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RESEMBL.E 6A L1F1 BAMBOO1 OR O!R OBJECT1
= ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N 6SEIZE ^U &
P]PETUATE40
  ,B 9 ALL ! =EGO+ CASES ! 9SECTS 9 _!
ORIG9AL /ATE NO D\BT PRES5T$ "S RUDE &
A3ID5TAL RESEMBL.E 6AN OBJECT -MONLY F.D
9 ! /,NS FREQU5T$ 0!M4 ,NOR IS ? AT ALL
IMPROBA#1 3SID]+ ! ALM 9F9ITE NUMB] (
SURR.D+ OBJECTS &! DIV]S;Y 9 =M & COL\R
(! HO/S ( 9SECTS : EXI/4 ,Z "S RUDE
RESEMBL.E IS NEC =! F/ />T1 WE C "U/& H[
X IS T ! L>G] & HI<] ANIMALS D N 7)!
EXCEP;N1 Z F> Z ,I "K1 ( "O FI%7 RESEM#
=! SAKE ( PROTEC;N SPECIAL OBJECTS1 B
ONLY ! SURFACE : -MONLY SURR.DS !M1 & ?
*IEFLY 9 COL\R4 ,ASSUM+ T AN 9SECT
ORIG9,Y HAPP5$ 6RESEM# 9 "S DEGREE A D1D
TWIG OR A DECAY$ L1F1 & T X V>I$ SLI<TLY
9 _M WAYS1 !N ALL ! V>I,NS : R5D]$ !
9SECT AT ALL M L ANY S* OBJECT1 & ?US
FAV\R$ XS ESCAPE1 WD 2 PRES]V$1 :IL/ O!R
V>I,NS WD 2 NEGLECT$ & ULTIMATELY LO/2
OR1 IF !Y R5D]$ ! 9SECT AT ALL LESS L !
IMITAT$ OBJECT1 !Y WD 2 ELIM9AT$4 ,"! WD
9DE$ 2 =CE 9 ,MR4 ,MIV>T'S OBJEC;N1 IF
WE 7 6ATTEMPT 6A3.T =! ABV RESEMBL.ES1
9DEP5D5TLY ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 "? M]E
FLUCTUAT+ V>IABIL;Y2 B Z ! CASE /&S "!
IS N"O4
  ,NOR C ,I SEE ANY =CE 9 ,MR4 ,MIV>T'S
DI6ICULTY ) RESPECT TO 8! LA/ T\*ES (
P]FEC;N 9 ! MIMICRY02 Z 9 ! CASE GIV5
0,MR4 ,WALLACE1 (A WALK+-/ICK 9SECT
7,C]OXYLUS LAC]ATUS71 : RESEM#S 8A /ICK
GR[N OV] 0A CREEP+ MOSS OR JUNG]MANNIA40
,S CLOSE 0 ? RESEMBL.E1 T A NATIVE ,DYAK
MA9TA9$ T ! FOLIACE\S EXCRESC;ES 7 RE,Y
MOSS4 ,9SECTS >E PREY$ ON 0BIRDS & O!R
5EMIES1 ^: SI<T IS PROBABLY %>P] ?AN
\RS1 & E GRADE 9 RESEMBL.E : AID$ AN
9SECT 6ESCAPE NOTICE OR DETEC;N1 WD T5D
T[>DS XS PRES]V,N2 &! M P]FECT !
RESEMBL.E S M* ! BETT] =! 9SECT4 ,3SID]+
! NATURE (! DI6];ES 2T ! SPECIES 9 !
GR\P : 9CLUDES ! ABV ,C]OXYLUS1 "! IS
NO?+ IMPROBA# 9 ? 9SECT HAV+ V>I$ 9 !
IRREGUL>ITIES ON XS SURFACE1 & 9 ^! HAV+
2COME M OR LESS GRE5-COL\R$2 = 9 E GR\P
! "*S : DI6] 9 ! S"EAL SPECIES >E ! MO/
APT 6V>Y1 :IL/ ! G5]IC "*S1 OR ^? -MON
6ALL ! SPECIES1 >E ! MO/ 3/ANT4
  ,! ,GRE5L& :ALE IS "O (! MO/ WOND];L
ANIMALS 9 ! _W1 &! BALE51 OR :ALE-B"O1
"O ( XS GRTE/ PECULI>ITIES4 ,! BALE5
3SI/S (A R[1 ON EA* SIDE (! UPP] JAW1 (
AB #CJJ PLATES OR LAM9AE1 : /& CLOSE TGR
TRANSV]SELY 6! L;G] AXIS (! M\?4 ,)9 !
MA9 R[ "! >E "S SUBSIDI>Y R[S4 ,!
EXTREMITIES & 9N] M>G9S ( ALL ! PLATES
>E FRAY$ 96/IFF BRI/LES1 : CLO! ! :OLE
GIGANTIC PALATE1 & S]VE 6/RA9 OR SIFT !
WAT]1 & ?US 6SECURE ! M9UTE PREY ON : ^!
GRT ANIMALS SUBSI/4 ,! MI4LE & L;GE/
LAM9A 9 ! ,GRE5L& :ALE IS T51 TWELVE1 OR
EV5 FIFTE5 FEET 9 L5G?2 B 9 ! DI6]5T
SPECIES ( CETAC1NS "! >E GRAD,NS 9 L5G?2
! MI4LE LAM9A 2+ 9 "O SPECIES1 AC
6,SCORESBY1 F\R FEET1 9 ANO!R ?REE1 9
ANO!R EI<TE5 9*ES1 & 9 ! ,BALAENOPT]A
RO/RATA ONLY AB N9E 9*ES 9 L5G?4 ,!
QUAL;Y (! :ALE-B"O AL DI6]S 9 ! DI6]5T
SPECIES4
  ,) RESPECT 6! BALE51 ,MR4 ,MIV>T
REM>KS T IF X 8_H ONCE ATTA9$ S* A SIZE
& DEVELOP;T Z 6BE AT ALL USE;L1 !N XS
PRES]V,N & AUG;T,N )9 S]VICEA# LIMITS WD
2 PROMOT$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N AL"O4 ,B H[
6OBTA9 ! 2G9N+ ( S* USE;L DEVELOP;T80 ,9
ANSW]1 X MAY 2 ASK$1 :Y %D N ! E>LY
PROG5ITORS (! :ALES ) BALE5 H POSSESS$ A
M\? 3/RUCT$ "S?+ L ! LAMELLAT$ B1K (A
DUCK8 ,DUCKS1 L :ALES1 SUBSI/ 0SIFT+ !
MUD & WAT]2 &! FAMILY HAS "S"TS BE5
CALL$ ,CRIBLATORES1 OR SIFT]S4 ,I HOPE T
,I MAY N 2 MISCON/RU$ 96SAY+ T !
PROG5ITORS ( :ALES DID ACTU,Y POSSESS
M\?S LAMELLAT$ L ! B1K (A DUCK4 ,I WI%
ONLY 6%[ T ? IS N 9CR$I#1 & T ! IMM5SE
PLATES ( BALE5 9 ! ,GRE5L& :ALE MI<T H
BE5 DEVELOP$ F S* LAMELLAE 0F9ELY
GRADUAT$ /EPS1 EA* ( S]VICE 6XS
POSSESSOR4
  ,! B1K (A %OVELL]-DUCK 7,SPATULA
ELYP$TA7 IS A M B1UTI;L & -PLEX /RUCTURE
?AN ! M\? (A :ALE4 ,! UPP] M&I# IS
FURNI%$ ON EA* SIDE 7IN ! SPECIM5 EXAM9$
0ME7 )A R[ OR -B =M$ ( #AHH ?91 ELA/IC
LAMELLAE1 OBLIQUELY BEVELL$ S Z 6BE
PO9T$1 & PLAC$ TRANSV]SELY 6! L;G] AXIS
(! M\?4 ,!Y >ISE F ! PALATE1 & >E ATTA*$
0FLEXI# MEMBRANE 6! SIDES (! M&I#4 ,^?
/&+ T[>DS ! MI4LE >E ! L;GE/1 2+ AB "O-
?IRD ( AN 9* 9 L5G?1 & !Y PROJECT #.AD (
AN 9* 2N ! $GE4 ,AT _! BASES "! IS A
%ORT SUBSIDI>Y R[ ( OBLIQUELY TRANSV]SE
LAMELLAE4 ,9 ^! S"EAL RESPECTS !Y RESEM#
! PLATES ( BALE5 9 ! M\? (A :ALE4 ,B
T[>DS ! EXTREM;Y (! B1K !Y DI6] M*1 Z !Y
PROJECT 9W>DS1 9/1D ( /RAI<T D[NW>DS4 ,!
5TIRE H1D (! %OVELL]1 ?\< 9COMP>ABLY
LESS BULKY1 IS AB "O-EI<TE5? (! L5G? (!
H1D (A MOD]ATELY L>GE ,BALAENOPT]A
RO/RATA1 9 : SPECIES ! BALE5 IS ONLY N9E
9*ES L;G2 S T IF WE 7 6MAKE ! H1D (!
%OVELL] Z L;G Z T (! ,BALAENOPT]A1 !
LAMELLAE WD 2 SIX 9*ES 9 L5G?1- T IS1
TWO-?IRDS (! L5G? (! BALE5 9 ? SPECIES (
:ALE4 ,! L[] M&I# (! %OVELL]-DUCK IS
FURNI%$ ) LAMELLAE ( EQUAL L5G? ) ^?
ABV1 B F9]2 & 9 2+ ?US FURNI%$ X DI6]S
3SPICU\SLY F ! L[] JAW (A :ALE1 : IS
DE/ITUTE ( BALE54 ,ON ! O!R H& !
EXTREMITIES ( ^! L[] LAMELLAE >E FRAY$
96F9E BRI/LY PO9TS1 S T !Y ?US CURI\SLY
RESEM# ! PLATES ( BALE54 ,9 ! G5US
,PRION1 A MEMB] (! 4T9CT FAMILY (!
PETRELS1 ! UPP] M&I# AL"O IS FURNI%$ )
LAMELLAE1 : >E WELL DEVELOP$ & PROJECT
2N ! M>G92 S T ! B1K ( ? BIRD RESEM#S 9
? RESPECT ! M\? (A :ALE4
  ,F ! HI<LY DEVELOP$ /RUCTURE (!
%OVELL]'S B1K WE MAY PROCE$ 7Z ,I H
LE>NT F 9=M,N & SPECIM5S S5T 6ME 0,MR4
,SALV971 )\T ANY GRT BR1K1 Z F> Z FIT;S
= SIFT+ IS 3C]N$1 "? ! B1K (! ,M]GANETTA
>MATA1 & 9 "S RESPECTS "? T (! ,AIX
SPONSA1 6! B1K (! -MON DUCK4 ,9 ? LATT]
SPECIES1 ! LAMELLAE >E M* CO>S] ?AN 9 !
%OVELL]1 & >E FIRMLY ATTA*$ 6! SIDES (!
M&I#2 !Y >E ONLY AB #EJ 9 NUMB] ON EA*
SIDE1 & D N PROJECT AT ALL 2N ! M>G94
,!Y >E SQU>E-TOPP$1 & >E $G$ )
TRANSLUC5T H>DI% TISSUE1 Z IF = CRU%+
FOOD4 ,! $GES (! L[] M&I# >E CROSS$
0NUM]\S F9E RIDGES1 : PROJECT V LL4 ,AL?
! B1K IS ?US V 9F]IOR Z A SIFT] 6T (!
%OVELL]1 YET ? BIRD1 Z E "O "KS1 3/ANTLY
USES X = ? PURPOSE4 ,"! >E O!R SPECIES1
Z ,I HE> F ,MR4 ,SALV91 9 : ! LAMELLAE
>E 3SID]ABLY LESS DEVELOP$ ?AN 9 ! -MON
DUCK2 B ,I D N "K :E!R !Y USE _! B1KS =
SIFT+ ! WAT]4
  ,TURN+ 6ANO!R GR\P (! SAME FAMILY3 9 !
,EGYPTIAN GOOSE 7,*5ALOPEX7 ! B1K
CLOSELY RESEM#S T (! -MON DUCKS2 B !
LAMELLAE >E N S NUM]\S1 NOR S 4T9CT F
EA* O!R1 NOR D !Y PROJECT S M* 9W>DS2
YET ? GOOSE1 Z ,I AM 9=M$ 0,MR4 ,E4
,B>TLETT1 8USES XS BILL L A DUCK 0?R[+ !
WAT] \ AT ! CORN]S40 ,XS *IEF FOOD1
H["E1 IS GRASS1 : X CROPS L ! -MON
GOOSE4 ,9 ? LATT] BIRD1 ! LAMELLAE (!
UPP] M&I# >E M* CO>S] ?AN 9 ! -MON DUCK1
ALM 3FLU5T1 AB #BG 9 NUMB] ON EA* SIDE1
& T]M9AT+ UPW>DS 9 TEE?-L KNOBS4 ,!
PALATE IS AL COV]$ ) H>D R.D$ KNOBS4 ,!
$GES (! L[] M&I# >E S]RAT$ ) TEE? M* M
PROM95T1 CO>S]1 & %>P] ?AN 9 ! DUCK4 ,!
-MON GOOSE DOES N SIFT ! WAT]1 B USES XS
B1K EXCLUSIVELY = TE>+ OR CUTT+ H]BAGE1
= : PURPOSE X IS S WELL FITT$1 T X C
CROP GRASS CLOS] ?AN ALM ANY O!R ANIMAL4
,"! >E O!R SPECIES ( GEESE1 Z ,I HE> F
,MR4 ,B>TLETT1 9 : ! LAMELLAE >E LESS
DEVELOP$ ?AN 9 ! -MON GOOSE4
  ,WE ?US SEE T A MEMB] (! DUCK FAMILY1
)A B1K 3/RUCT$ L T (! -MON GOOSE &
ADAPT$ SOLELY = GRAZ+1 OR EV5 A MEMB] )A
B1K HAV+ LESS WELL-DEVELOP$ LAMELLAE1
MI<T 2 3V]T$ 0SMALL *ANGES 96A SPECIES L
! ,EGYPTIAN GOOSE1- ? 96"O L ! -MON
DUCK1- &1 LA/LY1 96"O L ! %OVELL]1
PROVID$ )A B1K ALM EXCLUSIVELY ADAPT$ =
SIFT+ ! WAT]2 = ? BIRD CD H>DLY USE ANY
"P ( XS B1K1 EXCEPT ! HOOK$ TIP1 = SEIZ+
OR TE>+ SOLID FOOD4 ,! B1K (A GOOSE1 Z
,I MAY ADD1 MI<T AL 2 3V]T$ 0SMALL
*ANGES 96"O PROVID$ ) PROM95T1 RECURV$
TEE?1 L ^? (! M]GANS] 7A MEMB] (! SAME
FAMILY71 S]V+ =! WIDELY DI6]5T PURPOSE (
SECUR+ LIVE FI%4
  ,RETURN+ 6! :ALES3 ! ,HYP]OODON BID5S
IS DE/ITUTE ( TRUE TEE? 9 AN E6ICI5T
3DI;N1 B XS PALATE IS R\<5$1 AC
6,LACEPIDE1 ) SMALL1 UNEQUAL1 H>D PO9TS
( HORN4 ,"! IS1 "!=E1 NO?+ IMPROBA# 9
SUPPOS+ T "S E>LY CETAC1N =M 0 PROVID$ )
SIMIL> PO9TS ( HORN ON ! PALATE1 B R M
REGUL>LY PLAC$1 & :1 L ! KNOBS ON ! B1K
(! GOOSE1 AID$ X 9 SEIZ+ OR TE>+ XS
FOOD4 ,IF S1 X W H>DLY 2 D5I$ T ! PO9TS
MI<T H BE5 3V]T$ "? V>I,N & NATURAL
SELEC;N 96LAMELLAE Z WELL DEVELOP$ Z ^?
(! ,EGYPTIAN GOOSE1 9 : CASE !Y WD H BE5
US$ BO? = SEIZ+ OBJECTS &= SIFT+ ! WAT]2
!N 96LAMELLAE L ^? (! DOME/IC DUCK2 & S
ONW>DS1 UNTIL !Y 2CAME Z WELL 3/RUCT$ Z
^? (! %OVELL]1 9 : CASE !Y WD H S]V$
EXCLUSIVELY Z A SIFT+ APP>ATUS4 ,F ?
/AGE1 9 : ! LAMELLAE WD 2 TWO-?IRDS (!
L5G? (! PLATES ( BALE5 9 ! ,BALAENOPT]A
RO/RATA1 GRAD,NS1 : MAY 2 OBS]V$ 9
/-EXI/+ CETAC1NS1 L1D U ONW>DS 6!
ENORM\S PLATES ( BALE5 9 ! ,GRE5L& :ALE4
,NOR IS "! ! L1/ R1SON 6D\BT T EA* /EP 9
? SCALE MI<T H BE5 Z S]VICEA# 6C]TA9
ANCI5T CETAC1NS1 )! FUNC;NS (! "PS SL[LY
*ANG+ DUR+ ! PROGRESS ( DEVELOP;T1 Z >E
! GRAD,NS 9 ! B1KS (! DI6]5T EXI/+
MEMB]S (! DUCK FAMILY4 ,WE %D BE> 9 M9D
T EA* SPECIES ( DUCK IS SUBJECT$ 6A
SEV]E /RU7LE = EXI/;E1 & T ! /RUCTURE (
E "P ( XS FRAME M/ 2 WELL ADAPT$ 6XS
3DI;NS ( LIFE4
  ,! ,PLEURONECTIDAE1 OR FLAT-FI%1 >E
REM>KA# = _! ASYMMETRICAL BODIES4 ,!Y
RE/ ON "O SIDE1- 9 ! GRT] NUMB] (
SPECIES ON ! LEFT1 B 9 "S ON ! "R SIDE2
& O3A.N,Y REV]S$ ADULT SPECIM5S O3UR4 ,!
L[]1 OR RE/+-SURFACE1 RESEM#S AT F/ SI<T
! V5TRAL SURFACE ( AN ORD9>Y FI%3 X IS (
A :ITE COL\R1 LESS DEVELOP$ 9 _M WAYS
?AN ! UPP] SIDE1 )! LAT]AL F9S (T5 (
SMALL] SIZE4 ,B ! EYES (F] ! MO/ REM>KA#
PECULI>;Y2 = !Y >E BO? PLAC$ ON ! UPP]
SIDE (! H1D4 ,DUR+ E>LY Y\?1 H["E1 !Y /&
OPPOSITE 6EA* O!R1 &! :OLE BODY IS !N
SYMMETRICAL1 ) BO? SIDES EQU,Y COL\R$4
,SOON ! EYE PROP] 6! L[] SIDE 2G9S
6GLIDE SL[LY R.D ! H1D 6! UPP] SIDE2 B
DOES N PASS "R "? ! SKULL1 Z 0 =M]LY ?"\
6BE ! CASE4 ,X IS OBVI\S T UN.S ! L[]
EYE DID ?US TRAVEL R.D1 X CD N 2 US$ 0!
FI% :IL/ LY+ 9 XS HABITUAL POSI;N ON "O
SIDE4 ,! L[] EYE WD1 AL1 H BE5 LIA# 6BE
ABRAD$ 0! S&Y BOTTOM4 ,T !
,PLEURONECTIDAE >E ADMIRABLY ADAPT$ 0_!
FLATT5$ & ASYMMETRICAL /RUCTURE = _!
HABITS ( LIFE1 IS MANIFE/ F S"EAL
SPECIES1 S* Z SOLES1 FL.D]S1 &C41 2+
EXTREMELY -MON4 ,! *IEF ADVANTAGES ?US
GA9$ SEEM 6BE PROTEC;N F _! 5EMIES1 &
FACIL;Y = FE$+ ON ! GR.D4 ,! DI6]5T
MEMB]S1 H["E1 (! FAMILY PRES5T1 Z
,S*IODTE REM>KS1 8A L;G S]IES ( =MS
EXHIBIT+ A GRADUAL TRANSI;N F
,HIPPOGLOSSUS P+UIS1 : DOES N 9 ANY
3SID]A# DEGREE ALT] ! %APE 9 : X L1VES !
OVUM1 6! SOLES1 : >E 5TIRELY ?R[N 6"O
SIDE40
  ,MR4 ,MIV>T HAS TAK5 UP ? CASE1 &
REM>KS T A SU45 SPONTANE\S TRANS=M,N 9 !
POSI;N (! EYES IS H>DLY 3CEIVA#1 9 : ,I
Q AGREE ) HM4 ,HE !N A4S3 8,IF ! TRANSIT
0 GRADUAL1 !N H[ S* TRANSIT ( "O EYE A
M9UTE FRAC;N (! J\RNEY T[>DS ! O!R SIDE
(! H1D CD B5EFIT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS1 9DE$1
F> F CLE>4 ,X SEEMS1 EV51 T S* AN
9CIPI5T TRANS=M,N M/ R H BE5 9JURI\S40
,B HE MI<T H F.D AN ANSW] 6? OBJEC;N 9 !
EXCELL5T OBS]V,NS PUBLI%$ 9 #AHFG
0,MALM4 ,! ,PLEURONECTIDAE :IL/ V "Y & /
SYMMETRICAL1 ) _! EYES /&+ ON OPPOSITE
SIDES (! H1D1 _C L;G RETA9 A V]TICAL
POSI;N1 [+ 6! EXCESSIVE DEP? ( _!
BODIES1 ! SMALL SIZE ( _! LAT]AL F9S1 &
6_! 2+ DE/ITUTE (A SWIMBLA4]4 ,H;E SOON
GR[+ TIR$1 !Y FALL 6! BOTTOM ON "O SIDE4
,:IL/ ?US AT RE/ !Y (T5 TWI/1 Z ,MALM
OBS]V$1 ! L[] EYE UPW>DS1 6SEE ABV !M2 &
!Y D ? S VIGOR\SLY T ! EYE IS PRESS$ H>D
AG/ ! UPP] "P (! ORBIT4 ,! =EH1D 2T !
EYES 3SEQU5TLY 2COMES1 Z CD 2 PLA9LY
SE51 TEMPOR>ILY 3TRACT$ 9 BR1D?4 ,ON "O
O3A.N ,MALM SAW A "Y FI% RAISE & DEPRESS
! L[] EYE "? AN ANGUL> 4T.E ( AB SEV5TY
DEGREES4
  ,WE %D REMEMB] T ! SKULL AT ? E>LY AGE
IS C>TILAG9\S & FLEXI#1 S T X R1DILY
YIELDS 6MUSCUL> AC;N4 ,X IS AL "KN )!
HI<] ANIMALS1 EV5 AF E>LY Y\?1 T ! SKULL
YIELDS & IS ALT]$ 9 %APE1 IF ! SK9 OR
MUSCLES 2 P]MAN5TLY 3TRACT$ "? 41SE OR
"S A3ID5T4 ,) L;G-E>$ RA2ITS1 IF "O E>
LOPS =W>DS & D[NW>DS1 XS WEI<T DRAGS
=W>D ALL ! B"OS (! SKULL ON ! SAME SIDE1
( : ,I H GIV5 A FIGURE4 ,MALM /ATES T !
NEWLY-HAT*$ "Y ( P]*ES1 SALMON1 & S"EAL
O!R SYMMETRICAL FI%ES1 H ! HABIT (
O3A.N,Y RE/+ ON "O SIDE AT ! BOTTOM2 &
HE HAS OBS]V$ T !Y (T5 !N /RA9 _! L[]
EYES S Z 6LOOK UPW>DS2 & _! SKULLS >E
?US R5D]$ R CROOK$4 ,^! FI%ES1 H["E1 >E
SOON A# 6HOLD !MVS 9 A V]TICAL POSI;N1 &
NO P]MAN5T E6ECT IS ?US PRODUC$4 ,)!
,PLEURONECTIDAE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! OLD] !Y
GR[ ! M HABITU,Y !Y RE/ ON "O SIDE1 [+
6! 9CR1S+ FLAT;S ( _! BODIES1 &A P]MAN5T
E6ECT IS ?US PRODUC$ ON ! =M (! H1D1 &
ON ! POSI;N (! EYES4 ,JUDG+ F ANALOGY1 !
T5D5CY 64TOR;N WD NO D\BT 2 9CR1S$ "? !
PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E4 ,S*IODTE 2LIEVES1 9
OPPOSI;N 6"S O!R NATURALI/S1 T !
,PLEURONECTIDAE >E N Q SYMMETRICAL EV5 9
! EMBRYO2 & IF ? 2 S1 WE CD "U/& H[ X IS
T C]TA9 SPECIES1 :IL/ "Y1 HABITU,Y FALL
OV] & RE/ ON ! LEFT SIDE1 & O!R SPECIES
ON ! "R SIDE4 ,MALM A4S1 9 3FIRM,N (!
ABV VIEW1 T ! ADULT ,TRA*YPT]US >CTICUS1
: IS N A MEMB] (! ,PLEURONECTIDAE1 RE/S
ON XS LEFT SIDE AT ! BOTTOM1 & SWIMS
DIAGON,Y "? ! WAT]2 & 9 ? FI%1 ! TWO
SIDES (! H1D >E SD 6BE "S:AT 4SIMIL>4
,\R GRT AU?OR;Y ON FI%ES1 ,DR4 ,GUN!R1
3CLUDES 8 AB/RACT ( ,MALM'S PAP]1
0REM>K+ T 8! AU?OR GIVES A V SIMPLE
EXPLAN,N (! ABNORMAL 3DI;N (!
PLEURONECTOIDS40
  ,WE ?US SEE T ! F/ /AGES (! TRANSIT (!
EYE F "O SIDE (! H1D 6! O!R1 : ,MR4
,MIV>T 3SID]S WD 2 9JURI\S1 MAY 2
ATTRIBUT$ 6! HABIT1 NO D\BT B5EFICIAL 6!
9DIVIDUAL & 6! SPECIES1 ( 5D1V\R+ 6LOOK
UPW>DS ) BO? EYES1 :IL/ RE/+ ON "O SIDE
AT ! BOTTOM4 ,WE MAY AL ATTRIBUTE 6!
9H]IT$ E6ECTS ( USE ! FACT (! M\? 9
S"EAL K9DS ( FLAT-FI% 2+ B5T T[>DS ! L[]
SURFACE1 )! JAW B"OS /R;G] & M E6ECTIVE
ON ?1 ! EYE.S SIDE (! H1D1 ?AN ON ! O!R1
=! SAKE1 Z ,DR4 ,TRAQUAIR SUPPOSES1 (
FE$+ ) EASE ON ! GR.D4 ,4USE1 ON ! O!R
H&1 W A3.T =! LESS DEVELOP$ 3DI;N (!
:OLE 9F]IOR HALF (! BODY1 9CLUD+ !
LAT]AL F9S2 ?\< ,Y>REL ?9KS T ! REDUC$
SIZE ( ^! F9S IS ADVANTAGE\S 6! FI%1 Z
8"! IS S M* LESS ROOM = _! AC;N1 ?AN )!
L>G] F9S ABV40 ,P]H ! LESS] NUMB] ( TEE?
9 ! PROPOR;N ( F\R 6SEV5 9 ! UPP] HALVES
(! TWO JAWS (! PLAICE1 6TW5TY-FIVE
6?IRTY 9 ! L[] HALVES1 MAY LIKEWISE 2
A3.T$ = 04USE4 ,F ! COL\R.S /ATE (!
V5TRAL SURFACE ( MO/ FI%ES &( _M O!R
ANIMALS1 WE MAY R1SONABLY SUPPOSE T !
ABS;E ( COL\R 9 FLAT-FI% ON ! SIDE1 :E!R
X 2 ! "R OR LEFT1 : IS "UMO/1 IS DUE 6!
EXCLU.N ( LI<T4 ,B X _C 2 SUPPOS$ T !
PECULI> SPECKL$ APPE>.E (! UPP] SIDE (!
SOLE1 S L ! S&Y B$ (! SEA1 OR ! P[] 9 "S
SPECIES1 Z REC5TLY %[N 0,P\*ET1 ( *ANG+
_! COL\R 9 A3ORD.E )! SURR.D+ SURFACE1
OR ! PRES;E ( BONY TUB]CLES ON ! UPP]
SIDE (! TURBOT1 >E DUE 6! AC;N (! LI<T4
,"H NATURAL SELEC;N HAS PROBABLY -E
96PLAY1 Z WELL Z 9 ADAPT+ ! G5]AL %APE (
! BODY ( ^! FI%ES1 & _M O!R
PECULI>ITIES1 6_! HABITS ( LIFE4 ,WE %D
KEEP 9 M9D1 Z ,I H 2F 9SI/$1 T ! 9H]IT$
E6ECTS (! 9CR1S$ USE ( "PS1 & P]H ( _!
4USE1 W 2 /R5G!N$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,=
ALL SPONTANE\S V>I,NS 9 ! "R DIREC;N W
?US 2 PRES]V$2 Z W ^? 9DIVIDUALS : 9H]IT
9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE ! E6ECTS (! 9CR1S$ &
B5EFICIAL USE ( ANY "P4 ,H[ M*
6ATTRIBUTE 9 EA* "PICUL> CASE 6! E6ECTS
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? NATURE2 & AN ,AM]ICAN NATURALI/1 ,MR4
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7 A# 6P>TAKE (! SECRE;N4 ,"! IS NO GRT]
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3SI/1 :5 WELL DEVELOP$1 (A TRIDACTYLE
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N1TLY FITT+ TGR & PLAC$ ON ! SUMMIT (A
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FIRMLY SEIZE HOLD ( ANY OBJECT2 &
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  ,) RESPECT 6^! ORGANS1 ,MR4 ,MIV>T1 Z
ON S _M PREVI\S O3A.NS1 ASKS3 8,:AT WD 2
! UTIL;Y (! F/ RUDI;T>Y 2G9N+S ( S*
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8,N EV5 ! SU45 DEVELOP;T (! SNAPP+ AC;N
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F _! MANN] ( DEVELOP;T 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 Z
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P$ICELL>IAE >E ONLY MODIFI$ BRAN*+
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UP1 ON ! SAME SP9E1 ?REE O!R MOVEA#
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ORD9>Y SP9ES S]VE Z A PROTEC;N2 & IF S1
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,9 ! F/ & SIMPLE/ /AGE1 ! T]M9AL SEG;T (
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Z ! MOVEA# LIP (! CELL S]VES Z A
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3V]T$ F/ 96! L[] M&I# ( AN AVICUL>IUM &
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A PROTEC;N 9 DI6]5T WAYS & "U DI6]5T
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/RUCTURES : >E ( UTIL;Y ONLY :5 !Y >E
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? SUBJECT 9 ANO!R "W1 ,I W "H GIVE ONLY
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_! AC;N ON ! EMBRYO4 ,6ADMIT ALL ? IS1 Z
X SEEMS 6ME1 65T] 96! R1LMS ( MIRACLE1 &
6L1VE ^? ( ,SCI;E4