR ,ON ,FOSSIL ,SESSILE ,CIRRIP$ES1 ,I /AT$ T1 F ! L>GE NUMB] ( EXI/+ & EXT9CT T]TI>Y SPECIES2 F ! EXTRAORD9>Y ABUND.E (! 9DIVIDUALS ( _M SPECIES ALL OV] ! _W1 F ! ,>CTIC REGIONS 6! EQUATOR1 9HABIT+ V>I\S Z"OS ( DEP?S F ! UPP] TIDAL LIMITS 6#EJ FA?OMS2 F ! P]FECT MANN] 9 : SPECIM5S >E PRES]V$ 9 ! OLDE/ T]TI>Y B$S2 F ! EASE ) : EV5 A FRAG;T (A VALVE C 2 RECOGNIS$2 F ALL ^! CIRCUM/.ES1 ,I 9F]R$ T1 _H SESSILE CIRRIP$ES EXI/$ DUR+ ! SECOND>Y P]IODS1 !Y WD C]TA9LY H BE5 PRES]V$ & 4COV]$2 & Z N "O SPECIES _H !N BE5 4COV]$ 9 B$S ( ? AGE1 ,I 3CLUD$ T ? GRT GR\P _H BE5 SU45LY DEVELOP$ AT ! -M;E;T (! T]TI>Y S]IES4 ,? 0 A SORE TR\# 6ME1 A4+ Z ,I !N ?"\ "O M 9/.E (! ABRUPT APPE>.E (A GRT GR\P ( SPECIES4 ,B MY "W _H H>DLY BE5 PUBLI%$1 :5 A SKIL;L PALAEONTOLOGI/1 ,M4 ,BOSQUET1 S5T ME A DRAW+ (A P]FECT SPECIM5 ( AN UNMISTAKA# SESSILE CIRRIP$E1 : HE _H HMF EXTRACT$ F ! *ALK ( ,BELGIUM4 ,&1 Z IF 6MAKE ! CASE Z /RIK+ Z POSSI#1 ? CIRRIP$E 0 A ,*?AMALUS1 A V -MON1 L>GE1 & UBIQUIT\S G5US1 ( : N "O SPECIES HAS Z YET BE5 F.D EV5 9 ANY T]TI>Y /RATUM4 ,/ M REC5TLY1 A ,PYRGOMA1 A MEMB] (A 4T9CT SUBFAMILY ( SESSILE CIRRIP$ES1 HAS BE5 4COV]$ 0,MR4 ,WOODW>D 9 ! UPP] *ALK2 S T WE N[ H ABUNDANT EVID;E (! EXI/;E ( ? GR\P ( ANIMALS DUR+ ! SECOND>Y P]IOD4 ,! CASE MO/ FREQU5TLY 9SI/$ ON 0PALAEONTOLOGI/S (! APP>5TLY SU45 APPE>.E (A :OLE GR\P ( SPECIES1 IS T (! TELEO/1N FI%ES1 L[ D[N1 AC 6,AGASSIZ1 9 ! ,*ALK P]IOD4 ,? GR\P 9CLUDES ! L>GE MAJOR;Y ( EXI/+ SPECIES4 ,B C]TA9 ,JURASSIC & ,TRIASSIC =MS >E N[ -MONLY ADMITT$ 6BE TELEO/1N2 & EV5 "S PALAEOZOIC =MS H ?US BE5 CLASS$ 0"O HI< AU?OR;Y4 ,IF ! TELEO/1NS _H RE,Y APPE>$ SU45LY 9 ! NOR!RN HEMISPH]E AT ! -M;E;T (! *ALK =M,N ! FACT WD H BE5 HIKA#2 B X WD N H =M$ AN 9SUP]A# DI6ICULTY1 UN.S X CD LIKEWISE H BE5 %[N T AT ! SAME P]IOD ! SPECIES 7 SU45LY & SIMULTANE\SLY DEVELOP$ 9 O!R QU>T]S (! _W4 ,X IS ALM SUP]FLU\S 6REM>K T H>DLY ANY FOSSIL-FI% >E "KN F S\? (! EQUATOR2 & 0RUNN+ "? ,PICTET'S ,PALAEONTOLOGY X W 2 SE5 T V FEW SPECIES >E "KN F S"EAL =M,NS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,"S FEW FAMILIES ( FI% N[ H A 3F9$ RANGE2 ! TELEO/1N FI%ES MILY 3F9$ RANGE1 & AF HAV+ BE5 L>GELY DEVELOP$ 9 "S "O SEA1 H SPR1D WIDELY4 ,NOR H WE ANY "R 6SUPPOSE T ! S1S (! _W H ALW BE5 S FREELY OP5 F S\? 6NOR? Z !Y >E AT PRES5T4 ,EV5 AT ? "D1 IF ! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO 7 3V]T$ 96L&1 ! TROPICAL "PS (! ,9DIAN ,OC1N WD =M A L>GE & P]FECTLY 5CLOS$ BAS91 9 : ANY GRT GR\P ( M>9E ANIMALS MIS1 X SEEMS 6ME 6BE AB Z RA% 6DOGMATIZE ON ! SU3ES.N ( ORGANIC =MS "?\T ! _W1 Z X WD 2 =A NATURALI/ 6L& = FIVE M9UTES ON A B>R5 PO9T 9 ,AU/RALIA1 & !N 64CUSS ! NUMB] & RANGE ( XS PRODUC;NS4 ,ON ! ,SU45 ,APPE>.E ( ,GR\PS ( ALLI$ ,SPECIES 9 ! L[E/ "KN ,FOSSILIF]\S ,/RATA ,"! IS ANO!R & ALLI$ DI6ICULTY1 : IS M* M S]I\S4 ,I ALLUDE 6! MANN] 9 : SPECIES 2L;G+ 6S"EAL (! MA9 DIVI.NS (! ANIMAL K+DOM SU45LY APPE> 9 ! L[E/ "KN FOSSILIF]\S ROCKS4 ,MO/ (! >GU;TS : H 3V9C$ ME T ALL ! EXI/+ SPECIES (! SAME GR\P >E DESC5D$ F A S+LE PROG5ITOR1 APPLY ) EQUAL =CE 6! E>LIE/ "KN SPECIES4 ,= 9/.E1 X _C 2 D\BT$ T ALL ! ,CAMBRIAN & ,SILURIAN TRILOBITES >E DESC5D$ F "S "O CRU/AC1N1 : M/ H LIV$ L;G 2F ! ,CAMBRIAN AGE1 & : PROBABLY DI6]$ GRTLY F ANY "KN ANIMAL4 ,"S (! MO/ ANCI5T ANIMALS1 Z ! ,NAUTILUS1 ,L+ULA1 &C41 D N DI6] M* F LIV+ SPECIES2 & X _C ON \R !ORY 2 SUPPOS$1 T ^! OLD SPECIES 7 ! PROG5ITORS ( ALL ! SPECIES 2L;G+ 6! SAME GR\PS : H SUBSEQU5TLY APPE>$1 = !Y >E N 9 ANY DEGREE 9T]M$IATE 9 "*4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 IF ! !ORY 2 TRUE1 X IS 9DISPUTA# T 2F ! 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GEOLOGICAL RECORD Z A HI/ORY (! _W IMP]FECTLY KEPT1 & WRITT5 9 A *ANG+ DIALECT2 ( ? HI/ORY WE POSSESS ! LA/ VOLUME AL"O1 RELAT+ ONLY 6TWO OR ?REE C.TRIES4 ,( ? VOLUME1 ONLY "H & "! A %ORT *APT] HAS BE5 PRES]V$2 &( EA* PAGE1 ONLY "H & "! A FEW L9ES4 ,EA* ^W (! SL[LY-*ANG+ LANGUAGE1 M OR LESS DI6]5T 9 ! SU3ESSIVE *APT]S1 MAY REPRES5T ! =MS ( LIFE1 : >E 5TOMB$ 9 \R 3SECUTIVE =M,NS1 & : FALSELY APPE> 6H BE5 ABRUPTLY 9TRODUC$4 ,ON ? VIEW1 ! DI6ICULTIES ABV 4CUSS$ >E GRTLY DIM9I%$1 OR EV5 4APPE>4