,,*APT] ,,VIII3 ,,9/9CT
  ,_M 9/9CTS >E S WOND];L T _! DEVELOP;T
W PROBABLY APPE> 6! R1D] A DI6ICULTY
SU6ICI5T 6OV]?R[ MY :OLE !ORY4 ,I MAY "H
PREMISE T ,I H NO?+ 6D )! ORIG9 (! M5TAL
P[]S1 ANY M ?AN ,I H ) T ( LIFE XF4 ,WE
>E 3C]N$ ONLY )! DIV]SITIES ( 9/9CT &(!
O!R M5TAL FACULTIES 9 ANIMALS (! SAME
CLASS4
  ,I W N ATTEMPT ANY DEF9I;N ( 9/9CT4 ,X
WD 2 EASY 6%[ T S"EAL 4T9CT M5TAL AC;NS
>E -MONLY EMBRAC$ 0? T]M2 B E "O "U/&S
:AT IS M1NT1 :5 X IS SD T 9/9CT IMPELS !
CUCKOO 6MIGRATE & 6LAY H] E7S 9 O!R
BIRDS' NE/S4 ,AN AC;N1 : WE \RVS REQUIRE
EXP]I;E 65A# U 6P]=M1 :5 P]=M$ 0AN
ANIMAL1 M ESPECI,Y 0A V "Y "O1 )\T
EXP]I;E1 & :5 P]=M$ 0_M 9DIVIDUALS 9 !
SAME WAY1 )\T _! "K+ = :AT PURPOSE X IS
P]=M$1 IS USU,Y SD 6BE 9/9CTIVE4 ,B ,I
CD %[ T N"O ( ^! "*S >E UNIV]SAL4 ,A LL
DOSE ( JUDG;T OR R1SON1 Z ,PI]RE ,HUB]
EXPRESSES X1 (T5 -ES 96PLAY1 EV5 )
ANIMALS L[ 9 ! SCALE ( NATURE4
  ,FR$]IC ,CUVI] & S"EAL (! OLD]
METAPHYSICIANS H -P>$ 9/9CT ) HABIT4 ,?
-P>ISON GIVES1 ,I ?9K1 AN A3URATE NO;N (
! FRAME ( M9D "U : AN 9/9CTIVE AC;N IS
P]=M$1 B N NECESS>ILY ( XS ORIG94 ,H[
UNCONSCI\SLY _M HABITUAL AC;NS >E P]=M$1
9DE$ N R>ELY 9 DIRECT OPPOSI;N 6\R
3SCI\S W6 ,YET !Y MAY 2 MODIFI$ 0! W OR
R1SON4 ,HABITS EASILY 2COME ASSOCIAT$ )
O!R HABITS1 ) C]TA9 P]IODS ( "T1 & /ATES
(! BODY4 ,:5 ONCE ACQUIR$1 !Y (T5 REMA9
3/ANT "?\T LIFE4 ,S"EAL O!R PO9TS (
RESEMBL.E 2T 9/9CTS & HABITS CD 2 PO9T$
\4 ,Z 9 REP1T+ A WELL-"KN S;G1 S 9
9/9CTS1 "O AC;N FOLL[S ANO!R 0A SORT (
RHY?M2 IF A P]SON 2 9T]RUPT$ 9 A S;G1 OR
9 REP1T+ ANY?+ 0ROTE1 HE IS G5],Y =C$ 6G
BACK 6RECOV] ! HABITUAL TRA9 ( ?"\2 S
,P4 ,HUB] F.D X 0 )A CAT]PILL>1 : MAKES
A V -PLICAT$ HAMMOCK2 = IF HE TOOK A
CAT]PILL> : _H -PLET$ XS HAMMOCK UP TO1
SAY1 ! SIX? /AGE ( 3/RUC;N1 & PUT X 96A
HAMMOCK -PLET$ UP ONLY 6! ?IRD /AGE1 !
CAT]PILL> SIMPLY REP]=M$ ! F\R?1 FIF?1 &
SIX? /AGES ( 3/RUC;N4 IF1 H["E1 A
CAT]PILL> 7 TAK5 \ (A HAMMOCK MADE UP1 =
9/.E1 6! ?IRD /AGE1 & 7 PUT 96"O F9I%$
UP 6! SIX? /AGE1 S T M* ( XS "W 0 ALR
D"O = X1 F> F DERIV+ ANY B5EFIT F ?1 X 0
M* EMB>RASS$1 & 9 ORD] 6-PLETE XS
HAMMOCK1 SEEM$ =C$ 6/>T F ! ?IRD /AGE1
": X _H LEFT (F1 & ?US TRI$ 6-PLETE !
ALR F9I%$ "W4
  ,IF WE SUPPOSE ANY HABITUAL AC;N
62COME 9H]IT$- & X C 2 %[N T ? DOES
"S"TS HAPP5- !N ! RESEMBL.E 2T :AT
ORIG9,Y 0 A HABIT & AN 9/9CT 2COMES S
CLOSE Z N 6BE 4T+UI%$4 ,IF ,MOZ>T1 9/1D
( PLAY+ ! PIANO=TE AT ?REE YE>S OLD )
WOND];LLY LL PRACTICE1 _H PLAY$ A TUNE )
NO PRACTICE AT ALL1 HE MI<T TRULY 2 SD
6H D"O S 9/9CTIVELY4 ,B X WD 2 A S]I\S
]ROR 6SUPPOSE T ! GRT] NUMB] ( 9/9CTS H
BE5 ACQUIR$ 0HABIT 9 "O G5],N1 & !N
TRANSMITT$ 09H]IT.E 6SU3E$+ G5],NS4 ,X C
2 CLE>LY %[N T ! MO/ WOND];L 9/9CTS ) :
WE >E ACQUA9T$1 "NLY1 ^? (! HIVE-BEE &(
_M ANTS1 CD N POSSIBLY H BE5 ACQUIR$
0HABIT4
  ,X W 2 UNIV]S,Y ADMITT$ T 9/9CTS >E Z
IMPORTANT Z CORPOR1L /RUCTURES =! WELF>E
( EA* SPECIES1 "U XS PRES5T 3DI;NS (
LIFE4 ,"U *ANG$ 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 X IS AT
L1/ POSSI# T SLI<T MODIFIC,NS ( 9/9CT
MI<T 2 PR(ITA# 6A SPECIES2 & IF X C 2
%[N T 9/9CTS D V>Y "E S LL1 !N ,I C SEE
NO DI6ICULTY 9 NATURAL SELEC;N PRES]V+ &
3T9U,Y A3UMULAT+ V>I,NS ( 9/9CT 6ANY
EXT5T T 0 PR(ITA#4 ,X IS ?US1 Z ,I
2LIEVE1 T ALL ! MO/ -PLEX & WOND];L
9/9CTS H ORIG9AT$4 ,Z MODIFIC,NS (
CORPOR1L /RUCTURE >ISE F1 & >E 9CR1S$
BY1 USE OR HABIT1 & >E DIM9I%$ OR LO/
04USE1 S ,I D N D\BT X HAS BE5 ) 9/9CTS4
,B ,I 2LIEVE T ! E6ECTS ( HABIT >E 9 _M
CASES ( SUBORD9ATE IMPORT.E 6! E6ECTS (!
NATURAL SELEC;N ( :AT MAY 2 CALL$
SPONTANE\S V>I,NS ( 9/9CTS2- T IS (
V>I,NS PRODUC$ 0! SAME UN"KN CAUSES :
PRODUCE SLI<T DEVI,NS ( BODILY /RUCTURE4
  ,NO -PLEX 9/9CT C POSSIBLY 2 PRODUC$
"? NATURAL SELEC;N1 EXCEPT 0! SL[ &
GRADUAL A3UMUL,N ( NUM]\S SLI<T1 YET
PR(ITA#1 V>I,NS4 ,H;E1 Z 9 ! CASE (
CORPOR1L /RUCTURES1 WE "\ 6F9D 9 NATURE1
N ! ACTUAL TRANSI;NAL GRAD,NS 0: EA*
-PLEX 9/9CT HAS BE5 ACQUIR$- = ^! CD 2
F.D ONLY 9 ! L91L ANCE/ORS ( EA*
SPECIES- B WE "\ 6F9D 9 ! COLLAT]AL L9ES
( DESC5T "S EVID;E ( S* GRAD,NS2 OR WE
"\ AT L1/ 6BE A# 6%[ T GRAD,NS ( "S K9D
>E POSSI#2 & ? WE C]TA9LY C D4 ,I H BE5
SURPRIS$ 6F9D1 MAK+ ALL[.E =! 9/9CTS (
ANIMALS HAV+ BE5 B LL OBS]V$ EXCEPT 9
,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 &= NO 9/9CT 2+
"KN AM;G/ EXT9CT SPECIES1 H[ V G5],Y
GRAD,NS1 L1D+ 6! MO/ -PLEX 9/9CTS1 C 2
4COV]$4 ,*ANGES ( 9/9CT MAY "S"TS 2
FACILITAT$ 0! SAME SPECIES HAV+ DI6]5T
9/9CTS AT DI6]5T P]IODS ( LIFE1 OR AT
DI6]5T S1SONS (! YE>1 OR :5 PLAC$ "U
DI6]5T CIRCUM/.ES1 &;C2 9 : CASE EI ! "O
OR ! O!R 9/9CT MI<T 2 PRES]V$ 0NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,& S* 9/.ES ( DIV]S;Y ( 9/9CT 9
! SAME SPECIES C 2 %[N 6O3UR 9 NATURE4
  ,AG1 Z 9 ! CASE ( CORPOR1L /RUCTURE1 &
3=MABLY 6MY !ORY1 ! 9/9CT ( EA* SPECIES
IS GD = XF1 B HAS N"E1 Z F> Z WE C
JUDGE1 BE5 PRODUC$ =! EXCLUSIVE GD (
O!RS4 ,"O (! /R;GE/ 9/.ES ( AN ANIMAL
APP>5TLY P]=M+ AN AC;N =! SOLE GD (
ANO!R1 ) : ,I AM ACQUA9T$1 IS T (
APHIDES VOLUNT>ILY YIELD+1 Z 0 F/ OBS]V$
0,HUB]1 _! SWEET EXCRE;N 6ANTS3 T !Y D S
VOLUNT>ILY1 ! FOLL[+ FACTS %[4 ,I REMOV$
ALL ! ANTS F A GR\P ( AB A DOZ5 APHIDES
ON A DOCK-PLANT1 & PREV5T$ _! ATT5D.E
DUR+ S"EAL H\RS4 ,AF ? 9T]VAL1 ,I FELT
SURE T ! APHIDES WD WANT 6EXCRETE4 ,I
WAT*$ !M = "S "T "? A L5S1 B N "O
EXCRET$2 ,I !N TICKL$ & /ROK$ !M )A HAIR
9 ! SAME MANN]1 Z WELL Z ,I CD1 Z ! ANTS
D ) _! ANT5NAE2 B N "O EXCRET$4 ,AFWS ,I
ALL[$ AN ANT 6VISIT !M1 & X IMMLY SEEM$1
0XS EAG] WAY ( RUNN+ AB1 6BE WELL AW>E
:AT A RI* FLOCK X _H 4COV]$2 X !N 2GAN
6PLAY ) XS ANT5NAE ON ! ABDOM5 F/ ( "O
APHIS & !N ( ANO!R2 & EA*1 Z SOON Z X
FELT ! ANT5NAE1 IMMLY LIFT$ UP XS ABDOM5
& EXCRET$ A LIMPID DROP ( SWEET JUICE1 :
0 EAG]LY DEV\R$ 0! ANT4 ,EV5 ! Q "Y
APHIDES 2HAV$ 9 ? MANN]1 %[+ T ! AC;N 0
9/9CTIVE1 & N ! RESULT ( EXP]I;E4 ,X IS
C]TA91 F ! OBS]V,NS ( ,HUB]1 T ! APHIDES
%[ NO 4LIKE 6! ANTS3 IF ! LATT] 2 N
PRES5T !Y >E AT LA/ -PELL$ 6EJECT _!
EXCRE;N4 ,B Z ! EXCRE;N IS EXTREMELY
VISCID1 X IS NO D\BT A 3V5I;E 6! APHIDES
6H X REMOV$2 "!=E PROBABLY !Y D N
EXCRETE SOLELY =! GD (! ANTS4 ,AL? "! IS
NO EVID;E T ANY ANIMAL P]=MS AN AC;N =!
EXCLUSIVE GD ( ANO!R SPECIES1 YET EA*
TRIES 6TAKE ADVANTAGE (! 9/9CTS ( O!RS1
Z EA* TAKES ADVANTAGE (! W1K] BODILY
/RUCTURE ( O!R SPECIES4 ,S AG 9/9CTS _C
2 3SID]$ Z ABSOLUTELY P]FECT2 B Z
DETAILS ON ? & O!R S* PO9TS >E N
9DISP5SA#1 !Y MAY 2 "H PASS$ OV]4
  ,Z "S DEGREE ( V>I,N 9 9/9CTS "U A
/ATE ( NATURE1 &! 9H]IT.E ( S* V>I,NS1
>E 9DISP5SA# =! AC;N ( NATURAL SELEC;N1
Z _M 9/.ES Z POSSI# "\ 6BE GIV52 B WANT
( SPACE PREV5TS ME4 ,I C ONLY ASS]T T
9/9CTS C]TA9LY D V>Y- = 9/.E1 !
MIGRATORY 9/9CT1 BO? 9 EXT5T & DIREC;N1
& 9 XS TOTAL LOSS4 ,S X IS )! NE/S (
BIRDS1 : V>Y "PLY 9 DEP5D;E ON ! SITU,NS
*OS51 & ON ! NATURE & TEMP]ATURE (!
C.TRY 9HABIT$1 B (T5 F CAUSES :OLLY
UN"KN 6U3 ,AUDUBON HAS GIV5 S"EAL
REM>KA# CASES ( DI6];ES 9 ! NE/S (! SAME
SPECIES 9 ! NOR!RN & S\!RN ,UNIT$
,/ATES4 ,:Y1 X HAS BE5 ASK$1 IF 9/9CT 2
V>IA#1 HAS X N GRANT$ 6! BEE 8! ABIL;Y
6USE "S O!R MAT]IAL :5 WAX 0 DEFICI5T08
,B :AT O!R NATURAL MAT]IAL CD BEES USE8
,!Y W "W1 Z ,I H SE51 ) WAX H>D5$ )
V]MILION OR S(T5$ ) L>D4 ,&REW ,KNI<T
OBS]V$ T 8 BEES1 9/1D ( LABORI\SLY
COLLECT+ PROPOLIS1 US$ A CE;T ( WAX &
TURP5T9E1 ) : HE _H COV]$ DECORTICAT$
TREES4 ,X HAS LATELY BE5 %[N T BEES1
9/1D ( SE>*+ = POLL51 W GLADLY USE A V
DI6]5T SUB/.E1 "NLY OATM1L4 ,FE> ( ANY
"PICUL> 5EMY IS C]TA9LY AN 9/9CTIVE
QUAL;Y1 Z MAY 2 SE5 9 NE/L+ BIRDS1 ?\< X
IS /R5G!N$ 0EXP]I;E1 & 0! SI<T ( FE> (!
SAME 5EMY 9 O!R ANIMALS4 ,! FE> ( MAN IS
SL[LY ACQUIR$1 Z ,I H ELSE": %[N1 0!
V>I\S ANIMALS : 9HABIT DES]T ISL&S2 & WE
SEE AN 9/.E ( ? EV5 9 ,5GL&1 9 ! GRT]
WILD;S ( ALL \R L>GE BIRDS 9 -P>ISON )
\R SMALL BIRDS2 =! L>GE BIRDS H BE5 MO/
P]SECUT$ 0MAN4 ,WE MAY SAFELY ATTRIBUTE
! GRT] WILD;S ( \R L>GE BIRDS 6? CAUSE2
= 9 UN9HABIT$ ISL&S L>GE BIRDS >E N M
FE>;L ?AN SMALL2 &! MAGPIE1 S W>Y 9
,5GL&1 IS TAME 9 ,NORWAY1 Z IS ! HOOD$
CR[ 9 ,EGYPT4
  ,T ! M5TAL QUALITIES ( ANIMALS (! SAME
K9D1 BORN 9 A /ATE ( NATURE1 V>Y M*1 CD
2 %[N 0_M FACTS4 ,S"EAL CASES CD AL 2
A4UC$ ( O3A.NAL & /RANGE HABITS 9 WILD
ANIMALS1 :1 IF ADVANTAGE\S 6! SPECIES1
MI<T H GIV5 RISE1 "? NATURAL SELEC;N1
6NEW 9/9CTS4 ,B ,I AM WELL AW>E T ^!
G5]AL /ATE;TS1 )\T ! FACTS 9 DETAIL1 W
PRODUCE B A FEE# E6ECT ON ! R1D]'S M9D4
,I C ONLY REP1T MY ASSUR.E1 T ,I D N
SP1K )\T GD EVID;E4
  ,9H]IT$ ,*ANGES ( ,HABIT OR ,9/9CT 9
,DOME/ICAT$ ,ANIMALS
  ,! POSSIBIL;Y1 OR EV5 PROBABIL;Y1 (
9H]IT$ V>I,NS ( 9/9CT 9 A /ATE ( NATURE
W 2 /R5G!N$ 0BRIEFLY 3SID]+ A FEW CASES
"U DOME/IC,N4 ,WE % ?US 2 5A#D 6SEE ! "P
: HABIT &! SELEC;N ( S-CALL$ SPONTANE\S
V>I,NS H PLAY$ 9 MODIFY+ ! M5TAL
QUALITIES ( \R DOME/IC ANIMALS4 ,X IS
NOTORI\S H[ M* DOME/IC ANIMALS V>Y 9 _!
M5TAL QUALITIES4 ,) CATS1 = 9/.E1 "O
NATUR,Y TAKES 6CAT*+ RATS1 & ANO!R MICE1
& ^! T5D5CIES >E "KN 6BE 9H]IT$4 ,"O
CAT1 AC 6,MR4 ,/4 ,JOHN1 ALW BR"\ HOME
GAMEBIRDS1 ANO!R H>ES OR RA2ITS1 & ANO!R
HUNT$ ON M>%Y GR.D & ALM NI<TLY CAU<T
WOODCOCKS OR SNIPES4 ,A NUMB] ( CURI\S &
AU!NTIC 9/.ES CD 2 GIV5 ( V>I\S %ADES (
4POSI;N &( TA/E1 & LIKEWISE (! O4E/
TRICKS1 ASSOCIAT$ ) C]TA9 FRAMES ( M9D
OR P]IODS ( "T1 2+ 9H]IT$4 ,B LET U LOOK
6! FAMILI> CASE (! BRE$S (! DOGS3 X _C 2
D\BT$ T "Y PO9T]S 7,I H MYF SE5 A /RIK+
9/.E7 W "S"TS PO9T & EV5 BACK O!R DOGS !
V F/ "T T !Y >E TAK5 \2 RETRIEV+ IS
C]TA9LY 9 "S DEGREE 9H]IT$ 0RETRIEV]S2 &
A T5D5CY 6RUN R.D1 9/1D ( AT1 A FLOCK (
%EEP1 0%EPH]D DOGS4 ,I _C SEE T ^!
AC;NS1 P]=M$ )\T EXP]I;E 0! "Y1 & 9
NE>LY ! SAME MANN] 0EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 P]=M$
) EAG] DELI<T 0EA* BRE$1 & )\T ! 5D 2+
"KN- =! "Y PO9T] C NO M "K T HE PO9TS
6AID 8 MA/]1 ?AN ! :ITE BUTT]FLY "KS :Y
%E LAYS H] E7S ON ! L1F (! CA2AGE- ,I _C
SEE T ^! AC;NS DI6] ESS5TI,Y F TRUE
9/9CTS4 ,IF WE 7 62HOLD "O K9D ( WOLF1
:5 "Y & )\T ANY TRA9+1 Z SOON Z X SC5T$
XS PREY1 /& MO;N.S L A /ATUE1 & !N SL[LY
CRAWL =W>D )A PECULI> GAIT2 & ANO!R K9D
( WOLF RU%+ R.D1 9/1D ( AT1 A H]D ( DE]1
& DRIV+ !M 6A 4TANT PO9T1 WE %D ASSUR$LY
CALL ^! AC;NS 9/9CTIVE4 ,DOME/IC 9/9CTS1
Z !Y MAY 2 CALL$1 >E C]TA9LY F> LESS
FIX$ ?AN NATURAL 9/9CTS2 B !Y H BE5 ACT$
ON 0F> LESS RIGOR\S SELEC;N1 & H BE5
TRANSMITT$ = AN 9COMP>ABLY %ORT] P]IOD1
"U LESS FIX$ 3DI;NS ( LIFE4
  ,H[ /R;GLY ^! DOME/IC 9/9CTS1 HABITS1
& 4POSI;NS >E 9H]IT$1 & H[ CURI\SLY !Y
2COME M+L$1 IS WELL %[N :5 DI6]5T BRE$S
( DOGS >E CROSS$4 ,?US X IS "KN T A
CROSS )A BULL-DOG HAS A6ECT$ = _M G5],NS
! C\RAGE & OB/9ACY ( GREYH.DS2 &A CROSS
)A GREYH.D HAS GIV5 6A :OLE FAMILY (
%EPH]D-DOGS A T5D5CY 6HUNT H>ES4 ,^!
DOME/IC 9/9CTS1 :5 ?US TE/$ 0CROSS+1
RESEM# NATURAL 9/9CTS1 : 9 A L MANN]
2COME CURI\SLY BL5D$ TGR1 &=A L;G P]IOD
EXHIBIT TRACES (! 9/9CTS ( EI P>5T3 =
EXAMPLE1 ,LE ,ROY DESCRIBES A DOG1 ^:
GRT-GR&"F 0 A WOLF1 & ? DOG %[$ A TRACE
( XS WILD P>5TAGE ONLY 9 "O WAY1 0N -+ 9
A /RAI<T L9E 6HIS MA/]1 :5 CALL$4
  ,DOME/IC 9/9CTS >E "S"TS SPOK5 ( Z
AC;NS : H 2COME 9H]IT$ SOLELY F L;G-
3T9U$ & -PULSORY HABIT1 B ? IS N TRUE4
,NO "O WD "E H ?"\ ( T1*+1 OR PROBABLY
CD H TAU<T1 ! TUM#R-PIGEON 6TUM#1- AN
AC;N :1 Z ,I H WIT;S$1 IS P]=M$ 0"Y
BIRDS1 T H N"E SE5 A PIGEON TUM#4 ,WE
MAY 2LIEVE T "S "O PIGEON %[$ A SLI<T
T5D5CY 6? /RANGE HABIT1 & T ! L;G-3T9U$
SELEC;N (! BE/ 9DIVIDUALS 9 SU3ESSIVE
G5],NS MADE TUM#RS :AT !Y N[ >E2 & NE>
,GLASG[ "! >E H\SE-TUM#RS1 Z ,I HE> F
,MR4 ,BR5T1 : _C FLY EI<TE5 9*ES HI< )\T
GO+ H1D OV] HEELS4 ,X MAY 2 D\BT$ :E!R
ANY "O WD H ?"\ ( TRA9+ A DOG 6PO9T1 _H
N "S "O DOG NATUR,Y %[N A T5D5CY 9 ?
L9E2 & ? IS "KN O3A.N,Y 6HAPP51 Z ,I
ONCE SAW1 9 A PURE T]RI]3 ! ACT ( PO9T+
IS PROBABLY1 Z _M H ?"\1 ONLY ! EXA7]AT$
PAUSE ( AN ANIMAL PREP>+ 6SPR+ ON XS
PREY4 ,:5 ! F/ T5D5CY 6PO9T 0 ONCE
4PLAY$1 ME?ODICAL SELEC;N &! 9H]IT$
E6ECTS ( -PULSORY TRA9+ 9 EA* SU3ESSIVE
G5],N WD SOON -PLETE ! "W2 & UNCONSCI\S
SELEC;N IS / 9 PROGRESS1 Z EA* MAN TRIES
6PROCURE1 )\T 9T5D+ 6IMPROVE ! BRE$1
DOGS : /& & HUNT BE/4 ,ON ! O!R H&1
HABIT AL"O 9 "S CASES HAS SU6IC$2 H>DLY
ANY ANIMAL IS M DI6ICULT 6TAME ?AN ! "Y
(! WILD RA2IT2 SC>CELY ANY ANIMAL IS
TAM] ?AN ! "Y (! TAME RA2IT2 B ,I C
H>DLY SUPPOSE T DOME/IC RA2ITS H (T5 BE5
SELECT$ = TAME;S AL"O2 S T WE M/
ATTRIBUTE AT L1/ ! GRT] "P (! 9H]IT$
*ANGE F EXTREME WILD;S 6EXTREME TAME;S1
6HABIT & L;G-3T9U$ CLOSE 3F9E;T4
  ,NATURAL 9/9CTS >E LO/ "U DOME/IC,N3 A
REM>KA# 9/.E ( ? IS SE5 9 ^? BRE$S (
F[LS : V R>ELY OR N"E 2COME 8BROODY10 T
IS1 N"E WI% 6SIT ON _! E7S4 ,FAMILI>;Y
AL"O PREV5TS \R SEE+ H[ L>GELY & H[
P]MAN5TLY ! M9DS ( \R DOME/IC ANIMALS H
BE5 MODIFI$4 ,X IS SC>CELY POSSI# 6D\BT
T ! LOVE ( MAN HAS 2COME 9/9CTIVE 9 !
DOG4 ,ALL WOLVES1 FOXES1 JACKALS1 &
SPECIES (! CAT G5US1 :5 KEPT TAME1 >E
MO/ EAG] 6ATTACK P\LTRY1 %EEP1 & PIGS2 &
? T5D5CY HAS BE5 F.D 9CURA# 9 DOGS : H
BE5 BR"\ HOME Z PUPPIES F C.TRIES S* Z
,TI]RA DEL ,FUEGO & ,AU/RALIA1 ": !
SAVAGES D N KEEP ^! DOME/IC ANIMALS4 ,H[
R>ELY1 ON ! O!R H&1 D \R CIVILIS$ DOGS1
EV5 :5 Q "Y1 REQUIRE 6BE TAU<T N 6ATTACK
P\LTRY1 %EEP1 & PIGS6 ,NO D\BT !Y
O3A.N,Y D MAKE AN ATTACK1 & >E !N B1T52
& IF N CUR$1 !Y >E DE/ROY$2 S T HABIT &
"S DEGREE ( SELEC;N H PROBABLY 3CURR$ 9
CIVILIS+ 09H]IT.E \R DOGS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1
"Y *ICK5S H LO/1 :OLLY 0HABIT1 T FE> (!
DOG & CAT : NO D\BT 0 ORIG9,Y 9/9CTIVE )
!M2 = ,I AM 9=M$ 0,CAPTA9 ,HUTTON T ! "Y
*ICK5S (! P>5T-/OCK1 ! ,GALLUS BANKIVA1
:5 RE>$ 9 ,9DIA "U A H51 >E AT F/
EXCESSIVELY WILD4 ,S X IS ) "Y PH1SANTS
RE>$ 9 ,5GL& "U A H54 ,X IS N T *ICK5S H
LO/ ALL FE>1 B FE> ONLY ( DOGS & CATS1 =
IF ! H5 GIVES ! DANG]-*UCKLE1 !Y W RUN
7M ESPECI,Y "Y TURKEYS7 F "U H]1 & 3C1L
!MVS 9 ! SURR.D+ GRASS OR ?ICKETS2 & ?
IS EVID5TLY D"O =! 9/9CTIVE PURPOSE (
ALL[+ Z WE SEE 9 WILD GR.D-BIRDS1 _! "M
6FLY AWAY4 ,B ? 9/9CT RETA9$ 0\R *ICK5S
HAS 2COME USE.S "U DOME/IC,N1 =! "M-H5
HAS ALM LO/ 04USE ! P[] ( FLI<T4
  ,H;E1 WE MAY 3CLUDE1 T "U DOME/IC,N
9/9CTS H BE5 ACQUIR$1 & NATURAL 9/9CTS H
BE5 LO/1 "PLY 0HABIT1 & "PLY 0MAN
SELECT+ & A3UMULAT+1 DUR+ SU3ESSIVE
G5],NS1 PECULI> M5TAL HABITS & AC;NS1 :
AT F/ APPE>$ F :AT WE M/ 9 \R IGNOR.E
CALL AN A3ID5T4 ,9 "S CASES -PULSORY
HABIT AL"O HAS SU6IC$ 6PRODUCE 9H]IT$
M5TAL *ANGES2 9 O!R CASES1 -PULSORY
HABIT HAS D"O NO?+1 & ALL HAS BE5 !
RESULT ( SELEC;N1 PURSU$ BO? ME?ODIC,Y &
UNCONSCI\SLY3 B 9 MO/ CASES HABIT &
SELEC;N H PROBABLY 3CURR$4
  ,SPECIAL ,9/9CTS
  ,WE %1 P]H1 BE/ "U/& H[ 9/9CTS 9 A
/ATE ( NATURE H 2COME MODIFI$ 0SELEC;N
03SID]+ A FEW CASES4 ,I W SELECT ONLY
?REE1- "NLY1 ! 9/9CT : L1DS ! CUCKOO
6LAY H] E7S 9 O!R BIRDS' NE/S2 ! SLAVE-
MAK+ 9/9CT ( C]TA9 ANTS2 &! CELL-MAK+
P[] (! HIVE-BEE4 ,^! TWO LATT] 9/9CTS H
G5],Y & JU/LY BE5 RANK$ 0NATURALI/S Z !
MO/ WOND];L ( ALL "KN 9/9CTS4
  ,9/9CTS (! ,CUCKOO4- ,X IS SUPPOS$ 0"S
NATURALI/S T ! M IMM CAUSE (! 9/9CT (!
CUCKOO IS1 T %E LAYS H] E7S1 N DAILY1 B
AT 9T]VALS ( TWO OR ?REE "DS2 S T1 IF %E
7 6MAKE H] [N NE/ & SIT ON H] [N E7S ^?
F/ LAID WD H 6BE LEFT = "S "T UN9CUBAT$1
OR "! WD 2 E7S & "Y BIRDS ( DI6]5T AGES
9 ! SAME NE/4 ,IF ? 7 ! CASE1 ! PROCESS
( LAY+ & HAT*+ MI<T 2 9CONV5I5TLY L;G1 M
ESPECI,Y Z %E MIGRATES AT A V E>LY
P]IOD2 &! F/ HAT*$ "Y WD PROBABLY H 6BE
F$ 0! MALE AL"O4 ,B ! ,AM]ICAN CUCKOO IS
9 ? PREDICA;T2 = %E MAKES H] [N NE/1 &
HAS E7S & "Y SU3ESSIVELY HAT*$1 ALL AT !
SAME "T4 ,X HAS BE5 BO? ASS]T$ & D5I$ T
! ,AM]ICAN CUCKOO O3A.N,Y LAYS H] E7S 9
O!R BIRDS' NE/S2 B ,I H LATELY HE>D F
,DR4 ,M]RELL1 ( ,I[A1 T HE ONCE F.D 9
,ILL9OIS A "Y CUCKOO TGR )A "Y JAY 9 !
NE/ (A BLUE JAY 7,G>RULUS CRI/ATUS72 & Z
BO? 7 NE>LY FULL F1!R$1 "! CD 2 NO
MISTAKE 9 _! ID5TIFIC,N4 ,I CD AL GIVE
S"EAL 9/.ES ( V>I\S BIRDS : H BE5 "KN
O3A.N,Y 6LAY _! E7S 9 O!R BIRDS' NE/S4
,N[ LET U SUPPOSE T ! ANCI5T PROG5ITOR (
\R ,EUROP1N CUCKOO _H ! HABITS (!
,AM]ICAN CUCKOO1 & T %E O3A.N,Y LAID AN
EGG 9 ANO!R BIRD'S NE/4 ,IF ! OLD BIRD
PR(IT$ 0? O3A.NAL HABIT "? 2+ 5A#D
6MIGRATE E>LI] OR "? ANY O!R CAUSE2 OR
IF ! "Y 7 MADE M VIGOR\S 0ADVANTAGE 2+
TAK5 (! MISTAK5 9/9CT ( ANO!R SPECIES
?AN :5 RE>$ 0_! [N "M1 5CUMB]$ Z %E CD
H>DLY FAIL 6BE 0HAV+ E7S & "Y ( DI6]5T
AGES AT ! SAME "T2 !N ! OLD BIRDS OR !
FO/]$ "Y WD GA9 AN ADVANTAGE4 ,& ANALOGY
WD L1D U 62LIEVE1 T ! "Y ?US RE>$ WD 2
APT 6FOLL[ 09H]IT.E ! O3A.NAL & AB]RANT
HABIT ( _! "M1 & 9 _! TURN WD 2 APT 6LAY
_! E7S 9 O!R BIRDS' NE/S1 & ?US 2 M
SU3ESS;L 9 RE>+ _! "Y4 ,0A 3T9U$ PROCESS
( ? NATURE1 ,I 2LIEVE T ! /RANGE 9/9CT (
\R CUCKOO HAS BE5 G5]AT$4 ,X HAS1 AL1
REC5TLY BE5 ASC]TA9$ ON SU6ICI5T EVID;E1
0,ADOLF ,MULL]1 T ! CUCKOO O3A.N,Y LAYS
H] E7S ON ! B>E GR.D1 SITS ON !M1 & FE$S
H] "Y4 ,? R>E EV5T IS PROBABLY A CASE (
REV].N 6! L;G-LO/1 ABORIG9AL 9/9CT (
NIDIFIC,N4
  ,X HAS BE5 OBJECT$ T ,I H N NOTIC$ O!R
RELAT$ 9/9CTS & ADAPT,NS ( /RUCTURE 9 !
CUCKOO1 : >E SPOK5 ( Z NECESS>ILY CO-
ORD9AT$4 ,B 9 ALL CASES1 SPECUL,N ON AN
9/9CT "KN 6U ONLY 9 A S+LE SPECIES1 IS
USE.S1 = WE H HI!RTO _H NO FACTS 6GUIDE
U4 ,UNTIL REC5TLY ! 9/9CTS (! ,EUROP1N &
(! NONP>ASITIC ,AM]ICAN CUCKOO AL"O 7
"KN4 N[1 [+ 6,MR4 ,RAMSAY'S OBS]V,NS1 WE
H LE>NT "S?+ AB ?REE ,AU/RALIAN SPECIES1
: LAY _! E7S 9 O!R BIRDS' NE/S4 ,! *IEF
PO9TS 6BE REF]R$ 6>E ?REE3 F/1 T ! -MON
CUCKOO1 ) R>E EXCEP;NS1 LAYS ONLY "O EGG
9 A NE/1 S T ! L>GE & VORACI\S "Y BIRD
RCVS AMPLE FOOD4 ,SECONDLY1 T ! E7S >E
REM>KABLY SMALL1 N EXCE$+ ^? (! SKYL>K1-
A BIRD AB "O-F\R? Z L>GE Z ! CUCKOO4 ,T
! SMALL SIZE (! EGG IS A R1L CAUSE (
ADAPT,N WE MAY 9F] F ! FACT (! NON-
P>ASITIC ,AM]ICAN CUCKOO LAY+ FULL-SIZ$
E7S4 ,?IRDLY1 T ! "Y CUCKOO1 SOON AF
BIR?1 HAS ! 9/9CT1 ! /R5G?1 &A PROP]LY
%AP$ BACK = EJECT+ XS FO/]-BRO!RS1 : !N
P]I% F COLD & HUNG]4 ,? HAS BE5 BOLDLY
CALL$ A 2NEFIC5T >RANGE;T1 9 ORD] T ! "Y
CUCKOO MAY GET SU6ICI5T FOOD1 & T XS
FO/]-BRO!RS MAY P]I% 2F !Y _H ACQUIR$ M*
FEEL+6
  ,TURN+ N[ 6! ,AU/RALIAN SPECIES2 ?\<
^! BIRDS G5],Y LAY ONLY "O EGG 9 A NE/1
X IS N R>E 6F9D TWO OR EV5 ?REE E7S 9 !
SAME NE/4 ,9 ! BRONZE CUCKOO ! E7S V>Y
GRTLY 9 SIZE1 F EI<T 6T5 "TS 9 L5G?4 ,N[
IF X _H BE5 ( AN ADVANTAGE 6? SPECIES 6H
LAID E7S EV5 SMALL] ?AN ^? N[ LAID1 S Z
6H DCVD C]TA9 FO/]-P>5TS1 OR1 Z IS M
PROBA#1 6H BE5 HAT*$ )9 A %ORT] P]IOD 7=
X IS ASS]T$ T "! IS A REL,N 2T ! SIZE (
E7S &! P]IOD ( _! 9CUB,N71 !N "! IS NO
DI6ICULTY 9 2LIEV+ T A RACE OR SPECIES
MI<T H BE5 =M$ : WD H LAID SMALL] &
SMALL] E7S2 = ^! WD H BE5 M SAFELY HAT*$
& RE>$4 ,MR4 ,RAMSAY REM>KS T TWO (!
,AU/RALIAN CUCKOOS1 :5 !Y LAY _! E7S 9
AN OP5 NE/1 MANIFE/ A DECID$ PREF];E =
NE/S 3TA9+ E7S SIMIL> 9 COL\R 6_! [N4 ,!
,EUROP1N SPECIES APP>5TLY MANIFE/S "S
T5D5CY T[>DS A SIMIL> 9/9CT1 B N R>ELY
DE"PS F X1 Z IS %[N 0H] LAY+ H] DULL &
PALE-COL\R$ E7S 9 ! NE/ (! ,H$GE-W>#R )
B"R GRE5I%-BLUE E7S4 ,_H \R CUCKOO
9V>IABLY 4PLAY$ ! ABV 9/9CT1 X WD
ASSUR$LY H BE5 A4$ 6^? : X IS ASSUM$ M/
ALL H BE5 ACQUIR$ TGR4 ,! E7S (!
,AU/RALIAN BRONZE CUCKOO V>Y1 AC 6,MR4
,RAMSAY1 6AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE 9 COL\R2
S T 9 ? RESPECT1 Z WELL Z 9 SIZE1
NATURAL SELEC;N MI<T H SECUR$ & FIX$ ANY
ADVANTAGE\S V>I,N4
  ,9 ! CASE (! ,EUROP1N CUCKOO1 ! (FSPR+
(! FO/]-P>5TS >E -MONLY EJECT$ F ! NE/
)9 ?REE "DS AF ! CUCKOO IS HAT*$2 & Z !
LATT] AT ? AGE IS 9 A MO/ HELP.S 3DI;N1
,MR4 ,G\LD 0 =M]LY 9CL9$ 62LIEVE T ! ACT
( EJEC;N 0 P]=M$ 0! FO/]-P>5TS !MVS4 ,B
HE HAS N[ RCVD A TRU/WOR?Y A3.T (A "Y
CUCKOO : 0 ACTU,Y SE51 :IL/ / BL & N A#
EV5 6HOLD UP XS [N H1D1 9 ! ACT ( EJECT+
XS FO/]-BRO!RS4 ,"O ( ^! 0 REPLAC$ 9 !
NE/ 0! OBS]V]1 & 0 AG ?R[N \4 ,) RESPECT
6! M1NS 0: ? /RANGE & ODI\S 9/9CT 0
ACQUIR$1 IF X 7 ( GRT IMPORT.E =! "Y
CUCKOO1 Z IS PROBABLY ! CASE1 6RCV Z M*
FOOD Z POSSI# SOON AF BIR?1 ,I C SEE NO
SPECIAL DI6ICULTY 9 XS HAV+ GRADU,Y
ACQUIR$1 DUR+ SU3ESSIVE G5],NS1 ! BL
DESIRE1 ! /R5G?1 & /RUCTURE NEC =! "W (
EJEC;N2 = ^? "Y CUCKOOS : _H S* HABITS &
/RUCTURE BE/ DEVELOP$ WD 2 ! MO/
SECURELY RE>$4 ,! F/ /EP T[>DS !
ACQUISI;N (! PROP] 9/9CT MI<T H BE5 M
UN9T5;NAL RE/.S;S ON ! "P (! "Y BIRD1 :5
"S:AT ADV.ED 9 AGE & /R5G?2 ! HABIT HAV+
BE5 AFWS IMPROV$1 & TRANSMITT$ 6AN E>LI]
AGE4 ,I C SEE NO M DI6ICULTY 9 ?1 ?AN 9
! UNHAT*$ "Y ( O!R BIRDS ACQUIR+ ! 9/9CT
6BR1K "? _! [N %ELLS2- OR ?AN 9 "Y
SNAKES ACQUIR+ 9 _! UPP] JAWS1 Z ,[5 HAS
REM>K$1 A TRANSITORY %>P TOO? = CUTT+ "?
! T\< EGG-%ELL4 ,= IF EA* "P IS LIA#
69DIVIDUAL V>I,NS AT ALL AGES1 &! V>I,NS
T5D 6BE 9H]IT$ AT A CORRESPOND+ OR E>LI]
AGE1- PROPOSI;NS : _C 2 4PUT$1- !N !
9/9CTS & /RUCTURE (! "Y CD 2 SL[LY
MODIFI$ Z SURELY Z ^? (! ADULT2 & BO?
CASES M/ /& OR FALL TGR )! :OLE !ORY (
NATURAL SELEC;N4
  ,"S SPECIES ( ,MOLO?RUS1 A WIDELY
4T9CT G5US ( ,AM]ICAN BIRDS1 ALLI$ 6\R
/>L+S1 H P>ASITIC HABITS L ^? (! CUCKOO2
&! SPECIES PRES5T AN 9T]E/+ GRAD,N 9 !
P]FEC;N ( _! 9/9CTS4 ,! SEXES (
,MOLO?RUS BADIUS >E /AT$ 0AN EXCELL5T
OBS]V]1 ,MR4 ,HUDSON1 "S"TS 6LIVE
PROMISCU\SLY TGR 9 FLOCKS1 & "S"TS
6PAIR4 ,!Y EI BUILD A NE/ ( _! [N1 OR
SEIZE ON "O 2L;G+ 6"S O!R BIRD1 O3A.N,Y
?R[+ \ ! NE/L+S (! /RANG]4 ,!Y EI LAY _!
E7S 9 ! NE/ ?US APPROPRIAT$1 OR O4LY 5
BUILD "O = !MVS ON ! TOP ( X4 ,!Y USU,Y
SIT ON _! [N E7S & RE> _! [N "Y2 B ,MR4
,HUDSON SAYS X IS PROBA# T !Y >E O3A.N,Y
P>ASITIC1 = HE HAS SE5 ! "Y ( ? SPECIES
FOLL[+ OLD BIRDS (A 4T9CT K9D & CLAM\R+
6BE F$ 0!M4 ,! P>ASITIC HABITS ( ANO!R
SPECIES ( ,MOLO?RUS1 ! ,M4 BON>I5SIS1 >E
M* M HI<LY DEVELOP$ ?AN ^? (! LA/1 B >E
/ F> F P]FECT4 ,? BIRD1 Z F> Z X IS "KN1
9V>IABLY LAYS XS E7S 9 ! NE/S ( /RANG]S2
B X IS REM>KA# T S"EAL TGR "S"TS -M;E
6BUILD AN IRREGUL> UNTIDY NE/ ( _! [N1
PLAC$ 9 S+UL>LY ILL-ADAPT$ SITU,NS1 Z ON
! L1VES (A L>GE ?I/LE4 ,!Y N"E1 H["E1 Z
F> Z ,MR4 ,HUDSON HAS ASC]TA9$1 -PLETE A
NE/ = !MVS4 ,!Y (T5 LAY S _M E7S- F
FIFTE5 6TW5TY- 9 ! SAME FO/]-NE/1 T FEW
OR N"O C POSSIBLY 2 HAT*$4 ,!Y H1
MOREOV]1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y HABIT ( PECK+
HOLES 9 ! E7S1 :E!R ( _! [N SPECIES OR (
_! FO/]-P>5TS1 : !Y F9D 9 ! APPROPRIAT$
NE/S4 ,!Y DROP AL _M E7S ON ! B>E GR.D1
: >E ?US WA/$4 ,A ?IRD SPECIES1 ! ,M4
PECORIS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 HAS ACQUIR$
9/9CTS Z P]FECT Z ^? (! CUCKOO1 = X N"E
LAYS M ?AN "O EGG 9 A FO/]-NE/1 S T ! "Y
BIRD IS SECURELY RE>$4 ,MR4 ,HUDSON IS A
/R;G 4BELIEV] 9 EVOLU;N1 B HE APPE>S 6H
BE5 S M* /RUCK 0! IMP]FECT 9/9CTS (!
,MOLO?RUS BON>I5SIS T HE QUOTES MY ^WS1
& ASKS1 8,M/ WE 3SID] ^! HABITS1 N Z
ESPECI,Y 5D[$ OR CR1T$ 9/9CTS1 B Z SMALL
3SEQU;ES ( "O G5]AL LAW1 "NLY1
TRANSI;N80
  ,V>I\S BIRDS1 Z HAS ALR BE5 REM>K$1
O3A.N,Y LAY _! E7S 9 ! NE/ ( O!R BIRDS4
,? HABIT IS N V UNCOMMON )! ,GALL9AC1E1
& ?R[S "S LI<T ON ! S+UL> 9/9CT (!
O/RI*4 ,9 ? FAMILY S"EAL H5-BIRDS UNITE
& LAY F/ A FEW E7S 9 "O NE/ & !N 9
ANO!R2 & ^! >E HAT*$ 0! MALES4 ,? 9/9CT
MAY PROBABLY 2 A3.T$ = 0! FACT (! H5S
LAY+ A L>GE NUMB] ( E7S1 B1 Z )! CUCKOO1
AT 9T]VALS ( TWO OR ?REE "DS4 ,! 9/9CT1
H["E1 (! ,AM]ICAN O/RI*1 Z 9 ! CASE (!
,MOLO?RUS BON>I5SIS1 HAS N Z YET BE5
P]FECT$2 =A SURPRIS+ NUMB] ( E7S LIE
/REW$ OV] ! PLA9S1 S T 9 "O "D'S HUNT+
,I PICK$ UP NO LESS ?AN TW5TY LO/ & WA/$
E7S4
  ,_M BEES >E P>ASITIC1 & REGUL>LY LAY
_! E7S 9 ! NE/S ( O!R K9DS ( BEES4 ,?
CASE IS M REM>KA# ?AN T (! CUCKOO2 = ^!
BEES H N ONLY _H _! 9/9CTS B _! /RUCTURE
MODIFI$ 9 A3ORD.E ) _! P>ASITIC HABITS2
= !Y D N POSSESS ! POLL5-COLLECT+
APP>ATUS : WD H BE5 9DISP5SA# IF !Y _H
/OR$ UP FOOD = _! [N "Y4 ,"S SPECIES (
,SPHEGIDEA 7WASP-L 9SECTS7 >E LIKEWISE
P>ASITIC2 & ,M4 ,FABRE HAS LATELY %[N GD
R1SON = 2LIEV+ T1 AL? ! ,TA*YTES NIGRA
G5],Y MAKES XS [N BURR[ & /ORES X )
P>ALYS$ PREY = XS [N L>VAE1 YET T1 :5 ?
9SECT F9DS A BURR[ ALR MADE & /OR$
0ANO!R SPECIES1 X TAKES ADVANTAGE (!
PRIZE & 2COMES =! O3A.N P>ASITIC4 ,9 ?
CASE1 Z ) T (! ,MOLO?RUS OR CUCKOO1 ,I C
SEE NO DI6ICULTY 9 NATURAL SELEC;N MAK+
AN O3A.NAL HABIT P]MAN5T1 IF ( ADVANTAGE
6! SPECIES1 & IF ! 9SECT ^: NE/ & /OR$
FOOD >E FELONI\SLY APPROPRIAT$1 2 N ?US
EXT]M9AT$4
  ,SLAVE-MAK+ 9/9CT4- ,? REM>KA# 9/9CT 0
F/ 4COV]$ 9 ! ,=MICA 7,POLY]GES7
RUFESC5S 0,PI]RE ,HUB]1 A BETT] OBS]V]
EV5 ?AN 8 CELEBRAT$ "F4 ,? ANT IS
ABSOLUTELY DEP5D5T ON XS SLAVES2 )\T _!
AID1 ! SPECIES WD C]TA9LY 2COME EXT9CT 9
A S+LE YE>4 ,! MALES & F]TILE FEMALE D
NO "W ( ANY K9D1 &! "W]S OR /]ILE
FEMALES1 ?\< MO/ 5]GETIC & C\RAGE\S 9
CAPTUR+ SLAVES1 D NO O!R "W4 ,!Y >E
9CAPA# ( MAK+ _! [N NE/S1 OR ( FE$+ _!
[N L>VAE4 ,:5 ! OLD NE/ IS F.D
9CONV5I5T1 & !Y H 6MIGRATE1 X IS !
SLAVES : DET]M9E ! MIGR,N1 & ACTU,Y C>RY
_! MA/]S 9 _! JAWS4 ,S UTT]LY HELP.S >E
! MA/]S1 T :5 ,HUB] %UT UP ?IRTY ( !M
)\T A SLAVE1 B ) PL5TY (! FOOD : !Y L
BE/1 &) _! [N L>VAE & PUPAE 6/IMULATE !M
6"W1 !Y DID NO?+2 !Y CD N EV5 FE$ !MVS1
& _M P]I%$ ( HUNG]4 ,HUB] !N 9TRODUC$ A
S+LE SLAVE 7,F4 FUSCA71 & %E 9/ANTLY SET
6"W1 F$ & SAV$ ! SURVIVORS2 MADE "S
CELLS & T5D$ ! L>VAE1 & PUT ALL 6"RS4
,:AT C 2 M EXTRAORD9>Y ?AN ^! WELL-
ASC]TA9$ FACTS8 ,IF WE _H N "KN ( ANY
O!R SLAVE-MAK+ ANT1 X WD H BE5 HOPE.S
6SPECULATE H[ S WOND];L AN 9/9CT CD H
BE5 P]FECT$4
  ,ANO!R SPECIES1 ,=MICA SANGU9EA1 0
LIKEWISE F/ 4COV]$ BY ;,P4 ,HUB] 6BE A
SLAVE-MAK+ ANT4 ,? SPECIES IS F.D 9 !
S\!RN "PS ( ,5GL&1 & XS HABITS H BE5
ATT5D$ 60,MR4 ,F4 ,SMI?1 (! ,BRITI%
,MUSEUM1 6:OM ,I AM M* 9DEBT$ = 9=M,N ON
? & O!R SUBJECTS4 ,AL? FULLY TRU/+ 6!
/ATE;TS ( ,HUB] & ,MR4 ,SMI?1 ,I TRI$
6APPROA* ! SUBJECT 9 A SCEPTICAL FRAME (
M9D1 Z ANY "O MAY WELL 2 EXCUS$ = D\BT+
! EXI/;E ( S EXTRAORD9>Y AN 9/9CT Z T (
MAK+ SLAVES4 ,H;E1 ,I W GIVE ! OBS]V,NS
: ,I MADE 9 "S LL DETAIL4 ,I OP5$ F\RTE5
NE/S ( ,F4 SANGU9EA1 & F.D A FEW SLAVES
9 ALL4 ,MALES & F]TILE FEMALES (! SLAVE
SPECIES 7,F4 FUSCA7 >E F.D ONLY 9 _! [N
PROP] -MUNITIES1 & H N"E BE5 OBS]V$ 9 !
NE/S ( ,F4 SANGU9EA4 ,! SLAVES >E BLACK
& N ABV HALF ! SIZE ( _! R$ MA/]S1 S T !
3TRA/ 9 _! APPE>.E IS GRT4 ,:5 ! NE/ IS
SLI<TLY 4TURB$1 ! SLAVES O3A.N,Y -E \1 &
L _! MA/]S >E M* AGITAT$ & DEF5D ! NE/3
:5 ! NE/ IS M* 4TURB$1 &! L>VAE & PUPAE
>E EXPOS$1 ! SLAVES "W 5]GETIC,Y TGR )
_! MA/]S 9 C>RY+ !M AWAY 6A PLACE (
SAFETY4 ,H;E1 X IS CLE>1 T ! SLAVES FEEL
Q AT HOME4 ,DUR+ ! MON?S ( ,JUNE &
,JULY1 ON ?REE SU3ESSIVE YE>S1 ,I WAT*$
= _M H\RS S"EAL NE/S 9 ,SURREY &
,SUSSEX1 & N"E SAW A SLAVE EI L1VE OR
5T] A NE/4 ,Z1 DUR+ ^! MON?S1 ! SLAVES
>E V FEW 9 NUMB]1 ,I ?"\ T !Y MI<T 2HAVE
DI6]5TLY :5 M NUM]\S2 B ,MR4 ,SMI? 9=MS
ME T HE HAS WAT*$ ! NE/S AT V>I\S H\RS
DUR+ ,MAY1 ,JUNE1 & ,AUGU/1 BO? 9
,SURREY & ,HAMP%IRE1 & HAS N"E SE5 !
SLAVES1 ?\< PRES5T 9 L>GE NUMB]S 9
,AUGU/1 EI L1VE OR 5T] ! NE/4 ,H;E HE
3SID]S !M Z /RICTLY H\SEHOLD SLAVES4 ,!
MA/]S1 ON ! O!R H&1 MAY 2 3/ANTLY SE5
BR++ 9 MAT]IALS =! NE/1 & FOOD ( ALL
K9DS4 ,DUR+ ! YE> #AHFJ1 H["E1 9 ! MON?
( ,JULY1 ,I CAME ACR A -MUN;Y ) AN
UNUSU,Y L>GE /OCK ( SLAVES1 & ,I OBS]V$
A FEW SLAVES M+L$ ) _! MA/]S L1V+ ! NE/1
& M>*+ AL;G ! SAME ROAD 6A TALL ,SCOT*-
FIR-TREE1 TW5TY-FIVE Y>DS 4TANT1 : !Y
ASC5D$ TGR1 PROBABLY 9 SE>* ( APHIDES OR
CO3I4 ,AC 6,HUB]1 :O _H AMPLE
OPPORTUNITIES = OBS]V,N1 ! SLAVES 9
,SWITZ]L& HABITU,Y "W ) _! MA/]S 9 MAK+
! NE/1 & !Y AL"O OP5 & CLOSE ! DOORS 9 !
MORN+ & EV5+2 &1 Z ,HUB] EXPRESSLY
/ATES1 _! PR9CIPAL (FICE IS 6SE>* =
APHIDES4 ,? DI6];E 9 ! USUAL HABITS (!
MA/]S & SLAVES 9 ! TWO C.TRIES1 PROBABLY
DEP5DS M]ELY ON ! SLAVES 2+ CAPTUR$ 9
GRT] NUMB]S 9 ,SWITZ]L& ?AN 9 ,5GL&4
  ,"O "D ,I =TUNATELY WIT;S$ A MIGR,N (
,F4 SANGU9EA F "O NE/ 6ANO!R1 & X 0 A
MO/ 9T]E/+ SPECTACLE 62HOLD ! MA/]S
C>E;LLY C>RY+ _! SLAVES 9 _! JAWS 9/1D (
2+ C>RI$ 0!M1 Z 9 ! CASE ( ,F4 RUFESC5S4
,ANO!R "D MY ATT5;N 0 /RUCK 0AB A SCORE
(! SLAVE-MAK]S HAUNT+ ! SAME SPOT1 &
EVID5TLY N 9 SE>* ( FOOD2 !Y APPROA*$ &
7 VIGOR\SLY REPULS$ 0AN 9DEP5D5T -MUN;Y
(! SLAVE-SPECIES 7,F4 FUSCA72 "S"TS Z _M
Z ?REE ( ^! ANTS CL++ 6! LEGS (!
SLAVEMAK+ ,F4 SANGU9EA4 ,! LATT] RU?.SLY
KILL$ _! SMALL OPPON5TS1 & C>RI$ _! D1D
BODIES Z FOOD 6_! NE/1 TW5TY-N9E Y>DS
4TANT2 B !Y 7 PREV5T$ F GETT+ ANY PUPAE
6RE> Z SLAVES4 ,I !N DUG UP A SMALL
P>CEL (! PUPAE ( ,F4 FUSCA F ANO!R NE/1
& PUT !M D[N ON A B>E SPOT NE> ! PLACE (
-BAT2 !Y 7 EAG]LY SEIZ$ & C>RI$ (F 0!
TYRANTS1 :O P]H FANCI$ T1 AF ALL1 !Y _H
BE5 VICTORI\S 9 _! LATE -BAT4
  ,AT ! SAME "T ,I LAID ON ! SAME PLACE
A SMALL P>CEL (! PUPAE ( ANO!R SPECIES1
,F4 FLAVA1 )A FEW ( ^! LL YELL[ ANTS /
CL++ 6! FRAG;TS ( _! NE/4 ,? SPECIES IS
"S"TS1 ?\< R>ELY1 MADE 96SLAVES1 Z HAS
BE5 DESCRIB$ 0,MR4 ,SMI?4 ,AL? S SMALL A
SPECIES1 X IS V C\RAGE\S1 & ,I H SE5 X
F]OCI\SLY ATTACK O!R ANTS4 ,9 "O 9/.E ,I
F.D 6MY SURPRISE AN 9DEP5D5T -MUN;Y (
,F4 FLAVA "U A /"O 2N A NE/ (! SLAVEMAK+
,F4 SANGU9EA2 & :5 ,I _H A3ID5T,Y 4TURB$
BO? NE/S1 ! LL ANTS ATTACK$ _! BIG
NEI<B\RS ) SURPRIS+ C\RAGE4 ,N[ ,I 0
CURI\S 6ASC]TA9 :E!R ,F4 SANGU9EA CD
4T+UI% ! PUPAE ( ,F4 FUSCA1 : !Y
HABITU,Y MAKE 96SLAVES1 F ^? (! LL &
FURI\S ,F4 FLAVA1 : !Y R>ELY CAPTURE1 &
X 0 EVID5T T !Y DID AT ONCE 4T+UI% !M2 =
WE H SE5 T !Y EAG]LY & 9/ANTLY SEIZ$ !
PUPAE ( ,F4 FUSCA1 ":AS !Y 7 M* T]RIFI$
:5 !Y CAME ACR ! PUPAE OR EV5 ! E>? F !
NE/1 ( ,F4 FLAVA1 & QKLY RAN AWAY2 B 9
AB A QU>T] ( AN H\R1 %ORTLY AF ALL ! LL
YELL[ ANTS _H CRAWL$ AWAY1 !Y TOOK HE>T
& C>RI$ (F ! PUPAE4
  ,"O EV5+ ,I VISIT$ ANO!R -MUN;Y ( ,F4
SANGU9EA1 & F.D A NUMB] ( ^! ANTS
RETURN+ HOME & 5T]+ _! NE/S1 C>RY+ ! D1D
BODIES ( ,F4 FUSCA 7%[+ T X 0 N A
MIGR,N7 & NUM]\S PUPAE4 ,I TRAC$ A L;G
FILE ( ANTS BUR!N$ ) BOOTY1 = AB =TY
Y>DS BACK1 6A V ?ICK CLUMP ( H1?1 :;E ,I
SAW ! LA/ 9DIVIDUAL ( ,F4 SANGU9EA
EM]GE1 C>RY+ A PUPA2 B ,I 0 N A# 6F9D !
DESOLAT$ NE/ 9 ! ?ICK H1?4 ,! NE/1 H["E1
M/ H BE5 CLOSE AT H&1 = TWO OR ?REE
9DIVIDUALS ( ,F4 FUSCA 7 RU%+ AB 9 !
GRTE/ AGIT,N1 & "O 0 P]*$ MO;N.S ) XS [N
PUPA 9 XS M\? ON ! TOP (A SPRAY ( H1?1
AN IMAGE ( DESPAIR OV] XS RAVAG$ HOME4
  ,S* >E ! FACTS1 ?\< !Y DID N NE$
3FIRM,N 0ME1 9 REG>D 6! WOND];L 9/9CT (
MAK+ SLAVES4 ,LET X 2 OBS]V$ :AT A 3TRA/
! 9/9CTIVE HABITS ( ,F4 SANGU9EA PRES5T
) ^? (! 3T95TAL ,F4 RUFESC5S4 ,! LATT]
DOES N BUILD XS [N NE/1 DOES N DET]M9E
XS [N MIGR,NS1 DOES N COLLECT FOOD = XF
OR XS "Y1 & _C EV5 FE$ XF3 X IS
ABSOLUTELY DEP5D5T ON XS NUM]\S SLAVES4
,=MICA SANGU9EA1 ON ! O!R H&1 POSSESSES
M* FEW] SLAVES1 & 9 ! E>LY "P (! SUMM]
EXTREMELY FEW3 ! MA/]S DET]M9E :5 & ": A
NEW NE/ % 2 =M$1 & :5 !Y MIGRATE1 !
MA/]S C>RY ! SLAVES4 ,BO? 9 ,SWITZ]L& &
,5GL& ! SLAVES SEEM 6H ! EXCLUSIVE C>E (
! L>VAE1 &! MA/]S AL"O G ON SLAVE-MAK+
EXP$I;NS4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L& ! SLAVES & MA/]S
"W TGR1 MAK+ & BR++ MAT]IALS =! NE/ BO?1
B *IEFLY ! SLAVES1 T5D1 & MILK1 Z X MAY
2 CALL$1 _! APHIDES2 & ?US BO? COLLECT
FOOD =! -MUN;Y4 ,9 ,5GL& ! MA/]S AL"O
USU,Y L1VE ! NE/ 6COLLECT BUILD+
MAT]IALS & FOOD = !MVS1 _! SLAVES &
L>VAE4 ,S T ! MA/]S 9 ? C.TRY RCV M*
LESS S]VICE F _! SLAVES ?AN !Y D 9
,SWITZ]L&4
  ,0:AT /EPS ! 9/9CT ( ,F4 SANGU9EA
ORIG9AT$ ,I W N PRET5D 63JECTURE4 ,B Z
ANTS : >E N SLAVE-MAK]S W1 Z ,I H SE51
C>RY (F ! PUPAE ( O!R SPECIES1 IF
SCATT]$ NE> _! NE/S1 X IS POSSI# T S*
PUPAE ORIG9,Y /OR$ Z FOOD MI<T 2COME
DEVELOP$2 &! =EIGN ANTS ?US UN9T5;N,Y
RE>$ WD !N FOLL[ _! PROP] 9/9CTS1 & D
:AT "W !Y CD4 ,IF _! PRES;E PROV$ USE;L
6! SPECIES : _H SEIZ$ !M- IF X 7 M
ADVANTAGE\S 6? SPECIES 6CAPTURE "W]S ?AN
6PROCR1TE !M- ! HABIT ( COLLECT+ PUPAE1
ORIG9,Y = FOOD1 MI<T 0NATURAL SELEC;N 2
/R5G!N$ & R5D]$ P]MAN5T =! V DI6]5T
PURPOSE ( RAIS+ SLAVES4 ,:5 ! 9/9CT 0
ONCE ACQUIR$1 IF C>RI$ \ 6A M* LESS
EXT5T EV5 ?AN 9 \R ,BRITI% ,F4 SANGU9EA1
:1 Z WE H SE51 IS LESS AID$ 0XS SLAVES
?AN ! SAME SPECIES 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 NATURAL
SELEC;N MI<T 9CR1SE & MODIFY ! 9/9CT-
ALW SUPPOS+ EA* MODIFIC,N 6BE ( USE 6!
SPECIES- UNTIL AN ANT 0 =M$ Z ABJECTLY
DEP5D5T ON XS SLAVES Z IS ! ,=MICA
RUFESC5S4
  ,CELL-MAK+ 9/9CT (! ,HIVE-,BEE4- ,I W
N "H 5T] ON M9UTE DETAILS ON ? SUBJECT1
B W M]ELY GIVE AN \TL9E (! 3CLU.NS AT :
,I H >RIV$4 ,HE M/ 2 A DULL MAN :O C
EXAM9E ! EXQUISITE /RUCTURE (A -B1 S
B1UTI;LLY ADAPT$ 6XS 5D1 )\T 5?USIA/IC
ADMIR,N4 ,WE HE> F MA!MATICIANS T BEES H
PRACTIC,Y SOLV$ A RECONDITE PRO#M1 & H
MADE _! CELLS (! PROP] %APE 6HOLD !
GRTE/ POSSI# AM.T ( H"OY1 )! L1/ POSSI#
3SUMP;N ( PRECI\S WAX 9 _! 3/RUC;N4 ,X
HAS BE5 REM>K$ T A SKIL;L "WMAN ) FITT+
TOOLS & M1SURES1 WD F9D X V DI6ICULT
6MAKE CELLS ( WAX (! TRUE =M1 ?\< ? IS
E6ECT$ 0A CR[D ( BEES "W+ 9 A D>K HIVE4
,GRANT+ :AT"E 9/9CTS Y PL1SE1 X SEEMS AT
F/ Q 9CONCEIVA# H[ !Y C MAKE ALL ! NEC
ANGLES & PLANES1 OR EV5 P]CV :5 !Y >E
CORRECTLY MADE4 ,B ! DI6ICULTY IS N
NE>LY S GRT Z X AT F/ APPE>S3 ALL ?
B1UTI;L "W C 2 %[N1 ,I ?9K1 6FOLL[ F A
FEW SIMPLE 9/9CTS4
  ,I 0 L$ 69VE/IGATE ? SUBJECT 0,MR4
,WAT]H\SE1 :O HAS %[N T ! =M (! CELL /&S
9 CLOSE REL,N 6! PRES;E ( ADJO9+ CELLS2
&! FOLL[+ VIEW MAY1 P]H1 2 3SID]$ ONLY Z
A MODIFIC,N ( ? !ORY4 ,LET U LOOK 6! GRT
PR9CIPLE ( GRAD,N1 & SEE :E!R ,NATURE
DOES N REV1L 6U H] ME?OD ( "W4 ,AT "O 5D
(A %ORT S]IES WE H HUM#-BEES1 : USE _!
OLD COCOONS 6HOLD H"OY1 "S"TS A4+ 6!M
%ORT TUBES ( WAX1 & LIKEWISE MAK+
SEP>ATE & V IRREGUL> R.D$ CELLS ( WAX4
,AT ! O!R 5D (! S]IES WE H ! CELLS (!
HIVE-BEE1 PLAC$ 9 A D\# LAY]3 EA* CELL1
Z IS WELL "KN1 IS AN HEXAGONAL PRISM1 )!
BASAL $GES ( XS SIX SIDES BEVELL$ S Z
6JO9 AN 9V]T$ PYRAMID1 ( ?REE RHOMBS4
,^! RHOMBS H C]TA9 ANGLES1 &! ?REE : =M
! PYRAMIDAL BASE (A S+LE CELL ON "O SIDE
(! -B 5T] 96! -POSI;N (! BASES ( ?REE
ADJO9+ CELLS ON ! OPPOSITE SIDE4 ,9 !
S]IES 2T ! EXTREME P]FEC;N (! CELLS (!
HIVE-BEE &! SIMPLIC;Y ( ^? (! HUM#-BEE
WE H ! CELLS (! ,MEXICAN ,MELIPONA
DOME/ICA1 C>E;LLY DESCRIB$ & FIGUR$
0,PI]RE ,HUB]4 ,! ,MELIPONA XF IS
9T]M$IATE 9 /RUCTURE 2T ! HIVE & HUM#-
BEE1 B M NE>LY RELAT$ 6! LATT]2 X =MS A
NE>LY REGUL> WAX5 -B ( CYL9DRICAL CELLS1
9 : ! "Y >E HAT*$1 &1 9 A4I;N1 "S L>GE
CELLS ( WAX = HOLD+ H"OY4 ,^! LATT]
CELLS >E NE>LY SPH]ICAL &( NE>LY EQUAL
SIZES1 & >E A7REGAT$ 96AN IRREGUL> MASS4
,B ! IMPORTANT PO9T 6NOTICE IS1 T ^!
CELLS >E ALW MADE AT T DEGREE ( NE>;S
6EA* O!R T !Y WD H 9T]SECT$ OR BROK5
96EA* O!R IF ! SPH]ES _H BE5 -PLET$2 B ?
IS N"E P]MITT$1 ! BEES BUILD+ P]FECTLY
FLAT WALLS ( WAX 2T ! SPH]ES : ?US T5D
69T]SECT4 ,H;E1 EA* CELL 3SI/S ( AN \T]
SPH]ICAL POR;N1 &( TWO1 ?REE1 OR M FLAT
SURFACES1 AC Z ! CELL ADJO9S TWO1 ?REE1
OR M O!R CELLS4 ,:5 "O CELL RE/S ON ?REE
O!R CELLS1 :1 F ! SPH]ES 2+ NE>LY (!
SAME SIZE1 IS V FREQU5TLY & NECESS>ILY !
CASE1 ! ?REE FLAT SURFACES >E UNIT$ 96A
PYRAMID2 & ? PYRAMID1 Z ,HUB] HAS
REM>K$1 IS MANIFE/LY A GROSS IMIT,N (!
?REE-SID$ PYRAMIDAL BASE (! CELL (!
HIVE-BEE4 ,Z 9 ! CELLS (! HIVE-BEE1 S
"H1 ! ?REE PLANE SURFACES 9 ANY "O CELL
NECESS>ILY 5T] 96! 3/RUC;N ( ?REE ADJO9+
CELLS4 ,X IS OBVI\S T ! ,MELIPONA SAVES
WAX1 & :AT IS M IMPORTANT1 LAB\R1 0?
MANN] ( BUILD+2 =! FLAT WALLS 2T !
ADJO9+ CELLS >E N D\#1 B >E (! SAME
?ICK;S Z ! \T] SPH]ICAL POR;NS1 & YET
EA* FLAT POR;N =MS A "P ( TWO CELLS4
  ,REFLECT+ ON ? CASE1 X O3URR$ 6ME T IF
! ,MELIPONA _H MADE XS SPH]ES AT "S GIV5
4T.E F EA* O!R1 & _H MADE !M ( EQUAL
SIZES & _H >RANG$ !M SYMMETRIC,Y 9 A D\#
LAY]1 ! RESULT+ /RUCTURE WD H BE5 Z
P]FECT Z ! -B (! HIVE-BEE4 ,ACLY ,I
WROTE 6,PROFESSOR ,MILL] ( ,CAMBRIDGE1 &
? GEOMET] HAS K9DLY R1D OV] ! FOLL[+
/ATE;T1 DRAWN UP F 8 9=M,N1 & TELLS ME T
X IS /RICTLY CORRECT3-
  ,IF A NUMB] ( EQUAL SQU>ES 2 DESCRIB$
) _! C5TRES PLAC$ 9 TWO P>ALLEL LAY]S2 )
! C5TRE ( EA* SPH]E AT ! 4T.E ( RADIUS
;,X ! SQU>E ROOT ( #B1 OR RADIUS ;,X
#A.DADBA 7OR AT "S LESS] 4T.E71 F !
C5TRES (! SIX SURR.D+ SPH]ES 9 ! SAME
LAY]2 & AT ! SAME 4T.E F ! C5TRES (!
ADJO9+ SPH]ES 9 ! O!R & P>ALLEL LAY]2
!N1 IF PLANES ( 9T]SEC;N 2T ! S"EAL
SPH]ES 9 BO? LAY]S 2 =M$1 "! W RESULT A
D\# LAY] ( HEXAGONAL PRISMS UNIT$ TGR
0PYRAMIDAL BASES =M$ ( ?REE RHOMBS2 &!
RHOMBS &! SIDES (! HEXAGONAL PRISMS W H
E ANGLE ID5TIC,Y ! SAME )! BE/ M1SURE;TS
: H BE5 MADE (! CELLS (! HIVE-BEE4 ,B ,I
HE> F ,PR(4 ,WYMAN1 :O HAS MADE NUM]\S
C>E;L M1SURE;TS1 T ! A3URACY (! "WMAN%IP
(! BEE HAS BE5 GRTLY EXA7]AT$2 S M* S1 T
:AT"E ! TYPICAL =M (! CELL MAY BE1 X IS
R>ELY1 IF "E1 R1LIS$4
  ,H;E WE MAY SAFELY 3CLUDE T1 IF WE CD
SLI<TLY MODIFY ! 9/9CTS ALR POSSESS$ 0!
,MELIPONA1 & 9 !MVS N V WOND];L1 ? BEE
WD MAKE A /RUCTURE Z WOND];LLY P]FECT Z
T (! HIVE-BEE4 ,WE M/ SUPPOSE T
,MELIPONA 6H ! P[] ( =M+ H] CELLS TRULY
SPH]ICAL1 &( EQUAL SIZES1 & ? WD N 2 V
SURPRIS+1 SEE+ T %E ALR DOES S 6A C]TA9
EXT5T1 & SEE+ :AT P]FECTLY CYL9DRICAL
BURR[S _M 9SECTS MAKE 9 WOOD1 APP>5TLY
0TURN+ R.D ON A FIX$ PO9T4 ,WE M/
SUPPOSE ! ,MELIPONA 6>RANGE H] CELLS 9
LEVEL LAY]S1 Z %E ALR DOES H] CYL9DRICAL
CELLS2 & WE M/ FUR!R SUPPOSE1 & ? IS !
GRTE/ DI6ICULTY1 T %E C "SH[ JUDGE
A3URATELY AT :AT 4T.E 6/& F H] FELL[-
LAB\R]S :5 S"EAL >E MAK+ _! SPH]ES2 B %E
IS ALR S F> 5A#D 6JUDGE ( 4T.E1 T %E ALW
DESCRIBES H] SPH]ES S Z 69T]SECT 6A
C]TA9 EXT5T2 & !N %E UNITES ! PO9TS (
9T]SEC;N 0P]FECTLY FLAT SURFACES4 ,0S*
MODIFIC,NS ( 9/9CTS : 9 !MVS >E N V
WOND];L1- H>DLY M WOND];L ?AN ^? : GUIDE
A BIRD 6MAKE XS NE/1- ,I 2LIEVE T !
HIVE-BEE HAS ACQUIR$1 "? NATURAL
SELEC;N1 H] 9IMITA# >*ITECTURAL P[]S4
  ,B ? !ORY C 2 TE/$ 0EXP]I;T4 ,FOLL[+ !
EXAMPLE ( ,MR4 ,TEGETMEI]1 ,I SEP>AT$
TWO -BS1 & PUT 2T !M A L;G1 ?ICK1
RECTANGUL> /RIP ( WAX3 ! BEES 9/ANTLY
2GAN 6EXCAVATE M9UTE CIRCUL> PITS 9 X2 &
Z !Y DEEP5$ ^! LL PITS1 !Y MADE !M WID]
& WID] UNTIL !Y 7 3V]T$ 96%ALL[ BAS9S1
APPE>+ 6! EYE P]FECTLY TRUE OR "PS (A
SPH]E1 &( AB ! DIAMET] (A CELL4 ,X 0 MO/
9T]E/+ 6OBS]VE T1 :]"E S"EAL BEES _H
2GUN 6EXCAVATE ^! BAS9S NE> TGR1 !Y _H
2GUN _! "W AT S* A 4T.E F EA* O!R1 T 0!
"T ! BAS9S _H ACQUIR$ ! ABV /AT$ WID?
7I4E4 AB ! WID? ( AN ORD9>Y CELL71 & 7 9
DEP? AB "O-SIX? (! DIAMET] (! SPH]E ( :
!Y =M$ A "P1 ! RIMS (! BAS9S 9T]SECT$ OR
BROKE 96EA* O!R4 ,Z SOON Z ? O3URR$1 !
BEES C1S$ 6EXCAVATE1 & 2GAN 6BUILD UP
FLAT WALLS ( WAX ON ! L9ES ( 9T]SEC;N 2T
! BAS9S1 S T EA* HEXAGONAL PRISM 0 BUILT
^U ! SCALLOP$ $GE (A SMOO? BAS91 9/1D (
ON ! /RAI<T $GES (A ?REE-SID$ PYRAMID Z
9 ! CASE ( ORD9>Y CELLS4
  ,I !N PUT 96! HIVE1 9/1D (A ?ICK1
RECTANGUL> PIECE ( WAX1 A ?9 & N>R[1
KNIFE-$G$ RIDGE1 COL\R$ ) V]MILION4 ,!
BEES 9/ANTLY 2GAN ON BO? SIDES 6EXCAVATE
LL BAS9S NE> 6EA* O!R1 9 ! SAME WAY Z
2F2 B ! RIDGE ( WAX 0 S ?91 T ! BOTTOMS
(! BAS9S1 IF !Y _H BE5 EXCAVAT$ 6! SAME
DEP? Z 9 ! =M] EXP]I;T1 WD H BROK5 96EA*
O!R F ! OPPOSITE SIDES4 ,! BEES1 H["E1
DID N SU6] ? 6HAPP51 & !Y /OPP$ _!
EXCAV,NS 9 DUE "T2 S T ! BAS9S1 Z SOON Z
!Y _H BE5 A LL DEEP5$1 CAME 6H FLAT
BASES2 & ^! FLAT BASES1 =M$ 0?9 LL
PLATES (! V]MILION WAX LEFT UNGNAW$1 7
SITUAT$1 Z F> Z ! EYE CD JUDGE1 EXACTLY
AL;G ! PLANES ( IMAG9>Y 9T]SEC;N 2T !
BAS9S ON ! OPPOSITE SIDES (! RIDGE (
WAX4 ,9 "S "PS1 ONLY SMALL POR;NS1 9 O!R
"PS1 L>GE POR;NS (A RHOMBIC PLATE 7 ?US
LEFT 2T ! OPPOS$ BAS9S1 B ! "W1 F !
UNNATURAL /ATE ( ?+S1 _H N BE5 N1TLY
P]=M$4 ,! BEES M/ H "W$ AT V NE>LY !
SAME RATE 9 CIRCUL>LY GNAW+ AWAY &
DEEP5+ ! BAS9S ON BO? SIDES (! RIDGE (
V]MILION WAX1 9 ORD] 6H ?US SU3E$$ 9
L1V+ FLAT PLATES 2T ! BAS9S1 0/OPP+ "W
AT ! PLANES ( 9T]SEC;N4
  ,3SID]+ H[ FLEXI# ?9 WAX IS1 ,I D N
SEE T "! IS ANY DI6ICULTY 9 ! BEES1 :IL/
AT "W ON ! TWO SIDES (A /RIP ( WAX1
P]CVG :5 !Y H GNAW$ ! WAX AWAY 6! PROP]
?9;S1 & !N /OPP+ _! "W4 ,9 ORD9>Y -BS X
HAS APPE>$ 6ME T ! BEES D N ALW SU3E$ 9
"W+ AT EXACTLY ! SAME RATE F ! OPPOSITE
SIDES2 = ,I H NOTIC$ HALF-COMPLET$
RHOMBS AT ! BASE (A J -M;ED CELL1 : 7
SLI<TLY 3CAVE ON "O SIDE1 ": ,I SUPPOSE
T ! BEES _H EXCAVAT$ TOO QKLY1 & 3VEX ON
! OPPOS$ SIDE ": ! BEES _H "W$ LESS
QKLY4 ,9 "O WELL-M>K$ 9/.E1 ,I PUT ! -B
BACK 96! HIVE1 & ALL[$ ! BEES 6G ON "W+
=A %ORT "T1 & AG EXAM9$ ! CELL1 & ,I F.D
T ! RHOMBIC PLATE _H BE5 -PLET$1 & _H
2COME P]FECTLY FLAT3 X 0 ABSOLUTELY
IMPOSSI#1 F ! EXTREME ?9;S (! LL PLATE1
T !Y CD H E6ECT$ ? 0GNAW+ AWAY ! 3VEX
SIDE2 & ,I SUSPECT T ! BEES 9 S* CASES
/& ON OPPOSITE SIDES & PU% & B5D !
DUCTILE & W>M WAX 7: Z ,I H TRI$ IS
EASILY D"O7 96XS PROP] 9T]M$IATE PLANE1
& ?US FLATT5 X4
  ,F ! EXP]I;T (! RIDGE ( V]MILION WAX
WE C SEE T1 IF ! BEES 7 6BUILD = !MVS A
?9 WALL ( WAX1 !Y CD MAKE _! CELLS (!
PROP] %APE1 0/&+ AT ! PROP] 4T.E F EA*
O!R1 0EXCAVAT+ AT ! SAME RATE1 &
05D1V\R+ 6MAKE EQUAL SPH]ICAL HOLL[S1 B
N"E ALL[+ ! SPH]ES 6BR1K 96EA* O!R4 ,N[
BEES1 Z MAY 2 CLE>LY SE5 0EXAM9+ ! $GE (
A GR[+ -B1 D MAKE A R\<1 CIRCUMF]5TIAL
WALL OR RIM ALL R.D ! -B2 & !Y GNAW ?
AWAY F ! OPPOSITE SIDES1 ALW "W+
CIRCUL>LY Z !Y DEEP5 EA* CELL4 ,!Y D N
MAKE ! :OLE ?REE-SID$ PYRAMIDAL BASE (
ANY "O CELL AT ! SAME "T1 B ONLY T "O
RHOMBIC PLATE : /&S ON ! EXTREME GR[+
M>G91 OR ! TWO PLATES1 Z ! CASE MAY BE2
& !Y N"E -PLETE ! UPP] $GES (! RHOMBIC
PLATES1 UNTIL ! HEXAGONAL WALLS >E
-M;ED4 ,"S ( ^! /ATE;TS DI6] F ^? MADE
0! JU/LY CELEBRAT$ ELD] ,HUB]1 B ,I AM
3V9C$ ( _! A3URACY2 & IF ,I _H SPACE1 ,I
WD %[ T !Y >E 3=MA# ) MY !ORY4
  ,HUB]'S /ATE;T T ! V F/ CELL IS
EXCAVAT$ \ (A LL P>ALLEL-SID$ WALL (
WAX1 IS N1 Z F> Z ,I H SE51 /RICTLY
CORRECT2 ! F/ -M;E;T HAV+ ALW BE5 A LL
HOOD ( WAX2 B ,I W N "H 5T] ON DETAILS4
,WE SEE H[ IMPORTANT A "P EXCAV,N PLAYS
9 ! 3/RUC;N (! CELLS2 B X WD 2 A GRT
]ROR 6SUPPOSE T ! BEES _C BUILD UP A R\<
WALL ( WAX 9 ! PROP] POSI;N- T IS1 AL;G
! PLANE ( 9T]SEC;N 2T TWO ADJO9+ SPH]ES4
,I H S"EAL SPECIM5S %[+ CLE>LY T !Y C D
?4 ,EV5 9 ! RUDE CIRCUMF]5TIAL RIM OR
WALL ( WAX R.D A GR[+ -B1 FLEXURES MAY
"S"TS 2 OBS]V$1 CORRESPOND+ 9 POSI;N 6!
PLANES (! RHOMBIC BASAL PLATES ( FUTURE
CELLS4 ,B ! R\< WALL ( WAX HAS 9 E CASE
6BE F9I%$ (F1 02+ L>GELY GNAW$ AWAY ON
BO? SIDES4 ,! MANN] 9 : ! BEES BUILD IS
CURI\S2 !Y ALW MAKE ! F/ R\< WALL F T5
6TW5TY "TS ?ICK] ?AN ! EXCESSIVELY ?9
F9I%$ WALL (! CELL1 : W ULTIMATELY 2
LEFT4 ,WE % "U/& H[ !Y "W1 0SUPPOS+
MASONS F/ 6PILE UP A BROAD RIDGE ( CE;T1
& !N 62G9 CUTT+ X AWAY EQU,Y ON BO?
SIDES NE> ! GR.D1 TILL A SMOO?1 V ?9
WALL IS LEFT 9 ! MI4LE2 ! MASONS ALW
PIL+ UP ! CUT-AWAY CE;T1 & A4+ FRE% CE;T
ON ! SUMMIT (! RIDGE4 ,WE % ?US H A ?9
WALL /1DILY GR[+ UPW>D B ALW CR[N$ 0A
GIGANTIC COP+4 ,F ALL ! CELLS1 BO? ^? J
-M;ED & ^? -PLET$1 2+ ?US CR[N$ 0A /R;G
COP+ ( WAX1 ! BEES C CLU/] & CRAWL OV] !
-B )\T 9JUR+ ! DELICATE HEXAGONAL WALLS4
,^! WALLS1 Z ,PROFESSOR ,MILL] HAS K9DLY
ASC]TA9$ = ME1 V>Y GRTLY 9 ?ICK;S2 2+1
ON AN AV]AGE ( TWELVE M1SURE;TS MADE NE>
! BORD] (! -B1 #A/CEBND ( AN 9* 9
?ICK;S2 ":AS ! BASAL RHOMBOIDAL PLATES
>E ?ICK]1 NE>LY 9 ! PROPOR;N ( ?REE
6TWO1 HAV+ A M1N ?ICK;S1 F TW5TY-"O
M1SURE;TS1 ( #A/BBI? ( AN 9*4 ,0! ABV
S+UL> MANN] ( BUILD+1 /R5G? IS 3T9U,Y
GIV5 6! -B1 )! UTMO/ ULTIMATE ECONOMY (
WAX4
  ,X SEEMS AT F/ 6ADD 6! DI6ICULTY (
"U/&+ H[ ! CELLS >E MADE1 T A MULTITUDE
( BEES ALL "W TGR2 "O BEE AF "W+ A %ORT
"T AT "O CELL GO+ 6ANO!R1 S T1 Z ,HUB]
HAS /AT$1 A SCORE ( 9DIVIDUALS "W EV5 AT
! -M;E;T (! F/ CELL4 ,I 0 A# PRACTIC,Y
6%[ ? FACT1 0COV]+ ! $GES (! HEXAGONAL
WALLS (A S+LE CELL1 OR ! EXTREME M>G9 (!
CIRCUMF]5TIAL RIM (A GR[+ -B1 ) AN
EXTREMELY ?9 LAY] ( MELT$ V]MILION WAX2
& ,I 9V>IABLY F.D T ! COL\R 0 MO/
DELICATELY DI6US$ 0! BEES- Z DELICATELY
Z A PA9T] CD H D"O X ) 8 BRU%- 0ATOMS (!
COL\R$ WAX HAV+ BE5 TAK5 F ! SPOT ON : X
_H BE5 PLAC$1 & "W$ 96! GR[+ $GES (!
CELLS ALL R.D4 ,! "W ( 3/RUC;N SEEMS 6BE
A SORT ( BAL.E /RUCK 2T _M BEES1 ALL
9/9CTIVELY /&+ AT ! SAME RELATIVE 4T.E F
EA* O!R1 ALL TRY+ 6SWEEP EQUAL SPH]ES1 &
!N BUILD+ UP1 OR L1V+ UNGNAW$1 ! PLANES
( 9T]SEC;N 2T ^! SPH]ES4 ,X 0 RE,Y
CURI\S 6NOTE 9 CASES ( DI6ICULTY1 Z :5
TWO PIECES ( -B MET AT AN ANGLE1 H[ (T5
! BEES WD PULL D[N & REBUILD 9 DI6]5T
WAYS ! SAME CELL1 "S"TS RECURR+ 6A %APE
: !Y _H AT F/ REJECT$4
  ,:5 BEES H A PLACE ON : !Y C /& 9 _!
PROP] POSI;NS = "W+1- = 9/.E1 ON A SLIP
( WOOD1 PLAC$ DIRECTLY "U ! MI4LE (A -B
GR[+ D[NW>DS1 S T ! -B HAS 6BE BUILT OV]
"O FACE (! SLIP- 9 ? CASE ! BEES C LAY !
F.D,NS ( "O WALL (A NEW HEXAGON1 9 XS
/RICTLY PROP] PLACE1 PROJECT+ 2Y ! O!R
-PLET$ CELLS4 ,X SU6ICES T ! BEES %D 2
5A#D 6/& AT _! PROP] RELATIVE 4T.ES F
EA* O!R & F ! WALLS (! LA/ -PLET$ CELLS1
& !N1 0/RIK+ IMAG9>Y SPH]ES1 !Y C BUILD
UP A WALL 9T]M$IATE 2T TWO ADJO9+
SPH]ES2 B1 Z F> Z ,I H SE51 !Y N"E GNAW
AWAY & F9I% (F ! ANGLES (A CELL TILL A
L>GE "P BO? ( T CELL &(! ADJO9+ CELLS
HAS BE5 BUILT4 ,? CAPAC;Y 9 BEES ( LAY+
D[N "U C]TA9 CIRCUM/.ES A R\< WALL 9 XS
PROP] PLACE 2T TWO J-COMM;ED CELLS1 IS
IMPORTANT1 Z X BE>S ON A FACT1 : SEEMS
AT F/ SUBV]SIVE (! =EGO+ !ORY2 "NLY1 T !
CELLS ON ! EXTREME M>G9 ( WASP-COMBS >E
"S"TS /RICTLY HEXAGONAL2 B ,I H N SPACE
"H 65T] ON ? SUBJECT4 ,NOR DOES "! SEEM
6ME ANY GRT DI6ICULTY 9 A S+LE 9SECT 7Z
9 ! CASE (A QUE5-WASP7 MAK+ HEXAGONAL
CELLS1 IF %E 7 6"W ALT]NATELY ON ! 9SIDE
& \TSIDE ( TWO OR ?REE CELLS -M;ED AT !
SAME "T1 ALW /&+ AT ! PROP] RELATIVE
4T.E F ! "PS (! CELLS J 2GUN1 SWEEP+
SPH]ES OR CYL9D]S1 & BUILD+ UP 9T]M$IATE
PLANES4
  ,Z NATURAL SELEC;N ACTS ONLY 0!
A3UMUL,N ( SLI<T MODIFIC,NS ( /RUCTURE
OR 9/9CT1 EA* PR(ITA# 6! 9DIVIDUAL "U XS
3DI;NS ( LIFE1 X MAY R1SONABLY 2 ASK$1
H[ A L;G & GRADUAT$ SU3ES.N ( MODIFI$
>*ITECTURAL 9/9CTS1 ALL T5D+ T[>DS !
PRES5T P]FECT PLAN ( 3/RUC;N1 CD H
PR(IT$ ! PROG5ITORS (! HIVE-BEE8 ,I ?9K
! ANSW] IS N DI6ICULT3 CELLS 3/RUCT$ L
^? (! BEE OR ! WASP GA9 9 /R5G?1 & SAVE
M* 9 LAB\R & SPACE1 & 9 ! MAT]IALS ( :
!Y >E 3/RUCT$4 ,) RESPECT 6! =M,N ( WAX1
X IS "KN T BEES >E (T5 H>D PRESS$ 6GET
SU6ICI5T NECT>1 & ,I AM 9=M$ 0,MR4
,TEGETMEI] T X HAS BE5 EXP]I;T,Y PROV$ T
F TWELVE 6FIFTE5 P.DS ( DRY SUG> >E
3SUM$ 0A HIVE ( BEES =! SECRE;N (A P.D (
WAX2 S T A PRODIGI\S QUANT;Y ( FLUID
NECT> M/ 2 COLLECT$ & 3SUM$ 0! BEES 9 A
HIVE =! SECRE;N (! WAX NEC =! 3/RUC;N (
_! -BS4 ,MOREOV]1 _M BEES H 6REMA9 IDLE
= _M "DS DUR+ ! PROCESS ( SECRE;N4 ,A
L>GE /ORE ( H"OY IS 9DISP5SA# 6SUPPORT A
L>GE /OCK ( BEES DUR+ ! W9T]2 &! SECUR;Y
(! HIVE IS "KN MA9LY 6DEP5D ON A L>GE
NUMB] ( BEES 2+ SUPPORT$4 ,H;E ! SAV+ (
WAX 0L>GELY SAV+ H"OY &! "T 3SUM$ 9
COLLECT+ ! H"OY M/ 2 AN IMPORTANT ELE;T
( SU3ESS 6ANY FAMILY ( BEES4 ,( C\RSE !
SU3ESS (! SPECIES MAY 2 DEP5D5T ON !
NUMB] ( XS 5EMIES1 OR P>ASITES1 OR ON Q
4T9CT CAUSES1 & S 2 ALT 9DEP5D5T (!
QUANT;Y ( H"OY : ! BEES C COLLECT4 ,B
LET U SUPPOSE T ? LATT] CIRCUM/.E
DET]M9$1 Z X PROBABLY (T5 HAS DET]M9$1
:E!R A BEE ALLI$ 6\R HUM#-BEES CD EXI/ 9
L>GE NUMB]S 9 ANY C.TRY2 & LET U FUR!R
SUPPOSE T ! -MUN;Y LIV$ "? ! W9T]1 &
3SEQU5TLY REQUIR$ A /ORE ( H"OY3 "! C 9
? CASE 2 NO D\BT T X WD 2 AN ADVANTAGE
6\R IMAG9>Y HUM#-BEE IF A SLI<T
MODIFIC,N 9 H] 9/9CTS L$ H] 6MAKE H]
WAX5 CELLS NE> TGR1 S Z 69T]SECT A LL2 =
A WALL 9 -MON EV5 6TWO ADJO9+ CELLS WD
SAVE "S LL LAB\R & WAX4 ,H;E X WD 3T9U,Y
2 M & M ADVANTAGE\S 6\R HUM#-BEES1 IF !Y
7 6MAKE _! CELLS M & M REGUL>1 NE>] TGR1
& A7REGAT$ 96A MASS1 L ! CELLS (!
,MELIPONA2 = 9 ? CASE A L>GE "P (! B.D+
SURFACE ( EA* CELL WD S]VE 6B.D ! ADJO9+
CELLS1 & M* LAB\R & WAX WD 2 SAV$4 ,AG1
F ! SAME CAUSE1 X WD 2 ADVANTAGE\S 6!
,MELIPONA1 IF %E 7 6MAKE H] CELLS CLOS]
TGR1 & M REGUL> 9 E WAY ?AN AT PRES5T2 =
!N1 Z WE H SE51 ! SPH]ICAL SURFACES WD
:OLLY 4APPE> & 2 REPLAC$ 0PLANE
SURFACES2 &! ,MELIPONA WD MAKE A -B Z
P]FECT Z T (! HIVE-BEE4 ,2Y ? /AGE (
P]FEC;N 9 >*ITECTURE1 NATURAL SELEC;N CD
N L1D2 =! -B (! HIVE-BEE1 Z F> Z WE C
SEE1 IS ABSOLUTELY P]FECT 9 ECONOMIS+
LAB\R & WAX4
  ,?US1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 ! MO/ WOND];L ( ALL
"KN 9/9CTS1 T (! HIVE-BEE1 C 2 EXPLA9$
0NATURAL SELEC;N HAV+ TAK5 ADVANTAGE (
NUM]\S1 SU3ESSIVE1 SLI<T MODIFIC,NS (
SIMPL] 9/9CTS2 NATURAL SELEC;N HAV+1
0SL[ DEGREES1 M & M P]FECTLY L$ ! BEES
6SWEEP EQUAL SPH]ES AT A GIV5 4T.E F EA*
O!R 9 A D\# LAY]1 & 6BUILD UP & EXCAVATE
! WAX AL;G ! PLANES ( 9T]SEC;N2 ! BEES1
( C\RSE1 NO M "K+ T !Y SWEPT _! SPH]ES
AT "O "PICUL> 4T.E F EA* O!R1 ?AN !Y "K
:AT >E ! S"EAL ANGLES (! HEXAGONAL
PRISMS &(! BASAL RHOMBIC PLATES2 !
MOTIVE P[] (! PROCESS ( NATURAL SELEC;N
HAV+ BE5 ! 3/RUC;N ( CELLS ( DUE /R5G? &
(! PROP] SIZE & %APE =! L>VAE1 ? 2+
E6ECT$ )! GRTE/ POSSI# ECONOMY ( LAB\R &
WAX2 T 9DIVIDUAL SW>M : ?US MADE ! BE/
CELLS ) L1/ LAB\R1 & L1/ WA/E ( H"OY 9 !
SECRE;N ( WAX1 HAV+ SU3E$$ BE/1 & HAV+
TRANSMITT$ _! NEWLY-ACQUIR$ ECONOMICAL
9/9CTS 6NEW SW>MS1 : 9 _! TURN W H _H !
BE/ *.E ( SU3E$+ 9 ! /RU7LE = EXI/;E4
  ,OBJEC;NS 6! ,!ORY ( ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N
Z APPLI$ 6,9/9CTS3 ,NEUT] & ,/]ILE
,9SECTS
  ,X HAS BE5 OBJECT$ 6! =EGO+ VIEW (!
ORIG9 ( 9/9CTS T 8! V>I,NS ( /RUCTURE &(
9/9CT M/ H BE5 SIMULTANE\S & A3URATELY
ADJU/$ 6EA* O!R1 Z A MODIFIC,N 9 ! "O
)\T AN IMM CORRESPOND+ *ANGE 9 ! O!R WD
H BE5 FATAL40 ,! =CE ( ? OBJEC;N RE/S
5TIRELY ON ! ASSUMP;N T ! *ANGES 9 !
9/9CTS & /RUCTURE >E ABRUPT4 ,6TAKE Z AN
ILLU/R,N ! CASE (! L>G] TITM\SE 7,P>US
MAJOR7 ALLUD$ 6IN A PREVI\S *APT]2 ?
BIRD (T5 HOLDS ! SE$S (! YEW 2T XS FEET
ON A BRAN*1 & HAMM]S ) XS B1K TILL X
GETS AT ! K]NEL4 ,N[ :AT SPECIAL
DI6ICULTY WD "! 2 9 NATURAL SELEC;N
PRES]V+ ALL ! SLI<T 9DIVIDUAL V>I,NS 9 !
%APE (! B1K1 : 7 BETT] & BETT] ADAPT$
6BR1K OP5 ! SE$S1 UNTIL A B1K 0 =M$1 Z
WELL 3/RUCT$ = ? PURPOSE Z T (! NUTHAT*1
AT ! SAME "T T HABIT1 OR -PUL.N1 OR
SPONTANE\S V>I,NS ( TA/E1 L$ ! BIRD
62COME M & M (A SE$-EAT]8 ,9 ? CASE !
B1K IS SUPPOS$ 6BE SL[LY MODIFI$
0NATURAL SELEC;N1 SUBSEQU5TLY TO1 B 9
A3ORD.E )1 SL[LY *ANG+ HABITS OR TA/E2 B
LET ! FEET (! TITM\SE V>Y & GR[ L>G] F
CORREL,N )! B1K1 OR F ANY O!R UN"KN
CAUSE1 & X IS N IMPROBA# T S* L>G] FEET
WD L1D ! BIRD 6CLIMB M & M UNTIL X
ACQUIR$ ! REM>KA# CLIMB+ 9/9CT & P[] (!
NUTHAT*4 ,9 ? CASE A GRADUAL *ANGE (
/RUCTURE IS SUPPOS$ 6L1D 6*ANG$ 9/9CTIVE
HABITS4 ,6TAKE "O M CASE3 FEW 9/9CTS >E
M REM>KA# ?AN T : L1DS ! SWIFT (! ,EA/]N
,ISL&S 6MAKE XS NE/ :OLLY ( 9SPISSAT$
SALIVA4 ,"S BIRDS BUILD _! NE/S ( MUD1
2LIEV$ 6BE MOI/5$ ) SALIVA2 & "O (!
SWIFTS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA MAKES XS NE/ 7Z
,I H SE57 ( /ICKS A7LUT9AT$ ) SALIVA1 &
EV5 ) FLAKES ( ? SUB/.E4 ,IS X !N V
IMPROBA# T ! NATURAL SELEC;N ( 9DIVIDUAL
SWIFTS1 : SECRET$ M & M SALIVA1 %D AT
LA/ PRODUCE A SPECIES ) 9/9CTS L1D+ X
6NEGLECT O!R MAT]IALS1 & 6MAKE XS NE/
EXCLUSIVELY ( 9SPISSAT$ SALIVA8 ,& S 9
O!R CASES4 ,X M/1 H["E1 2 ADMITT$ T 9 _M
9/.ES WE _C 3JECTURE :E!R X 0 9/9CT OR
/RUCTURE : F/ V>I$4
  ,NO D\BT _M 9/9CTS ( V DI6ICULT
EXPLAN,N CD 2 OPPOS$ 6! !ORY ( NATURAL
SELEC;N- CASES1 9 : WE _C SEE H[ AN
9/9CT CD H ORIG9AT$2 CASES1 9 : NO
9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS >E "KN 6EXI/2 CASES (
9/9CTS ( S* TRIFL+ IMPORT.E1 T !Y CD
H>DLY H BE5 ACT$ ON 0NATURAL SELEC;N2
CASES ( 9/9CTS ALM ID5TIC,Y ! SAME 9
ANIMALS S REMOTE 9 ! SCALE ( NATURE1 T
WE _C A3.T = _! SIMIL>;Y 09H]IT.E F A
-MON PROG5ITOR1 & 3SEQU5TLY M/ 2LIEVE T
!Y 7 9DEP5D5TLY ACQUIR$ "? NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,I W N "H 5T] ON ^! S"EAL
CASES1 B W 3F9E MYF 6"O SPECIAL
DI6ICULTY1 : AT F/ APPE>$ 6ME 9SUP]A#1 &
ACTU,Y FATAL 6! :OLE !ORY4 ,I ALLUDE 6!
NEUT]S OR /]ILE FEMALES 9 9SECT-
-MUNITIES2 = ^! NEUT]S (T5 DI6] WIDELY 9
9/9CT & 9 /RUCTURE F BO? ! MALES &
F]TILE FEMALES1 & YET1 F 2+ /]ILE1 !Y _C
PROPAGATE _! K9D4
  ,! SUBJECT WELL DES]VES 6BE 4CUSS$ AT
GRT L5G?1 B ,I W "H TAKE ONLY A S+LE
CASE1 T ( "W+ OR /]ILE ANTS4 ,H[ ! "W]S
H BE5 R5D]$ /]ILE IS A DI6ICULTY2 B N M*
GRT] ?AN T ( ANY O!R /RIK+ MODIFIC,N (
/RUCTURE2 = X C 2 %[N T "S 9SECTS & O!R
>TICULATE ANIMALS 9 A /ATE ( NATURE
O3A.N,Y 2COME /]ILE2 & IF S* 9SECTS _H
BE5 SOCIAL1 & X _H BE5 PR(ITA# 6! -MUN;Y
T A NUMB] %D H BE5 ANNU,Y BORN CAPA# (
"W1 B 9CAPA# ( PROCRE,N1 ,I C SEE NO
ESPECIAL DI6ICULTY 9 ? HAV+ BE5 E6ECT$
"? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,B ,I M/ PASS OV] ?
PRELIM9>Y DI6ICULTY4 ,! GRT DI6ICULTY
LIES 9 ! "W+ ANTS DI6]+ WIDELY F BO? !
MALES &! F]TILE FEMALES 9 /RUCTURE1 Z 9
! %APE (! ?ORAX1 & 9 2+ DE/ITUTE ( W+S &
"S"TS ( EYES1 & 9 9/9CT4 ,Z F> Z 9/9CT
AL"O IS 3C]N$1 ! WOND];L DI6];E 9 ?
RESPECT 2T ! "W]S &! P]FECT FEMALES1 WD
H BE5 BETT] EXEMPLIFI$ 0! HIVE-BEE4 ,IF
A "W+ ANT OR O!R NEUT] 9SECT _H BE5 AN
ORD9>Y ANIMAL1 ,I %D H UNHESITAT+LY
ASSUM$ T ALL XS "*S _H BE5 SL[LY ACQUIR$
"? NATURAL SELEC;N2 "NLY1 09DIVIDUALS
HAV+ BE5 BORN ) SLI<T PR(ITA#
MODIFIC,NS1 : 7 9H]IT$ 0! (FSPR+2 & T ^!
AG V>I$ & AG 7 SELECT$1 & S ONW>DS4 ,B )
! "W+ ANT WE H AN 9SECT DI6]+ GRTLY F XS
P>5TS1 YET ABSOLUTELY /]ILE2 S T X CD
N"E H TRANSMITT$ SU3ESSIVELY ACQUIR$
MODIFIC,NS ( /RUCTURE OR 9/9CT 6XS
PROG5Y4 ,X MAY WELL 2 ASK$ H[ IS X
POSSI# 6RECONCILE ? CASE )! !ORY (
NATURAL SELEC;N8
  ,F/1 LET X 2 REMEMB]$ T WE H 9NUM]A#
9/.ES1 BO? 9 \R DOME/IC PRODUC;NS & 9 ^?
9 A /ATE ( NATURE1 ( ALL SORTS ( DI6];ES
( 9H]IT$ /RUCTURE : >E CORRELAT$ ) C]TA9
AGES1 &) EI SEX4 ,WE H DI6];ES CORRELAT$
N ONLY ) "O SEX1 B ) T %ORT P]IOD :5 !
REPRODUCTIVE SY/EM IS ACTIVE1 Z 9 !
NUPTIAL PLUMAGE ( _M BIRDS1 & 9 ! HOOK$
JAWS (! MALE SALMON4 ,WE H EV5 SLI<T
DI6];ES 9 ! HORNS ( DI6]5T BRE$S (
CATTLE 9 REL,N 6AN >TIFICI,Y IMP]FECT
/ATE (! MALE SEX2 = OX5 ( C]TA9 BRE$S H
L;G] HORNS ?AN ! OX5 ( O!R BRE$S1
RELATIVELY 6! L5G? (! HORNS 9 BO? !
BULLS & C[S ( ^! SAME BRE$S4 ,H;E ,I C
SEE NO GRT DI6ICULTY 9 ANY "* 2COM+
CORRELAT$ )! /]ILE 3DI;N ( C]TA9 MEMB]S
( 9SECT -MUNITIES3 ! DI6ICULTY LIES 9
"U/&+ H[ S* CORRELAT$ MODIFIC,NS (
/RUCTURE CD H BE5 SL[LY A3UMULAT$
0NATURAL SELEC;N4
  ,? DI6ICULTY1 ?\< APPE>+ 9SUP]A#1 IS
LESS5$1 OR1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 4APPE>S1 :5 X
IS REMEMB]$ T SELEC;N MAY 2 APPLI$ 6!
FAMILY1 Z WELL Z 6! 9DIVIDUAL1 & MAY ?US
GA9 ! DESIR$ 5D4 ,BRE$]S ( CATTLE WI% !
FLE% & FAT 6BE WELL M>#D TGR3 AN ANIMAL
?US "*IS$ HAS BE5 SLAU<T]$1 B ! BRE$]
HAS G"O ) 3FID;E 6! SAME /OCK & HAS
SU3E$$4 ,S* FAI? MAY 2 PLAC$ 9 ! P[] (
SELEC;N1 T A BRE$ ( CATTLE1 ALW YIELD+
OX5 ) EXTRAORD9>ILY L;G HORNS1 CD1 X IS
PROBA#1 2 =M$ 0C>E;LLY WAT*+ : 9DIVIDUAL
BULLS & C[S1 :5 MAT*$1 PRODUC$ OX5 )!
L;GE/ HORNS2 & YET NO OX WD "E H
PROPAGAT$ XS K9D4 ,"H IS A BETT] & R1L
ILLU/R,N3 AC TO ;,M4 ,V]LOT1 "S V>IETIES
(! D\# ANNUAL ,/OCK F HAV+ BE5 L;G &
C>E;LLY SELECT$ 6! "R DEGREE1 ALW
PRODUCE A L>GE PROPOR;N ( SE$L+S BE>+
D\# & Q /]ILE FL[]S2 B !Y LIKEWISE YIELD
"S S+LE & F]TILE PLANTS4 ,^! LATT]1 0:
AL"O ! V>IETY C 2 PROPAGAT$1 MAY 2 -P>$
)! F]TILE MALE & FEMALE ANTS1 IS ANTS1 &
! D\# /]ILE PLANTS )! NEUT]S (! SAME
-MUN;Y4 ,Z )! V>IETIES (! /OCK1 S )
SOCIAL 9SECTS1 SELEC;N HAS BE5 APPLI$ 6!
FAMILY1 & N 6! 9DIVIDUAL1 =! SAKE ( GA9+
A S]VICEA# 5D4 ,H;E WE MAY 3CLUDE T
SLI<T MODIFIC,NS ( /RUCTURE OR ( 9/9CT1
CORRELAT$ )! /]ILE 3DI;N ( C]TA9 MEMB]S
(! -MUN;Y1 H PROV$ ADVANTAGE\S3
3SEQU5TLY ! F]TILE MALES & FEMALES H
FL\RI%$1 & TRANSMITT$ 6_! F]TILE (FSPR+
A T5D5CY 6PRODUCE /]ILE MEMB]S )! SAME
MODIFIC,NS4 ,? PROCESS M/ H BE5 REP1T$
_M "TS1 UNTIL T PRODIGI\S AM.T ( DI6];E
2T ! F]TILE & /]ILE FEMALES (! SAME
SPECIES HAS BE5 PRODUC$1 : WE SEE 9 _M
SOCIAL 9SECTS4
  ,B WE H N Z YET T\*$ ON ! ACME (!
DI6ICULTY2 "NLY1 ! FACT T ! NEUT]S (
S"EAL ANTS DI6]1 N ONLY F ! F]TILE
FEMALES & MALES1 B F EA* O!R1 "S"TS 6AN
ALM 9CR$I# DEGREE1 & >E ?US DIVID$ 96TWO
OR EV5 ?REE CA/ES4 ,! CA/ES1 MOREOV]1 D
N -MONLY GRADUATE 96EA* O!R1 B >E
P]FECTLY WELL DEF9$2 2+ Z 4T9CT F EA*
O!R Z >E ANY TWO SPECIES (! SAME G5US1
OR R Z ANY TWO G5]A (! SAME FAMILY4 ,?US
9 ,ECITON1 "! >E "W+ & SOLDI] NEUT]S1 )
JAWS & 9/9CTS EXTRAORD9>ILY DI6]5T3 9
,CRYPTOC]US1 ! "W]S ( "O CA/E AL"O C>RY
A WOND];L SORT ( %IELD ON _! H1DS1 ! USE
( : IS Q UN"KN3 9 ! ,MEXICAN
,MYRMECOEY/US1 ! "W]S ( "O CA/E N"E L1VE
! NE/2 !Y >E F$ 0! "W]S ( ANO!R CA/E1 &
!Y H AN ENORM\SLY DEVELOP$ ABDOM5 :
SECRETES A SORT ( H"OY1 SUPPLY+ ! PLACE
( T EXCRET$ 0! APHIDES1 OR ! DOME/IC
CATTLE Z !Y MAY 2 CALL$1 : \R ,EUROP1N
ANTS GU>D & IMPRISON4
  ,X W 9DE$ 2 ?"\ T ,I H AN OV]WE5+
3FID;E 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL SELEC;N1
:5 ,I D N ADMIT T S* WOND];L & WELL-
E/ABLI%$ FACTS AT ONCE ANNIHILATE !
!ORY4 ,9 ! SIMPL] CASE ( NEUT] 9SECTS
ALL ( "O CA/E1 :1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 H BE5
R5D]$ DI6]5T F ! F]TILE MALES & FEMALES
"? NATURAL SELEC;N1 WE MAY 3CLUDE F !
ANALOGY ( ORD9>Y V>I,NS1 T ! SU3ESSIVE1
SLI<T1 PR(ITA# MODIFIC,NS DID N F/ >ISE
9 ALL ! NEUT]S 9 ! SAME NE/1 B 9 "S FEW
AL"O2 & T 0! SURVIVAL (! -MUNITIES )
FEMALES : PRODUC$ MO/ ,,9/9CT IS NEUT]S
HAV+ ! ADVANTAGE\S MODIFIC,NS1 ALL !
NEUT]S ULTIMATELY CAME 6BE ?US "*IS$4
,AC 6? VIEW WE "\ O3A.N,Y 6F9D 9 ! SAME
NE/ NEUT] 9SECTS1 PRES5T+ GRAD,NS (
/RUCTURE2 & ? WE D F9D1 EV5 N R>ELY1
3SID]+ H[ FEW NEUT] 9SECTS \ ( ,EUROPE H
BE5 C>E;LLY EXAM9$4 ,MR4 ,F4 ,SMI? HAS
%[N T ! NEUT]S ( S"EAL ,BRITI% ANTS DI6]
SURPRIS+LY F EA* O!R 9 SIZE & "S"TS 9
COL\R2 & T ! EXTREME =MS C 2 L9K$ TGR
09DIVIDUALS TAK5 \ (! SAME NE/3 ,I H MYF
-P>$ P]FECT GRAD,NS ( ? K9D4 ,X "S"TS
HAPP5S T ! L>G] OR ! SMALL] SIZ$ "W]S >E
! MO/ NUM]\S2 OR T BO? L>GE & SMALL >E
NUM]\S1 :IL/ ^? ( AN 9T]M$IATE SIZE >E
SCANTY 9 NUMB]S4 ,=MICA LAVA HAS L>G] &
SMALL] "W]S1 ) "S FEW ( 9T]M$IATE SIZE2
&1 9 ? SPECIES1 Z ,MR4 ,F4 ,SMI? HAS
OBS]V$1 ! L>G] "W]S H SIMPLE EYES
7OCELLI71 : ?\< SMALL C 2 PLA9LY
4T+UI%$1 ":AS ! SMALL] "W]S H _! OCELLI
RUDI;T>Y4 ,HAV+ C>E;LLY 4SECT$ S"EAL
SPECIM5S ( ^! "W]S1 ,I C A6IRM T ! EYES
>E F> M RUDI;T>Y 9 ! SMALL] "W]S ?AN C 2
A3.T$ = M]ELY 0_! PROPOR;N,Y LESS] SIZE2
& ,I FULLY 2LIEVE1 ?\< ,I D>E N ASS]T S
POSITIVELY1 T ! "W]S ( 9T]M$IATE SIZE H
_! OCELLI 9 AN EXACTLY 9T]M$IATE 3DI;N4
,S T "H WE H TWO BODIES ( /]ILE "W]S 9 !
SAME NE/1 DI6]+ N ONLY 9 SIZE1 B 9 _!
ORGANS ( VI.N1 YET 3NECT$ 0"S FEW MEMB]S
9 AN 9T]M$IATE 3DI;N4 ,I MAY DIGRESS
0A4+1 T IF ! SMALL] "W]S _H BE5 ! MO/
USE;L 6! -MUN;Y1 & ^? MALES & FEMALES _H
BE5 3T9U,Y SELECT$1 : PRODUC$ M & M (!
SMALL] "W]S1 UNTIL ALL ! "W]S 7 9 ?
3DI;N2 WE %D !N H _H A SPECIES ( ANT )
NEUT]S 9 NE>LY ! SAME 3DI;N Z ^? (
,MYRMICA4 ,=! "W]S ( ,MYRMICA H N EV5
RUDI;TS ( OCELLI1 ?\< ! MALE & FEMALE
ANTS ( ? G5US H WELL-DEVELOP$ OCELLI4
  ,I MAY GIVE "O O!R CASE3 S 3FID5TLY
DID ,I EXPECT O3A.N,Y 6F9D GRAD,NS (
IMPORTANT /RUCTURES 2T ! DI6]5T CA/ES (
NEUT]S 9 ! SAME SPECIES1 T ,I GLADLY
AVAIL$ MYF ( ,MR4 ,F4 ,SMI?'S (F] (
NUM]\S SPECIM5S F ! SAME NE/ (! DRIV]
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