,,*APT] ;,V3 ,,LAWS ,,( ,,V>I,N
  ,I H HI!RTO "S"TS SPOK5 Z IF ! V>I,NS-
S -MON & MULTI=M ) ORGANIC 2+S "U
DOME/IC,N1 & 9 A LESS] DEGREE ) ^? "U
NATURE- 7 DUE 6*.E4 ,?1 ( C\RSE1 IS A
:OLLY 9CORRECT EXPRES.N1 B X S]VES
6AC"KL$GE PLA9LY \R IGNOR.E (! CAUSE (
EA* "PICUL> V>I,N4 ,"S AU?ORS 2LIEVE X
6BE Z M* ! FUNC;N (! REPRODUCTIVE SY/EM
6PRODUCE 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES1 OR SLI<T
DEVI,NS ( /RUCTURE1 Z 6MAKE ! * L XS
P>5TS4 ,B ! FACT ( V>I,NS & MON/ROSITIES
O3URR+ M* M FREQU5TLY "U DOME/IC,N ?AN
"U NATURE1 &! GRT] V>IABIL;Y ( SPECIES
HAV+ WID] RANGES ?AN ( ^? ) RE/RICT$
RANGES1 L1D 6! 3CLU.N T V>IABIL;Y IS
G5],Y RELAT$ 6! 3DI;NS ( LIFE 6: EA*
SPECIES HAS BE5 EXPOS$ DUR+ S"EAL
SU3ESSIVE G5],NS4 ,9 ! F/ *APT] ,I
ATTEMPT$ 6%[ T *ANG$ 3DI;NS ACT 9 TWO
WAYS1 DIRECTLY ON ! :OLE ORGANIS,N OR ON
C]TA9 "PS AL"O1 & 9DIRECTLY "? !
REPRODUCTIVE SY/EM4 ,9 ALL CASES "! >E
TWO FACTORS1 ! NATURE (! ORGANISM1 : IS
M* ! MO/ IMPORTANT (! TWO1 &! NATURE (!
3DI;NS4 ,! DIRECT AC;N ( *ANG$ 3DI;NS
L1DS 6DEF9ITE OR 9DEF9ITE RESULTS4 ,9 !
LATT] CASE ! ORGANIS,N SEEMS 62COME
PLA/IC1 & WE H M* FLUCTUAT+ V>IABIL;Y4
,9 ! =M] CASE ! NATURE (! ORGANISM IS S*
T X YIELDS R1DILY1 :5 SUBJECT$ 6C]TA9
3DI;NS1 & ALL1 OR NE>LY ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS
2COME MODIFI$ 9 ! SAME WAY4
  ,X IS V DI6ICULT 6DECIDE H[ F> *ANG$
3DI;NS1 S* Z ( CLIMATE1 FOOD1 &C41 H
ACT$ 9 A DEF9ITE MANN]4 ,"! IS R1SON
62LIEVE T 9 ! C\RSE ( "T ! E6ECTS H BE5
GRT] ?AN C 2 PROV$ 0CLE> EVID;E4 ,B WE
MAY SAFELY 3CLUDE T ! 9NUM]A# -PLEX CO-
ADAPT,NS ( /RUCTURE1 : WE SEE "?\T
NATURE 2T V>I\S ORGANIC 2+S1 _C 2
ATTRIBUT$ SIMPLY 6S* AC;N4 ,9 ! FOLL[+
CASES ! 3DI;NS SEEM 6H PRODUC$ "S SLI<T
DEF9ITE E6ECT3 ,E4 ,=BES ASS]TS T %ELLS
AT _! S\!RN LIMIT1 & :5 LIV+ 9 %ALL[
WAT]1 >E M B"RLY COL\R$ ?AN ^? (! SAME
SPECIES F FUR!R NOR? OR F A GRT] DEP?2 B
? C]TA9LY DOES N ALW HOLD GD4 ,MR4 ,G\LD
2LIEVES T BIRDS (! SAME SPECIES >E M
B"RLY COL\R$ "U A CLE> ATMOSPH]E1 ?AN :5
LIV+ NE> ! COA/ OR ON ISL&S1 & ,WOLLA/ON
IS 3V9C$ T RESID;E NE> ! SEA A6ECTS !
COL\RS ( 9SECTS4 ,MOQU9-,T&ON GIVES A
LI/ ( PLANTS :1 :5 GR[+ NE> ! SEA-%ORE1
H _! L1VES 9 "S DEGREE FLE%Y1 ?\< N
ELSE": FLE%Y4 ,^! SLI<TLY V>Y+ ORGANISMS
>E 9T]E/+ 9 Z F> Z !Y PRES5T "*S
ANALOG\S 6^? POSSESS$ 0! SPECIES : >E
3F9$ 6SIMIL> 3DI;NS4
  ,:5 A V>I,N IS (! SLI<TE/ USE 6ANY 2+1
WE _C TELL H[ M* 6ATTRIBUTE 6!
A3UMULATIVE AC;N ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 & H[
M* 6! DEF9ITE AC;N (! 3DI;NS ( LIFE4
,?US1 X IS WELL "KN 6FURRI]S T ANIMALS (
! SAME SPECIES H ?ICK] & BETT] FUR !
FUR!R NOR? !Y LIVE2 B :O C TELL H[ M* (
? DI6];E MAY 2 DUE 6! W>ME/-CLAD
9DIVIDUALS HAV+ BE5 FAV\R$ & PRES]V$
DUR+ _M G5],NS1 & H[ M* 6! AC;N (! SEV]E
CLIMATE8 = X WD APPE> T CLIMATE HAS "S
DIRECT AC;N ON ! HAIR ( \R DOME/IC
QUADRUP$S4
  ,9/.ES CD 2 GIV5 ( SIMIL> V>IETIES 2+
PRODUC$ F ! SAME SPECIES "U EXT]NAL
3DI;NS ( LIFE Z DI6]5T Z C WELL 2 3CVD2
&1 ON ! O!R H&1 ( 4SIMIL> V>IETIES 2+
PRODUC$ "U APP>5TLY ! SAME EXT]NAL
3DI;NS4 ,AG1 9NUM]A# 9/.ES >E "KN 6E
NATURALI/1 ( SPECIES KEEP+ TRUE1 OR N
V>Y+ AT ALL1 AL? LIV+ "U ! MO/ OPPOSITE
CLIMATES4 ,S* 3SID],NS Z ^! 9CL9E ME
6LAY LESS WEI<T ON ! DIRECT AC;N (!
SURR.D+ 3DI;NS1 ?AN ON A T5D5CY 6V>Y1
DUE 6CAUSES ( : WE >E Q IGNORANT4
  ,9 "O S5SE ! 3DI;NS ( LIFE MAY 2 SD1 N
ONLY 6CAUSE V>IABIL;Y1 EI DIRECTLY OR
9DIRECTLY1 B LIKEWISE 69CLUDE NATURAL
SELEC;N1 =! 3DI;NS DET]M9E :E!R ? OR T
V>IETY % SURVIVE4 ,B :5 MAN IS ! SELECT+
AG5T1 WE CLE>LY SEE T ! TWO ELE;TS (
*ANGE >E 4T9CT2 V>IABIL;Y IS 9 "S MANN]
EXCIT$1 B X IS ! W ( MAN : A3UMULATES !
V>I,NS 9 C]TA9 DIREC;NS2 & X IS ? LATT]
AG5CY : ANSW]S 6! SURVIVAL (! FITTE/ "U
NATURE4
  ,E6ECTS (! 9CR1S$ ,USE & ,4USE ( ,"PS1
Z 3TROLL$ 0,NATURAL ,SELEC;N
  ,F ! FACTS ALLUD$ 6IN ! F/ *APT]1 ,I
?9K "! C 2 NO D\BT T USE 9 \R DOME/IC
ANIMALS HAS /R5G!N$ & 5L>G$ C]TA9 "PS1 &
4USE DIM9I%$ !M2 & T S* MODIFIC,NS >E
9H]IT$4 ,"U FREE NATURE1 WE H NO /&>D (
-P>ISON1 0: 6JUDGE (! E6ECTS ( L;G-3T9U$
USE OR 4USE1 = WE "K N ! P>5T-=MS2 B _M
ANIMALS POSSESS /RUCTURES : C 2 BE/
EXPLA9$ 0! E6ECTS ( 4USE4 ,Z ,PROFESSOR
,[5 HAS REM>K$1 "! IS NO GRT] ANOMALY 9
NATURE ?AN A BIRD T _C FLY2 YET "! >E
S"EAL 9 ? /ATE4 ,! LO7]-H1D$ DUCK ( ,S\?
,AM]ICA C ONLY FLAP AL;G ! SURFACE (!
WAT]1 & HAS XS W+S 9 NE>LY ! SAME 3DI;N
Z ! DOME/IC ,AYLESBURY DUCK3 X IS A
REM>KA# FACT T ! "Y BIRDS1 AC 6,MR4
,CUNN+HAM1 C FLY1 :ILE ! ADULTS H LO/ ?
P[]4 ,Z ! L>G] GR.D-FE$+ BIRDS SELDOM
TAKE FLI<T EXCEPT 6ESCAPE DANG]1 X IS
PROBA# T ! NE>LY W+.S 3DI;N ( S"EAL
BIRDS1 N[ 9HABIT+ OR : LATELY 9HABIT$
S"EAL OC1NIC ISL&S1 T5ANT$ 0NO B1/ (
PREY1 HAS BE5 CAUS$ 04USE4 ,! O/RI* 9DE$
9HABITS 3T95TS1 & IS EXPOS$ 6DANG] F : X
_C ESCAPE 0FLI<T1 B X C DEF5D XF 0KICK+
XS 5EMIES1 Z E6ICI5TLY Z _M QUADRUP$S4
,WE MAY 2LIEVE T ! PROG5ITOR (! O/RI*
G5US _H HABITS L ^? (! BU/>D1 & T1 Z !
SIZE & WEI<T ( XS BODY 7 9CR1S$ DUR+
SU3ESSIVE G5],NS1 XS LEGS 7 US$ M1 & XS
W+S LESS1 UNTIL !Y 2CAME 9CAPA# ( FLI<T4
  ,KIRBY HAS REM>K$ 7& ,I H OBS]V$ !
SAME FACT7 T ! ANT]IOR T>SI1 OR FEET1 (
_M MALE DUNG-FE$+ BEETLES >E (T5 BROK5
(F2 HE EXAM9$ SEV5TE5 SPECIM5S 9 8 [N
COLLEC;N1 & N "O _H EV5 A RELIC LEFT4 ,9
! ,ONITES APELLES ! T>SI >E S HABITU,Y
LO/1 T ! 9SECT HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ Z N HAV+
!M4 ,9 "S O!R G5]A !Y >E PRES5T1 B 9 A
RUDI;T>Y 3DI;N4 ,9 ! ,ATEU*US1 OR SACR$
BEETLE (! ,EGYPTIANS1 !Y >E TOT,Y
DEFICI5T4 ,! EVID;E T A3ID5TAL MUTIL,NS
C 2 9H]IT$ IS AT PRES5T N DECISIVE2 B !
REM>KA# CASES OBS]V$ 0,BR[N-,SEQU>D 9
GU9EA-PIGS1 (! 9H]IT$ E6ECTS ( OP],NS1
%D MAKE U CAUTI\S 9 D5Y+ ? T5D5CY4 ,H;E
X W P]H 2 SAFE/ 6LOOK AT ! 5TIRE ABS;E (
! ANT]IOR T>SI 9 ,ATEU*US1 & _! RUDI;T>Y
3DI;N 9 "S O!R G5]A1 N Z CASES ( 9H]IT$
MUTIL,NS1 B Z DUE 6! E6ECTS ( L;G-3T9U$
4USE2 = Z _M DUNG-FE$+ BEETLES >E G5],Y
F.D ) _! T>SI LO/1 ? M/ HAPP5 E>LY 9
LIFE2 "!=E ! T>SI _C 2 ( M* IMPORT.E OR
2 M* US$ 0^! 9SECTS4
  ,9 "S CASES WE MI<T EASILY PUT D[N
64USE MODIFIC,NS ( /RUCTURE : >E :OLLY1
OR MA9LY1 DUE 6NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,MR4
,WOLLA/ON HAS 4COV]$ ! REM>KA# FACT T
#BJJ BEETLES1 \ (! #EEJ SPECIES 7B M >E
N[ "KN7 9HABIT+ ,MADEIRA1 >E S F>
DEFICI5T 9 W+S T !Y _C FLY2 & T1 (!
TW5TY-N9E 5DEMIC G5]A1 NO LESS ?AN
TW5TY-?REE H ALL _! SPECIES 9 ? 3DI;N6
,S"EAL FACTS1 "NLY1 T BEETLES 9 _M "PS (
! _W >E FREQU5TLY BL[N 6SEA & P]I%2 T !
BEETLES 9 ,MADEIRA1 Z OBS]V$ 0,MR4
,WOLLA/ON1 LIE M* 3C1L$1 UNTIL ! W9D
LULLS &! SUN %9ES2 T ! PROPOR;N ( W+.S
BEETLES IS L>G] ON ! EXPOS$ ,DES]TAS ?AN
9 ,MADEIRA XF2 & ESPECI,Y ! EXTRAORD9>Y
FACT1 S /R;GLY 9SI/$ ON 0,MR4 ,WOLLA/ON1
T C]TA9 L>GE GR\PS ( BEETLES1 ELSE":
EXCESSIVELY NUM]\S1 : ABSOLUTELY REQUIRE
! USE ( _! W+S1 >E "H ALM 5TIRELY
ABS5T2- ^! S"EAL 3SID],NS MAKE ME 2LIEVE
T ! W+.S 3DI;N ( S _M ,MADEIRA BEETLES
IS MA9LY DUE 6! AC;N ( NATURAL SELEC;N1
-B9$ PROBABLY ) 4USE4 ,= DUR+ _M
SU3ESSIVE G5],NS EA* 9DIVIDUAL BEETLE :
FLEW L1/1 EI F XS W+S HAV+ BE5 "E S LL
LESS P]FECTLY DEVELOP$ OR F 9DOL5T
HABIT1 W H _H ! BE/ *.E ( SURVIV+ F N 2+
BL[N \ 6SEA2 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ^? BEETLES
: MO/ R1DILY TOOK 6FLI<T WD (T5E/ H BE5
BL[N 6SEA1 & ?US DE/ROY$4
  ,! 9SECTS 9 ,MADEIRA : >E N GR.D-
FE$]S1 & :1 Z C]TA9 FL[]-FE$+ COLEOPT]A
& LEPIDOPT]A1 M/ HABITU,Y USE _! W+S
6GA9 _! SUBSI/;E1 H1 Z ,MR4 ,WOLLA/ON
SUSPECTS1 _! W+S N AT ALL REDUC$1 B EV5
5L>G$4 ,? IS Q -PATI# )! AC;N ( NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,= :5 A NEW 9SECT F/ >RIV$ ON !
ISL&1 ! T5D5CY ( NATURAL SELEC;N 65L>GE
OR 6REDUCE ! W+S1 WD DEP5D ON :E!R A
GRT] NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS 7 SAV$
0SU3ESS;LLY BATTL+ )! W9DS1 OR 0GIV+ UP
! ATTEMPT & R>ELY OR N"E FLY+4 ,Z )
M>9]S %IPWRECK$ NE> A COA/1 X WD H BE5
BETT] =! GD SWIMM]S IF !Y _H BE5 A#
6SWIM / FUR!R1 ":AS X WD H BE5 BETT] =!
BAD SWIMM]S IF !Y _H N BE5 A# 6SWIM AT
ALL & _H /UCK 6! WRECK4
  ,! EYES ( MOLES &( "S BURR[+ ROD5TS >E
RUDI;T>Y 9 SIZE1 & 9 "S CASES >E Q COV]$
0SK9 & FUR4 ,? /ATE (! EYES IS PROBABLY
DUE 6GRADUAL REDUC;N F 4USE1 B AID$ P]H
0NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 A
BURR[+ ROD5T1 ! TUCOTUCO1 OR ,CT5OMYS1
IS EV5 M SUBT]RAN1N 9 XS HABITS ?AN !
MOLE2 & ,I 0 ASSUR$ 0A ,SPANI>D1 :O _H
(T5 CAU<T !M1 T !Y 7 FREQU5TLY BL4 ,"O :
,I KEPT ALIVE 0 C]TA9LY 9 ? 3DI;N1 !
CAUSE1 Z APPE>$ ON 4SEC;N1 HAV+ BE5
9FLAMM,N (! NICTITAT+ MEMBRANE4 ,Z
FREQU5T 9FLAMM,N (! EYES M/ 2 9JURI\S
6ANY ANIMAL1 & Z EYES >E C]TA9LY N NEC
6ANIMALS HAV+ SUBT]RAN1N HABITS1 A
REDUC;N 9 _! SIZE1 )! ADHE.N (! EYELIDS
& GR[? ( FUR OV] !M1 MI<T 9 S* CASE 2 AN
ADVANTAGE2 & IF S1 NATURAL SELEC;N WD
AID ! E6ECTS ( 4USE4
  ,X IS WELL "KN T S"EAL ANIMALS1 2L;G+
6! MO/ DI6]5T CLASSES1 : 9HABIT ! CAVES
( ,C>NIOLA &( ,K5TUCKY1 >E BL4 9 "S (!
CRABS ! FOOT-/ALK =! EYE REMA9S1 ?\< !
EYE IS G"O2- ! /& =! TELESCOPE IS "!1
?\< ! TELESCOPE ) XS GLASSES HAS BE5
LO/4 ,Z X IS DI6ICULT 6IMAG9E T EYES1
?\< USE.S1 CD 2 9 ANY WAY 9JURI\S
6ANIMALS LIV+ 9 D>K;S1 _! LOSS MAY 2
ATTRIBUT$ 64USE4 ,9 "O (! BL ANIMALS1
"NLY1 ! CAVE-RAT 7,NOETOMA71 TWO ( : 7
CAPTUR$ 0,PROFESSOR ,SILLIMAN AT ABV
HALF A MILE 4T.E F ! M\? (! CAVE1 & "!=E
N 9 ! PROF.DE/ DEP?S1 ! EYES 7 LU/R\S &(
L>GE SIZE2 & ^! ANIMALS1 Z ,I AM 9=M$
0,PROFESSOR ,SILLIMAN1 AF HAV+ BE5
EXPOS$ = AB A MON? 6A GRADUAT$ LI<T1
ACQUIR$ A DIM P]CEP;N ( OBJECTS4
  ,X IS DI6ICULT 6IMAG9E 3DI;NS ( LIFE M
SIMIL> ?AN DEEP LIME/"O CAV]NS "U A
NE>LY SIMIL> CLIMATE2 S T1 9 A3ORD.E )!
OLD VIEW (! BL ANIMALS HAV+ BE5
SEP>ATELY CR1T$ =! ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROP1N
CAV]NS1 V CLOSE SIMIL>;Y 9 _! ORGANIS,N
& A69ITIES MI<T H BE5 EXPECT$4 ,? IS
C]TA9LY N ! CASE IF WE LOOK AT ! TWO
:OLE FAUNAS2 &) RESPECT 6! 9SECTS AL"O1
,S*IODTE HAS REM>K$1 8,WE >E ACLY
PREV5T$ F 3SID]+ ! 5TIRE PH5OM5ON 9 ANY
O!R LI<T ?AN "S?+ PURELY LOCAL1 &!
SIMIL>;Y : IS EXHIBIT$ 9 A FEW =MS 2T !
,MAMMO? CAVE 7IN ,K5TUCKY7 &! CAVES 9
,C>NIOLA1 O!RWISE ?AN Z A V PLA9
EXPRES.N ( T ANALOGY : SUBSI/S G5],Y 2T
! FAUNA ( ,EUROPE &( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA40 ,ON
MY VIEW WE M/ SUPPOSE T ,AM]ICAN
ANIMALS1 HAV+ 9 MO/ CASES ORD9>Y P[]S (
VI.N1 SL[LY MIGRAT$ 0SU3ESSIVE G5],NS F
! \T] _W 96! DEEP] & DEEP] RECESSES (!
,K5TUCKY CAVES1 Z DID ,EUROP1N ANIMALS
96! CAVES ( ,EUROPE4 ,WE H "S EVID;E ( ?
GRAD,N ( HABIT2 =1 Z ,S*IODTE REM>KS1
8,WE ACLY LOOK ^U ! SUBT]RAN1N FAUNAS Z
SMALL RAMIFIC,NS : H P5ETRAT$ 96! E>? F
! GEOGRAPHIC,Y LIMIT$ FAUNAS (! ADJAC5T
TRACTS1 & :1 Z !Y EXT5D$ !MVS 96D>K;S1 H
BE5 A3OMMODAT$ 6SURR.D+ CIRCUM/.ES4
,ANIMALS N F> REMOTE F ORD9>Y =MS1
PREP>E ! TRANSI;N F LI<T 6D>K;S4 ,NEXT
FOLL[ ^? T >E 3/RUCT$ = TWILI<T2 &1 LA/
( ALL1 ^? DE/9$ = TOTAL D>K;S1 & ^: =M,N
IS Q PECULI>40 ,^! REM>KS ( ,S*IODTE'S X
%D 2 "U/OOD1 APPLY N 6! SAME1 B 64T9CT
SPECIES4 ,0! "T T AN ANIMAL _H R1*$1 AF
NUMB].S G5],NS1 ! DEEPE/ RECESSES1 4USE
W ON ? VIEW H M OR LESS P]FECTLY
OBLIT]AT$ XS EYES1 & NATURAL SELEC;N W
(T5 H E6ECT$ O!R *ANGES1 S* Z AN 9CR1SE
9 ! L5G? (! ANT5NAE OR PALPI1 Z A -P5S,N
= BL;S4 ,NOT)/&+ S* MODIFIC,NS1 WE MI<T
EXPECT / 6SEE 9 ! CAVE-ANIMALS (
,AM]ICA1 A69ITIES 6! O!R 9HABITANTS ( T
3T95T1 & 9 ^? ( ,EUROPE 6! 9HABITANTS (!
,EUROP1N 3T95T4 ,& ? IS ! CASE ) "S (!
,AM]ICAN CAVE-ANIMALS1 Z ,I HE> F
,PROFESSOR ,DANA2 & "S1 (! ,EUROP1N CAVE
9SECTS >E V CLOSELY ALLI$ 6^? (! SURR.D+
C.TRY4 ,X WD 2 DI6ICULT 6GIVE ANY R,NAL
EXPLAN,N (! A69ITIES (! BL CAVE-ANIMALS
6! O!R 9HABITANTS (! TWO 3T95TS ON !
ORD9>Y VIEW ( _! 9DEP5D5T CRE,N4 ,T
S"EAL (! 9HABITANTS (! CAVES (! ,OLD &
,NEW ,_WS %D 2 CLOSELY RELAT$1 WE MI<T
EXPECT F ! WELL-"KN REL,N%IP ( MO/ ( _!
O!R PRODUC;NS4 ,Z A BL SPECIES (
,BA?YSCIA IS F.D 9 ABUND.E ON %ADY ROCKS
F> F CAVES1 ! LOSS ( VI.N 9 ! CAVE-
SPECIES ( ? "O G5US HAS PROBABLY _H NO
REL,N 6XS D>K HABIT,N2 = X IS NATURAL T
AN 9SECT ALR DEPRIV$ ( VI.N %D R1DILY
2COME ADAPT$ 6D>K CAV]NS4 ,ANO!R BL G5US
7,ANOPH?AIMUS7 (F]S ? REM>KA# PECULI>;Y1
T ! SPECIES1 Z ,MR4 ,MURRAY OBS]VES1 H N
Z YET BE5 F.D ANY": EXCEPT 9 CAVES2 YET
^? : 9HABIT ! S"EAL EAVES ( ,EUROPE &
,AM]ICA >E 4T9CT2 B X IS POSSI# T !
PROG5ITORS ( ^! S"EAL SPECIES1 :IL/ !Y 7
FURNI%$ ) EYES1 MAY =M]LY H RANG$ OV]
BO? 3T95TS1 & !N H 2COME EXT9CT1 EXCEPT+
9 _! PRES5T SECLUD$ ABODES4 ,F> F FEEL+
SURPRISE T "S (! CAVE-ANIMALS %D 2 V
ANOMAL\S1 Z ,AGASSIZ HAS REM>K$ 9 REG>D
6! BL FI%1 ! ,AMBLYOPSIS1 & Z IS ! CASE
) BL ,PROTEUS ) REF];E 6! REPTILES (
,EUROPE1 ,I AM ONLY SURPRIS$ T M WRECKS
( ANCI5T LIFE H N BE5 PRES]V$1 [+ 6!
LESS SEV]E -PETI;N 6: ! SCANTY
9HABITANTS ( ^! D>K ABODES W H BE5
EXPOS$4
  ,A3LIMATIS,N
  ,HABIT IS H]$IT>Y ) PLANTS1 Z 9 !
P]IOD ( FL[]+1 9 ! "T ( SLEEP1 9 ! AM.T
( RA9 REQUISITE = SE$S 6G]M9ATE1 &C41 &
? L1DS ME 6SAY A FEW ^WS ON A3LIMATIS,N4
,Z X IS EXTREMELY -MON = 4T9CT SPECIES
2L;G+ 6! SAME G5US 69HABIT HOT & COLD
C.TRIES1 IF X 2 TRUE T ALL ! SPECIES (!
SAME G5US >E DESC5D$ F A S+LE P>5T-=M1
A3LIMATIS,N M/ 2 R1DILY E6ECT$ DUR+ A
L;G C\RSE ( DESC5T4 ,X IS NOTORI\S T EA*
SPECIES IS ADAPT$ 6! CLIMATE ( XS [N
HOME3 SPECIES F AN >CTIC OR EV5 F A
TEMP]ATE REGION _C 5DURE A TROPICAL
CLIMATE1 OR 3V]SELY4 ,S AG1 _M SU3UL5T
PLANTS _C 5DURE A DAMP CLIMATE4 ,B !
DEGREE ( ADAPT,N ( SPECIES 6! CLIMATES
"U : !Y LIVE IS (T5 OV]RAT$4 ,WE MAY 9F]
? F \R FREQU5T 9ABIL;Y 6PREDICT :E!R OR
N AN IMPORT$ PLANT W 5DURE \R CLIMATE1 &
F ! NUMB] ( PLANTS & ANIMALS BR"\ F
DI6]5T C.TRIES : >E "H P]FECTLY H1L?Y4
,WE H R1SON 62LIEVE T SPECIES 9 A /ATE (
NATURE >E CLOSELY LIMIT$ 9 _! RANGES 0!
-PETI;N ( O!R ORGANIC 2+S Q Z M* Z1 OR M
?AN1 0ADAPT,N 6"PICUL> CLIMATES4 ,B :E!R
OR N ? ADAPT,N IS 9 MO/ CASES V CLOSE1
WE H EVID;E ) "S FEW PLANTS1 ( _! 2COM+1
6A C]TA9 EXT5T1 NATUR,Y HABITUAT$
6DI6]5T TEMP]ATURES2 T IS1 !Y 2COME
A3LIMATIS$3 ?US ! P9ES & RHODOD5DRONS1
RAIS$ F SE$ COLLECT$ 0,DR4 ,HOOK] F !
SAME SPECIES GR[+ AT DI6]5T HEI<TS ON !
,HIMALAYA1 7 F.D 6POSSESS 9 ? C.TRY
DI6]5T 3/ITU;NAL P[]S ( RESI/+ COLD4
,MR4 ,?WAITES 9=MS ME T HE HAS OBS]V$
SIMIL> FACTS 9 ,CEYLON2 ANALOG\S
OBS]V,NS H BE5 MADE 0,MR4 ,H4 ,C4
,WATSON ON ,EUROP1N SPECIES ( PLANTS
BR"\ F ! ,AZORES 6,5GL&2 & ,I CD GIVE
O!R CASES4 ,9 REG>D 6ANIMALS1 S"EAL
AU!NTIC 9/.ES CD 2 A4UC$ ( SPECIES HAV+
L>GELY EXT5D$1 )9 HI/ORICAL "TS1 _!
RANGE F W>M] 6COOL] LATITUDES1 &
3V]SELY2 B WE D N POSITIVELY "K T ^!
ANIMALS 7 /RICTLY ADAPT$ 6_! NATIVE
CLIMATE1 ?\< 9 ALL ORD9>Y CASES WE
ASSUME S* 6BE ! CASE2 NOR D WE "K T !Y H
SUBSEQU5TLY 2COME SPECI,Y A3LIMATIS$ 6_!
NEW HOMES1 S Z 6BE BETT] FITT$ = !M ?AN
!Y 7 AT F/4
  ,Z WE MAY 9F] T \R DOME/IC ANIMALS 7
ORIG9,Y *OS5 0UNCIVILIS$ MAN 2C !Y 7
USE;L & 2C !Y BR$ R1DILY "U 3F9E;T1 & N
2C !Y 7 SUBSEQU5TLY F.D CAPA# ( F>-
EXT5D$ TRANSPORT,N1 ! -MON & EXTRAORD9>Y
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GIVE ONLY "O1 Z X ILLU/RATES ! RULE 9 XS
L>GE/ APPLIC,N4 ,! OP]EUL> VALVES (
SESSILE CIRRIP$ES 7ROCK B>NACLES7 >E1 9
E S5SE (! ^W1 V IMPORTANT /RUCTURES1 &
!Y DI6] EXTREMELY LL EV5 9 4T9CT G5]A2 B
9 ! S"EAL SPECIES ( "O G5US1 ,PYRGOMA1
^! VALVES PRES5T A M>VEL\S AM.T (
DIV]SIFIC,N2 ! HOMOLOG\S VALVES 9 !
DI6]5T SPECIES 2+ "S"TS :OLLY UNLIKE 9
%APE2 &! AM.T ( V>I,N 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS (!
SAME SPECIES IS S GRT1 T X IS NO EXA7],N
6/ATE T ! V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES DI6]
M F EA* O!R 9 ! "*S DERIV$ F ^!
IMPORTANT ORGANS1 ?AN D ! SPECIES 2L;G+
6O!R 4T9CT G5]A4
  ,Z ) BIRDS ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
SPECIES1 9HABIT+ ! SAME C.TRY1 V>Y
EXTREMELY LL1 ,I H "PICUL>LY ATT5D$ 6!M2
&! RULE C]TA9LY SEEMS 6HOLD GD 9 ?
CLASS4 ,I _C MAKE \ T X APPLIES 6PLANTS1
& ? WD H S]I\SLY %AK5 MY 2LIEF 9 XS
TRU?1 _H N ! GRT V>IABIL;Y 9 PLANTS MADE
X "PICUL>LY DI6ICULT 6-P>E _! RELATIVE
DEGREES ( V>IABIL;Y4
  ,:5 WE SEE ANY "P OR ORGAN DEVELOP$ 9
A REM>KA# DEGREE OR MANN] 9 A SPECIES1 !
FAIR PRESUMP;N IS T X IS ( HI< IMPORT.E
6T SPECIES3 N"E!.S X IS 9 ? CASE EM95TLY
LIA# 6V>I,N4 ,:Y %D ? 2 S8 ,ON ! VIEW T
EA* SPECIES HAS BE5 9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$1 )
ALL XS "PS Z WE N[ SEE !M1 ,I C SEE NO
EXPLAN,N4 ,B ON ! VIEW T GR\PS ( SPECIES
>E DESC5D$ F "S O!R SPECIES1 & H BE5
MODIFI$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N1 ,I ?9K WE C
OBTA9 "S LI<T4 ,F/ LET ME MAKE "S
PRELIM9>Y REM>KS4 ,IF1 9 \R DOME/IC
ANIMALS1 ANY "P OR ! :OLE ANIMAL 2
NEGLECT$1 & NO SELEC;N 2 APPLI$1 T "P 7=
9/.E1 ! -B 9 ! ,DORK+ F[L7 OR ! :OLE
BRE$ W C1SE 6H A UNI=M "*3 &! BRE$ MAY 2
SD 6BE DEG5]AT+4 ,9 RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 & 9
^? : H BE5 B LL SPECIALIS$ = ANY "PICUL>
PURPOSE1 & P]H 9 POLYMORPHIC GR\PS1 WE
SEE A NE>LY P>ALLEL CASE2 = 9 S* CASES
NATURAL SELEC;N EI HAS N OR _C H -E
96FULL PLAY1 & ?US ! ORGANIS,N IS LEFT 9
A FLUCTUAT+ 3DI;N4 ,B :AT "H M "PICUL>LY
3C]NS U IS1 T ^? PO9TS 9 \R DOME/IC
ANIMALS1 : AT ! PRES5T "T >E "UGO+ RAPID
*ANGE 03T9U$ SELEC;N1 >E AL EM95TLY LIA#
6V>I,N4 ,LOOK AT ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
BRE$ (! PIGEON1 & SEE :AT A PRODIGI\S
AM.T ( DI6];E "! IS 9 ! B1KS ( TUM#RS1 9
! B1KS & WATTLE ( C>RI]S1 9 ! C>RIAGE &
TAIL ( FANTAILS1 &C41 ^! 2+ ! PO9TS N[
MA9LY ATT5D$ 60,5GLI% FANCI]S4 ,EV5 9 !
SAME SUB-BRE$1 Z 9 T (! %ORT-FAC$ TUM#R1
X IS NOTORI\SLY DI6ICULT 6BRE$ NE>LY
P]FECT BIRDS1 _M DE"P+ WIDELY F ! /&>D4
,"! MAY TRULY 2 SD 6BE A 3/ANT /RU7LE
GO+ ON 2T1 ON ! "O H&1 ! T5D5CY 6REV].N
6A LESS P]FECT /ATE1 Z WELL Z AN 9NATE
T5D5CY 6NEW V>I,NS1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 !
P[] ( /1DY SELEC;N 6KEEP ! BRE$ TRUE4 ,9
! L;G RUN SELEC;N GA9S ! "D1 & WE D N
EXPECT 6FAIL S -PLETELY Z 6BRE$ A BIRD Z
CO>SE Z A -MON TUM#R PIGEON F A GD %ORT-
FAC$ /RA94 ,B Z L;G Z SELEC;N IS RAPIDLY
GO+ ON1 M* V>IABIL;Y 9 ! "PS "UGO+
MODIFIC,N MAY ALW 2 EXPECT$4
  ,N[ LET U TURN 6NATURE4 ,:5 A "P HAS
BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 AN EXTRAORD9>Y MANN] 9
ANY "O SPECIES1 -P>$ )! O!R SPECIES (!
SAME G5US1 WE MAY 3CLUDE T ? "P HAS
"UG"O AN EXTRAORD9>Y AM.T ( MODIFIC,N
S9CE ! P]IOD :5 ! S"EAL SPECIES BRAN*$
(F F ! -MON PROG5ITOR (! G5US4 ,? P]IOD
W SELDOM 2 REMOTE 9 ANY EXTREME DEGREE1
Z SPECIES R>ELY 5DURE = M ?AN "O
GEOLOGICAL P]IOD4 ,AN EXTRAORD9>Y AM.T (
MODIFIC,N IMPLIES AN UNUSU,Y L>GE & L;G-
3T9U$ AM.T ( V>IABIL;Y1 : HAS 3T9U,Y BE5
A3UMULAT$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N =! B5EFIT (!
SPECIES4 ,B Z ! V>IABIL;Y (!
EXTRAORD9>ILY DEVELOP$ "P OR ORGAN HAS
BE5 S GRT & L;G-3T9U$ )9 A P]IOD N
EXCESSIVELY REMOTE1 WE MI<T1 Z A G5]AL
RULE1 / EXPECT 6F9D M V>IABIL;Y 9 S* "PS
?AN 9 O!R "PS (! ORGANIS,N : H REMA9$ =A
M* L;G] P]IOD NE>LY 3/ANT4 ,& ?1 ,I AM
3V9C$1 IS ! CASE4 ,T ! /RU7LE 2T NATURAL
SELEC;N ON ! "O H&1 &! T5D5CY 6REV].N &
V>IABIL;Y ON ! O!R H&1 W 9 ! C\RSE ( "T
C1SE2 & T ! MO/ ABNORM,Y DEVELOP$ ORGANS
MAY 2 MADE 3/ANT1 ,I SEE NO R1SON 6D\BT4
,H;E1 :5 AN ORGAN1 H["E ABNORMAL X MAY
BE1 HAS BE5 TRANSMITT$ 9 APPROXIMATELY !
SAME 3DI;N 6_M MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS1 Z 9 !
CASE (! W+ (! BAT1 X M/ H EXI/$1 AC 6\R
!ORY1 = AN IMM5SE P]IOD 9 NE>LY ! SAME
/ATE2 & ?US X HAS -E N 6BE M V>IA# ?AN
ANY O!R /RUCTURE4 ,X IS ONLY 9 ^? CASES
9 : ! MODIFIC,N HAS BE5 -P>ATIVELY REC5T
& EXTRAORD9>ILY GRT T WE "\ 6F9D !
G5]ATIVE V>IABIL;Y1 Z X MAY 2 CALL$1 /
PRES5T 9 A HI< DEGREE4 ,= 9 ? CASE !
V>IABIL;Y W SELDOM Z YET H BE5 FIX$ 0!
3T9U$ SELEC;N (! 9DIVIDUALS V>Y+ 9 !
REQUIR$ MANN] & DEGREE1 & 0! 3T9U$
REJEC;N ( ^? T5D+ 6REV]T 6A =M] & LESS
MODIFI$ 3DI;N4
  ,SPECIFIC ,"*S M ,V>IA# ?AN ,G5]IC
,"*S
  ,! PR9CIPLE 4CUSS$ "U ! LA/ H1D+ MAY 2
APPLI$ 6\R PRES5T SUBJECT4 ,X IS
NOTORI\S T SPECIFIC "*S >E M V>IA# ?AN
G5]IC4 ,6EXPLA9 0A SIMPLE EXAMPLE :AT IS
M1NT3 IF 9 A L>GE G5US ( PLANTS "S
SPECIES _H BLUE FL[]S & "S _H R$1 !
COL\R WD 2 ONLY A SPECIFIC "*1 & NO "O
WD 2 SURPRIS$ AT "O (! BLUE SPECIES V>Y+
96R$1 OR 3V]SELY2 B IF ALL ! SPECIES _H
BLUE FL[]S1 ! COL\R WD 2COME A G5]IC "*1
& XS V>I,N WD 2 A M UNUSUAL CIRCUM/.E4
,I H *OS5 ? EXAMPLE 2C ! EXPLAN,N : MO/
NATURALI/S WD ADV.E IS N "H APPLICA#1
"NLY1 T SPECIFIC "*S >E M V>IA# ?AN
G5]IC1 2C !Y >E TAK5 F "PS ( LESS
PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORT.E ?AN ^? -MONLY US$
= CLASS+ G5]A4 ,I 2LIEVE ? EXPLAN,N IS
"PLY1 YET ONLY 9DIRECTLY1 TRUE2 ,I %1
H["E1 H 6RETURN 6? PO9T 9 ! *APT] ON
,CLASSIFIC,N4 ,X WD 2 ALM SUP]FLU\S
6A4UCE EVID;E 9 SUPPORT (! /ATE;T1 T
ORD9>Y SPECIFIC "*S >E M V>IA# ?AN
G5]IC2 B ) RESPECT 6IMPORTANT "*S ,I H
REP1T$LY NOTIC$ 9 "WS ON NATURAL HI/ORY1
T :5 AN AU?OR REM>KS ) SURPRISE T "S
IMPORTANT ORGAN OR "P1 : IS G5],Y V
3/ANT "?\T A L>GE GR\P ( SPECIES1 DI6]S
3SID]ABLY 9 CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES1 X IS
(T5 V>IA# 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
SPECIES4 ,& ? FACT %[S T A "*1 : IS
G5],Y ( G5]IC VALUE1 :5 X S9KS 9 VALUE &
2COMES ONLY ( SPECIFIC VALUE1 (T5 2COMES
V>IA#1 ?\< XS PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORT.E MAY
REMA9 ! SAME4 ,"S?+ (! SAME K9D APPLIES
6MON/ROSITIES3 AT L1/ ,ISIDORE ,GE(FROY
,/-,HILAIRE APP>5TLY 5T]TA9S NO D\BT T !
M AN ORGAN NORM,Y DI6]S 9 ! DI6]5T
SPECIES (! SAME GR\P1 ! M SUBJECT X IS
6ANOMALIES 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS4
  ,ON ! ORD9>Y VIEW ( EA* SPECIES HAV+
BE5 9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$1 :Y %D T "P (!
/RUCTURE1 : DI6]S F ! SAME "P 9 O!R
9DEP5D5TLY-CR1T$ SPECIES (! SAME G5US1 2
M V>IA# ?AN ^? "PS : >E CLOSELY ALIKE 9
! S"EAL SPECIES8 ,I D N SEE T ANY
EXPLAN,N C 2 GIV54 ,B ON ! VIEW T
SPECIES >E ONLY /R;GLY M>K$ & FIX$
V>IETIES1 WE MI<T EXPECT (T5 6F9D !M /
3T9U+ 6V>Y 9 ^? "PS ( _! /RUCTURE : H
V>I$ )9 A MOD]ATELY REC5T P]IOD1 & : H
?US -E 6DI6]4 ,OR 6/ATE ! CASE 9 ANO!R
MANN]3- ! PO9TS 9 : ALL ! SPECIES (A
G5US RESEM# EA* O!R1 & 9 : !Y DI6] F
ALLI$ G5]A1 >E CALL$ G5]IC "*S2 & ^! "*S
MAY 2 ATTRIBUT$ 69H]IT.E F A -MON
PROG5ITOR1 = X C R>ELY H HAPP5$ T
NATURAL SELEC;N W H MODIFI$ S"EAL 4T9CT
SPECIES1 FITT$ 6M OR LESS WIDELY-DI6]5T
HABITS1 9 EXACTLY ! SAME MANN]3 & Z ^!
S-CALL$ G5]IC "*S H BE5 9H]IT$ F 2F !
P]IOD :5 ! S"EAL SPECIES F/ BRAN*$ (F F
_! -MON PROG5ITOR1 & SUBSEQU5TLY H N
V>I$ OR -E 6DI6] 9 ANY DEGREE1 OR ONLY 9
A SLI<T DEGREE1 X IS N PROBA# T !Y %D
V>Y AT ! PRES5T "D4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !
PO9TS 9 : SPECIES DI6] F O!R SPECIES (!
SAME G5US >E CALL$ SPECIFIC "*S2 & Z ^!
SPECIFIC "*S H V>I$ & -E 6DI6] S9CE !
P]IOD :5 ! SPECIES BRAN*$ (F F A -MON
PROG5ITOR1 X IS PROBA# T !Y %D / (T5 2 9
"S DEGREE V>IA#1- AT L1/ M V>IA# ?AN ^?
"PS (! ORGANIS,N : H =A V L;G P]IOD
REMA9$ 3/ANT4
  ,SECOND>Y ,SEXUAL ,"*S ,V>IA#4- ,I ?9K
X W 2 ADMITT$ 0NATURALI/S1 )\T MY 5T]+
ON DETAILS1 T SECOND>Y SEXUAL "*S >E
HI<LY V>IA#4 ,X W AL 2 ADMITT$ T SPECIES
(! SAME GR\P DI6] F EA* O!R M WIDELY 9
_! SECOND>Y SEXUAL "*S1 ?AN 9 O!R "PS (
_! ORGANIS,N3 -P>E1 = 9/.E1 ! AM.T (
DI6];E 2T ! MALES ( GALL9ACE\S BIRDS1 9
: SECOND>Y SEXUAL "*S >E /R;GLY 4PLAY$1
)! AM.T ( DI6];E 2T ! FEMALES4 ,! CAUSE
(! ORIG9AL V>IABIL;Y ( ^! "*S IS N
MANIFE/2 B WE C SEE :Y !Y %D N H BE5
R5D]$ Z 3/ANT & UNI=M Z O!RS1 = !Y >E
A3UMULAT$ 0SEXUAL SELEC;N1 : IS LESS
RIGID 9 XS AC;N ?AN ORD9>Y SELEC;N1 Z X
DOES N 5TAIL D1?1 B ONLY GIVES FEW] (F-
SPR+ 6! LESS FAV\R$ MALES4 ,:AT"E !
CAUSE MAY 2 (! V>IABIL;Y ( SECOND>Y
SEXUAL "*S1 Z !Y >E HI<LY V>IA#1 SEXUAL
SELEC;N W H _H A WIDE SCOPE = AC;N1 &
MAY ?US H SU3E$$ 9 GIV+ 6! SPECIES (!
SAME GR\P A GRT] AM.T ( DI6];E 9 ^! ?AN
9 O!R RESPECTS4
  ,X IS A REM>KA# FACT1 T ! SECOND>Y
DI6];ES 2T ! TWO SEXES (! SAME SPECIES
>E G5],Y 4PLAY$ 9 ! V SAME "PS (!
ORGANIS,N 9 : ! SPECIES (! SAME G5US
DI6] F EA* O!R4 ,( ? FACT ,I W GIVE 9
ILLU/R,N ! TWO F/ 9/.ES : HAPP5 6/& ON
MY LI/2 & Z ! DI6];ES 9 ^! CASES >E (A V
UNUSUAL NATURE1 ! REL,N C H>DLY 2
A3ID5TAL4 ,! SAME NUMB] ( JO9TS 9 ! T>SI
IS A "* -MON 6V L>GE GR\PS ( BEETLES1 B
9 ! ,5GIDOE1 Z ,WE/WOOD HAS REM>K$1 !
NUMB] V>IES GRTLY2 &! NUMB] LIKEWISE
DI6]S 9 ! TWO SEXES (! SAME SPECIES4 ,AG
9 ! FOSSORIAL HYM5OPT]A1 ! NEUR,N (! W+S
IS A "* (! HI<E/ IMPORT.E1 2C -MON 6L>GE
GR\PS2 B 9 C]TA9 G5]A ! NEUR,N DI6]S 9 !
DI6]5T SPECIES1 & LIKEWISE 9 ! TWO SEXES
(! SAME SPECIES4 ,SIR ,J4 ,LU2OCK HAS
REC5TLY REM>K$1 T S"EAL M9UTE CRU/AC1NS
(F] EXCELL5T ILLU/R,NS ( ? LAW4 8,IN
,PONTELLA1 = 9/.E1 ! SEXUAL "*S >E AF=D$
MA9LY 0! ANT]IOR ANT5NAE & 0! FIF? PAIR
( LEGS3 ! SPECIFIC DI6];ES AL >E
PR9CIP,Y GIV5 0^! ORGANS40 ,? REL,N HAS
A CLE> M1N+ ON MY VIEW3 ,I LOOK AT ALL !
SPECIES (! SAME G5US Z HAV+ Z C]TA9LY
DESC5D$ F A -MON PROG5ITOR1 Z H ! TWO
SEXES ( ANY "O SPECIES4 ,3SEQU5TLY1
:AT"E "P (! /RUCTURE (! -MON PROG5ITOR1
OR ( XS E>LY DESC5DANTS1 2CAME V>IA#1
V>I,NS ( ? "P WD1 X IS HI<LY PROBA#1 2
TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( 0NATURAL & SEXUAL
SELEC;N1 9 ORD] 6FIT ! S"EAL SPECIES 6_!
S"EAL PLACES 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATURE1 &
LIKEWISE 6FIT ! TWO SEXES (! SAME
SPECIES 6EA* O!R1 OR 6FIT ! MALES
6/RU7LE ) O!R MALES =! POSSES.N (!
FEMALES4
  ,F9,Y1 !N1 ,I 3CLUDE T ! GRT]
V>IABIL;Y ( SPECIFIC "*S1 OR ^? : 4T+UI%
SPECIES F SPECIES1 ?AN ( G5]IC "*S1 OR
^? : >E POSSESS$ 0ALL ! SPECIES2- T !
FREQU5T EXTREME V>IABIL;Y ( ANY "P : IS
DEVELOP$ 9 A SPECIES 9 AN EXTRAORD9>Y
MANN] 9 -P>ISON )! SAME "P 9 XS 3G5]S2 &
! SLI<T DEGREE ( V>IABIL;Y 9 A "P1 H["E
EXTRAORD9>ILY X MAY 2 DEVELOP$1 IF X 2
-MON 6A :OLE GR\P ( SPECIES2- T ! GRT
V>IABIL;Y ( SECOND>Y SEXUAL "*S1 & _!
GRT DI6];E 9 CLOSELY ALLI$ SPECIES2- T
SECOND>Y SEXUAL & ORD9>Y SPECIFIC
DI6];ES >E G5],Y 4PLAY$ 9 ! SAME "PS (!
ORGANIS,N1- >E ALL PR9CIPLES CLOSELY
3NECT$ TGR4 ,ALL 2+ MA9LY DUE 6! SPECIES
(! SAME GR\P 2+ ! DESC5DANTS ( -MON
PROG5ITOR1 F :OM !Y H 9H]IT$ M* 9 -MON1-
6"PS : H REC5TLY & L>GELY V>I$ 2+ M
LIKELY / 6G ON V>Y+ ?AN "PS : H L;G BE5
9H]IT$ & H N V>I$1- 6NATURAL SELEC;N
HAV+ M OR LESS -PLETELY1 AC 6! LAPSE (
"T1 OV]MA/]$ ! T5D5CY 6REV].N & 6FUR!R
V>IABIL;Y1- 6SEXUAL SELEC;N 2+ LESS
RIGID ?AN ORD9>Y SELEC;N1- & 6V>I,NS 9 !
SAME "PS HAV+ BE5 A3UMULAT$ 0NATURAL &
SEXUAL SELEC;N1 & HAV+ BE5 ?US ADAPT$ =
SECOND>Y SEXUAL1 &= ORD9>Y PURPOSES4
  ,4T9CT ,SPECIES PRES5T ANALAG\S
,V>I,NS1 S T A ,V>IETY ( "O ,SPECIES (T5
ASSUMES A ,"* PROP] 6AN ,ALLI$ ,SPECIES1
OR REV]TS 6"S (! ,"*S ( AN E>LY
,PROG5ITOR4- ,^! PROPOSI;NS W 2 MO/
R1DILY "U/OOD 0LOOK+ 6\R DOME/IC RACES4
,! MO/ 4T9CT BRE$S (! PIGEON1 9 C.TRIES
WIDELY A"P1 PRES5T SUB-V>IETIES ) REV]S$
F1!RS ON ! H1D1 &) F1!RS ON ! FEET1- "*S
N POSSESS$ 0! ABORIG9AL ROCK-PIGEON2 ^!
!N >E ANALOG\S V>I,NS 9 TWO OR M 4T9CT
RACES4 ,! FREQU5T PRES;E ( F\RTE5 OR EV5
SIXTE5 TAIL-F1!RS 9 ! P\T] MAY 2 3SID]$
Z A V>I,N REPRES5T+ ! NORMAL /RUCTURE (
ANO!R RACE1 ! FAN-TAIL4 ,I PRESUME T NO
"O W D\BT T ALL S* ANALOG\S V>I,NS >E
DUE 6! S"EAL RACES (! PIGEON HAV+ 9H]IT$
F A -MON P>5T ! SAME 3/ITU;N & T5D5CY
6V>I,N1 :5 ACT$ ON 0SIMIL> UN"KN
9FLU;ES4 ,9 ! VEGETA# K+DOM WE H A CASE
( ANALOG\S V>I,N1 9 ! 5L>G$ /EMS1 OR Z
-MONLY CALL$ ROOTS1 (! ,SW$I% TURNIP &
,RUTABAGA1 PLANTS : S"EAL BOTANI/S RANK
Z V>IETIES PRODUC$ 0CULTIV,N F A -MON
P>5T3 IF ? 2 N S1 ! CASE W !N 2 "O (
ANALOG\S V>I,N 9 TWO S-CALL$ 4T9CT
SPECIES2 & 6^! A ?IRD MAY 2 A4$1 "NLY1 !
-MON TURNIP4 ,AC 6! ORD9>Y VIEW ( EA*
SPECIES HAV+ BE5 9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$1 WE %D
H 6ATTRIBUTE ? SIMIL>;Y 9 ! 5L>G$ /EMS (
^! ?REE PLANTS1 N 6! V]A CAUSA ( -MUN;Y
( DESC5T1 &A 3SEQU5T T5D5CY 6V>Y 9 A L
MANN]1 B 6?REE SEP>ATE YET CLOSELY
RELAT$ ACTS ( CRE,N4 ,_M SIMIL> CASES (
ANALOG\S V>I,N H BE5 OBS]V$ 0,NAUD9 9 !
GRT G\RD-FAMILY1 & 0V>I\S AU?ORS 9 \R
C]1LS4 ,SIMIL> CASES O3URR+ ) 9SECTS "U
NATURAL 3DI;NS H LATELY BE5 4CUSS$ ) M*
ABIL;Y 0,MR4 ,WAL%1 :O HAS GR\P$ !M "U 8
LAW ( ,EQUA# ,V>IABIL;Y4
  ,) PIGEONS1 H["E1 WE H ANO!R CASE1
"NLY1 ! O3A.NAL APPE>.E 9 ALL ! BRE$S1 (
SLATY-BLUE BIRDS ) TWO BLACK B>S ON !
W+S1 :ITE LO9S1 A B> AT ! 5D (! TAIL1 )!
\T] F1!RS EXT]N,Y $G$ NE> _! BASIS )
:ITE4 ,Z ALL ^! M>KS >E "*I/IC (! P>5T
ROCK-PIGEON1 ,I PRESUME T NO "O W D\BT T
? IS A CASE ( REV].N1 & N (A NEW YET
ANALOG\S V>I,N APPE>+ 9 ! S"EAL BRE$S4
,WE MAY1 ,I ?9K1 3FID5TLY -E 6? 3CLU.N1
2C1 Z WE H SE51 ^! COL\R$ M>KS >E
EM95TLY LIA# 6APPE> 9 ! CROSS$ (FSPR+ (
TWO 4T9CT & DI6]5TLY COL\R$ BRE$S2 & 9 ?
CASE "! IS NO?+ 9 ! EXT]NAL 3DI;NS (
LIFE 6CAUSE ! REAPPE>.E (! SLATY-BLUE1 )
! S"EAL M>KS1 2Y ! 9FLU;E (! M]E ACT (
CROSS+ ON ! LAWS ( 9H]IT.E4
  ,NO D\BT X IS A V SURPRIS+ FACT T "*S
%D REAPPE> AF HAV+ BE5 LO/ = _M1
PROBABLY = HUNDR$S ( G5],NS4 ,B :5 A
BRE$ HAS BE5 CROSS$ ONLY ONCE 0"S O!R
BRE$1 ! (FSPR+ O3A.N,Y %[ = _M G5],NS A
T5D5CY 6REV]T 9 "* 6! =EIGN BRE$- "S
SAY1 =A DOZ5 OR EV5 A SCORE ( G5],NS4
,AF TWELVE G5],NS1 ! PROPOR;N ( BLOOD1
6USE A -MON EXPRES.N1 F "O ANCE/OR1 IS
ONLY #A 9 #BJDH2 & YET1 Z WE SEE1 X IS
G5],Y 2LIEV$ T A T5D5CY 6REV].N IS
RETA9$ 0? REMNANT ( =EIGN BLOOD4 ,9 A
BRE$ : HAS N BE5 CROSS$1 B 9 : BO? P>5TS
H LO/ "S "* : _! PROG5ITOR POSSESS$1 !
T5D5CY1 :E!R /R;G OR W1K1 6REPRODUCE !
LO/ "* MI<T1 Z 0 =M]LY REM>K$1 = ALL T
WE C SEE 6! 3TR>Y1 2 TRANSMITT$ = ALM
ANY NUMB] ( G5],NS4 ,:5 A "* : HAS BE5
LO/ 9 A BRE$1 REAPPE>S AF A GRT NUMB] (
G5],NS1 ! MO/ PROBA# HYPO!SIS IS1 N T "O
9DIVIDUAL SU45LY TAKES AF AN ANCE/OR
REMOV$ 0"S HUNDR$ G5],NS1 B T 9 EA*
SU3ESSIVE G5],N ! "* 9 "Q HAS BE5 LY+
LAT5T1 & AT LA/1 "U UN"KN FAV\RA#
3DI;NS1 IS DEVELOP$4 ,)! B>B-PIGEON1 =
9/.E1 : V R>ELY PRODUCES A BLUE BIRD1 X
IS PROBA# T "! IS A LAT5T T5D5CY 9 EA*
G5],N 6PRODUCE BLUE PLUMAGE4 ,! AB/RACT
IMPROBABIL;Y ( S* A T5D5CY 2+ TRANSMITT$
"? A VA/ NUMB] ( G5],NS1 IS N GRT] ?AN T
( Q USE.S OR RUDI;T>Y ORGANS 2+ SIMIL>LY
TRANSMITT$4 ,A M]E T5D5CY 6PRODUCE A
RUDI;T IS 9DE$ "S"TS ?US 9H]IT$4
  ,Z ALL ! SPECIES (! SAME G5US >E
SUPPOS$ 6BE DESC5D$ F A -MON PROG5ITOR1
X MI<T 2 EXPECT$ T !Y WD O3A.N,Y V>Y 9
AN ANALOG\S MANN]2 S T ! V>IETIES ( TWO
OR M SPECIES WD RESEM# EA* O!R1 OR T A
V>IETY ( "O SPECIES WD RESEM# 9 C]TA9
"*S ANO!R & 4T9CT SPECIES1- ? O!R
SPECIES 2+1 AC 6\R VIEW1 ONLY A WELL
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HYBRID1 & EV5 ! PURE (FSPR+ SUBSEQU5TLY
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ANO!R MO/ REM>KA# CASE1 A HYBRID HAS BE5
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"KS (A SECOND CASE7 F ! ASS &! HEMIONUS2
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6REJECT A R1L = AN UNR1L1 OR AT L1/ = AN
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