,,*APT] ;,,VI3 ,,DI6ICULTIES ,,(
               ,,! ,,!ORY
  ,L;G 2F ! R1D] HAS >RIV$ AT ? "P ( MY
"W1 A CR[D ( DI6ICULTIES W H O3URR$ 6HM4
,"S ( !M >E S S]I\S T 6? "D ,I C H>DLY
REFLECT ON !M )\T 2+ 9 "S DEGREE /A7]$2
B1 6! BE/ ( MY JUDG;T1 ! GRT] NUMB] >E
ONLY APP>5T1 & ^? T >E R1L >E N1 ,I ?9K1
FATAL 6! !ORY4
  ,^! DI6ICULTIES & OBJEC;NS MAY 2
CLASS$ "U ! FOLL[+ H1DS3- ,F/1 :Y1 IF
SPECIES H DESC5D$ F O!R SPECIES 0F9E
GRAD,NS1 D WE N "EY": SEE 9NUM]A#
TRANSI;NAL =MS8 ,:Y IS N ALL NATURE 9
3FU.N1 9/1D (! SPECIES 2+1 Z WE SEE !M1
WELL DEF9$8
  ,SECONDLY1 IS X POSSI# T AN ANIMAL
HAV+1 = 9/.E1 ! /RUCTURE & HABITS (A
BAT1 CD H BE5 =M$ 0! MODIFIC,N ( "S O!R
ANIMAL ) WIDELY DI6]5T HABITS &
/RUCTURE8 ,C WE 2LIEVE T NATURAL SELEC;N
CD PRODUCE1 ON ! "O H&1 AN ORGAN (
TRIFL+ IMPORT.E1 S* Z ! TAIL (A GIRA6E1
: S]VES Z A FLY-FLAPP]1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1
AN ORGAN S WOND];L Z ! EYE8
  ,?IRDLY1 C 9/9CTS 2 ACQUIR$ & MODIFI$
"? NATURAL SELEC;N8 ,:AT % WE SAY 6!
9/9CT : L1DS ! BEE 6MAKE CELLS1 & : HAS
PRACTIC,Y ANTICIPAT$ ! 4COV]IES ( PROF.D
MA!MATICIANS8
  ,F\R?LY1 H[ C WE A3.T = SPECIES1 :5
CROSS$1 2+ /]ILE & PRODUC+ /]ILE (FSPR+1
":AS1 :5 V>IETIES >E CROSS$1 _! F]TIL;Y
IS UNIMPAIR$8
  ,! TWO F/ H1DS W "H 2 4CUSS$2 "S
MISCELLANE\S OBJEC;NS 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]2
,9/9CT & ,HYBRIDISM 9 ! TWO SU3E$+
*APT]S4
  ,ON ! ,ABS;E OR ,R>;Y ( ,TRANSI;NAL
,V>IETIES4- ,Z NATURAL SELEC;N ACTS
SOLELY 0! PRES]V,N ( PR(ITA# MODIFIC,NS1
EA* NEW =M W T5D 9 A FULLY-/OCK$ C.TRY
6TAKE ! PLACE (1 & F9,Y 6EXT]M9ATE1 XS
[N LESS IMPROV$ P>5T-=M & O!R LESS
FAV\R$ =MS ) : X -ES 96-PETI;N4 ,?US
EXT9C;N & NATURAL SELEC;N G H& 9 H&4
,H;E1 IF WE LOOK AT EA* SPECIES Z
DESC5D$ F "S UN"KN =M1 BO? ! P>5T & ALL
! TRANSI;NAL V>IETIES W G5],Y H BE5
EXT]M9AT$ 0! V PROCESS (! =M,N & P]FEC;N
(! NEW =M4
  ,B1 Z 0? !ORY 9NUM]A# TRANSI;NAL =MS
M/ H EXI/$1 :Y D WE N F9D !M EMB$D$ 9
C.T.S NUMB]S 9 ! CRU/ (! E>?8 ,X W 2 M
3V5I5T 64CUSS ? "Q 9 ! *APT] ON !
,IMP]FEC;N (! ,GEOLOGICAL ,RECORD2 & ,I
W "H ONLY /ATE T ,I 2LIEVE ! ANSW] MA9LY
LIES 9 ! RECORD 2+ 9COMP>ABLY LESS
P]FECT ?AN IS G5],Y SUPPOS$4 ,! CRU/ (!
E>? IS A VA/ MUSEUM2 B ! NATURAL 3NEC;NS
H BE5 IMP]FECTLY MADE1 & ONLY AT L;G
9T]VALS ( "T4
  ,B X MAY 2 URG$ T :5 S"EAL CLOSELY-
ALLI$ SPECIES 9HABIT ! SAME T]RITORY1 WE
SURELY "\ 6F9D AT ! PRES5T "T _M
TRANSI;NAL =MS4 ,LET U TAKE A SIMPLE
CASE3 9 TRAVELL+ F NOR? 6S\? OV] A
3T95T1 WE G5],Y MEET AT SU3ESSIVE
9T]VALS ) CLOSELY ALLI$ OR REPRES5TATIVE
SPECIES1 EVID5TLY FILL+ NE>LY ! SAME
PLACE 9 ! NATURAL ECONOMY (! L&4 ,^!
REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES (T5 MEET &
9T]LOCK2 & Z ! "O 2COMES R>] & R>]1 !
O!R 2COMES M & M FREQU5T1 TILL ! "O
REPLACES ! O!R4 ,B IF WE -P>E ^! SPECIES
": !Y 9T]M+LE1 !Y >E G5],Y Z ABSOLUTELY
4T9CT F EA* O!R 9 E DETAIL ( /RUCTURE Z
>E SPECIM5S TAK5 F ! METROPOLIS 9HABIT$
0EA*4 ,0MY !ORY ^! ALLI$ SPECIES >E
DESC5D$ F A -MON P>5T2 & DUR+ ! PROCESS
( MODIFIC,N1 EA* HAS 2COME ADAPT$ 6!
3DI;NS ( LIFE ( XS [N REGION1 & HAS
SUPPLANT$ & EXT]M9AT$ XS ORIG9AL P>5T-=M
& ALL ! TRANSI;NAL V>IETIES 2T XS PA/ &
PRES5T /ATES4 ,H;E WE "\ N 6EXPECT AT !
PRES5T "T 6MEET ) NUM]\S TRANSI;NAL
V>IETIES 9 EA* REGION1 ?\< !Y M/ H EXI/$
"!1 & MAY 2 EMB$D$ "! 9 A FOSSIL 3DI;N4
,B 9 ! 9T]M$IATE REGION1 HAV+ 9T]M$IATE
3DI;NS ( LIFE1 :Y D WE N N[ F9D CLOSELY-
L9K+ 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES8 ,? DI6ICULTY =A
L;G "T Q 3F.D$ ME4 ,B ,I ?9K X C 2 9
L>GE "P EXPLA9$4
  ,9 ! F/ PLACE WE %D 2 EXTREMELY
CAUTI\S 9 9F]R+1 2C AN >EA IS N[ 3T9U\S1
T X HAS BE5 3T9U\S DUR+ A L;G P]IOD4
,GEOLOGY WD L1D U 62LIEVE T MO/ 3T95TS H
BE5 BROK5 UP 96ISL&S EV5 DUR+ ! LAT]
T]TI>Y P]IODS2 & 9 S* ISL&S 4T9CT
SPECIES MI<T H BE5 SEP>ATELY =M$ )\T !
POSSIBIL;Y ( 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES EXI/+ 9
! 9T]M$IATE Z"OS4 ,0*ANGES 9 ! =M (! L&
&( CLIMATE1 M>9E >1S N[ 3T9U\S M/ (T5 H
EXI/$ )9 REC5T "TS 9 A F> LESS 3T9U\S &
UNI=M 3DI;N ?AN AT PRES5T4 ,B ,I W PASS
OV] ? WAY ( ESCAP+ F ! DI6ICULTY2 = ,I
2LIEVE T _M P]FECTLY DEF9$ SPECIES H BE5
=M$ ON /RICTLY 3T9U\S >1S2 ?\< ,I D N
D\BT T ! =M]LY BROK5 3DI;N ( >1S N[
3T9U\S1 HAS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT "P 9 !
=M,N ( NEW SPECIES1 M ESPECI,Y ) FREELY-
CROSS+ & W&]+ ANIMALS4
  ,9 LOOK+ AT SPECIES Z !Y >E N[
4TRIBUT$ OV] A WIDE >EA1 WE G5],Y F9D !M
TOL]ABLY NUM]\S OV] A L>GE T]RITORY1 !N
2COM+ "S:AT ABRUPTLY R>] & R>] ON !
3F9ES1 & F9,Y 4APPE>+4 ,H;E ! NEUTRAL
T]RITORY 2T TWO REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES IS
G5],Y N>R[ 9 -P>ISON )! T]RITORY PROP]
6EA*4 ,WE SEE ! SAME FACT 9 ASC5D+
M.TA9S1 & "S"TS X IS Q REM>KA# H[
ABRUPTLY1 Z ,ALPH4 DE ,C&OLLE HAS
OBS]V$1 A -MON ALP9E SPECIES 4APPE>S4 ,!
SAME FACT HAS BE5 NOTIC$ BY ;,E4 ,=BES 9
S.D+ ! DEP?S (! SEA )! DR$GE4 ,6^? :O
LOOK AT CLIMATE &! PHYSICAL 3DI;NS (
LIFE Z ! ALL-IMPORTANT ELE;TS (
4TRIBU;N1 ^! FACTS "\ 6CAUSE SURPRISE1 Z
CLIMATE & HEI<T OR DEP? GRADUATE AWAY
9S5SIBLY4 ,B :5 WE BE> 9 M9D T ALM E
SPECIES1 EV5 9 XS METROPOLIS1 WD 9CR1SE
IMM5SELY 9 NUMB]S1 7 X N = O!R -PET+
SPECIES2 T NE>LY ALL EI PREY ON OR S]VE
Z PREY = O!RS2 9 %ORT1 T EA* ORGANIC 2+
IS EI DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY RELAT$ 9 !
MO/ IMPORTANT MANN] 6O!R ORGANIC 2+S1-
WE SEE T ! RANGE (! 9HABITANTS ( ANY
C.TRY 0NO M1NS EXCLUSIVELY DEP5DS ON
9S5SIBLY *ANG+ PHYSICAL 3DI;NS1 B 9 A
L>GE "P ON ! PRES;E ( O!R SPECIES1 ON :
X LIVES1 OR 0: X IS DE/ROY$1 OR ) : X
-ES 96-PETI;N2 & Z ^! SPECIES >E ALR
DEF9$ OBJECTS1 N BL5D+ "O 96ANO!R
09S5SI# GRAD,NS1 ! RANGE ( ANY "O
SPECIES1 DEP5D+ Z DOES ON ! RANGE (
O!RS1 W T5D 6BE %>PLY DEF9$4 ,MOREOV]1
EA* SPECIES ON ! 3F9ES ( XS RANGE1 ": X
EXI/S 9 LESS5$ NUMB]S1 W1 DUR+ FLUCTU,NS
9 ! NUMB] ( XS 5EMIES OR ( XS PREY1 OR 9
! NATURE (! S1SONS1 2 EXTREMELY LIA#
6UTT] EXT]M9,N2 & ?US XS GEOGRAPHICAL
RANGE W -E 6BE / M %>PLY DEF9$4
  ,Z ALLI$ OR REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES1 :5
9HABIT+ A 3T9U\S >EA1 >E G5],Y 4TRIBUT$
9 S* A MANN] T EA* HAS A WIDE RANGE1 )A
-P>ATIVELY N>R[ NEUTRAL T]RITORY 2T !M1
9 : !Y 2COME R SU45LY R>] & R>]2 !N1 Z
V>IETIES D N ESS5TI,Y DI6] F SPECIES1 !
SAME RULE W PROBABLY APPLY 6BO?2 & IF WE
TAKE A V>Y+ SPECIES 9HABIT+ A V L>GE
>EA1 WE % H 6ADAPT TWO V>IETIES 6TWO
L>GE >1S1 &A ?IRD V>IETY 6A N>R[
9T]M$IATE Z"O4 ,! 9T]M$IATE V>IETY1
3SEQU5TLY1 W EXI/ 9 LESS] NUMB]S F
9HABIT+ A N>R[ & LESS] >EA2 & PRACTIC,Y1
Z F> Z ,I C MAKE \1 ? RULE HOLDS GD )
V>IETIES 9 A /ATE ( NATURE4 ,I H MET )
/RIK+ 9/.ES (! RULE 9 ! CASE ( V>IETIES
9T]M$IATE 2T WELL-M>K$ V>IETIES 9 ! G5US
,BALANUS4 ,& X WD APPE> F 9=M,N GIV5 ME
0,MR4 ,WATSON1 ,DR4 ,ASA ,GRAY1 & ,MR4
,WOLLA/ON1 T G5],Y1 :5 V>IETIES
9T]M$IATE 2T TWO O!R =MS O3UR1 !Y >E M*
R>] NUM]IC,Y ?AN ! =MS : !Y 3NECT4 ,N[1
IF WE MAY TRU/ ^! FACTS & 9F];ES1 &
3CLUDE T V>IETIES L9K+ TWO O!R V>IETIES
TGR G5],Y H EXI/$ 9 LESS] NUMB]S ?AN !
=MS : !Y 3NECT1 !N WE C "U/& :Y
9T]M$IATE V>IETIES %D N 5DURE = V L;G
P]IODS3- :Y1 Z A G5]AL RULE1 !Y %D 2
EXT]M9AT$ & 4APPE>1 SOON] ?AN ! =MS : !Y
ORIG9,Y L9K$ TGR4
  ,= ANY =M EXI/+ 9 LESS] NUMB]S WD1 Z
ALR REM>K$1 RUN A GRT] *.E ( 2+
EXT]M9AT$ ?AN "O EXI/+ 9 L>GE NUMB]S2 &
9 ? "PICUL> CASE ! 9T]M$IATE =M WD 2
EM95TLY LIA# 6! 9ROADS ( CLOSELY-ALLI$
=MS EXI/+ ON BO? SIDES ( X4 ,B X IS A F>
M IMPORTANT 3SID],N1 T DUR+ ! PROCESS (
FUR!R MODIFIC,N1 0: TWO V>IETIES >E
SUPPOS$ 6BE 3V]T$ & P]FECT$ 96TWO 4T9CT
SPECIES1 ! TWO : EXI/ 9 L>G] NUMB]S1 F
9HABIT+ L>G] >1S1 W H A GRT ADVANTAGE
OV] ! 9T]M$IATE V>IETY1 : EXI/S 9 SMALL]
NUMB]S 9 A N>R[ & 9T]M$IATE Z"O4 ,= =MS
EXI/+ 9 L>G] NUMB]S W H A BETT] *.E1 )9
ANY GIV5 P]IOD1 ( PRES5T+ FUR!R FAV\RA#
V>I,NS = NATURAL SELEC;N 6SEIZE ON1 ?AN
W ! R>] =MS : EXI/ 9 LESS] NUMB]S4 ,H;E1
! M -MON =MS1 9 ! RACE = LIFE1 W T5D
6B1T & SUPPLANT ! LESS -MON =MS1 = ^! W
2 M SL[LY MODIFI$ & IMPROV$4 ,X IS !
SAME PR9CIPLE :1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 A3.TS =!
-MON SPECIES 9 EA* C.TRY1 Z %[N 9 !
SECOND *APT]1 PRES5T+ ON AN AV]AGE A
GRT] NUMB] ( WELL-M>K$ V>IETIES ?AN D !
R>] SPECIES4 ,I MAY ILLU/RATE :AT ,I M1N
0SUPPOS+ ?REE V>IETIES ( %EEP 6BE KEPT1
"O ADAPT$ 6AN EXT5SIVE M.TA9\S REGION2 A
SECOND 6A -P>ATIVELY N>R[1 HILLY TRACT2
&A ?IRD 6! WIDE PLA9S AT ! BASE2 & T !
9HABITANTS >E ALL TRY+ ) EQUAL /1DI;S &
SKILL 6IMPROVE _! /OCKS 0SELEC;N2 ! *.ES
9 ? CASE W 2 /R;GLY 9 FAV\R (! GRT
HOLD]S ON ! M.TA9S OR ON ! PLA9S1
IMPROV+ _! BRE$S M QKLY ?AN ! SMALL
HOLD]S ON ! 9T]M$IATE N>R[1 HILLY TRACT2
& 3SEQU5TLY ! IMPROV$ M.TA9 OR PLA9 BRE$
W SOON TAKE ! PLACE (! LESS IMPROV$ HILL
BRE$2 & ?US ! TWO BRE$S1 : ORIG9,Y EXI/$
9 GRT] NUMB]S1 W -E 96CLOSE 3TACT ) EA*
O!R1 )\T ! 9T]POSI;N (! SUPPLANT$1
9T]M$IATE HILL V>IETY4
  ,6SUM UP1 ,I 2LIEVE T SPECIES -E 6BE
TOL]ABLY WELL-DEF9$ OBJECTS1 & D N AT
ANY "O P]IOD PRES5T AN 9EXTRICA# *AOS (
V>Y+ & 9T]M$IATE L9KS2 F/1 2C NEW
V>IETIES >E V SL[LY =M$1 = V>I,N IS A
SL[ PROCESS1 & NATURAL SELEC;N C D NO?+
UNTIL FAV\RA# 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES OR
V>I,NS O3UR1 & UNTIL A PLACE 9 ! NATURAL
POL;Y (! C.TRY C 2 BETT] FILL$ 0"S
MODIFIC,N ( "S "O OR M ( XS 9HABITANTS4
,& S* NEW PLACES W DEP5D ON SL[ *ANGES (
CLIMATE1 OR ON ! O3A.NAL IMMIGR,N ( NEW
9HABITANTS1 &1 PROBABLY1 9 A / M
IMPORTANT DEGREE1 ON "S (! OLD
9HABITANTS 2COM+ SL[LY MODIFI$1 )! NEW
=MS ?US PRODUC$1 &! OLD "OS ACT+ &
REACT+ ON EA* O!R4 ,S T1 9 ANY "O REGION
& AT ANY "O "T1 WE "\ 6SEE ONLY A FEW
SPECIES PRES5T+ SLI<T MODIFIC,NS (
/RUCTURE 9 "S DEGREE P]MAN5T2 & ?
ASSUR$LY WE D SEE4
  ,SECONDLY1 >1S N[ 3T9U\S M/ (T5 H
EXI/$ )9 ! REC5T P]IOD Z ISOLAT$ POR;NS1
9 : _M =MS1 M ESPECI,Y AM;G/ ! CLASSES :
UNITE = EA* BIR? & W&] M*1 MAY H
SEP>ATELY BE5 R5D]$ SU6ICI5TLY 4T9CT
6RANK Z REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES4 ,9 ?1
CASE1 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES 2T ! S"EAL
REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES & _! -MON P>5T1 M/
=M]LY H EXI/$ )9 EA* ISOLAT$ POR;N (!
L&1 B ^! L9KS DUR+ ! PROCESS ( NATURAL
SELEC;N W H BE5 SUPPLANT$ & EXT]M9AT$1 S
T !Y W NO L;G] 2 F.D 9 A LIV+ /ATE4
  ,?IRDLY1 :5 TWO OR M V>IETIES H BE5
=M$ 9 DI6]5T POR;NS (A /RICTLY 3T9U\S
>EA1 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES W1 X IS PROBA#1
AT F/ H BE5 =M$ 9 ! 9T]M$IATE Z"OS1 B !Y
W G5],Y H _H A %ORT DUR,N4 ,= ^!
9T]M$IATE V>IETIES W1 F R1SONS ALR
ASSIGN$ 7"NLY F :AT WE "K (! ACTUAL
4TRIBU;N ( CLOSELY ALLI$ OR
REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES1 & LIKEWISE (
AC"KL$G$ V>IETIES71 EXI/ 9 ! 9T]M$IATE
Z"OS 9 LESS] NUMB]S ?AN ! V>IETIES : !Y
T5D 63NECT4 ,F ? CAUSE AL"O ! 9T]M$IATE
V>IETIES W 2 LIA# 6A3ID5TAL EXT]M9,N2 &
DUR+ ! PROCESS ( FUR!R MODIFIC,N "?
NATURAL SELEC;N1 !Y W ALM C]TA9LY 2 B1T5
& SUPPLANT$ 0! =MS : !Y 3NECT2 = ^! F
EXI/+ 9 GRT] NUMB]S W1 9 ! A7REGATE1
PRES5T M V>IETIES1 & ?US 2 FUR!R IMPROV$
"? NATURAL SELEC;N & GA9 FUR!R
ADVANTAGES4
  ,LA/LY1 LOOK+ N 6ANY "O "T1 B 6ALL "T1
IF MY !ORY 2 TRUE1 NUMB].S 9T]M$IATE
V>IETIES1 L9K+ CLOSELY TGR ALL ! SPECIES
(! SAME GR\P1 M/ ASSUR$LY H EXI/$2 B ! V
PROCESS ( NATURAL SELEC;N 3/ANTLY T5DS1
Z HAS BE5 S (T5 REM>K$1 6EXT]M9ATE !
P>5T-=MS &! 9T]M$IATE L9KS4 ,3SEQU5TLY
EVID;E ( _! =M] EXI/;E CD 2 F.D ONLY
AM;G/ FOSSIL REMA9S1 : >E PRES]V$1 Z WE
% ATTEMPT 6%[ 9 A FUTURE *APT]1 9 AN
EXTREMELY IMP]FECT & 9T]MITT5T RECORD4
  ,ON ! ,ORIG9 & ,TRANSI;NS ( ,ORGANIC
,2+S ) PECULI> ,HABITS & ,/RUCTURE4- ,X
HAS BE5 ASK$ 0! OPPON5TS ( S* VIEWS Z ,I
HOLD1 H[1 = 9/.E1 CD A L& C>NIVOR\S
ANIMAL H BE5 3V]T$ 96"O ) AQUATIC
HABITS2 = H[ CD ! ANIMAL 9 XS TRANSI;NAL
/ATE H SUBSI/$8 ,X WD 2 EASY 6%[ T "! N[
EXI/ C>NIVOR\S ANIMALS PRES5T+ CLOSE
9T]M$IATE GRADES F /RICTLY T]RE/RIAL
6AQUATIC HABITS2 & Z EA* EXI/S 0A /RU7LE
= LIFE1 X IS CLE> T EA* M/ 2 WELL ADAPT$
6XS PLACE 9 NATURE4 ,LOOK AT ! ,M/ELA
VI.N ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 : HAS WE2$ FEET1 &
: RESEM#S AN OTT] 9 XS FUR1 %ORT LEGS1 &
=M ( TAIL4 ,DUR+ ! SUMM] ? ANIMAL DIVES
=& PREYS ON FI%1 B DUR+ ! L;G W9T] X
L1VES ! FROZ5 WAT]S1 & PREYS1 L O!R
POLE-CATS1 ON MICE & L& ANIMALS4 ,IF A
DI6]5T CASE _H BE5 TAK51 & X _H BE5 ASK$
H[ AN 9SECTIVOR\S QUADRUP$ CD POSSIBLY H
BE5 3V]T$ 96A FLY+ BAT1 ! "Q WD H BE5 F>
M DI6ICULT 6ANSW]4 ,YET ,I ?9K S*
DI6ICULTIES H LL WEI<T4
  ,"H1 Z ON O!R O3A.NS1 ,I LIE "U A H1VY
4ADVANTAGE1 =1 \ (! _M /RIK+ CASES : ,I
H COLLECT$1 ,I C ONLY GIVE "O OR TWO
9/.ES ( TRANSI;NAL HABITS & /RUCTURES 9
ALLI$ SPECIES2 &( DIV]SIFI$ HABITS1 EI
3/ANT OR O3A.NAL1 9 ! SAME SPECIES4 ,& X
SEEMS 6ME T NO?+ LESS ?AN A L;G LI/ ( S*
CASES IS SU6ICI5T 6LESS5 ! DI6ICULTY 9
ANY "PICUL> CASE L T (! BAT4
  ,LOOK AT ! FAMILY ( SQUIRRELS2 "H WE H
! F9E/ GRAD,N F ANIMALS ) _! TAILS ONLY
SLI<TLY FLATT5$1 & F O!RS1 Z ,SIR ,J4
,RI*>DSON HAS REM>K$1 )! PO/]IOR "P ( _!
BODIES R WIDE &)! SK9 ON _! FLANKS R
FULL1 6! S-CALL$ FLY+ SQUIRRELS2 & FLY+
SQUIRRELS H _! LIMBS & EV5 ! BASE (!
TAIL UNIT$ 0A BROAD EXPANSE ( SK91 :
S]VES Z A P>A*UTE & ALL[S !M 6GLIDE "? !
AIR 6AN A/ONI%+ 4T.E F TREE 6TREE4 ,WE
_C D\BT T EA* /RUCTURE IS ( USE 6EA* K9D
( SQUIRREL 9 XS [N C.TRY1 05ABL+ X
6ESCAPE BIRDS OR B1/S ( PREY1 6COLLECT
FOOD M QKLY1 OR1 Z "! IS R1SON 62LIEVE1
6LESS5 ! DANG] F O3A.NAL FALLS4 ,B X
DOES N FOLL[ F ? FACT T ! /RUCTURE ( EA*
SQUIRREL IS ! BE/ T X IS POSSI# 63CV "U
ALL POSSI# 3DI;NS4 ,LET ! CLIMATE &
VEGET,N *ANGE1 LET O!R -PET+ ROD5TS OR
NEW B1/S ( PREY IMMIGRATE1 OR OLD "OS
2COME MODIFI$1 & ALL ANALOGY WD L1D U
62LIEVE T "S AT L1/ (! SQUIRRELS WD
DECR1SE 9 NUMB]S OR 2COME EXT]M9AT$1
UN.S !Y AL 2COME MODIFI$ & IMPROV$ 9
/RUCTURE 9 A CORRESPOND+ MANN]4 ,"!=E1
,I C SEE NO DI6ICULTY1 M ESPECI,Y "U
*ANG+ 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 9 ! 3T9U$ PRES]V,N
( 9DIVIDUALS ) FULL] & FULL] FLANK
MEMBRANES1 EA* MODIFIC,N 2+1 USE;L1 EA*
2+ PROPAGAT$1 UNTIL1 0! A3UMULAT$ E6ECTS
( ? PROCESS ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 A P]FECT
S-CALL$ FLY+ SQUIRREL 0 PRODUC$4
  ,N[ LOOK AT ! ,GALEOPI!CUS OR S-CALL$
FLY+ LEMUR1 : =M]LY 0 RANK$ AM;G/ BATS1
B IS N[ 2LIEV$ 62L;G 6! ,9SECTIVORA4 ,AN
EXTREMELY WIDE FLANK MEMBRANE /RET*ES F
! CORN]S (! JAW 6! TAIL1 & 9CLUDES !
LIMBS )! EL;GAT$ F+]S4 ,? FLANK-MEMBRANE
IS FURNI%$ ) AN EXT5SOR MUSCLE4 ,AL? NO
GRADUAT$ L9KS ( /RUCTURE1 FITT$ = GLID+
"? ! AIR1 N[ 3NECT ! ,GALEOPI!CUS )! O!R
,9SECTIVORA1 YET "! IS NO DI6ICULTY 9
SUPPOS+ T S* L9KS =M]LY EXI/$1 & T EA* 0
DEVELOP$ 9 ! SAME MANN] Z )! LESS
P]FECTLY GLID+ SQUIRRELS2 EA* GRADE (
/RUCTURE HAV+ BE5 USE;L 6XS POSSESSOR4
,NOR C ,I SEE ANY 9SUP]A# DI6ICULTY 9
FUR!R 2LIEV+ T ! MEMBRANE 3NECT$ F+]S &
=E->M (! ,GALEOPI!CUS MI<T H BE5 GRTLY
L5G!N$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N2 & ?1 Z F> Z !
ORGANS ( FLI<T >E 3C]N$1 WD H 3V]T$ !
ANIMAL 96A BAT4 ,9 C]TA9 BATS 9 : ! W+-
MEMBRANE EXT5DS F ! TOP (! %\LD] 6! TAIL
& 9CLUDES ! H9D-LEGS1 WE P]H SEE TRACES
( AN APP>ATUS ORIG9,Y FITT$ = GLID+ "? !
AIR R ?AN = FLI<T4
  ,IF AB A DOZ5 G5]A ( BIRDS 7 62COME
EXT9CT1 :O WD H V5TUR$ 6SURMISE T BIRDS
MI<T H EXI/$ : US$ _! W+S SOLELY Z
FLAPP]S1 L ! LO7]-H1D$ DUCK 7,MICROPT]US
( ,EYTON72 Z F9S 9 ! WAT] & Z FRONT-LEGS
ON ! L&1 L ! P5GU92 Z SAILS1 L ! O/RI*2
& FUNC;N,Y = NO PURPOSE1 L ! ,APT]YX8
,YET ! /RUCTURE ( EA* ( ^! BIRDS IS GD =
X1 "U ! 3DI;NS ( LIFE 6: X IS EXPOS$1 =
EA* HAS 6LIVE 0A /RU7LE2 B X IS N
NECESS>ILY ! BE/ POSSI# "U ALL POSSI#
3DI;NS4 ,X M/ N 2 9F]R$ F ^! REM>KS T
ANY (! GRADES ( W+-/RUCTURE "H ALLUD$
TO1 : P]H MAY ALL 2 ! RESULT ( 4USE1
9DICATE ! /EPS 0: BIRDS ACTU,Y ACQUIR$
_! P]FECT P[] ( FLI<T2 B !Y S]VE 6%[ :AT
DIV]SIFI$ M1NS ( TRANSI;N >E AT L1/
POSSI#4
  ,SEE+ T A FEW MEMB]S ( S* WAT]-BR1?+
CLASSES Z ! ,CRU/ACEA & ,MOLLUSCA >E
ADAPT$ 6LIVE ON ! L&2 & SEE+ T WE H FLY+
BIRDS & MAMMALS1 FLY+ 9SECTS (! MO/
DIV]SIFI$ TYPES1 & =M]LY _H FLY+
REPTILES1 X IS 3CEIVA# T FLY+-FI%1 : N[
GLIDE F> "? ! AIR1 SLI<TLY RIS+ & TURN+
0! AID ( _! FLUTT]+ F9S1 MI<T H BE5
MODIFI$ 96P]FECTLY W+$ ANIMALS4 ,IF ? _H
BE5 E6ECT$1 :O WD H "E IMAG9$ T 9 AN
E>LY TRANSI;NAL /ATE !Y _H BE5 !
9HABITANTS (! OP5 OC1N1 & _H US$ _!
9CIPI5T ORGANS ( FLI<T EXCLUSIVELY1 Z F>
Z WE "K1 6ESCAPE 2+ DEV\R$ 0O!R FI%8
  ,:5 WE SEE ANY /RUCTURE HI<LY P]FECT$
= ANY "PICUL> HABIT1 Z ! W+S (A BIRD =
FLI<T1 WE %D BE> 9 M9D T ANIMALS 4PLAY+
E>LY TRANSI;NAL GRADES (! /RUCTURE W
SELDOM H SURVIV$ 6! PRES5T "D1 = !Y W H
BE5 SUPPLANT$ 0_! SU3ESSORS1 : 7 GRADU,Y
R5D]$ M P]FECT "? NATURAL SELEC;N4
,FUR!RMORE1 WE MAY 3CLUDE T TRANSI;NAL
/ATES 2T /RUCTURES FITT$ = V DI6]5T
HABITS ( LIFE W R>ELY H BE5 DEVELOP$ AT
AN E>LY P]IOD 9 GRT NUMB]S & "U _M
SUBORD9ATE =MS4 ,?US1 6RETURN 6\R
IMAG9>Y ILLU/R,N (! FLY+-FI%1 X DOES N
SEEM PROBA# T FI%ES CAPA# ( TRUE FLI<T
WD H BE5 DEVELOP$ "U _M SUBORD9ATE =MS1
= TAK+ PREY ( _M K9DS 9 _M WAYS1 ON ! L&
& 9 ! WAT]1 UNTIL _! ORGANS ( FLI<T _H
-E 6A HI< /AGE ( P]FEC;N1 S Z 6H GIV5 !M
A DECID$ ADVANTAGE OV] O!R ANIMALS 9 !
BATTLE = LIFE4 ,H;E ! *.E ( 4COV]+
SPECIES ) TRANSI;NAL GRADES ( /RUCTURE 9
A FOSSIL 3DI;N W ALW 2 LESS1 F _! HAV+
EXI/$ 9 LESS] NUMB]S1 ?AN 9 ! CASE (
SPECIES ) FULLY DEVELOP$ /RUCTURES4
  ,I W N[ GIVE TWO OR ?REE 9/.ES BO? (
DIV]SIFI$ &( *ANG$ HABITS 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS
(! SAME SPECIES4 ,9 EI CASE X WD 2 EASY
= NATURAL SELEC;N 6ADAPT ! /RUCTURE (!
ANIMAL 6XS *ANG$ HABITS1 OR EXCLUSIVELY
6"O ( XS S"EAL HABITS4 ,X IS1 H["E1
DI6ICULT 6DECIDE1 & IMMAT]IAL = U1 :E!R
HABITS G5],Y *ANGE F/ & /RUCTURE AFWS2
OR :E!R SLI<T MODIFIC,NS ( /RUCTURE L1D
6*ANG$ HABITS2 BO? PROBABLY (T5 O3URR+
ALM SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,( CASES ( *ANG$
HABITS X W SU6ICE M]ELY 6ALLUDE 6T (! _M
,BRITI% 9SECTS : N[ FE$ ON EXOTIC
PLANTS1 OR EXCLUSIVELY ON >TIFICIAL
SUB/.ES4 ,( DIV]SIFI$ HABITS 9NUM]A#
9/.ES CD 2 GIV53 ,I H (T5 WAT*$ A TYRANT
FLYCAT*] 7,SAUROPHAGUS SULPHURATUS7 9
,S\? ,AM]ICA1 HOV]+ OV] "O SPOT & !N
PROCE$+ 6ANO!R1 L A KE/REL1 & AT O!R "TS
/&+ /,N>Y ON ! M>G9 ( WAT]1 & !N DA%+
96X L A K+FI%] AT A FI%4 ,9 \R [N C.TRY
! L>G] TITM\SE 7,P>US MAJOR7 MAY 2 SE5
CLIMB+ BRAN*ES1 ALM L A CREEP]2 X "S"TS1
L A %RIKE1 KILLS SMALL BIRDS 0BL[S ON !
H1D2 & ,I H _M "TS SE5 & HE>D X HAMM]+ !
SE$S (! YEW ON A BRAN*1 & ?US BR1K+ !M L
A NUTHAT*4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ! BLACK BE>
0 SE5 0,HE>NE SWIMM+ = H\RS ) WIDELY OP5
M\?1 ?US CAT*+1 ALM L A :ALE1 9SECTS 9 !
WAT]4
  ,Z WE "S"TS SEE 9DIVIDUALS FOLL[+
HABITS DI6]5T F ^? PROP] 6_! SPECIES &
6! O!R SPECIES (! SAME G5US1 WE MI<T
EXPECT T S* 9DIVIDUALS WD O3A.N,Y GIVE
RISE 6NEW SPECIES1 HAV+ ANOMAL\S HABITS1
&) _! /RUCTURE EI SLI<TLY OR 3SID]ABLY
MODIFI$ F T ( _! TYPE4 ,& S* 9/.ES O3UR
9 NATURE4 ,C A M /RIK+ 9/.E ( ADAPT,N 2
GIV5 ?AN T (A WOODPECK] = CLIMB+ TREES &
SEIZ+ 9SECTS 9 ! *9KS (! B>K8 ,YET 9
,NOR? ,AM]ICA "! >E WOODPECK]S : FE$
L>GELY ON FRUIT1 & O!RS ) EL;GAT$ W+S :
*ASE 9SECTS ON ! W+4 ,ON ! PLA9S ( ,LA
,PLATA1 ": H>DLY A TREE GR[S1 "! IS A
WOODPECK] 7,COLAPTES CAMPE/RIS7 : HAS
TWO TOES 2F & TWO 2H1 A L;G PO9T$ T;GUE1
PO9T$ TAIL-F1!RS1 SU6ICI5TLY /IFF
6SUPPORT ! BIRD 9 A V]TICAL POSI;N ON A
PO/1 B N S /IFF Z 9 ! TYPICAL
WOODPECK]S1 &A /RAI<T /R;G B1K4 ,! B1K1
H["E1 IS N S /RAI<T OR S /R;G Z 9 !
TYPICAL WOODPECK]S1 B X IS /R;G 5 6BORE
96WOOD4 ,H;E ? ,COLAPTES 9 ALL !
ESS5TIAL "PS ( XS /RUCTURE IS A
WOODPECK]4 ,EV5 9 S* TRIFL+ "*S Z !
COL\R+1 ! H>% T"O (! VOICE1 & UNDULATORY
FLI<T1 XS CLOSE BLOOD-REL,N%IP 6\R -MON
WOODPECK] IS PLA9LY DCLD2 YET1 Z ,I C
ASS]T1 N ONLY F MY [N OBS]V,N1 B F ^? (!
A3URATE ,AZ>A1 9 C]TA9 L>GE 4TRICTS X
DOES N CLIMB TREES1 & X MAKES XS NE/ 9
HOLES 9 BANKS6 ,9 C]TA9 O!R 4TRICTS1
H["E1 ? SAME WOODPECK]1 Z ,MR4 ,HUDSON
/ATES1 FREQU5TS TREES1 & BORES HOLES 9 !
TRUNK = XS NE/4 ,I MAY M5;N Z ANO!R
ILLU/R,N (! V>I$ HABITS ( ? G5US1 T A
,MEXICAN ,COLAPTES HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ 0,DE
,SAUSSURE Z BOR+ HOLES 96H>D WOOD 9 ORD]
6LAY UP A /ORE ( ACORNS4
  ,PETRELS >E ! MO/ AERIAL & OC1NIC (
BIRDS1 B 9 ! QUIET S.DS ( ,TI]RA DEL
,FUEGO1 ! ,PU69URIA 2R>DI1 9 XS G5]AL
HABITS1 9 XS A/ONI%+ P[] ( DIV+1 9 XS
MANN] ( SWIMM+ &( FLY+ :5 MADE 6TAKE
FLI<T1 WD 2 MISTAK5 0ANY "O = AN AUK OR
A GREBE2 N"E!.S X IS ESS5TI,Y A PETREL1
B ) _M "PS ( XS ORGANIS,N PROF.DLY
MODIFI$ 9 REL,N 6XS NEW HABITS ( LIFE2
":AS ! WOODPECK] ( ,LA ,PLATA HAS _H XS
/RUCTURE ONLY SLI<TLY MODIFI$4 ,9 ! CASE
(! WAT]\ZEL1 ! ACUTE/ OBS]V] 0EXAM9+ XS
D1D BODY WD N"E H SUSPECT$ XS SUBAQUATIC
HABITS2 YET ? BIRD1 : IS ALLI$ 6! ?RU%
FAMILY1 SUBSI/S 0DIV+- US+ XS W+S "U
WAT]1 & GRASP+ /"OS ) XS FEET4 ,ALL !
MEMB]S (! GRT ORD] ( HYM5OPT]\S 9SECTS
>E T]RE/RIAL EXCEPT+ ! G5US
,PROCTOTRUPES1 : ,SIR ,JOHN ,LU2OCK HAS
4COV]$ 6BE AQUATIC 9 XS HABITS2 X (T5
5T]S ! WAT] & DIVES AB 0! USE N ( XS
LEGS B ( XS W+S1 & REMA9S Z L;G Z F\R
H\RS 2N ! SURFACE2 YET X EXHIBITS NO
MODIFIC,N 9 /RUCTURE 9 A3ORD.E ) XS
ABNORMAL HABITS4
  ,HE :O 2LIEVES T EA* 2+ HAS BE5 CR1T$
Z WE N[ SEE X1 M/ O3A.N,Y H FELT
SURPRISE :5 HE HAS MET ) AN ANIMAL HAV+
HABITS & /RUCTURE N 9 AGREE;T4 ,:AT C 2
PLA9] ?AN T ! WE2$ FEET ( DUCKS & GEESE
>E =M$ = SWIMM+8 ,YET "! >E UPL& GEESE )
WE2$ FEET : R>ELY G NE> ! WAT]2 & NO "O
EXCEPT ,AUDUBON HAS SE5 ! FRIGATE-BIRD1
: HAS ALL XS F\R TOES WE2$1 ALI<T ON !
SURFACE (! OC1N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 GREBES &
COOTS >E EM95TLY AQUATIC1 AL? _! TOES >E
ONLY BORD]$ 0MEMBRANE4 ,:AT SEEMS PLA9]
?AN T ! L;G TOES1 N FURNI%$ ) MEMBRANE1
(! ,GRALLATORES >E =M$ = WALK+ OV]
SWAMPS & FLOAT+ PLANTS8- ! WAT]-H5 &
L&RAIL >E MEMB]S ( ? ORD]1 YET ! F/ IS
NE>LY Z AQUATIC Z ! COOT1 &! SECOND
NE>LY Z T]RE/RIAL Z ! QUAIL OR "PRIDGE4
,9 S* CASES1 & _M O!RS CD 2 GIV51 HABITS
H *ANG$ )\T A CORRESPOND+ *ANGE (
/RUCTURE4 ,! WE2$ FEET (! UPL& GOOSE MAY
2 SD 6H 2COME ALM RUDI;T>Y 9 FUNC;N1 ?\<
N 9 /RUCTURE4 ,9 ! FRIGATE-BIRD1 !
DEEPLY SCOOP$ MEMBRANE 2T ! TOES %[S T
/RUCTURE HAS 2GUN 6*ANGE4
  ,HE :O 2LIEVES 9 SEP>ATE & 9NUM]A#
ACTS ( CRE,N MAY SAY1 T 9 ^! CASES X HAS
PL1S$ ! ,CR1TOR 6CAUSE A 2+ ( "O TYPE
6TAKE ! PLACE ( "O 2L;G+ 6ANO!R TYPE2 B
? SEEMS 6ME ONLY RE-/AT+ ! FACT 9
DIGNIFI$ LANGUAGE4 ,HE :O 2LIEVES 9 !
/RU7LE = EXI/;E & 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL
SELEC;N1 W AC"KL$GE T E ORGANIC 2+ IS
3/ANTLY 5D1V\R+ 69CR1SE 9 NUMB]S2 & T IF
ANY "O 2+ V>IES "E S LL1 EI 9 HABITS OR
/RUCTURE1 & ?US GA9S AN ADVANTAGE OV] "S
O!R 9HABITANT (! SAME C.TRY1 X W SEIZE
ON ! PLACE ( T 9HABITANT1 H["E DI6]5T T
MAY 2 F XS [N PLACE4 ,H;E X W CAUSE HM
NO SURPRISE T "! %D 2 GEESE &
FRIGATEBIRDS ) WE2$ FEET1 LIV+ ON ! DRY
L& & R>ELY ALI<T+ ON ! WAT]2 T "! %D 2
L;G-TO$ CORNCRAKES1 LIV+ 9 M1D[S 9/1D (
9 SWAMPS2 T "! %D 2 WOODPECK]S ": H>DLY
A TREE GR[S2 T "! %D 2 DIV+ ?RU%ES &
DIV+ ,HYM5OPT]A1 & PETRELS )! HABITS (
AUKS4
  ,ORGANS ( EXTREME ,P]FEC;N & ,-PLIC,N
  ,6SUPPOSE T ! EYE ) ALL XS 9IMITA#
3TRIV.ES = ADJU/+ ! FOCUS 6DI6]5T 4T.ES1
= ADMITT+ DI6]5T AM.TS ( LI<T1 &=!
CORREC;N ( SPH]ICAL & *ROMATIC AB]R,N1
CD H BE5 =M$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N1 SEEMS1 ,I
FREELY 3FESS1 ABSURD 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE4
,:5 X 0 F/ SD T ! SUN /OOD / &! _W TURN$
R.D1 ! -MON S5SE ( MANK9D DCLD ! DOCTR9E
FALSE2 B ! OLD SAY+ ( ,VOX POPULI1 VOX
,DEI1 Z E PHILOSOPH] "KS1 _C 2 TRU/$ 9
SCI;E4 ,R1SON TELLS ME1 T IF NUM]\S
GRAD,NS F A SIMPLE & IMP]FECT EYE 6"O
-PLEX & P]FECT C 2 %[N 6EXI/1 EA* GRADE
2+ USE;L 6XS POSSESSOR1 Z IS C]TA9LY !
CASE2 IF FUR!R1 ! EYE "E V>IES &! V>I,NS
2 9H]IT$1 Z IS LIKEWISE C]TA9LY ! CASE &
IF S* V>I,NS %D 2 USE;L 6ANY ANIMAL "U
*ANG+ 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 !N ! DI6ICULTY (
2LIEV+ T A P]FECT & -PLEX EYE CD 2 =M$
0NATURAL SELEC;N1 ?\< 9SUP]A# 0\R
IMAG9,N1 %D N 2 3SID]$ Z SUBV]SIVE (!
!ORY4 ,H[ A N]VE -ES 6BE S5SITIVE 6LI<T1
H>DLY 3C]NS U M ?AN H[ LIFE XF ORIG9AT$2
B ,I MAY REM>K T1 Z "S (! L[E/
ORGANISMS1 9 : N]VES _C 2 DETECT$1 >E
CAPA# ( P]CVG LI<T1 X DOES N SEEM
IMPOSSI# T C]TA9 S5SITIVE ELE;TS 9 _!
S>CODE %D 2COME A7REGAT$ & DEVELOP$
96N]VES1 5D[$ ) ? SPECIAL S5SIBIL;Y4
  ,9 SE>*+ =! GRAD,NS "? : AN ORGA9 9
ANY SPECIES HAS BE5 P]FECT$1 WE "\ 6LOOK
EXCLUSIVELY 6XS L91L PROG5ITORS2 B ? IS
SC>CELY "E POSSI#1 & WE >E =C$ 6LOOK
6O!R SPECIES & G5]A (! SAME GR\P1 T IS
6! COLLAT]AL DESC5DANTS F ! SAME P>5T-
=M1 9 ORD] 6SEE :AT GRAD,NS >E POSSI#1 &
=! *.E ( "S GRAD,NS HAV+ BE5 TRANSMITT$
9 AN UNALT]$ OR LL ALT]$ 3DI;N4 ,B !
/ATE (! SAME ORGAN 9 4T9CT CLASSES MAY
9CID5T,Y ?R[ LI<T ON ! /EPS 0: X HAS BE5
P]FECT$4
  ,! SIMPLE/ ORGAN : C 2 CALL$ AN EYE
3SI/S ( AN OPTIC N]VE1 SURR.D$ 0PIG;T-
CELLS1 & COV]$ 0TRANSLUC5T SK91 B )\T
ANY L5S OR O!R REFRACTIVE BODY4 ,WE MAY1
H["E1 AC TO ;,M4 ,J\RDA91 DESC5D EV5 A
/EP L[] & F9D A7REGATES ( PIG;T-CELLS1
APP>5TLY S]V+ Z ORGANS ( VI.N1 )\T ANY
N]VES1 & RE/+ M]ELY ON S>CODIC TISSUE4
,EYES (! ABV SIMPLE NATURE >E N CAPA# (
4T9CT VI.N1 & S]VE ONLY 64T+UI% LI<T F
D>K;S4 ,9 C]TA9 />-FI%ES1 SMALL
DEPRES.NS 9 ! LAY] ( PIG;T : SURR.DS !
N]VE >E FILL$1 Z DESCRIB$ 0! AU?OR J
QUOT$1 ) TRANSP>5T GELAT9\S MATT]1
PROJECT+ )A 3VEX SURFACE1 L ! CORNEA 9 !
HI<] ANIMALS4 ,HE SU7E/S T ? S]VES N 6=M
AN IMAGE1 B ONLY 63C5TRATE ! LUM9\S RAYS
& R5D] _! P]CEP;N M EASY4 ,9 ? 3C5TR,N (
! RAYS WE GA9 ! F/ & 0F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT
/EP T[>DS ! =M,N (A TRUE1 PICTURE-=M+
EYE2 = WE H ONLY 6PLACE ! NAK$ EXTREM;Y
(! OPTIC N]VE1 : 9 "S (! L[] ANIMALS
LIES DEEPLY BURI$ 9 ! BODY1 & 9 "S NE> !
SURFACE1 AT ! "R 4T.E F ! 3C5TRAT+
APP>ATUS1 & AN IMAGE W 2 =M$ ON X4
  ,9 ! GRT CLASS (! ,>TICULATA1 WE MAY
/>T F AN OPTIC N]VE SIMPLY COAT$ )
PIG;T1 ! LATT] "S"TS =M+ A SORT ( PUPIL1
B DE/ITUTE (A L5S OR O!R OPTICAL
3TRIV.E4 ,) 9SECTS X IS N[ "KN T !
NUM]\S FACETS ON ! CORNEA ( _! GRT -P.D
EYES =M TRUE L5SES1 & T ! C"OS 9CLUDE
CURI\SLY MODIFI$ N]V\S FILA;TS4 ,B ^!
ORGANS 9 ! ,>TICULATA >E S M* DIV]SIFI$
T ,MULL] =M]LY MADE ?REE MA9 CLASSES )
SEV5 SUBDIVI.NS1 2SS A F\R? MA9 CLASS (
A7REGAT$ SIMPLE EYES4
  ,:5 WE REFLECT ON ^! FACTS1 "H GIV5 M*
TOO BRIEFLY1 ) RESPECT 6! WIDE1
DIV]SIFI$1 & GRADUAT$ RANGE ( /RUCTURE 9
! EYES (! L[] ANIMALS2 & :5 WE BE> 9 M9D
H[ SMALL ! NUMB] ( ALL LIV+ =MS M/ 2 9
-P>ISON ) ^? : H 2COME EXT9CT1 !
DI6ICULTY C1SES 6BE V GRT 9 2LIEV+ T
NATURAL SELEC;N MAY H 3V]T$ ! SIMPLE
APP>ATUS ( AN OPTIC N]VE1 COAT$ ) PIG;T
& 9VE/$ 0TRANSP>5T MEMBRANE1 96AN
OPTICAL 9/RU;T Z P]FECT Z IS POSSESS$
0ANY MEMB] (! >TICULATE CLASS4
  ,HE :O W G ?US F>1 "\ N 6HESITATE 6G
"O /EP FUR!R1 IF HE F9DS ON F9I%+ ?
VOLUME T L>GE BODIES ( FACTS1 O!RWISE
9EXPLICA#1 C 2 EXPLA9$ 0! !ORY (
MODIFIC,N "? NATURAL SELEC;N2 HE "\
6ADMIT T A /RUCTURE EV5 Z P]FECT Z AN
EAGLE'S EYE MI<T ?US 2 =M$1 AL? 9 ? CASE
HE DOES N "K ! TRANSI;NAL /ATES4 ,X HAS
BE5 OBJECT$ T 9 ORD] 6MODIFY ! EYE & /
PRES]VE X Z A P]FECT 9/RU;T1 _M *ANGES
WD H 6BE E6ECT$ SIMULTANE\SLY1 :1 X IS
ASSUM$1 CD N 2 D"O "? NATURAL SELEC;N2 B
Z ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6%[ 9 MY "W ON ! V>I,N (
DOME/IC ANIMALS1 X IS N NEC 6SUPPOSE T !
MODIFIC,NS 7 ALL SIMULTANE\S1 IF !Y 7
EXTREMELY SLI<T & GRADUAL4 ,DI6]5T K9DS
( MODIFIC,N WD1 AL1 S]VE =! SAME G5]AL
PURPOSE3 Z ,MR4 ,WALLACE HAS REM>K$1 8IF
A L5S HAS TOO %ORT OR TOO L;G A FOCUS1 X
MAY 2 AM5D$ EI 0AN ALT],N ( CURVATURE1
OR AN ALT],N ( D5S;Y2 IF ! CURVATURE 2
IRREGUL>1 &! RAYS D N 3V]GE 6A PO9T1 !N
ANY 9CR1S$ REGUL>;Y ( CURVATURE W 2 AN
IMPROVE;T4 ,S ! 3TRAC;N (! IRIS &!
MUSCUL> MOVE;TS (! EYE >E NEI ( !M
ESS5TIAL 6VI.N1 B ONLY IMPROVE;TS : MI<T
H BE5 A4$ & P]FECT$ AT ANY /AGE (!
3/RUC;N (! 9/RU;T40 ,)9 ! HI<E/ DIVI.N (
! ANIMAL K+DOM1 "NLY1 ! ,V]TEBRATA1 WE C
/>T F AN EYE S SIMPLE1 T X 3SI/S1 Z 9 !
L.ELET1 (A LL SACK ( TRANSP>5T SK91
FURNI%$ )A N]VE & L9$ ) PIG;T1 B
DE/ITUTE ( ANY O!R APP>ATUS4 ,9 FI%ES &
REPTILES1 Z ,[5 HAS REM>K$1 8! RANGE (
GRAD,NS ( DIOPTRIC /RUCTURES IS V GRT40
,X IS A SIGNIFICANT FACT T EV5 9 MAN1 AC
6! HI< AU?OR;Y ( ,VIR*[1 ! B1UTI;L
CRY/ALL9E L5S IS =M$ 9 ! EMBRYO 0AN
A3UMUL,N ( EPID]MIC CELLS1 LY+ 9 A SACK-
L FOLD (! SK92 &! VITRE\S BODY IS =M$ F
EMBRYONIC SUB-CUTANE\S TISSUE4 ,6>RIVE1
H["E1 AT A J 3CLU.N REG>D+ ! =M,N (!
EYE1 ) ALL XS M>VELL\S YET N ABSOLUTELY
P]FECT "*S1 X IS 9DISP5SA# T ! R1SON %D
3QU] ! IMAG9,N2 B ,I H FELT ! DI6ICULTY
F> TOO KE5LY 6BE SURPRIS$ AT O!RS
HESITAT+ 6EXT5D ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL
SELEC;N 6S />TL+ A L5G?4
  ,X IS SC>CELY POSSI# 6AVOID -P>+ ! EYE
)A TELESCOPE4 ,WE "K T ? 9/RU;T HAS BE5
P]FECT$ 0! L;G-3T9U$ EF=TS (! HI<E/
HUMAN 9TELLECTS2 & WE NATUR,Y 9F] T !
EYE HAS BE5 =M$ 0A "S:AT ANALOG\S
PROCESS4 ,B MAY N ? 9F];E 2 PRESUMPTU\S8
,H WE ANY "R 6ASSUME T ! ,CR1TOR "WS
09TELLECTUAL P[]S L ^? ( MAN8 ,IF WE M/
-P>E ! EYE 6AN OPTICAL 9/RU;T1 WE "\ 9
IMAG9,N 6TAKE A ?ICK LAY] ( TRANSP>5T
TISSUE1 ) SPACES FILL$ ) FLUID1 &)A N]VE
S5SITIVE 6LI<T 2N1 & !N SUPPOSE E "P ( ?
LAY] 6BE 3T9U,Y *ANG+ SL[LY 9 D5S;Y1 S Z
6SEP>ATE 96LAY]S ( DI6]5T D5SITIES &
?ICK;SES1 PLAC$ AT DI6]5T 4T.ES F EA*
O!R1 &)! SURFACES ( EA* LAY] SL[LY *ANG+
9 =M4 ,FUR!R WE M/ SUPPOSE T "! IS A
P[]1 REPRES5T$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N OR !
SURVIVAL (! FITTE/1 ALW 9T5TLY WAT*+ EA*
SLI<T ALT],N 9 ! TRANSP>5T LAY]S2 &
C>E;LLY PRES]V+ EA* :1 "U V>I$
CIRCUM/.ES1 9 ANY WAY OR 9 ANY DEGREE1
T5DS 6PRODUCE A 4T9CT] IMAGE4 ,WE M/
SUPPOSE EA* NEW /ATE (! 9/RU;T 6BE
MULTIPLI$ 0! MILLION2 EA* 6BE PRES]V$
UNTIL A BETT] "O IS PRODUC$1 & !N ! OLD
"OS 6BE ALL DE/ROY$4 ,9 LIV+ BODIES1
V>I,N W CAUSE ! SLI<T ALT],NS1 G5],N W
MULTIPLY !M ALM 9F9ITELY1 & NATURAL
SELEC;N W PICK \ ) UN]R+ SKILL EA*
IMPROVE;T4 ,LET ? PROCESS G ON =
MILLIONS ( YE>S2 & DUR+ EA* YE> ON
MILLIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS ( _M K9DS2 & MAY
WE N 2LIEVE T A LIV+ OPTICAL 9/RU;T MI<T
?US 2 =M$ Z SUP]IOR 6"O ( GLASS1 Z ! "WS
(! ,CR1TOR >E 6^? ( MAN8
  ,MODES ( ,TRANSI;N
  ,IF X CD 2 DEMON/RAT$ T ANY -PLEX
ORGAN EXI/$1 : CD N POSSIBLY H BE5 =M$
0NUM]\S1 SU3ESSIVE1 SLI<T MODIFIC,NS1 MY
!ORY WD ABSOLUTELY BR1K D[N4 ,B ,I C F9D
\ NO S* CASE4 ,NO D\BT _M ORGANS EXI/ (
: WE D N "K ! TRANSI;NAL GRADES1 M
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CASE ! ORGAN M/ H BE5 ORIG9,Y =M$ AT A
REMOTE P]IOD1 S9CE : ALL ! _M MEMB]S (!
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E>LY TRANSI;NAL GRADES "? : ! ORGAN HAS
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  ,WE %D 2 EXTREMELY CAUTI\S 9 3CLUD+ T
AN ORGAN CD N H BE5 =M$ 0TRANSI;NAL
GRAD,NS ( "S K9D4 ,NUM]\S CASES CD 2
GIV5 AM;G/ ! L[] ANIMALS (! SAME ORGAN
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?US 9 ! L>VA (! DRAGON-FLY & 9 ! FI%
,COBITIS ! ALI;T>Y CANAL RESPIRES1
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ANIMAL MAY 2 TURN$ 9SIDE \1 &! EXT]IOR
SURFACE W !N DIGE/ &! /OMA* RESPIRE4 ,9
S* CASES NATURAL SELEC;N MI<T
SPECIALISE1 IF ANY ADVANTAGE 7 ?US GA9$1
! :OLE OR "P ( AN ORGAN1 : _H PREVI\SLY
P]=M$ TWO FUNC;NS1 = "O FUNC;N AL"O1 &
?US 09S5SI# /EPS GRTLY *ANGE XS NATURE4
,_M PLANTS >E "KN : REGUL>LY PRODUCE AT
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S* PLANTS 7 6PRODUCE "O K9D AL"O1 A GRT
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"* (! SPECIES4 ,X IS1 H["E1 PROBA# T !
TWO SORTS ( FL[]S BORNE 0! SAME PLANT 7
ORIG9,Y DI6]5TIAT$ 0F9ELY GRADUAT$ /EPS1
: MAY / 2 FOLL[$ 9 "S FEW CASES4
  ,AG1 TWO 4T9CT ORGANS1 OR ! SAME ORGAN
"U TWO V DI6]5T =MS1 MAY SIMULTANE\SLY
P]=M 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL ! SAME FUNC;N1 &
? IS AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT M1NS (
TRANSI;N3 6GIVE "O 9/.E1- "! >E FI% )
GILLS OR BRAN*IAE T BR1! ! AIR 4SOLV$ 9
! WAT]1 AT ! SAME "T T !Y BR1! FREE AIR
9 _! SWIMBLA4]S1 ? LATT] ORGAN 2+ DIVID$
0HI<LY VASCUL> "PI;NS & HAV+ A DUCTUS
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ANO!R 9/.E F ! VEGETA# K+DOM3 PLANTS
CLIMB 0?REE 4T9CT M1NS1 0SPIR,Y TW9+1
0CLASP+ A SUPPORT ) _! S5SITIVE T5DRILS1
& 0! EMIS.N ( AERIAL ROOTLETS2 ^! ?REE
M1NS >E USU,Y F.D 9 4T9CT GR\PS1 B "S
FEW SPECIES EXHIBIT TWO (! M1NS1 OR EV5
ALL ?REE1 -B9$ 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9
ALL S* CASES "O (! TWO ORGANS MI<T
R1DILY 2 MODIFI$ & P]FECT$ S Z 6P]=M ALL
! "W1 2+ AID$ DUR+ ! PROGRESS (
MODIFIC,N 0! O!R ORGAN2 & !N ? O!R ORGAN
MI<T 2 MODIFI$ = "S O!R & Q 4T9CT
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  ,! ILLU/R,N (! SWIMBLA4] 9 FI%ES IS A
GD "O1 2C X %[S U CLE>LY ! HI<LY
IMPORTANT FACT T AN ORGAN ORIG9,Y
3/RUCT$ = "O PURPOSE1 "NLY1 FLOT,N1 MAY
2 3V]T$ 96"O =A WIDELY DI6]5T PURPOSE1
"NLY1 RESPIR,N4 ,! SWIMBLA4] HAS1 AL1
BE5 "W$ 9 Z AN A3ESSORY 6! AUDITORY
ORGANS ( C]TA9 FI%ES4 ,ALL PHYSIOLOGI/S
ADMIT T ! SWIMBLA4] IS HOMOLOG\S1 OR
8IDE,Y SIMIL>0 9 POSI;N & /RUCTURE )!
LUNGS (! HI<] V]TEBRATE ANIMALS3 H;E "!
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9F] F ,[5'S 9T]E/+ DESCRIP;N ( ^! "PS1
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LUNGS1 NOT)/&+ ! B1UTI;L 3TRIV.E 0: !
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(! >T]IES / M>K _! =M] POSI;N4 ,B X IS
3CEIVA# T ! N[ UTT]LY LO/ BRAN*IAE MI<T
H BE5 GRADU,Y "W$ 9 0NATURAL SELEC;N =
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T ! W+S ( 9SECTS >E DEVELOP$ F ! TRA*1E2
X IS "!=E HI<LY PROBA# T 9 ? GRT CLASS
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  ,9 3SID]+ TRANSI;NS ( ORGANS1 X IS S
IMPORTANT 6BE> 9 M9D ! PROBABIL;Y (
3V].N F "O FUNC;N 6ANO!R1 T ,I W GIVE
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FR5A1 : S]VE1 "? ! M1NS (A /ICKY
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)9 ! SACK4 ,^! CIRRIP$ES H NO BRAN*IAE1
! :OLE SURFACE (! BODY &(! SACK1 TGR )!
SMALL FR5A1 S]V+ = RESPIR,N4 ,!
,BALANIDAE OR SESSILE CIRRIP$ES1 ON !
O!R H&1 H NO OVIG]\S FR5A1 ! E7S LY+
LOOSE AT ! BOTTOM (! SACK1 )9 ! WELL-
5CLOS$ %ELL2 B !Y H1 9 ! SAME RELATIVE
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MEMBRANES1 : FREELY -MUNICATE )!
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H BE5 3SID]$ 0ALL NATURALI/S 6ACT Z
BRAN*IAE4 ,N[ ,I ?9K NO "O W 4PUTE T !
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9DE$1 !Y GRADUATE 96EA* O!R4 ,"!=E X NE$
N 2 D\BT$ T ! TWO LL FOLDS ( SK91 :
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\ (! SACK8
  ,"! IS ANO!R POSSI# MODE ( TRANSI;N1
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REPRODUC;N4 ,? HAS LATELY BE5 9SI/$ ON
0,PR(4 ,COPE & O!RS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4
,X IS N[ "KN T "S ANIMALS >E CAPA# (
REPRODUC;N AT A V E>LY AGE1 2F !Y H
ACQUIR$ _! P]FECT "*S2 & IF ? P[] 2CAME
?OR\<LY WELL DEVELOP$ 9 A SPECIES1 X
SEEMS PROBA# T ! ADULT /AGE ( DEVELOP;T
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ESPECI,Y IF ! L>VA DI6]$ M* F ! MATURE
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AT MATUR;Y1 G ON *ANG+ 9 "* DUR+ NE>LY
_! :OLE LIVES4 ,) MAMMALS1 = 9/.E1 ! =M
(! SKULL IS (T5 M* ALT]$ ) AGE1 ( : ,DR4
,MURIE HAS GIV5 "S /RIK+ 9/.ES ) S1LS2 E
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BRAN*$1 &! PLUMES ( "S BIRDS 2COME M
F9ELY DEVELOP$1 Z !Y GR[ OLD]4 ,PR(4
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CRU/AC1NS N ONLY _M TRIVIAL1 B "S
IMPORTANT "PS ASSUME A NEW "*1 Z RECORD$
0,FRITZ ,MULL]1 AF MATUR;Y4 ,9 ALL S*
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REPRODUC;N 7 RET>D$1 ! "* (! SPECIES1 AT
L1/ 9 XS ADULT /ATE1 WD 2 MODIFI$2 NOR
IS X IMPROBA# T ! PREVI\S & E>LI] /AGES
( DEVELOP;T WD 9 "S CASES 2 HURRI$ "? &
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PRIMORDI,Y ACQUIR$ 0GRADUAT$ /EPS4
  ,SPECIAL ,DI6ICULTIES (! ,!ORY ,(
,NATURAL ,SELEC;N
  ,AL? WE M/ 2 EXTREMELY CAUTI\S 9
3CLUD+ T ANY ORGAN CD N H BE5 PRODUC$
0SU3ESSIVE1 SMALL1 TRANSI;NAL GRAD,NS1
YET UND\BT$LY S]I\S CASES ( DI6ICULTY
O3UR4
  ,"O (! MO/ S]I\S IS T ( NEUT] 9SECTS1
: >E (T5 DI6]5TLY 3/RUCT$ F EI ! MALES
OR F]TILE FEMALES2 B ? CASE W 2 TR1T$ (
9 ! NEXT *APT]4 ,! ELECTRIC ORGANS (
FI%ES (F] ANO!R CASE ( SPECIAL
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/EPS ^! WONDR\S ORGANS H BE5 PRODUC$4 ,B
? IS N SURPRIS+1 = WE D N EV5 "K ( :AT
USE !Y >E4 ,9 ! ,GYMNOTUS & TORP$O !Y NO
D\BT S]VE Z P[];L M1NS ( DEF;E1 & P]H =
SECUR+ PREY2 YET 9 ! RAY1 Z OBS]V$
0,MATTEU3I1 AN ANALOG\S ORGAN 9 ! TAIL
MANIFE/S B LL ELECTRIC;Y1 EV5 :5 !
ANIMAL IS GRTLY IRRITAT$2 S LL1 T X C
H>DLY 2 ( ANY USE =! ABV PURPOSES4
,MOREOV]1 9 ! RAY1 2SS ! ORGAN J REF]R$
TO1 "! IS1 Z ,DR4 ,R4 ,MC,DONNELL HAS
%[N1 ANO!R ORGAN NE> ! H1D1 N "KN 6BE
ELECTRICAL1 B : APPE>S 6BE ! R1L
HOMOLOGUE (! ELECTRIC BATT]Y 9 ! TORP$O4
,X IS G5],Y ADMITT$ T "! EXI/S 2T ^!
ORGANS & ORD9>Y MUSCLE A CLOSE ANALOGY1
9 9TIMATE /RUCTURE1 9 ! 4TRIBU;N (!
N]VES1 & 9 ! MANN] 9 : !Y >E ACT$ ON
0V>I\S REAG5TS4 ,X %D1 AL1 2 ESPECI,Y
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0AN ELECTRICAL 4*>GE2 &1 Z ,DR4
,RADCLI6E 9SI/S1 8IN ! ELECTRICAL
APP>ATUS (! TORP$O DUR+ RE/1 "! WD SEEM
2 A *>GE 9 E RESPECT L T : IS MET ) 9
MUSCLE & N]VE DUR+ RE/1 &! 4*>GE (!
TORP$O1 9/1D ( 2+ PECULI>1 MAY 2 ONLY
ANO!R =M (! 4*>GE : DEP5DS ^U ! AC;N (
MUSCLE & MOTOR N]VE40 ,2Y ? WE _C AT
PRES5T G 9 ! WAY ( EXPLAN,N2 B Z WE "K S
LL AB ! USES ( ^! ORGANS1 & Z WE "K NO?+
AB ! HABITS & /RUCTURE (! PROG5ITORS (!
EXI/+ ELECTRIC FI%ES1 X WD 2 EXTREMELY
BOLD 6MA9TA9 T NO S]VICEA# TRANSI;NS >E
POSSI# 0: ^! ORGANS MI<T H BE5 GRADU,Y
DEVELOP$4
  ,^! ORGANS APPE> AT F/ 6(F] ANO!R & F>
M S]I\S DI6ICULTY2 = !Y O3UR 9 AB A DOZ5
K9DS ( FI%1 ( : S"EAL >E WIDELY REMOTE 9
_! A69ITIES4 ,:5 ! SAME ORGAN IS F.D 9
S"EAL MEMB]S (! SAME CLASS1 ESPECI,Y IF
9 MEMB]S HAV+ V DI6]5T HABITS ( LIFE1 WE
MAY G5],Y ATTRIBUTE XS PRES;E 69H]IT.E F
A -MON ANCE/OR2 & XS ABS;E 9 "S (!
MEMB]S 6LOSS "? 4USE OR NATURAL SELEC;N4
,S T1 IF ! ELECTRIC ORGANS _H BE5 9H]IT$
F "S "O ANCI5T PROG5ITOR1 WE MI<T H
EXPECT$ T ALL ELECTRIC FI%ES WD H BE5
SPECI,Y RELAT$ 6EA* O!R2 B ? IS F> F !
CASE4 ,NOR DOES GEOLOGY AT ALL L1D 6!
2LIEF T MO/ FI%ES =M]LY POSSESS$
ELECTRIC ORGANS1 : _! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS
H N[ LO/4 ,B :5 WE LOOK AT ! SUBJECT M
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3/RUC;N1 Z 9 ! >RANGE;T (! PLATES1 &1 AC
6,PAC9I1 9 ! PROCESS OR M1NS 0: !
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& ? IS P]H ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL !
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HOMOLOG\S1 B ONLY Z ANALOG\S 9 FUNC;N4
,3SEQU5TLY "! IS NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T !Y
H BE5 9H]IT$ F A -MON PROG5ITOR2 = _H ?
BE5 ! CASE !Y WD H CLOSELY RESEM#D EA*
O!R 9 ALL RESPECTS4 ,?US ! DI6ICULTY (
AN ORGAN1 APP>5TLY ! SAME1 >IS+ 9 S"EAL
REMOTELY ALLI$ SPECIES1 4APPE>S1 L1V+
ONLY ! LESS] YET / GRT DI6ICULTY2 "NLY1
0:AT GRADUAT$ /EPS ^! ORGANS H BE5
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  ,! LUM9\S ORGANS : O3UR 9 A FEW
9SECTS1 2L;G+ 6WIDELY DI6]5T FAMILIES1 &
: >E SITUAT$ 9 DI6]5T "PS (! BODY1 (F]1
"U \R PRES5T /ATE ( IGNOR.E1 A DI6ICULTY
ALM EXACTLY P>ALLEL ) T (! ELECTRIC
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9/.E 9 PLANTS1 ! V CURI\S 3TRIV.E (A
MASS ( POLL5-GRA9S1 BORNE ON A FOOT-/ALK
) AN ADHESIVE GL&1 IS APP>5TLY ! SAME 9
,OR*IS & ,ASCLEPIAS1- G5]A ALM Z REMOTE
Z IS POSSI# AM;G/ FL[]+ PLANTS2 B "H AG
! "PS >E N HOMOLOG\S4 ,9 ALL CASES (
2+S1 F> REMOV$ F EA* O!R 9 ! SCALE (
ORGANIS,N1 : >E FURNI%$ ) SIMIL> &
PECULI> ORGANS1 X W 2 F.D T AL? ! G5]AL
APPE>.E & FUNC;N (! ORGANS MAY 2 ! SAME1
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DETECT$4 ,= 9/.E1 ! EYES ( CEPHALOPODS
OR CUTTLE-FI% &( V]TEBRATE ANIMALS APPE>
WOND];LLY ALIKE2 & 9 S* WIDELY S"U$
GR\PS NO "P ( ? RESEMBL.E C 2 DUE
69H]IT.E F A -MON PROG5ITOR4 ,MR4 ,MIV>T
HAS ADV.ED ? CASE Z "O ( SPECIAL
DI6ICULTY1 B ,I AM UNA# 6SEE ! =CE ( 8
>GU;T4 ,AN ORGAN = VI.N M/ 2 =M$ (
TRANSP>5T TISSUE1 & M/ 9CLUDE "S SORT (
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*AMB]4 ,2Y ? SUP]FICIAL RESEMBL.E1 "! IS
H>DLY ANY R1L SIMIL>;Y 2T ! EYES (
CUTTLE-FI% & V]TEBRATES1 Z MAY 2 SE5
03SULT+ ,H5S5'S ADMIRA# MEMOIR ON ^!
ORGANS 9 ! ,CEPHALOPODA4 ,X IS IMPOSSI#
= ME "H 65T] ON DETAILS1 B ,I MAY
SPECIFY A FEW (! PO9TS ( DI6];E4 ,!
CRY/ALL9E L5S 9 ! HI<] CUTTLE-FI% 3SI/S
( TWO "PS1 PLAC$ "O 2H ! O!R L TWO
L5SES1 BO? HAV+ A V DI6]5T /RUCTURE &
4POSI;N 6:AT O3URS 9 ! V]TEBRATA4 ,!
RET9A IS :OLLY DI6]5T1 ) AN ACTUAL 9V].N
(! ELE;TAL "PS1 &)A L>GE N]V\S GANGLION
9CLUD$ )9 ! MEMBRANES (! EYE4 ,! REL,NS
(! MUSCLES >E Z DI6]5T Z X IS POSSI#
63CV1 & S 9 O!R PO9TS4 ,H;E X IS N A LL
DI6ICULT 6DECIDE H[ F> EV5 ! SAME T]MS
"\ 6BE EMPLOY$ 9 DESCRIB+ ! EYES (!
,CEPHALOPODA & ,V]TEBRATA4 ,X IS1 (
C\RSE1 OP5 6ANY "O 6D5Y T ! EYE 9 EI
CASE CD H BE5 DEVELOP$ "? ! NATURAL
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2 ADMITT$ 9 ! "O CASE1 X IS CLE>LY
POSSI# 9 ! O!R2 & FUNDA;TAL DI6];ES (
/RUCTURE 9 ! VISUAL ORGANS ( TWO GR\PS
MI<T H BE5 ANTICIPAT$1 9 A3ORD.E ) ?
VIEW ( _! MANN] ( =M,N4 ,Z TWO M5 H
"S"TS 9DEP5D5TLY HIT ON ! SAME 9V5;N1 S
9 ! S"EAL =EGO+ CASES X APPE>S T NATURAL
SELEC;N1 "W+ =! GD ( EA* 2+1 & TAK+
ADVANTAGE ( ALL FAV\RA# V>I,NS1 HAS
PRODUC$ SIMIL> ORGANS1 Z F> Z FUNC;N IS
3C]N$1 9 4T9CT ORGANIC 2+S1 : [E N"O (
_! /RUCTURE 9 -MON 69H]IT.E F A -MON
PROG5ITOR4
  ,FRITZ ,MULL]1 9 ORD] 6TE/ ! 3CLU.NS
>RIV$ AT 9 ? VOLUME1 HAS FOLL[$ \ ) M*
C>E A NE>LY SIMIL> L9E ( >GU;T4 ,S"EAL
FAMILIES ( CRU/AC1NS 9CLUDE A FEW
SPECIES1 POSSESS+ AN AIR-BR1?+ APP>ATUS
& FITT$ 6LIVE \ (! WAT]4 ,9 TWO ( ^!
FAMILIES1 : 7 M ESPECI,Y EXAM9$ 0,MULL]
& : >E NE>LY RELAT$ 6EA* O!R1 ! SPECIES
AGREE MO/ CLOSELY 9 ALL IMPORTANT "*S2
"NLY1 9 _! S5SE ORGANS1 CIRCULAT+ SY/EM1
9 ! POSI;N (! TUFTS ( HAIR )9 _! -PLEX
/OMA*S1 & LA/LY 9 ! :OLE /RUCTURE (!
WAT]-BR1?+ BRAN*IAE1 EV5 6!
MICROSCOPICAL HOOKS 0: !Y >E CL1NS$4
,H;E X MI<T H BE5 EXPECT$ T 9 ! FEW
SPECIES 2L;G+ 6BO? FAMILIES : LIVE ON !
L&1 ! EQU,Y IMPORTANT AIR-BR1?+ APP>ATUS
WD H BE5 ! SAME2 = :Y %D ? "O APP>ATUS1
GIV5 =! SAME PURPOSE1 H BE5 MADE 6DI6]1
:IL/ ALL ! O!R IMPORTANT ORGANS 7
CLOSELY SIMIL> OR R ID5TICAL8
  ,FRITZ ,MULL] >GUES T ? CLOSE SIMIL>;Y
9 S _M PO9TS ( /RUCTURE M/1 9 A3ORD.E )!
VIEWS ADV.ED 0ME1 2 A3.T$ = 09H]IT.E F A
-MON PROG5ITOR4 ,B Z ! VA/ MAJOR;Y (!
SPECIES 9 ! ABV TWO FAMILIES1 Z WELL Z
MO/ O!R CRU/AC1NS1 >E AQUATIC 9 _!
HABITS1 X IS IMPROBA# 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE1
T _! -MON PROG5ITOR %D H BE5 ADAPT$ =
BR1?+ AIR 0 ?US L$ C>E;LLY 6EXAM9E !
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X 6DI6] 9 EA* 9 S"EAL IMPORTANT PO9TS1 Z
9 ! POSI;N (! ORIFICES1 9 ! MANN] 9 : !Y
>E OP5$ & CLOS$1 & 9 "S A3ESSORY
DETAILS4 ,N[ S* DI6];ES >E 9TELLIGI#1 &
MI<T EV5 H BE5 EXPECT$1 ON ! SUPPOSI;N T
SPECIES 2L;G+ 64T9CT FAMILIES _H SL[LY
2COME ADAPT$ 6LIVE M & M \ ( WAT]1 &
6BR1! ! AIR4 ,= ^! SPECIES1 F 2L;G+
64T9CT FAMILIES1 WD H DI6]$ 6A C]TA9
EXT5T1 & 9 A3ORD.E )! PR9CIPLE T !
NATURE ( EA* V>I,N DEP5DS ON TWO
FACTORS1 VIZ41 ! NATURE (! ORGANISM & T
(! SURR.D+ 3DI;NS1 _! V>IABIL;Y ASSUR$LY
WD N H BE5 EXACTLY ! SAME4 ,3SEQU5TLY
NATURAL SELEC;N WD H _H DI6]5T MAT]IALS
OR V>I,NS 6"W ON1 9 ORD] 6>RIVE AT !
SAME FUNC;NAL RESULT2 &! /RUCTURES ?US
ACQUIR$ WD ALM NECESS>ILY H DI6]$4 ,ON !
HYPO!SIS ( SEP>ATE ACTS ( CRE,N ! :OLE
CASE REMA9S UN9TELLIGI#4 ,? L9E ( >GU;T
SEEMS 6H _H GRT WEI<T 9 L1D+ ,FRITZ
,MULL] 6A3EPT ! VIEWS MA9TA9$ 0ME 9 ?
VOLUME4
  ,ANO!R 4T+UI%$ ZOOLOGI/1 ! LATE
,PROFESSOR ,CLAP>IDE1 HAS >GU$ 9 ! SAME
MANN]1 & HAS >RIV$ AT ! SAME RESULT4 ,HE
%[S T "! >E P>ASITIC MITES 7,AC>IDAE71
2L;G+ 64T9CT SUB-FAMILIES & FAMILIES1 :
>E FURNI%$ ) HAIR-CLASP]S4 ,^! ORGANS M/
H BE5 9DEP5D5TLY DEVELOP$1 Z !Y CD N H
BE5 9H]IT$ F A -MON PROG5ITOR2 & 9 !
S"EAL GR\PS !Y >E =M$ 0! MODIFIC,N (!
=E-LEGS1- (! H9D-LEGS1- (! MAXILLAE OR
LIPS1- &( APP5DAGES ON ! "U SIDE (! H9D
"P (! BODY4
  ,9 ! =EGO+ CASES1 WE SEE ! SAME 5D
GA9$ &! SAME FUNC;N P]=M$1 9 2+S N AT
ALL OR ONLY REMOTELY ALLI$1 0ORGANS 9
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(! M9D1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ANY R1L QUAL;Y 9
! ADMIR$ OBJECT2 & T ! IDEA ( :AT IS
B1UTI;L1 IS N 9NATE OR UNALT]A#4 ,WE SEE
?1 = 9/.E1 9 ! M5 ( DI6]5T RACES ADMIR+
AN 5TIRELY DI6]5T /&>D ( B1UTY 9 _!
WOM54 ,IF B1UTI;L OBJECTS _H BE5 CR1T$
SOLELY = MAN'S GRATIFIC,N1 X "\ 6BE %[N
T 2F MAN APPE>$1 "! 0 LESS B1UTY ON !
FACE (! E>? ?AN S9CE HE CAME ON ! /AGE4
,7 ! B1UTI;L VOLUTE & C"O %ELLS (!
,EOC5E EPO*1 &! GRACE;LLY SCULPTUR$
AMMONITES (! ,SECOND>Y P]IOD1 CR1T$ T
MAN MI<T AGES AFWS ADMIRE !M 9 8 CAB9ET8
,FEW OBJECTS >E M B1UTI;L ?AN ! M9UTE
SILICE\S CASES (! DIATOMAC1E3 7 ^! CR1T$
T !Y MI<T 2 EXAM9$ & ADMIR$ "U ! HI<]
P[]S (! MICROSCOPE8 ,! B1UTY 9 ? LATT]
CASE1 & 9 _M O!RS1 IS APP>5TLY :OLLY DUE
6SYMMETRY ( GR[?4 ,FL[]S RANK AM;G/ !
MO/ B1UTI;L PRODUC;NS ( NATURE2 B !Y H
BE5 R5D]$ 3SPICU\S 9 3TRA/ )! GRE5
L1VES1 & 9 3SEQU;E AT ! SAME "T B1UTI;L1
S T !Y MAY 2 EASILY OBS]V$ 09SECTS4 ,I H
-E 6? 3CLU.N F F9D+ X AN 9V>IA# RULE T
:5 A FL[] IS F]TILIS$ 0! W9D X N"E HAS A
GAILY-COL\R$ COROLLA4 ,S"EAL PLANTS
HABITU,Y PRODUCE TWO K9DS ( FL[]S2 "O
K9D OP5 & COL\R$ S Z 6ATTRACT 9SECTS2 !
O!R CLOS$1 N COL\R$1 DE/ITUTE ( NECT>1 &
N"E VISIT$ 09SECTS4 ,H;E WE MAY 3CLUDE
T1 IF 9SECTS _H N BE5 DEVELOP$ ON ! FACE
(! E>?1 \R PLANTS WD N H BE5 DECK$ )
B1UTI;L FL[]S1 B WD H PRODUC$ ONLY S*
POOR FL[]S Z WE SEE ON \R FIR1 OAK1 NUT
& A% TREES1 ON GRASSES1 SP9A*1 DOCKS1 &
NETTLES1 : >E ALL F]TILIS$ "? ! AG5CY (!
W9D4 ,A SIMIL> L9E ( >GU;T HOLDS GD )
FRUITS2 T A RIPE /RAWB]RY OR *]RY IS Z
PL1S+ 6! EYE Z 6! PALATE1- T ! GAILY-
COL\R$ FRUIT (! SP9DLE-WOOD TREE &!
SC>LET B]RIES (! HOLLY >E B1UTI;L
OBJECTS1- W 2 ADMITT$ 0E "O4 ,B ? B1UTY
S]VES M]ELY Z A GUIDE 6BIRDS & B1/S1 9
ORD] T ! FRUIT MAY 2 DEV\R$ &! MATUR$
SE$S 4SEM9AT$3 ,I 9F] T ? IS ! CASE F
HAV+ Z YET F.D NO EXCEP;N 6! RULE T SE$S
>E ALW ?US 4SEM9AT$ :5 EMB$D$ )9 A FRUIT
( ANY K9D 7T IS )9 A FLE%Y OR PULPY
5VELOPE71 IF X 2 COL\R$ ( ANY BRILLIANT
T9T1 OR R5D]$ 3SPICU\S 02+ :ITE OR
BLACK4
  ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I WILL+LY ADMIT T A GRT
NUMB] ( MALE ANIMALS1 Z ALL \R MO/
GORGE\S BIRDS1 "S FI%ES1 REPTILES1 &
MAMMALS1 &A HO/ ( MAGNIFIC5TLY COL\R$
BUTT]FLIES1 H BE5 R5D]$ B1UTI;L =
B1UTY'S SAKE2 B ? HAS BE5 E6ECT$ "?
SEXUAL SELEC;N1 T IS1 0! M B1UTI;L MALES
HAV+ BE5 3T9U,Y PREF]R$ 0! FEMALES1 & N
=! DELI<T ( MAN4 ,S X IS )! MUSIC (
BIRDS4 ,WE MAY 9F] F ALL ? T A NE>LY
SIMIL> TA/E = B1UTI;L COL\RS &= MUSICAL
S.DS RUNS "? A L>GE "P (! ANIMAL K+DOM4
,:5 ! FEMALE IS Z B1UTI;LLY COL\R$ Z !
MALE1 : IS N R>ELY ! CASE ) BIRDS &
BUTT]FLIES1 ! CAUSE APP>5TLY LIES 9 !
COL\RS ACQUIR$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N HAV+
BE5 TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES1 9/1D ( 6!
MALES AL"O4 ,H[ ! S5SE ( B1UTY 9 XS
SIMPLE/ =M- T IS1 ! RECEP;N (A PECULI>
K9D ( PL1SURE F C]TA9 COL\RS1 =MS1 &
S.DS- 0 F/ DEVELOP$ 9 ! M9D ( MAN &(!
L[] ANIMALS1 IS A V OBSCURE SUBJECT4 ,!
SAME SORT ( DI6ICULTY IS PRES5T$1 IF WE
5QUIRE H[ X IS T C]TA9 FLAV\RS & OD\RS
GIVE PL1SURE1 & O!RS 4PL1SURE4 ,HABIT 9
ALL ^! CASES APPE>S 6H -E 6A C]TA9 EXT5T
96PLAY2 B "! M/ 2 "S FUNDA;TAL CAUSE 9 !
3/ITU;N (! N]V\S SY/EM 9 EA* SPECIES4
  ,NATURAL SELEC;N _C POSSIBLY PRODUCE
ANY MODIFIC,N 9 A SPECIES EXCLUSIVELY =!
GD ( ANO!R SPECIES2 ?\< "?\T NATURE "O
SPECIES 9CESSANTLY TAKES ADVANTAGE (1 &
PR(ITS BY1 ! /RUCTURES ( O!RS4 ,B
NATURAL SELEC;N C & DOES (T5 PRODUCE
/RUCTURES =! DIRECT 9JURY ( O!R ANIMALS1
Z WE SEE 9 ! FANG (! A4]1 & 9 !
OVIPOSITOR (! I*NEUMON1 0: XS E7S >E
DEPOSIT$ 9 ! LIV+ BODIES ( O!R 9SECTS4
,IF X CD 2 PROV$ T ANY "P (! /RUCTURE (
ANY "O SPECIES _H BE5 =M$ =! EXCLUSIVE
GD ( ANO!R SPECIES1 X WD ANNIHILATE MY
!ORY1 = S* CD N H BE5 PRODUC$ "? NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,AL? _M /ATE;TS MAY 2 F.D 9 "WS
ON NATURAL HI/ORY 6? E6ECT1 ,I _C F9D
EV5 "O : SEEMS 6ME ( ANY WEI<T4 ,X IS
ADMITT$ T ! RATTLESNAKE HAS A POISON-
FANG = XS [N DEF;E1 &=! DE/RUC;N ( XS
PREY2 B "S AU?ORS SUPPOSE T AT ! SAME "T
X IS FURNI%$ )A RATTLE = XS [N 9JURY1
"NLY1 6W>N XS PREY4 ,I WD ALM Z SOON
2LIEVE T ! CAT CURLS ! 5D ( XS TAIL :5
PREP>+ 6SPR+1 9 ORD] 6W>N ! DOOM$ M\SE4
,X IS A M* M PROBA# VIEW T ! RATTLESNAKE
USES XS RATTLE1 ! COBRA EXP&S XS FRILL1
&! PUFF-A4] SWELLS :IL/ HISS+ S L\DLY &
H>%LY1 9 ORD] 6AL>M ! _M BIRDS & B1/S :
>E "KN 6ATTACK EV5 ! MO/ V5OM\S SPECIES4
,SNAKES ACT ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE : MAKES !
H5 RU6LE H] F1!RS & EXP& H] W+S :5 A DOG
APPROA*ES H] *ICK5S2 B ,I H N SPACE "H
65L>GE ON ! _M WAYS 0: ANIMALS 5D1V\R
6F"R5 AWAY _! 5EMIES4
  ,NATURAL SELEC;N W N"E PRODUCE 9 A 2+
ANY /RUCTURE M 9JURI\S ?AN B5EFICIAL 6T
2+1 = NATURAL SELEC;N ACTS SOLELY 0&=!
GD ( EA*4 ,NO ORGAN W 2 =M$1 Z ,PALEY
HAS REM>K$1 =! PURPOSE ( CAUS+ PA9 OR =
DO+ AN 9JURY 6XS POSSESSOR4 ,IF A FAIR
BAL.E 2 /RUCK 2T ! GD & EVIL CAUS$ 0EA*
"P1 EA* W 2 F.D ON ! :OLE ADVANTAGE\S4
,AF ! LAPSE ( "T1 "U *ANG+ 3DI;NS (
LIFE1 IF ANY "P -ES 6BE 9JURI\S1 X W 2
MODIFI$2 OR IF X 2 N S1 ! 2+ ,W 2COME
EXT9CT Z MYRIADS H 2COME EXT9CT4
  ,NATURAL SELEC;N T5DS ONLY 6MAKE EA*
ORGANIC 2+ Z P]FECT Z1 OR SLI<TLY M
P]FECT ?AN1 ! O!R 9HABITANTS (! SAME
C.TRY ) : X -ES 96-PETI;N4 ,& WE SEE T ?
IS ! /&>D ( P]FEC;N ATTA9$ "U NATURE4 ,!
5DEMIC PRODUC;NS ( ,NEW ,Z1L&1 = 9/.E1
>E P]FECT "O -P>$ ) ANO!R2 B !Y >E N[
RAPIDLY YIELD+ 2F ! ADVANC+ LEGIONS (
PLANTS & ANIMALS 9TRODUC$ F ,EUROPE4
,NATURAL SELEC;N W N PRODUCE ABSOLUTE
P]FEC;N1 NOR D WE ALW MEET1 Z F> Z WE C
JUDGE1 ) ? HI< /&>D "U NATURE4 ,!
CORREC;N =! AB]R,N ( LI<T IS SD 0,MULL]
N 6BE P]FECT EV5 9 T MO/ P]FECT ORGAN1 !
HUMAN EYE4 ,HELMHOLTZ1 ^: JUDG;T NO "O W
4PUTE1 AF DESCRIB+ 9 ! /R;GE/ T]MS !
WOND];L P[]S (! HUMAN EYE1 A4S ^!
REM>KA# ^WS3 8,T : WE H 4COV]$ 9 ! WAY (
9EXACT;S & IMP]FEC;N 9 ! OPTICAL MA*9E &
9 ! IMAGE ON ! RET9A1 IS Z NO?+ 9
-P>ISON )! 9CONGRUITIES : WE H J -E ACR
9 ! DOMA9 (! S5S,NS4 ,"O MI<T SAY T
NATURE HAS TAK5 DELI<T 9 A3UMULAT+
3TRADIC;NS 9 ORD] 6REMOVE ALL F.D,N F !
!ORY (A PRE-EXI/+ H>MONY 2T ! EXT]NAL &
9T]NAL _WS40 ,IF \R R1SON L1DS U 6ADMIRE
) 5?USIASM A MULTITUDE ( 9IMITA#
3TRIV.ES 9 NATURE1 ? SAME R1SON TELLS U1
?\< WE MAY EASILY ]R ON BO? SIDES1 T "S
O!R 3TRIV.ES >E LESS P]FECT4 ,C WE 3SID]
! /+ (! BEE Z P]FECT1 :1 :5 US$ AG/ _M
K9DS ( 5EMIES1 _C 2 )DRAWN1 [+ 6!
BACKW>D S]RATURES1 & ?US 9EVITABLY
CAUSES ! D1? (! 9SECT 0TE>+ \ XS VISC]A8
  ,IF WE LOOK AT ! /+ (! BEE1 Z HAV+
EXI/$ 9 A REMOTE PROG5ITOR1 Z A BOR+ &
S]RAT$ 9/RU;T1 L T 9 S _M MEMB]S (! SAME
GRT ORD]1 & : HAS S9CE BE5 MODIFI$ B N
P]FECT$ = XS PRES5T PURPOSE1 )! POISON
ORIG9,Y ADAPT$ = "S O!R OBJECT1 S* Z
6PRODUCE GALLS1 S9CE 9T5SIFI$1 WE C P]H
"U/& H[ X IS T ! USE (! /+ %D S (T5
CAUSE ! 9SECT'S [N D1?3 = IF ON ! :OLE !
P[] ( /++ 2 USE;L 6! SOCIAL -MUN;Y1 X W
FULFIL ALL ! REQUIRE;TS ( NATURAL
SELEC;N1 ?\< X MAY CAUSE ! D1? ( "S FEW
MEMB]S4 ,IF WE ADMIRE ! TRULY WOND];L
P[] ( SC5T 0: ! MALES ( _M 9SECTS F9D _!
FEMALES1 C WE ADMIRE ! PRODUC;N = ? S+LE
PURPOSE ( ?\S&S ( DR"OS1 : >E UTT]LY
USE.S 6! -MUN;Y = ANY O!R PURPOSE1 & :
>E ULTIMATELY SLAU<T]$ 0_! 9DU/RI\S &
/]ILE SI/]S8 ,X MAY 2 DI6ICULT1 B WE "\
6ADMIRE ! SAVAGE 9/9CTIVE HATR$ (! QUE5-
BEE1 : URGES H] 6DE/ROY ! "Y QUE5S1 H]
DAU<T]S1 Z SOON Z !Y >E BORN1 OR 6P]I%
H]F 9 ! -BAT2 = UND\BT$LY ? IS =! GD (!
-MUN;Y2 & MAT]NAL LOVE OR MAT]NAL HATR$1
?\< ! LATT] =TUNATELY IS MO/ R>E1 IS ALL
! SAME 6! 9EXORA# PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,IF WE ADMIRE ! S"EAL 9G5I\S
3TRIV.ES1 0: OR*IDS & _M O!R PLANTS >E
F]TILIS$ "? 9SECT AG5CY1 C WE 3SID] Z
EQU,Y P]FECT ! ELABOR,N ( D5SE CL\DS (
POLL5 0\R FIR TREES1 S T A FEW GRANULES
MAY 2 WAFT$ 0*.E ON 6! OVULES8
  ,SUMM>Y3 ! ,LAW ( ,UN;Y ( ,TYPE &(!
,3DI;NS ( ,EXI/;E EMBRAC$ 0! ,!ORY (
,NATURAL ,SELEC;N
  ,WE H 9 ? *APT] 4CUSS$ "S (!
DI6ICULTIES & OBJEC;NS : MAY 2 URG$ AG/
! !ORY4 ,_M ( !M >E S]I\S2 B ,I ?9K T 9
! 4CUS.N LI<T HAS BE5 ?R[N ON S"EAL
FACTS1 : ON ! 2LIEF ( 9DEP5D5T ACTS (
CRE,N >E UTT]LY OBSCURE4 ,WE H SE5 T
SPECIES AT ANY "O P]IOD >E N 9DEF9ITELY
V>IA#1 & >E N L9K$ TGR 0A MULTITUDE (
9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS1 "PLY 2C ! PROCESS (
NATURAL SELEC;N IS ALW V SL[1 & AT ANY
"O "T ACTS ONLY ON A FEW =MS2 & "PLY 2C
! V PROCESS ( NATURAL SELEC;N IMPLIES !
3T9UAL SUPPLANT+ & EXT9C;N ( PREC$+ &
9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS4 ,CLOSELY ALLI$
SPECIES1 N[ LIV+ ON A 3T9U\S >EA1 M/ (T5
H BE5 =M$ :5 ! >EA 0 N 3T9U\S1 & :5 !
3DI;NS ( LIFE DID N 9S5SIBLY GRADUATE
AWAY F "O "P 6ANO!R4 ,:5 TWO V>IETIES >E
=M$ 9 TWO 4TRICTS (A 3T9U\S >EA1 AN
9T]M$IATE V>IETY W (T5 2 =M$1 FITT$ = AN
9T]M$IATE Z"O2 B F R1SONS ASSIGN$1 !
9T]M$IATE V>IETY W USU,Y EXI/ 9 LESS]
NUMB]S ?AN ! TWO =MS : X 3NECTS2
3SEQU5TLY ! TWO LATT]1 DUR+ ! C\RSE (
FUR!R MODIFIC,N1 F EXI/+ 9 GRT] NUMB]S1
W H A GRT ADVANTAGE OV] ! LESS NUM]\S
9T]M$IATE V>IETY1 & W ?US G5],Y SU3E$ 9
SUPPLANT+ & EXT]M9AT+ X4
  ,WE H SE5 9 ? *APT] H[ CAUTI\S WE %D 2
9 3CLUD+ T ! MO/ DI6]5T HABITS ( LIFE CD
N GRADUATE 96EA* O!R2 T A BAT1 = 9/.E1
CD N H BE5 =M$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N F AN
ANIMAL : AT F/ ONLY GLID$ "? ! AIR4
  ,WE H SE5 T A SPECIES "U NEW 3DI;NS (
LIFE MAY *ANGE XS HABITS2 OR X MAY H
DIV]SIFI$ HABITS1 ) "S V UNLIKE ^? ( XS
NE>E/ 3G5]S4 ,H;E WE C "U/&1 BE>+ 9 M9D
T EA* ORGANIC 2+ IS TRY+ 6LIVE :]"E X C
LIVE1 H[ X HAS >IS5 T "! >E UPL& GEESE )
WE2$ FEET1 GR.D WOODPECK]S1 DIV+ ?RU%ES1
& PETRELS )! HABITS ( AUKS4
  ,AL? ! 2LIEF T AN ORGAN S P]FECT Z !
EYE CD H BE5 =M$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N1 IS 5
6/A7] ANY "O2 YET 9 ! CASE ( ANY ORGAN1
IF WE "K (A L;G S]IES ( GRAD,NS 9
-PLEX;Y1 EA* GD = XS POSSESSOR1 !N1 "U
*ANG+ 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 "! IS NO LOGICAL
IMPOSSIBIL;Y 9 ! ACQUIRE;T ( ANY 3CEIVA#
DEGREE ( P]FEC;N "? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,9
! CASES 9 : WE "K ( NO 9T]M$IATE OR
TRANSI;NAL /ATES1 WE %D 2 EXTREMELY
CAUTI\S 9 3CLUD+ T N"O C H EXI/$1 =!
METAMORPHOSES ( _M ORGANS %[ :AT WOND];L
*ANGES 9 FUNC;N >E AT L1/ POSSI#4 ,=
9/.E1 A SWIMBLA4] HAS APP>5TLY BE5 3V]T$
96AN AIR-BR1?+ LUNG4 ,! SAME ORGAN HAV+
P]=M$ SIMULTANE\SLY V DI6]5T FUNC;NS1 &
!N HAV+ BE5 9 "P OR 9 :OLE SPECIALIS$ =
"O FUNC;N2 & TWO 4T9CT ORGANS HAV+ P]=M$
AT ! SAME "T ! SAME FUNC;N1 ! "O HAV+
BE5 P]FECT$ :IL/ AID$ 0! O!R1 M/ (T5 H
L>GELY FACILITAT$ TRANSI;NS4
  ,WE H SE5 T 9 TWO 2+S WIDELY REMOTE F
EA* O!R 9 ! NATURAL SCALE1 ORGANS S]V+ =
! SAME PURPOSE & 9 EXT]NAL APPE>.E
CLOSELY SIMIL> MAY H BE5 SEP>ATELY &
9DEP5D5TLY =M$2 B :5 S* ORGANS >E
CLOSELY EXAM9$1 ESS5TIAL DI6];ES 9 _!
/RUCTURE C ALM ALW 2 DETECT$2 & ?
NATUR,Y FOLL[S F ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! -MON RULE "?\T
NATURE IS 9F9ITE DIV]S;Y ( /RUCTURE =
GA9+ ! SAME 5D2 & ? AG NATUR,Y FOLL[S F
! SAME GRT PR9CIPLE4
  ,9 _M CASES WE >E F> TOO IGNORANT 6BE
5A#D 6ASS]T T A "P OR ORGAN IS S
UNIMPORTANT =! WELF>E (A SPECIES1 T
MODIFIC,NS 9 XS /RUCTURE CD N H BE5
SL[LY A3UMULAT$ 0M1NS ( NATURAL SELEC;N4
,9 _M O!R CASES1 MODIFIC,NS >E PROBABLY
! DIRECT RESULT (! LAWS ( V>I,N OR (
GR[?1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY GD HAV+ BE5 ?US
GA9$4 ,B EV5 S* /RUCTURES H (T51 Z WE
MAY FEEL ASSUR$1 BE5 SUBSEQU5TLY TAK5
ADVANTAGE (1 & / FUR!R MODIFI$1 =! GD (
SPECIES "U NEW 3DI;NS ( LIFE4 ,WE MAY1
AL1 2LIEVE T A "P =M]LY ( HI< IMPORT.E
HAS FREQU5TLY BE5 RETA9$ 7Z ! TAIL ( AN
AQUATIC ANIMAL 0XS T]RE/RIAL
DESC5DANTS71 ?\< X HAS 2COME ( S* SMALL
IMPORT.E T X CD N1 9 XS PRES5T /ATE1 H
BE5 ACQUIR$ 0M1NS ( NATURAL SELEC;N4
  ,NATURAL SELEC;N C PRODUCE NO?+ 9 "O
SPECIES =! EXCLUSIVE GD OR 9JURY (
ANO!R2 ?\< X MAY WELL PRODUCE "PS1
ORGANS1 & EXCRE;NS HI<LY USE;L OR EV5
9DISP5SA#1 OR AG HI<LY 9JURI\S 6ANO!R
SPECIES1 B 9 ALL CASES AT ! SAME "T
USE;L 6! POSSESSOR4 ,9 EA* WELL-/OCK$
C.TRY NATURAL SELEC;N ACTS "? ! -PETI;N
(! 9HABITANTS1 & 3SEQU5TLY L1DS 6SU3ESS
9 ! BATTLE = LIFE1 ONLY 9 A3ORD.E )!
/&>D ( T "PICUL> C.TRY4 ,H;E !
9HABITANTS ( "O C.TRY1 G5],Y ! SMALL]
"O1 (T5 YIELD 6! 9HABITANTS ( ANO!R &
G5],Y ! L>G] C.TRY4 ,= 9 ! L>G] C.TRY "!
W H EXI/$ M 9DIVIDUALS & M DIV]SIFI$
=MS1 &! -PETI;N W H BE5 SEV]]1 & ?US !
/&>D ( P]FEC;N W H BE5 R5D]$ HI<]4
,NATURAL SELEC;N W N NECESS>ILY L1D
6ABSOLUTE P]FEC;N2 NOR1 Z F> Z WE C
JUDGE 0\R LIMIT$ FACULTIES1 C ABSOLUTE
P]FEC;N 2 "EY": PR$ICAT$4
  ,ON ! !ORY ( NATURAL SELEC;N WE C
CLE>LY "U/& ! FULL M1N+ ( T OLD CANON 9
NATURAL HI/ORY1 8,NATURA NON FACIT
SALTUM40 ,? CANON1 IF WE LOOK 6! PRES5T
9HABITANTS AL"O (! _W1 IS N /RICTLY
CORRECT2 B IF WE 9CLUDE ALL ^? ( PA/
"TS1 :E!R "KN OR UN"KN1 X M/ ON ? !ORY 2
/RICTLY TRUE4
  ,X IS G5],Y AC"KL$G$ T ALL ORGANIC 2+S
H BE5 =M$ ON TWO GRT LAWS3 ,UN;Y (
,TYPE1 &! ,3DI;NS ( ,EXI/;E4 ,0UN;Y (
TYPE IS M1NT T FUNDA;TAL AGREE;T 9
/RUCTURE : WE SEE 9 ORGANIC 2+S (! SAME
CLASS1 & : IS Q 9DEP5D5T ( _! HABITS (
LIFE4 ,ON MY !ORY1 UN;Y ( TYPE IS
EXPLA9$ 0UN;Y ( DESC5T4 ,! EXPRES.N (
3DI;NS ( EXI/;E1 S (T5 9SI/$ ON 0!
ILLU/RI\S ,CUVI]1 IS FULLY EMBRAC$ 0!
PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,= NATURAL
SELEC;N ACTS 0EI N[ ADAPT+ ! V>Y+ "PS (
EA* 2+ 6XS ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC 3DI;NS (
LIFE2 OR 0HAV+ ADAPT$ !M DUR+ PA/ P]IODS
( "T3 ! ADAPT,NS 2+ AID$ 9 _M CASES 0!
9CR1S$ USE OR 4USE ( "PS1 2+ A6ECT$ 0!
DIRECT AC;N (! EXT]NAL 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 &
SUBJECT$ 9 ALL CASES 6! S"EAL LAWS (
GR[? & V>I,N4 ,H;E1 9 FACT1 ! LAW (!
,3DI;NS ( ,EXI/;E IS ! HI<] LAW2 Z X
9CLUDES1 "? ! 9H]IT.E ( =M] V>I,NS &
ADAPT,NS1 T ( ,UN;Y ( ,TYPE4