,,*APT] ,,IV3 ,,NATURAL ,,SELEC;N2
      ,,OR ,,! ,,SURVIVAL ,,( ,,!
                ,,FITTE/
  ,H[ W ! /RU7LE = EXI/;E1 BRIEFLY
4CUSS$ 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 ACT 9 REG>D
6V>I,N8 ,C ! PR9CIPLE ( SELEC;N1 : WE H
SE5 IS S POT5T 9 ! H&S ( MAN1 APPLY "U
NATURE8 ,I ?9K WE % SEE T X C ACT MO/
E6ICI5TLY4 ,LET ! 5D.S NUMB] ( SLI<T
V>I,NS & 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES O3URR+ 9 \R
DOME/IC PRODUC;NS1 &1 9 A LESS] DEGREE1
9 ^? "U NATURE1 2 BORNE 9 M9D2 Z WELL Z
! /R5G? (! H]$IT>Y T5D5CY4 ,"U
DOME/IC,N1 X MAY 2 TRULY SD T ! :OLE
ORGANIS,N 2COMES 9 "S DEGREE PLA/IC4 ,B
! V>IABIL;Y1 : WE ALM UNIV]S,Y MEET ) 9
\R DOME/IC PRODUC;NS1 IS N DIRECTLY
PRODUC$1 Z ,HOOK] & ,ASA ,GRAY H WELL
REM>K$1 0MAN2 HE C NEI ORIG9ATE
V>IETIES1 NOR PREV5T _! O3URR;E2 HE C
PRES]VE & A3UMULATE S* Z D O3UR4
,UN9T5;N,Y HE EXPOSES ORGANIC 2+S 6NEW &
*ANG+ 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 & V>IABIL;Y 5SUES2
B SIMIL> *ANGES ( 3DI;NS MI<T & D O3UR
"U NATURE4 ,LET X AL 2 BORNE 9 M9D H[
9F9ITELY -PLEX & CLOSE-FITT+ >E ! MUTUAL
REL,NS ( ALL ORGANIC 2+S 6EA* O!R & 6_!
PHYSICAL 3DI;NS ( LIFE2 & 3SEQU5TLY :AT
9F9ITELY V>I$ DIV]SITIES ( /RUCTURE MI<T
2 ( USE 6EA* 2+ "U *ANG+ 3DI;NS ( LIFE4
,C X1 !N1 2 ?"\ IMPROBA#1 SEE+ T V>I,NS
USE;L 6MAN H UND\BT$LY O3URR$1 T O!R
V>I,NS USE;L 9 "S WAY 6EA* 2+ 9 ! GRT &
-PLEX BATTLE ( LIFE1 %D O3UR 9 ! C\RSE (
_M SU3ESSIVE G5],NS8 ,IF S* D O3UR1 C WE
D\BT 7REMEMB]+ T _M M 9DIVIDUALS >E BORN
?AN C POSSIBLY SURVIVE7 T 9DIVIDUALS
HAV+ ANY ADVANTAGE1 H["E SLI<T1 OV]
O!RS1 WD H ! BE/ *.E ( SURVIV+ &(
PROCR1T+ _! K9D8 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE MAY
FEEL SURE T ANY V>I,N 9 ! L1/ DEGREE
9JURI\S WD 2 RIGIDLY DE/ROY$4 ,?
PRES]V,N ( FAV\RA# 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES &
V>I,NS1 &! DE/RUC;N ( ^? : >E 9JURI\S1
,I H CALL$ ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N1 OR !
,SURVIVAL (! ,FITTE/4 ,V>I,NS NEI USE;L
NOR 9JURI\S WD N 2 A6ECT$ 0NATURAL
SELEC;N1 & WD 2 LEFT EI A FLUCTUAT+
ELE;T1 Z P]H WE SEE 9 C]TA9 POLYMORPHIC
SPECIES1 OR WD ULTIMATELY 2COME FIX$1 [+
6! NATURE (! ORGANISM &! NATURE (!
3DI;NS4
  ,S"EAL WRIT]S H MISAPPREH5D$ OR
OBJECT$ 6! T]M ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N4 ,"S H
EV5 IMAG9$ T NATURAL SELEC;N 9DUCES
V>IABIL;Y1 ":AS X IMPLIES ONLY !
PRES]V,N ( S* V>I,NS Z >ISE & >E
B5EFICIAL 6! 2+ "U XS 3DI;NS ( LIFE4 ,NO
"O OBJECTS 6AGRICULTURI/S SP1K+ (! POT5T
E6ECTS ( MAN'S SELEC;N2 & 9 ? CASE !
9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES GIV5 0NATURE1 : MAN =
"S OBJECT SELECTS1 M/ ( NECESS;Y F/
O3UR4 ,O!RS H OBJECT$ T ! T]M SELEC;N
IMPLIES 3SCI\S *OICE 9 ! ANIMALS : 2COME
MODIFI$2 & X HAS EV5 BE5 URG$ T1 Z
PLANTS H NO VOLI;N1 NATURAL SELEC;N IS N
APPLICA# 6!M6 ,9 ! LIT]AL S5SE (! ^W1 NO
D\BT1 NATURAL SELEC;N IS A FALSE T]M2 B
:O "E OBJECT$ 6*EMI/S SP1K+ (! ELECTIVE
A69ITIES (! V>I\S ELE;TS8- & YET AN ACID
_C /RICTLY 2 SD 6ELECT ! BASE ) : X 9
PREF];E -B9ES4 ,X HAS BE5 SD T ,I SP1K (
NATURAL SELEC;N Z AN ACTIVE P[] OR
,DE;Y2 B :O OBJECTS 6AN AU?OR SP1K+ (!
ATTRAC;N ( GRAV;Y Z RUL+ ! MOVE;TS (!
PLANETS8 ,E "O "KS :AT IS M1NT & IS
IMPLI$ 0S* METAPHORICAL EXPRES.NS2 & !Y
>E ALM NEC = BREV;Y4 ,S AG X IS DI6ICULT
6AVOID P]SONIFY+ ! ^W ,NATURE2 B ,I M1N
0,NATURE1 ONLY ! A7REGATE AC;N & PRODUCT
( _M NATURAL LAWS1 & 0LAWS ! SEQU;E (
EV5TS Z ASC]TA9$ 0U4 ,)A LL FAMILI>;Y S*
SUP]FICIAL OBJEC;NS W 2 =GOTT54
  ,WE % BE/ "U/& ! PROBA# C\RSE (
NATURAL SELEC;N 0TAK+ ! CASE (A C.TRY
"UGO+ "S SLI<T PHYSICAL *ANGE1 = 9/.E1 (
CLIMATE4 ,! PROPOR;NAL NUMB]S ( XS
9HABITANTS W ALM IMMLY "UGO A *ANGE1 &
"S SPECIES W PROBABLY 2COME EXT9CT4 ,WE
MAY 3CLUDE1 F :AT WE H SE5 (! 9TIMATE &
-PLEX MANN] 9 : ! 9HABITANTS ( EA* C.TRY
>E B.D TGR1 T ANY *ANGE 9 ! NUM]ICAL
PROPOR;NS (! 9HABITANTS1 9DEP5D5TLY (!
*ANGE ( CLIMATE XF1 WD S]I\SLY A6ECT !
O!RS4 ,IF ! C.TRY 7 OP5 ON XS BORD]S1
NEW =MS WD C]TA9LY IMMIGRATE1 & ? WD
LIKEWISE S]I\SLY 4TURB ! REL,NS ( "S (!
=M] 9HABITANTS4 LET X 2 REMEMB]$ H[
P[];L ! 9FLU;E (A S+LE 9TRODUC$ TREE OR
MAMMAL HAS BE5 %[N 6BE4 ,B 9 ! CASE ( AN
ISL&1 OR (A C.TRY "PLY SURR.D$ 0B>RI]S1
96: NEW & BETT] ADAPT$ =MS CD N FREELY
5T]1 WE %D !N H PLACES 9 ! ECONOMY (
NATURE : WD ASSUR$LY 2 BETT] FILL$ UP1
IF "S (! ORIG9AL 9HABITANTS 7 9 "S MANN]
MODIFI$2 =1 _H ! >EA BE5 OP5 6IMMIGR,N1
^! SAME PLACES WD H BE5 SEIZ$ ON
09TRUD]S4 ,9 S* CASES1 SLI<T MODIFIC,NS1
: 9 ANY WAY FAV\R$ ! 9DIVIDUALS ( ANY
SPECIES1 0BETT] ADAPT+ !M 6_! ALT]$
3DI;NS1 WD T5D 6BE PRES]V$2 & NATURAL
SELEC;N WD H FREE SCOPE =! "W (
IMPROVE;T4
  ,WE H GD R1SON 62LIEVE1 Z %[N 9 ! F/
*APT]1 T *ANGES 9 ! 3DI;NS ( LIFE GIVE A
T5D5CY 69CR1S$ V>IABIL;Y2 & 9 ! =EGO+
CASES ! 3DI;NS H *ANG$1 & ? WD MANIFE/LY
2 FAV\RA# 6NATURAL SELEC;N1 0AF=D+ A
BETT] *.E (! O3URR;E ( PR(ITA# V>I,NS4
,UN.S S* O3UR1 NATURAL SELEC;N C D NO?+4
,"U ! T]M ( 8V>I,NS10 X M/ N"E 2 =GOTT5
T M]E 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES >E 9CLUD$4 ,Z
MAN C PRODUCE A GRT RESULT ) 8 DOME/IC
ANIMALS & PLANTS 0A4+ UP 9 ANY GIV5
DIREC;N 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES1 S CD NATURAL
SELEC;N1 B F> M EASILY F HAV+ 9COMP>ABLY
L;G] "T = AC;N4 ,NOR D ,I 2LIEVE T ANY
GRT PHYSICAL *ANGE1 Z ( CLIMATE1 OR ANY
UNUSUAL DEGREE ( ISOL,N 6*ECK IMMIGR,N1
IS NEC 9 ORD] T NEW & UNO3UPI$ PLACES %D
2 LEFT1 = NATURAL SELEC;N 6FILL UP
0IMPROV+ "S (! V>Y+ 9HABITANTS4 ,= Z ALL
! 9HABITANTS ( EA* C.TRY >E /RU7L+ TGR )
NICELY BAL.ED =CES1 EXTREMELY SLI<T
MODIFIC,NS 9 ! /RUCTURE OR HABITS ( "O
SPECIES WD (T5 GIVE X AN ADVANTAGE OV]
O!RS2 & / FUR!R MODIFIC,NS (! SAME K9D
WD (T5 / FUR!R 9CR1SE ! ADVANTAGE1 Z L;G
Z ! SPECIES 3T9U$ "U ! SAME 3DI;NS (
LIFE & PR(IT$ 0SIMIL> M1NS ( SUBSI/;E &
DEF;E4 ,NO C.TRY C 2 "ND 9 : ALL !
NATIVE 9HABITANTS >E N[ S P]FECTLY
ADAPT$ 6EA* O!R & 6! PHYSICAL 3DI;NS "U
: !Y LIVE1 T N"O ( !M CD 2 / BETT]
ADAPT$ OR IMPROV$2 = 9 ALL C.TRIES1 !
NATIVES H BE5 S F> 3QU]$ 0NATURALIS$
PRODUC;NS1 T !Y H ALL[$ "S =EIGN]S 6TAKE
FIRM POSSES.N (! L&4 ,& Z =EIGN]S H ?US
9 E C.TRY B1T5 "S (! NATIVES1 WE MAY
SAFELY 3CLUDE T ! NATIVES MI<T H BE5
MODIFI$ ) ADVANTAGE1 S Z 6H BETT] RESI/$
! 9TRUD]S4
  ,Z MAN C PRODUCE1 & C]TA9LY HAS
PRODUC$1 A GRT RESULT 0HIS ME?ODICAL &
UNCONSCI\S M1NS ( SELEC;N1 :AT MAY N
NATURAL SELEC;N E6ECT8 ,MAN C ACT ONLY
ON EXT]NAL & VISI# "*S3 ,NATURE1 IF ,I
MAY 2 ALL[$ 6P]SONIFY ! NATURAL PRES]V,N
OR SURVIVAL (! FITTE/1 C>ES NO?+ =
APPE>.ES1 EXCEPT 9 S F> Z !Y >E USE;L
6ANY 2+4 ,%E C ACT ON E 9T]NAL ORGAN1 ON
E %ADE ( 3/ITU;NAL DI6];E1 ON ! :OLE
MA*9]Y ( LIFE4 ,MAN SELECTS ONLY = 8 [N
GD3 ,NATURE ONLY = T (! 2+ : %E T5DS4 ,E
SELECT$ "* IS FULLY EX]CIS$ 0H]1 Z IS
IMPLI$ 0! FACT ( _! SELEC;N4 ,MAN KEEPS
! NATIVES ( _M CLIMATES 9 ! SAME C.TRY2
HE SELDOM EX]CISES EA* SELECT$ "* 9 "S
PECULI> & FITT+ MANN]2 HE FE$S A L;G &A
%ORT B1K$ PIGEON ON ! SAME FOOD2 HE DOES
N EX]CISE A L;G-BACK$ OR L;G-LE7$
QUADRUP$ 9 ANY PECULI> MANN]2 HE EXPOSES
%EEP ) L;G & %ORT WOOL 6! SAME CLIMATE4
,HE DOES N ALL[ ! MO/ VIGOR\S MALES
6/RU7LE =! FEMALES4 ,HE DOES N RIGIDLY
DE/ROY ALL 9F]IOR ANIMALS1 B PROTECTS
DUR+ EA* V>Y+ S1SON1 Z F> Z LIES 9 8
P[]1 ALL 8 PRODUC;NS4 ,HE (T5 2G9S 8
SELEC;N 0"S HALF-MON/R\S =M2 OR AT L1/
0"S MODIFIC,N PROM95T 5 6CAT* ! EYE OR
6BE PLA9LY USE;L 6HM4 ,"U NATURE1 !
SLI<TE/ DI6];ES ( /RUCTURE OR 3/ITU;N
MAY WELL TURN ! NICELY BAL.ED SCALE 9 !
/RU7LE = LIFE1 & S 2 PRES]V$4 ,H[ FLEET+
>E ! WI%ES & EF=TS ( MAN6 H[ %ORT 8 "T6
& 3SEQU5TLY H[ POOR W 2 8 RESULTS1 -P>$
) ^? A3UMULAT$ 0,NATURE DUR+ :OLE
GEOLOGICAL P]IODS6 ,C WE WOND]1 !N1 T
,NATURE'S PRODUC;NS %D 2 F> 8TRU]0 9 "*
?AN MAN'S PRODUC;NS2 T !Y %D 2 9F9ITELY
BETT] ADAPT$ 6! MO/ -PLEX 3DI;NS ( LIFE1
& %D PLA9LY BE> ! /AMP ( F> HI<]
"WMAN%IP8
  ,X MAY METAPHORIC,Y 2 SD T NATURAL
SELEC;N IS DAILY & H\RLY SCRUT9IS+1 "?\T
! _W1 ! SLI<TE/ V>I,NS2 REJECT+ ^? T >E
BAD1 PRES]V+ & A4+ UP ALL T >E GD2
SIL5TLY & 9S5SIBLY "W+1 :5"E & :]"E
OPPORTUN;Y (F]S1 AT ! IMPROVE;T ( EA*
ORGANIC 2+ 9 REL,N 6XS ORGANIC &
9ORGANIC 3DI;NS ( LIFE4 ,WE SEE NO?+ (
^! SL[ *ANGES 9 PROGRESS1 UNTIL ! H& (
"T HAS M>K$ ! LAPSE ( AGES1 & !N S
IMP]FECT IS \R VIEW 96L;G-PA/ GEOLOGICAL
AGES1 T WE SEE ONLY T ! =MS ( LIFE >E N[
DI6]5T F :AT !Y =M]LY W]E4
  ,9 ORD] T ANY GRT AM.T ( MODIFIC,N %D
2 E6ECT$ 9 A SPECIES1 A V>IETY :5 ONCE
=M$ M/ AG1 P]H AF A L;G 9T]VAL ( "T1 V>Y
OR PRES5T 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES (! SAME
FAV\RA# NATURE Z 2F2 & ^! M/ 2 AG
PRES]V$1 & S ONW>DS /EP 0/EP4 ,SEE+ T
9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES (! SAME K9D P]PETU,Y
RECUR1 ? C H>DLY 2 3SID]$ Z AN
UNW>RANTA# ASSUMP;N4 ,B :E!R X IS TRUE1
WE C JUDGE ONLY 0SEE+ H[ F> ! HYPO!SIS
A3ORDS )& EXPLA9S ! G5]AL PH5OM5A (
NATURE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ORD9>Y 2LIEF T !
AM.T ( POSSI# V>I,N IS A /RICTLY LIMIT$
QUANT;Y IS LIKEWISE A SIMPLE ASSUMP;N4
  ,AL? NATURAL SELEC;N C ACT ONLY "? &=!
GD ( EA* 2+1 YET "*S & /RUCTURES1 : WE
>E APT 63SID] Z ( V TRIFL+ IMPORT.E1 MAY
?US 2 ACT$ ON4 ,:5 WE SEE L1F-EAT+
9SECTS GRE51 & B>K-FE$]S MOTTL$-GREY2 !
ALP9E PT>MIGAN :ITE 9 W9T]1 ! R$ GR\SE !
COL\R ( H1!R1 WE M/ 2LIEVE T ^! T9TS >E
( S]VICE 6^! BIRDS & 9SECTS 9 PRES]V+ !M
F DANG]4 ,GR\SE1 IF N DE/ROY$ AT "S
P]IOD ( _! LIVES1 WD 9CR1SE 9 C.T.S
NUMB]S2 !Y >E "KN 6SU6] L>GELY F BIRDS (
PREY2 & HAWKS >E GUID$ 0EYESI<T 6_!
PREY- S M* S1 T ON "PS (! ,3T95T P]SONS
>E W>N$ N 6KEEP :ITE PIGEONS1 Z 2+ ! MO/
LIA# 6DE/RUC;N4 ,H;E NATURAL SELEC;N
MI<T 2 E6ECTIVE 9 GIV+ ! PROP] COL\R
6EA* K9D ( GR\SE1 & 9 KEEP+ T COL\R1 :5
ONCE ACQUIR$1 TRUE & 3/ANT4 ,NOR "\ WE
6?9K T ! O3A.NAL DE/RUC;N ( AN ANIMAL (
ANY "PICUL> COL\R WD PRODUCE LL E6ECT3
WE %D REMEMB] H[ ESS5TIAL X IS 9 A FLOCK
( :ITE %EEP 6DE/ROY A LAMB )! FA9TE/
TRACE ( BLACK4 ,WE H SE5 H[ ! COL\R (!
HOGS1 : FE$ ON ! 8PA9T-ROOT0 9 ,VIRG9IA1
DET]M9ES :E!R !Y % LIVE OR DIE4 ,9
PLANTS1 ! D[N ON ! FRUIT &! COL\R (!
FLE% >E 3SID]$ 0BOTANI/S Z "*S (! MO/
TRIFL+ IMPORT.E3 YET WE HE> F AN
EXCELL5T HORTICULTURI/1 ,D[N+1 T 9 !
,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SMOO?-SK9N$ FRUITS SU6]
F> M F A BEETLE1 A ,CURCULIO1 ?AN ^? )
D[N2 T PURPLE PLUMS SU6] F> M F A C]TA9
41SE ?AN YELL[ PLUMS2 ":AS ANO!R 41SE
ATTACKS YELL[-FLE%$ P1*ES F> M ?AN ^? )
O!R COL\R$ FLE%4 ,IF1 ) ALL ! AIDS ( >T1
^! SLI<T DI6];ES MAKE A GRT DI6];E 9
CULTIVAT+ ! S"EAL V>IETIES1 ASSUR$LY1 9
A /ATE ( NATURE1 ": ! TREES WD H 6/RU7LE
) O!R TREES1 &)A HO/ ( 5EMIES1 S*
DI6];ES WD E6ECTU,Y SETTLE : V>IETY1
:E!R A SMOO? OR D[NY1 A YELL[ OR PURPLE
FLE%$ FRUIT1 %D SU3E$4
  ,9 LOOK+ AT _M SMALL PO9TS ( DI6];E 2T
SPECIES1 :1 Z F> Z \R IGNOR.E P]MITS U
6JUDGE1 SEEM Q UNIMPORTANT1 WE M/ N =GET
T CLIMATE1 FOOD1 &C41 H NO D\BT PRODUC$
"S DIRECT E6ECT4 ,X IS AL NEC 6BE> 9 M9D
T1 [+ 6! LAW ( CORREL,N1 :5 "O "P V>IES1
&! V>I,NS >E A3UMULAT$ "? NATURAL
SELEC;N1 O!R MODIFIC,NS1 (T5 (! MO/
UNEXPECT$ NATURE1 W 5SUE4
  ,Z WE SEE T ^? V>I,NS :1 "U DOME/IC,N1
APPE> AT ANY "PICUL> P]IOD ( LIFE1 T5D
6REAPPE> 9 ! (FSPR+ AT ! SAME P]IOD2- =
9/.E1 9 ! %APE1 SIZE1 & FLAV\R (! SE$S (
! _M V>IETIES ( \R CUL9>Y & AGRICULTURAL
PLANTS2 9 ! CAT]PILL> & COCOON /AGES (!
V>IETIES (! SILK-WORM2 9 ! E7S ( P\LTRY1
& 9 ! COL\R (! D[N ( _! *ICK5S2 9 !
HORNS ( \R %EEP & CATTLE :5 NE>LY
ADULT2- S 9 A /ATE ( NATURE NATURAL
SELEC;N W 2 5A#D 6ACT ON & MODIFY
ORGANIC 2+S AT ANY AGE1 0! A3UMUL,N (
V>I,NS PR(ITA# AT T AGE1 & 0_! 9H]IT.E
AT A CORRESPOND+ AGE4 ,IF X PR(IT A
PLANT 6H XS SE$S M & M WIDELY 4SEM9AT$
0! W9D1 ,I C SEE NO GRT] DI6ICULTY 9 ?
2+ E6ECT$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N1 ?AN 9 !
COTTON-PLANT] 9CR1S+ & IMPROV+ 0SELEC;N
! D[N 9 ! PODS ON 8 COTTON-TREES4
,NATURAL SELEC;N MAY MODIFY & ADAPT !
L>VA ( AN 9SECT 6A SCORE ( 3T+5CIES1
:OLLY DI6]5T F ^? : 3C]N ! MATURE 9SECT2
& ^! MODIFIC,NS MAY A6ECT1 "? CORREL,N1
! /RUCTURE (! ADULT4 ,S1 3V]SELY1
MODIFIC,NS 9 ! ADULT MAY A6ECT !
/RUCTURE (! L>VA2 B 9 ALL CASES NATURAL
SELEC;N W 5SURE T !Y % N 2 9JURI\S3 = IF
!Y 7 S1 ! SPECIES WD 2COME EXT9CT4
  ,NATURAL SELEC;N W MODIFY ! /RUCTURE (
! "Y 9 REL,N 6! P>5T1 &(! P>5T 9 REL,N
6! "Y4 ,9 SOCIAL ANIMALS X W ADAPT !
/RUCTURE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL =! B5EFIT (!
:OLE -MUN;Y1 IF ! -MUN;Y PR(ITS 0!
SELECT$ *ANGE4 ,:AT NATURAL SELEC;N _C
D1 IS 6MODIFY ! /RUCTURE ( "O SPECIES1
)\T GIV+ X ANY ADVANTAGE1 =! GD ,( ANO!R
SPECIES2 & ?\< /ATE;TS 6? E6ECT MAY 2
F.D 9 "WS ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 ,I _C F9D "O
CASE : W BE> 9VE/IG,N4 ,A /RUCTURE US$
ONLY ONCE 9 AN ANIMAL'S LIFE1 IF ( HI<
IMPORT.E 6X1 MI<T 2 MODIFI$ 6ANY EXT5T
0NATURAL SELEC;N2 = 9/.E1 ! GRT JAWS
POSSESS$ 0C]TA9 9SECTS1 US$ EXCLUSIVELY
= OP5+ ! COCOON- OR ! H>D TIP 6! B1K (
UNHAT*$ BIRDS1 US$ = BR1K+ ! EGG4 ,X HAS
BE5 ASS]T$1 T (! BE/ %ORT-B1K$ TUM#R-
PIGEONS A GRT] NUMB] P]I% 9 ! EGG ?AN >E
A# 6GET \ ( X2 S T FANCI]S ASSI/ 9 ! ACT
( HAT*+4 ,N[ IF NATURE _H 6MAKE ! B1K (A
FULL-GR[N PIGEON V %ORT =! BIRD'S [N
ADVANTAGE1 ! PROCESS ( MODIFIC,N WD 2 V
SL[1 & "! WD 2 SIMULTANE\SLY ! MO/
RIGOR\S SELEC;N ( ALL ! "Y BIRDS )9 !
EGG1 : _H ! MO/ P[];L & H>DE/ B1KS1 =
ALL ) W1K B1KS WD 9EVITABLY P]I%2 OR1 M
DELICATE & M EASILY BROK5 %ELLS MI<T 2
SELECT$1 ! ?ICK;S (! %ELL 2+ "KN 6V>Y L
E O!R /RUCTURE4
  ,X MAY 2 WELL "H 6REM>K T ) ALL 2+S "!
M/ 2 M* =TUIT\S DE/RUC;N1 : C H LL OR NO
9FLU;E ON ! C\RSE ( NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,=
9/.E A VA/ NUMB] ( E7S OR SE$S >E ANNU,Y
DEV\R$1 & ^! CD 2 MODIFI$ "? NATURAL
SELEC;N ONLY IF !Y V>I$ 9 "S MANN] :
PROTECT$ !M F _! 5EMIES4 ,YET _M ( ^!
E7S OR SE$S WD P]H1 IF N DE/ROY$1 H
YIELD$ 9DIVIDUALS BETT] ADAPT$ 6_!
3DI;NS ( LIFE ?AN ANY ( ^! : HAPP5$
6SURVIVE4 ,S AG A VA/ NUMB] ( MATURE
ANIMALS & PLANTS1 :E!R OR N !Y 2 ! BE/
ADAPT$ 6_! 3DI;NS1 M/ 2 ANNU,Y DE/ROY$
0A3ID5TAL CAUSES1 : WD N 2 9 ! L1/
DEGREE MITIGAT$ 0C]TA9 *ANGES ( /RUCTURE
OR 3/ITU;N : WD 9 O!R WAYS 2 B5EFICIAL
6! SPECIES4 ,B LET ! DE/RUC;N (! ADULTS
2 "E S H1VY1 IF ! NUMB] : C EXI/ 9 ANY
4TRICT 2 N :OLLY KEPT D[N 0S* CAUSES1-
OR AG LET ! DE/RUC;N ( E7S OR SE$S 2 S
GRT T ONLY A HUNDR$? OR A ?\S&? "P >E
DEVELOP$1- YET ( ^? : D SURVIVE1 ! BE/
ADAPT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 SUPPOS+ T "! IS ANY
V>IABIL;Y 9 FAV\RA# DIREC;N1 W T5D
6PROPAGATE _! K9D 9 L>G] NUMB]S ?AN !
LESS WELL ADAPT$4 ,IF ! NUMB]S 2 :OLLY
KEPT D[N 0! CAUSES J 9DICAT$1 Z W (T5 H
BE5 ! CASE1 NATURAL SELEC;N W 2 P[].S 9
C]TA9 B5EFICIAL DIREC;NS2 B ? IS NO
VALID OBJEC;N 6XS E6ICI5CY AT O!R "TS &
9 O!R WAYS2 = WE >E F> F HAV+ ANY R1SON
6SUPPOSE T _M SPECIES "E "UGO MODIFIC,N
& IMPROVE;T AT ! SAME "T 9 ! SAME >EA4
  ,SEXUAL ,SELEC;N
  ,9ASM* Z PECULI>ITIES (T5 APPE> "U
DOME/IC,N 9 "O SEX & 2COME H]$IT>ILY
ATTA*$ 6T SEX1 S NO D\BT X W 2 "U
NATURE4 ,?US X IS R5D]$ POSSI# =! TWO
SEXES 6BE MODIFI$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N 9
REL,N 6DI6]5T HABITS ( LIFE1 Z IS "S"TS
! CASE2 OR = "O SEX 6BE MODIFI$ 9 REL,N
6! O!R SEX1 Z -MONLY O3URS4 ,? L1DS ME
6SAY A FEW ^WS ON :AT ,I H CALL$ ,SEXUAL
,SELEC;N4 ,? =M ( SELEC;N DEP5DS1 N ON A
/RU7LE = EXI/;E 9 REL,N 6O!R ORGANIC 2+S
OR 6EXT]NAL 3DI;NS1 B ON A /RU7LE 2T !
9DIVIDUALS ( "O SEX1 G5],Y ! MALES1 =!
POSSES.N (! O!R SEX4 ,! RESULT IS N D1?
6! UNSU3ESS;L -PETITOR1 B FEW OR NO
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8PHYSIOLOGICAL DIVI.N ( LAB\R02 H;E WE
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/RUCTURE4
  ,ON ! ,9T]CROSS+ ( ,9DIVIDUALS
  ,I M/ "H 9TRODUCE A %ORT DIGRES.N4 ,9
! CASE ( ANIMALS & PLANTS ) SEP>AT$
SEXES1 X IS ( C\RSE OBVI\S T TWO
9DIVIDUALS M/ ALW 7)! EXCEP;N (! CURI\S
& N WELL-"U/OOD CASES ( P>!NOG5ESIS7
UNITE = EA* BIR?2 B 9 ! CASE (
H]MAPHRODITES ? IS F> F OBVI\S4 ,N"E!.S
"! IS R1SON 62LIEVE T ) ALL
H]MAPHRODITES TWO 9DIVIDUALS1 EI O3A.N,Y
OR HABITU,Y1 3CUR =! REPRODUC;N ( _!
K9D4 ,? VIEW 0 L;G AGO D\BT;LLY SU7E/$
0,SPR5GEL1 ,KNI<T & ,KOLREUT]4 ,WE %
PRES5TLY SEE XS IMPORT.E2 B ,I M/ "H
TR1T ! SUBJECT ) EXTREME BREV;Y1 ?\< ,I
H ! MAT]IALS PREP>$ = AN AMPLE 4CUS.N4
,ALL V]TEBRATE ANIMALS1 ALL 9SECTS1 & "S
O!R L>GE GR\PS ( ANIMALS1 PAIR = EA*
BIR?4 ,MOD]N RESE>* HAS M* DIM9I%$ !
NUMB] ( SUPPOS$ H]MAPHRODITES1 &( R1L
H]MAPHRODITES A L>GE NUMB] PAIR2 T IS1
TWO 9DIVIDUALS REGUL>LY UNITE =
REPRODUC;N1 : IS ALL T 3C]NS U4 ,B / "!
>E _M H]MAPHRODITE ANIMALS : C]TA9LY D N
HABITU,Y PAIR1 &A VA/ MAJOR;Y ( PLANTS
>E H]MAPHRODITES4 ,:AT R1SON1 X MAY 2
ASK$1 IS "! = SUPPOS+ 9 ^! CASES T TWO
9DIVIDUALS "E 3CUR 9 REPRODUC;N8 ,Z X IS
IMPOSSI# "H 65T] ON DETAILS1 ,I M/ TRU/
6"S G5]AL 3SID],NS AL"O4
  ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 ,I H COLLECT$ S L>GE A
BODY ( FACTS1 & MADE S _M EXP]I;TS1 %[+1
9 A3ORD.E )! ALM UNIV]SAL 2LIEF (
BRE$]S1 T ) ANIMALS & PLANTS A CROSS 2T
DI6]5T V>IETIES1 OR 2T 9DIVIDUALS (!
SAME V>IETY B ( ANO!R /RA91 GIVES VIG\R
& F]TIL;Y 6! (FSPR+2 & ON ! O!R H&1 T
CLOSE 9T]BRE$+ DIM9I%ES VIG\R & F]TIL;Y2
T ^! FACTS AL"O 9CL9E ME 62LIEVE T X IS
A G5]AL LAW ( NATURE T NO ORGANIC 2+
F]TILISES XF =A P]PETU;Y ( G5],NS2 B T A
CROSS ) ANO!R 9DIVIDUAL IS O3A.N,Y- P]H
AT L;G 9T]VALS ( "T- 9DISP5SA#4
  ,ON ! 2LIEF T ? IS A LAW ( NATURE1 WE
C1 ,I ?9K1 "U/& S"EAL L>GE CLASSES (
FACTS1 S* Z ! FOLL[+1 : ON ANY O!R VIEW
>E 9EXPLICA#4 ,E HYBRIDIZ] "KS H[
UNFAV\RA# EXPOSURE 6WET IS 6! F]TILIS,N
(A FL[]1 YET :AT A MULTITUDE ( FL[]S H
_! AN!RS & /IGMAS FULLY EXPOS$ 6! W1!R6
,IF AN O3A.NAL CROSS 2 9DISP5SA#1
NOT)/&+ T ! PLANT'S [N AN!RS & PI/IL /&
S NE> EA* O!R Z ALM 69SURE SELF-
F]TILIS,N1 ! FULLE/ FREEDOM =! 5TR.E (
POLL5 F ANO!R 9DIVIDUAL W EXPLA9 ! ABV
/ATE ( EXPOSURE (! ORGANS4 ,_M FL[]S1 ON
! O!R H&1 H _! ORGANS ( FRUCTIFIC,N
CLOSELY 5CLOS$1 Z 9 ! GRT PAPILIONACE\S
OR PEA-FAMILY2 B ^! ALM 9V>IABLY PRES5T
B1UTI;L & CURI\S ADAPT,NS 9 REL,N 6!
VISITS ( 9SECTS4 ,S NEC >E ! VISITS (
BEES 6_M PAPILIONACE\S FL[]S1 T _!
F]TIL;Y IS GRTLY DIM9I%$ IF ^! VISITS 2
PREV5T$4 ,N[1 X IS SC>CELY POSSI# =
9SECTS 6FLY F FL[] & FL[]1 & N 6C>RY
POLL5 F "O 6! O!R1 6! GRT GD (! PLANT4
,9SECTS ACT L A CAMEL-HAIR P5CIL1 & X IS
SU6ICI5T 65SURE F]TILIS,N1 J 6T\* )!
SAME BRU% ! AN!RS ( "O FL[] & !N ! /IGMA
( ANO!R2 B X M/ N 2 SUPPOS$ T BEES WD
?US PRODUCE A MULTITUDE ( HYBRIDS 2T
4T9CT SPECIES2 = IF A PLANT'S [N POLL5 &
T F ANO!R SPECIES >E PLAC$ ON ! SAME
/IGMA1 ! =M] IS S PREPOT5T T X 9V>IABLY
& -PLETELY DE/ROYS1 Z HAS BE5 %[N
0,G>TN]1 ! 9FLU;E (! =EIGN POLL54
  ,:5 ! /AM5S (A FL[] SU45LY SPR+ T[>DS
! PI/IL1 OR SL[LY MOVE "O AF ! O!R T[>DS
X1 ! 3TRIV.E SEEMS ADAPT$ SOLELY 65SURE
SELF-F]TILIS,N2 & NO D\BT X IS USE;L = ?
5D3 B ! AG5CY ( 9SECTS IS (T5 REQUIR$
6CAUSE ! /AM5S 6SPR+ =W>D1 Z ,KOLREUT]
HAS %[N 6BE ! CASE )! B>B]RY2 & 9 ? V
G5US1 : SEEMS 6H A SPECIAL 3TRIV.E =
SELF-F]TILIS,N1 X IS WELL "KN T1 IF
CLOSELY ALLI$ =MS OR V>IETIES >E PLANT$
NE> EA* O!R1 X IS H>DLY POSSI# 6RAISE
PURE SE$L+S1 S L>GELY D !Y NATUR,Y
CROSS4 ,9 NUM]\S O!R CASES1 F> F SELF-
F]TILIS,N 2+ FAV\R$1 "! >E SPECIAL
3TRIV.ES : E6ECTU,Y PREV5T ! /IGMA RCVG
POLL5 F XS [N FL[]1 Z ,I CD %[ F ! "WS (
,SPR5GEL & O!RS1 Z WELL Z F MY [N
OBS]V,NS3 = 9/.E1 9 ,LOBELIA FULG5S1 "!
IS A RE,Y B1UTI;L & ELABORATE 3TRIV.E 0:
ALL ! 9F9ITELY NUM]\S POLL5-GRANULES >E
SWEPT \ (! 3JO9$ AN!RS ( EA* FL[]1 2F !
/IGMA ( T 9DIVIDUAL FL[] IS R1DY 6RCV
!M2 & Z ? FL[] IS N"E VISIT$1 AT L1/ 9
MY G>D51 09SECTS1 X N"E SETS A SE$1 ?\<
0PLAC+ POLL5 F "O FL[] ON ! /IGMA (
ANO!R1 ,I RAISE PL5TY ( SE$L+S4 ,ANO!R
SPECIES ( ,LOBELIA : IS VISIT$ 0BEES1
SE$S FREELY 9 MY G>D54 ,9 V _M O!R
CASES1 ?\< "! IS NO SPECIAL ME*ANICAL
3TRIV.E 6PREV5T ! /IGMA RCVG POLL5 F !
SAME FL[]1 YET1 Z ,SPR5GEL1 & M REC5TLY
,HILDEBR&1 & O!RS1 H %[N1 & Z ,I C
3FIRM1 EI ! AN!RS BUR/ 2F ! /IGMA IS
R1DY = F]TILIS,N1 OR ! /IGMA IS R1DY 2F
! POLL5 ( T FL[] IS R1DY1 S T ^! S-"ND
DI*OGAM\S PLANTS H 9 FACT SEP>AT$ SEXES1
& M/ HABITU,Y 2 CROSS$4 ,S X IS )!
RECIPROC,Y DIMORPHIC & TRIMORPHIC PLANTS
PREVI\SLY ALLUD$ TO4 ,H[ /RANGE >E ^!
FACTS6 ,H[ /RANGE T ! POLL5 & /IGMATIC
SURFACE (! SAME FL[]1 ?\< PLAC$ S CLOSE
TGR1 Z IF =! V PURPOSE ( SELF-F]TILIS,N1
%D 2 9 S _M CASES MUTU,Y USE.S 6EA* O!R6
,H[ SIMPLY >E ^! FACTS EXPLA9$ ON ! VIEW
( AN O3A.NAL CROSS )A 4T9CT 9DIVIDUAL 2+
ADVANTAGE\S OR 9DISP5SA#6
  ,IF S"EAL V>IETIES (! CA2AGE1 RADI%1
ONION1 &( "S O!R PLANTS1 2 ALL[$ 6SE$
NE> EA* O!R1 A L>GE MAJOR;Y (! SE$L+S
?US RAIS$ TURN \1 Z ,I H F.D1 M;GRELS3 =
9/.E1 ,I RAIS$ #BCC SE$L+ CA2AGES F "S
PLANTS ( DI6]5T V>IETIES GR[+ NE> EA*
O!R1 &( ^! ONLY #GH 7 TRUE 6_! K9D1 & "S
EV5 ( ^! 7 N P]FECTLY TRUE4 ,YET ! PI/IL
( EA* CA2AGE-FL[] IS SURR.D$ N ONLY 0XS
[N SIX /AM5S B 0^? (! _M O!R FL[]S ON !
SAME PLANT2 &! POLL5 ( EA* FL[] R1DILY
GETS ON XS [N /IGMA )\T 9SECT AG5CY2 =
,I H F.D T PLANTS C>E;LLY PROTECT$ F
9SECTS PRODUCE ! FULL NUMB] ( PODS4 ,H[1
!N1 -ES X T S* A VA/ NUMB] (! SE$L+S >E
M;GRELIZ$8 ,X M/ >ISE F ! POLL5 (A 4T9CT
V>IETY HAV+ A PREPOT5T E6ECT OV] !
FL[]'S [N POLL52 & T ? IS "P (! G5]AL
LAW ( GD 2+ DERIV$ F ! 9T]CROSS+ ( 4T9CT
9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES4 ,:5 4T9CT
SPECIES >E CROSS$ ! CASE IS REV]S$1 =A
PLANT'S [N POLL5 IS ALM ALW PREPOT5T OV]
=EIGN POLL52 B 6? SUBJECT WE % RETURN 9
A FUTURE *APT]4
  ,9 ! CASE (A L>GE TREE COV]$ ) 9NUM]A#
FL[]S1 X MAY 2 OBJECT$ T POLL5 CD SELDOM
2 C>RI$ F TREE 6TREE1 & AT MO/ ONLY F
FL[] 6FL[] ON ! SAME TREE2 & FL[]S ON !
SAME TREE C 2 3SID]$ Z 4T9CT 9DIVIDUALS
ONLY 9 A LIMIT$ S5SE4 ,I 2LIEVE ?
OBJEC;N 6BE VALID1 B T NATURE HAS L>GELY
PROVID$ AG/ X 0GIV+ 6TREES A /R;G T5D5CY
6BE> FL[]S ) SEP>AT$ SEXES4 ,:5 ! SEXES
>E SEP>AT$1 AL? ! MALE & FEMALE FL[]S
MAY 2 PRODUC$ ON ! SAME TREE1 POLL5 M/ 2
REGUL>LY C>RI$ F FL[] 6FL[]2 & ? W GIVE
A BETT] *.E ( POLL5 2+ O3A.N,Y C>RI$ F
TREE 6TREE4 ,T TREES 2L;G+ 6ALL ,ORD]S H
_! SEXES M (T5 SEP>AT$ ?AN O!R PLANTS1
,I F9D 6BE ! CASE 9 ? C.TRY2 & AT MY
REQUE/ ,DR4 ,HOOK] TABULAT$ ! TREES (
,NEW ,Z1L&1 & ,DR4 ,ASA ,GRAY ^? (!
,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 &! RESULT 0 Z ,I
ANTICIPAT$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,DR4 ,HOOK]
9=MS ME T ! RULE DOES N HOLD GD 9
,AU/RALIA B IF MO/ (! ,AU/RALIAN TREES
>E DI*OGAM\S1 ! SAME RESULT WD FOLL[ Z
IF !Y BORE FL[]S ) SEP>AT$ SEXES4 ,I H
MADE ^! FEW REM>KS ON TREES SIMPLY 6CALL
ATT5;N 6! SUBJECT4
  ,TURN+ =A BRIEF SPACE 6ANIMALS3 V>I\S
T]RE/RIAL SPECIES >E H]MAPHRODITES1 S* Z
! L&-MOLLUSCA & E>?-WORMS2 B ^! ALL
PAIR4 ,Z YET ,I H N F.D A S+LE T]RE/RIAL
ANIMAL : C F]TILISE XF4 ,? REM>KA# FACT1
: (F]S S /R;G A 3TRA/ ) T]RE/RIAL
PLANTS1 IS 9TELLIGI# ON ! VIEW ( AN
O3A.NAL CROSS 2+ 9DISP5SA#2 = [+ 6!
NATURE (! F]TILIS+ ELE;T "! >E NO M1NS1
ANALOG\S 6! AC;N ( 9SECTS &(! W9D )
PLANTS1 0: AN O3A.NAL CROSS CD 2 E6ECT$
) T]RE/RIAL ANIMALS )\T ! 3CURR;E ( TWO
9DIVIDUALS4 ,( AQUATIC ANIMALS1 "! >E _M
SELF-F]TILIZ+ H]MAPHRODITES2 B "H !
CURR5TS ( WAT] (F] AN OBVI\S M1NS = AN
O3A.NAL CROSS4 ,Z 9 ! CASE ( FL[]S1 ,I H
Z YET FAIL$1 AF 3SULT,N ) "O (! HI<E/
AU?ORITIES1 "NLY1 ,PROFESSOR ,HUXLEY1
64COV] A S+LE H]MAPHRODITE ANIMAL )!
ORGANS ( REPRODUC;N S P]FECTLY 5CLOS$ T
A3ESS F )\T1 &! O3A.NAL 9FLU;E (A 4T9CT
9DIVIDUAL1 C 2 %[N 6BE PHYSIC,Y
IMPOSSI#4 ,CIRRIP$ES L;G APPE>$ 6ME
6PRES5T1 "U ? PO9T ( VIEW1 A CASE ( GRT
DI6ICULTY2 B ,I H BE5 5A#D1 0A =TUNATE
*.E1 6PROVE T TWO 9DIVIDUALS1 ?\< BO? >E
SELF-F]TILIS+ H]MAPHRODITES1 D "S"TS
CROSS4
  ,X M/ H /RUCK MO/ NATURALI/S Z A
/RANGE ANOMALY T1 BO? ) ANIMALS &
PLANTS1 "S SPECIES (! SAME FAMILY & EV5
(! SAME G5US1 ?\< AGREE+ CLOSELY ) EA*
O!R 9 _! :OLE ORGANIS,N1 >E
H]MAPHRODITES1 & "S UNISEXUAL4 ,B IF1 9
FACT1 ALL H]MAPHRODITES D O3A.N,Y
9T]CROSS1 ! DI6];E 2T !M & UNISEXUAL
SPECIES IS1 Z F> Z FUNC;N IS 3C]N$1 V
SMALL4
  ,F ^! S"EAL 3SID],NS & F ! _M SPECIAL
FACTS : ,I H COLLECT$1 B : ,I AM UNA# "H
6GIVE1 X APPE>S T ) ANIMALS & PLANTS AN
O3A.NAL 9T]CROSS 2T 4T9CT 9DIVIDUALS IS
A V G5]AL1 IF N UNIV]SAL1 LAW ( NATURE4
  ,CIRCUM/.ES FAV\RA# =! PRODUC;N ( NEW
=MS "? ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N
  ,? IS AN EXTREMELY 9TRICATE SUBJECT4
,A GRT AM.T ( V>IABIL;Y1 "U : T]M
9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES >E ALW 9CLUD$1 W
EVID5TLY 2 FAV\RA#4 ,A L>GE NUMB] (
9DIVIDUALS1 0GIV+ A BETT] *.E )9 ANY
GIV5 P]IOD =! APPE>.E ( PR(ITA# V>I,NS1
W -P5SATE =A LESS] AM.T ( V>IABIL;Y 9
EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 & IS1 ,I 2LIEVE1 A HI<LY
IMPORTANT ELE;T ( SU3ESS4 ,?\< ,NATURE
GRANTS L;G P]IODS ( "T =! "W ( NATURAL
SELEC;N1 %E DOES N GRANT AN 9DEF9ITE
P]IOD2 = Z ALL ORGANIC 2+S >E /RIV+
6SEIZE ON EA* PLACE 9 ! ECONOMY (
NATURE1 IF ANY "O SPECIES DOES N 2COME
MODIFI$ & IMPROV$ 9 A CORRESPOND+ DEGREE
) XS -PETITORS1 X W 2 EXT]M9AT$4 ,UN.S
FAV\RA# V>I,NS 2 9H]IT$ 0"S AT L1/ (!
(FSPR+1 NO?+ C 2 E6ECT$ 0NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,! T5D5CY 6REV].N MAY (T5 *ECK
OR PREV5T ! "W2 B Z ? T5D5CY HAS N
PREV5T$ MAN F =M+ 0SELEC;N NUM]\S
DOME/IC RACES1 :Y %D X PREVAIL AG/
NATURAL SELEC;N8
  ,9 ! CASE ( ME?ODICAL SELEC;N1 A BRE$]
SELECTS = "S DEF9ITE OBJECT1 & IF !
9DIVIDUALS 2 ALL[$ FREELY 69T]CROSS1 8
"W W -PLETELY FAIL4 ,B :5 _M M51 )\T
9T5D+ 6ALT] ! BRE$1 H A NE>LY -MON /&>D
( P]FEC;N1 & ALL TRY 6PROCURE & BRE$ F !
BE/ ANIMALS1 IMPROVE;T SURELY B SL[LY
FOLL[S F ? UNCONSCI\S PROCESS ( SELEC;N1
NOT)/&+ T "! IS NO SEP>,N ( SELECT$
9DIVIDUALS4 ,?US X W 2 "U NATURE2 = )9 A
3F9$ >EA1 ) "S PLACE 9 ! NATURAL POL;Y N
P]FECTLY O3UPI$1 ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS V>Y+ 9
! "R DIREC;N1 ?\< 9 DI6]5T DEGREES1 W
T5D 6BE PRES]V$4 ,B IF ! >EA 2 L>GE1 XS
S"EAL 4TRICTS W ALM C]TA9LY PRES5T
DI6]5T 3DI;NS ( LIFE2 & !N1 IF ! SAME
SPECIES "UGOES MODIFIC,N 9 DI6]5T
4TRICTS1 ! NEWLY-=M$ V>IETIES W 9T]CROSS
ON ! 3F9ES ( EA*4 ,B WE % SEE 9 ! SIX?
*APT] T 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES1 9HABIT+
9T]M$IATE 4TRICTS1 W 9 ! L;G RUN G5],Y 2
SUPPLANT$ 0"O (! ADJO9+ V>IETIES4
,9T]CROSS+ W *IEFLY A6ECT ^? ANIMALS :
UNITE = EA* BIR? & W&] M*1 & : D N BRE$
AT A V QK RATE4 ,H;E ) ANIMALS ( ?
NATURE1 = 9/.E1 BIRDS1 V>IETIES W G5],Y
2 3F9$ 6SEP>AT$ C.TRIES2 & ? ,I F9D 6BE
! CASE4 ,) H]MAPHRODITE ORGANISMS :
CROSS ONLY O3A.N,Y1 & LIKEWISE ) ANIMALS
: UNITE = EA* BIR?1 B : W&] LL & C
9CR1SE AT A RAPID RATE1 A NEW & IMPROV$
V>IETY MI<T 2 QKLY =M$ ON ANY "O SPOT1 &
MI<T "! MA9TA9 XF 9 A BODY & AFWS SPR1D1
S T ! 9DIVIDUALS (! NEW V>IETY WD *IEFLY
CROSS TGR4 ,ON ? PR9CIPLE1 NURS]YM5 ALW
PREF] SAV+ SE$ F A L>GE BODY ( PLANTS1 Z
! *.E ( 9T]CROSS+ IS ?US LESS5$4
  ,EV5 ) ANIMALS : UNITE = EA* BIR?1 & :
D N PROPAGATE RAPIDLY1 WE M/ N ASSUME T
FREE 9T]CROSS+ WD ALW ELIM9ATE ! E6ECTS
( NATURAL SELEC;N2 = ,I C BR+ =W>D A
3SID]A# BODY ( FACTS %[+ T )9 ! SAME
>EA1 TWO V>IETIES (! SAME ANIMAL MAY L;G
REMA9 4T9CT1 F HAUNT+ DI6]5T /,NS1 F
BRE$+ AT SLI<TLY DI6]5T S1SONS1 OR F !
9DIVIDUALS ( EA* V>IETY PREF]R+ 6PAIR
TGR4
  ,9T]CROSS+ PLAYS A V IMPORTANT "P 9
NATURE 0KEEP+ ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
SPECIES1 OR (! SAME V>IETY1 TRUE & UNI=M
9 "*4 ,X W OBVI\SLY ?US ACT F> M
E6ICI5TLY ) ^? ANIMALS : UNITE = EA*
BIR?2 B1 Z ALR /AT$1 WE H R1SON 62LIEVE
T O3A.NAL 9T]CROSSES TAKE PLACE ) ALL
ANIMALS & PLANTS4 ,EV5 IF ^! TAKE PLACE
ONLY AT L;G 9T]VALS ( "T1 ! "Y ?US
PRODUC$ W GA9 S M* 9 VIG\R & F]TIL;Y OV]
! (FSPR+ F L;G-3T9U$ SELF-F]TILIS,N1 T
!Y W H A BETT] *.E ( SURVIV+ & PROPAGAT+
_! K9D2 & ?US 9 ! L;G RUN ! 9FLU;E (
CROSSES1 EV5 AT R>E 9T]VALS1 W 2 GRT4 ,)
RESPECT 6ORGANIC 2+S EXTREMELY L[ 9 !
SCALE1 : D N PROPAGATE SEXU,Y1 NOR
3JUGATE1 & : _C POSSIBLY 9T]CROSS1
UNI=M;Y ( "* C 2 RETA9$ 0!M "U ! SAME
3DI;NS ( LIFE1 ONLY "? ! PR9CIPLE (
9H]IT.E1 & "? NATURAL SELEC;N : W DE/ROY
ANY 9DIVIDUALS DE"P+ F ! PROP] TYPE4 ,IF
! 3DI;NS ( LIFE *ANGE &! =M "UGOES
MODIFIC,N1 UNI=M;Y ( "* C 2 GIV5 6!
MODIFI$ (FSPR+1 SOLELY 0NATURAL SELEC;N
PRES]V+ SIMIL> FAV\RA# V>I,NS4
  ,ISOL,N1 AL1 IS AN IMPORTANT ELE;T 9 !
MODIFIC,N ( SPECIES "? NATURAL SELEC;N4
,9 A 3F9$ OR ISOLAT$ >EA1 IF N V L>GE1 !
ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC 3DI;NS ( LIFE W G5],Y
2 ALM UNI=M2 S T NATURAL SELEC;N W T5D
6MODIFY ALL ! V>Y+ 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
SPECIES 9 ! SAME MANN]4 ,9T]CROSS+ )!
9HABITANTS (! SURR.D+ 4TRICTS W1 AL1 2
?US PREV5T$4 ,MORITZ ,WAGN] HAS LATELY
PUBLI%$ AN 9T]E/+ ESSAY ON ? SUBJECT1 &
HAS %[N T ! S]VICE R5D]$ 0ISOL,N 9
PREV5T+ CROSSES 2T NEWLY-=M$ V>IETIES IS
PROBABLY GRT] EV5 ?AN ,I SUPPOS$4 ,B F
R1SONS ALR ASSIGN$ ,I C 0NO M1NS AGREE )
? NATURALI/1 T MIGR,N & ISOL,N >E NEC
ELE;TS =! =M,N ( NEW SPECIES4 ,!
IMPORT.E ( ISOL,N IS LIKEWISE GRT 9
PREV5T+1 AF ANY PHYSICAL *ANGE 9 !
3DI;NS1 S* Z ( CLIMATE1 ELEV,N (! L&1
&C41 ! IMMIGR,N ( BETT] ADAPT$
ORGANISMS2 & ?US NEW PLACES 9 ! NATURAL
ECONOMY (! 4TRICT W 2 LEFT OP5 6BE FILL$
UP 0! MODIFIC,N (! OLD 9HABITANTS4
,LA/LY1 ISOL,N W GIVE "T =A NEW V>IETY
6BE IMPROV$ AT A SL[ RATE2 & ? MAY "S"TS
2 ( M* IMPORT.E4 ,IF1 H["E1 AN ISOLAT$
>EA 2 V SMALL1 EI F 2+ SURR.D$ 0B>RI]S1
OR F HAV+ V PECULI> PHYSICAL 3DI;NS1 !
TOTAL NUMB] (! 9HABITANTS W 2 SMALL2 & ?
W RET>D ! PRODUC;N ( NEW SPECIES "?
NATURAL SELEC;N1 0DECR1S+ ! *.ES (
FAV\RA# V>I,NS >IS+4
  ,! M]E LAPSE ( "T 0XF DOES NO?+1 EI =
OR AG/ NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,I /ATE ? 2C X
HAS BE5 ]RONE\SLY ASS]T$ T ! ELE;T ( "T
HAS BE5 ASSUM$ 0ME 6PLAY AN ALL-
IMPORTANT "P 9 MODIFY+ SPECIES1 Z IF ALL
! =MS ( LIFE 7 NECESS>ILY "UGO+ *ANGE "?
"S 9NATE LAW4 ,LAPSE ( "T IS ONLY S F>
IMPORTANT1 & XS IMPORT.E 9 ? RESPECT IS
GRT1 T X GIVES A BETT] *.E ( B5EFICIAL
V>I,NS >IS+ &( _! 2+ SELECT$1 A3UMULAT$1
& FIX$4 ,X LIKEWISE T5DS 69CR1SE !
DIRECT AC;N (! PHYSICAL 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 9
REL,N 6! 3/ITU;N ( EA* ORGANISM4
  ,IF WE TURN 6NATURE 6TE/ ! TRU? ( ^!
REM>KS1 & LOOK AT ANY SMALL ISOLAT$ >EA1
S* Z AN OC1NIC ISL&1 AL? ! NUMB] (
SPECIES 9HABIT+ X IS SMALL1 Z WE % SEE 9
\R *APT] ON ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,4TRIBU;N2 YET
( ^! SPECIES A V L>GE PROPOR;N >E
5DEMIC1- T IS1 H BE5 PRODUC$ "! & NO":
ELSE 9 ! _W4 ,H;E AN OC1NIC ISL& AT F/
SI<T SEEMS 6H BE5 HI<LY FAV\RA# =!
PRODUC;N ( NEW SPECIES4 ,B WE MAY ?US
DCV \RVS1 = 6ASC]TA9 :E!R SMALL ISOLAT$
>EA1 OR A L>GE OP5 >EA L A 3T95T HAS BE5
MO/ FAV\RA# =! PRODUC;N ( NEW ORGANIC
=MS1 WE "\ 6MAKE ! -P>ISON )9 EQUAL "TS2
& ? WE >E 9CAPA# ( DO+4
  ,AL? ISOL,N IS ( GRT IMPORT.E 9 !
PRODUC;N ( NEW SPECIES1 ON ! :OLE ,I AM
9CL9$ 62LIEVE T L>GE;S ( >EA IS / M
IMPORTANT1 ESPECI,Y =! PRODUC;N (
SPECIES : % PROVE CAPA# ( 5DUR+ =A L;G
P]IOD1 &( SPR1D+ WIDELY4 ,"?\T A GRT &
OP5 >EA1 N ONLY W "! 2 A BETT] *.E (
FAV\RA# V>I,NS1 >IS+ F ! L>GE NUMB] (
9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES "! SUPPORT$1
B ! 3DI;NS ( LIFE >E M* M -PLEX F ! L>GE
NUMB] ( ALR EXI/+ SPECIES2 & IF "S ( ^!
_M SPECIES 2COME MODIFI$ & IMPROV$1 O!RS
W H 6BE IMPROV$ 9 A CORRESPOND+ DEGREE1
OR !Y W 2 EXT]M9AT$4 ,EA* NEW =M1 AL1 Z
SOON Z X HAS BE5 M* IMPROV$1 W 2 A#
6SPR1D OV] ! OP5 & 3T9U\S >EA1 & W ?US
-E 96-PETI;N ) _M O!R =MS4 ,MOREOV]1 GRT
>1S1 ?\< N[ 3T9U\S1 W (T51 [+ 6=M]
OSCILL,NS ( LEVEL1 H EXI/$ 9 A BROK5
3DI;N2 S T ! GD E6ECTS ( ISOL,N W G5],Y1
6A C]TA9 EXT5T1 H 3CURR$4 ,F9,Y1 ,I
3CLUDE T1 AL? SMALL ISOLAT$ >1S H BE5 9
"S RESPECTS HI<LY FAV\RA# =! PRODUC;N (
NEW SPECIES1 YET T ! C\RSE ( MODIFIC,N W
G5],Y H BE5 M RAPID ON L>GE >1S2 & :AT
IS M IMPORTANT1 T ! NEW =MS PRODUC$ ON
L>GE >1S1 : ALR H BE5 VICTORI\S OV] _M
-PETITORS1 W 2 ^? T W SPR1D MO/ WIDELY1
& W GIVE RISE 6! GRTE/ NUMB] ( NEW
V>IETIES & SPECIES4 ,!Y W ?US PLAY A M
IMPORTANT "P 9 ! *ANG+ HI/ORY (! ORGANIC
_W4
  ,9 A3ORD.E ) ? VIEW1 WE C1 P]H1 "U/&
"S FACTS : W 2 AG ALLUD$ 6IN \R *APT] ON
,GEOGRAPHICAL ,4TRIBU;N2 = 9/.E1 ! FACT
(! PRODUC;NS (! SMALL] 3T95T ( ,AU/RALIA
N[ YIELD+ 2F ^? (! L>G] ,EUROPAEO-
,ASIATIC >EA4 ,?US1 AL1 X IS T 3T95TAL
PRODUC;NS H "EY": 2COME S L>GELY
NATURALIS$ ON ISL&S4 ,ON A SMALL ISL&1 !
RACE = LIFE W H BE5 LESS SEV]E1 & "! W H
BE5 LESS MODIFIC,N & LESS EXT]M9,N4
,H;E1 WE C "U/& H[ X IS T ! FLORA (
,MADEIRA1 AC 6,OSWALD ,HE]1 RESEM#S 6A
C]TA9 EXT5T ! EXT9CT T]TI>Y FLORA (
,EUROPE4 ,ALL FRE%-WAT] BAS9S1 TAK5 TGR1
MAKE A SMALL >EA -P>$ ) T (! SEA OR (!
L&4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 ! -PETI;N 2T FRE%-WAT]
PRODUC;NS W H BE5 LESS SEV]E ?AN ELSE":2
NEW =MS W H BE5 !N M SL[LY PRODUC$1 &
OLD =MS M SL[LY EXT]M9AT$4 ,& X IS 9
FRE%-WAT] BAS9S T WE F9D SEV5 G5]A (
,GANOID FI%ES1 REMNANTS (A ONCE
PREPOND]ANT ORD]3 & 9 FRE% WAT] WE F9D
"S (! MO/ ANOMAL\S =MS N[ "KN 9 ! _W Z !
,ORNI?ORHYN*US & ,LEPIDOSIR5 :1 L
FOSSILS1 3NECT 6A C]TA9 EXT5T ORD]S AT
PRES5T WIDELY S"U$ 9 ! NATURAL SCALE4
,^! ANOMAL\S =MS MAY 2 CALL$ LIV+
FOSSILS2 !Y H 5DUR$ 6! PRES5T "D1 F HAV+
9HABIT$ A 3F9$ >EA1 & F HAV+ BE5 EXPOS$
6LESS V>I$1 & "!=E LESS SEV]E1 -PETI;N4
  ,6SUM UP1 Z F> Z ! EXTREME 9TRICACY (!
SUBJECT P]MITS1 ! CIRCUM/.ES FAV\RA# &
UNFAV\RA# =! REDUC;N ( NEW SPECIES "?
NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,I 3CLUDE T = T]RE/RIAL
PRODUC;NS A L>GE 3T95TAL >EA1 : HAS
"UG"O _M OSCILL,NS ( LEVEL1 W H BE5 !
MO/ FAV\RA# =! PRODUC;N ( _M NEW =MS (
LIFE1 FITT$ 65DURE =A L;G "T & 6SPR1D
WIDELY4 ,:IL/ ! >EA EXI/$ Z A 3T95T1 !
9HABITANTS W H BE5 NUM]\S 9 9DIVIDUALS &
K9DS1 & W H BE5 SUBJECT$ 6SEV]E -PETI;N4
,:5 3V]T$ 0SUBSID;E 96L>GE SEP>ATE
ISL&S1 "! W / H EXI/$ _M 9DIVIDUALS (!
SAME SPECIES ON EA* ISL&3 9T]CROSS+ ON !
3F9ES (! RANGE ( EA* NEW SPECIES W H BE5
*ECK$3 AF PHYSICAL *ANGES ( ANY K9D1
IMMIGR,N W H BE5 PREV5T$1 S T NEW PLACES
9 ! POL;Y ( EA* ISL& W H _H 6BE FILL$ UP
0! MODIFIC,N (! OLD 9HABITANTS2 & "T W H
BE5 ALL[$ =! V>IETIES 9 EA* 62COME WELL
MODIFI$ & P]FECT$4 ,:51 0RENEW$ ELEV,N1
! ISL&S 7 RECONV]T$ 96A 3T95TAL >EA1 "!
W AG H BE5 V SEV]E -PETI;N3 ! MO/ FAV\R$
OR IMPROV$ V>IETIES W H BE5 5A#D 6SPR1D3
"! W H BE5 M* EXT9C;N (! LESS IMPROV$
=MS1 &! RELATIVE PROPOR;NAL NUMB]S (!
V>I\S 9HABITANTS (! REUNIT$ 3T95T W AG H
BE5 *ANG$2 & AG "! W H BE5 A FAIR FIELD
= NATURAL SELEC;N 6IMPROVE / FUR!R !
9HABITANTS1 & ?US 6PRODUCE NEW SPECIES4
  ,T NATURAL SELEC;N G5],Y ACTS )
EXTREME SL[;S ,I FULLY ADMIT4 ,X C ACT
ONLY :5 "! >E PLACES 9 ! NATURAL POL;Y (
A 4TRICT : C 2 BETT] O3UPI$ 0! MODIFIC,N
( "S ( XS EXI/+ 9HABITANTS4 ,! O3URR;E (
S* PLACES W (T5 DEP5D ON PHYSICAL
*ANGES1 : G5],Y TAKE PLACE V SL[LY1 & ON
! IMMIGR,N ( BETT] ADAPT$ =MS 2+
PREV5T$4 ,Z "S FEW (! OLD 9HABITANTS
2COME MODIFI$1 ! MUTUAL REL,NS ( O!RS W
(T5 2 4TURB$2 & ? W CR1TE NEW PLACES1
R1DY 6BE FILL$ UP 0BETT] ADAPT$ =MS1 B
ALL ? W TAKE PLACE V SL[LY4 ,AL? !
9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES DI6] 9 "S
SLI<T DEGREE F EA* O!R1 X WD (T5 2 L;G
2F DI6];ES (! "R NATURE 9 V>I\S "PS (!
ORGANIS,N MI<T O3UR4 ,! RESULT WD (T5 2
GRTLY RET>D$ 0FREE 9T]CROSS+4 ,_M W
EXCLAIM T ^! S"EAL CAUSES >E AMPLY
SU6ICI5T 6NEUTRALISE ! P[] ( NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,I D N 2LIEVE S4 ,B ,I D 2LIEVE
T NATURAL SELEC;N W G5],Y ACT V SL[LY1
ONLY AT L;G 9T]VALS ( "T1 & ONLY ON A
FEW (! 9HABITANTS (! SAME REGION4 ,I
FUR!R 2LIEVE T ^! SL[1 9T]MITT5T RESULTS
A3ORD WELL ) :AT GEOLOGY TELLS U (! RATE
& MANN] AT : ! 9HABITANTS (! _W H *ANG$4
  ,SL[ ?\< ! PROCESS ( SELEC;N MAY BE1
IF FEE# MAN C D M* 0>TIFICIAL SELEC;N1
,I C SEE NO LIMIT 6! AM.T ( *ANGE1 6!
B1UTY & -PLEX;Y (! COADAPT,NS 2T ALL
ORGANIC 2+S1 "O ) ANO!R &) _! PHYSICAL
3DI;NS ( LIFE1 : MAY H BE5 E6ECT$ 9 !
L;G C\RSE ( "T "? NATURE'S P[] (
SELEC;N1 T IS 0! SURVIVAL (! FITTE/4
  ,EXT9C;N CAUS$ 0,NATURAL ,SELEC;N
  ,? SUBJECT W HE M FULLY 4CUSS$ 9 \R
*APT] ON ,GEOLOGY2 B X M/ "H 2 ALLUD$ 6F
2+ 9TIMATELY 3NECT$ ) NATURAL SELEC;N4
,NATURAL SELEC;N ACTS SOLELY "? !
PRES]V,N ( V>I,NS 9 "S WAY ADVANTAGE\S1
: 3SEQU5TLY 5DURE4 ,[+ 6! HI<
GEOMETRICAL RATE ( 9CR1SE ( ALL ORGANIC
2+S1 EA* >EA IS ALR FULLY /OCK$ )
9HABITANTS2 & X FOLL[S F ?1 T Z ! FAV\R$
=MS 9CR1SE 9 NUMB]1 S1 G5],Y1 W ! LESS
FAV\R$ DECR1SE & 2COME R>E4 ,R>;Y1 Z
GEOLOGY TELLS U1 IS ! PRECURSOR
6EXT9C;N4 ,WE C SEE T ANY =M : IS
REPRES5T$ 0FEW 9DIVIDUALS W RUN A GD *.E
( UTT] EXT9C;N1 DUR+ GRT FLUCTU,NS 9 !
NATURE (! S1SONS1 OR F A TEMPOR>Y 9CR1SE
9 ! NUMB] ( XS 5EMIES4 ,B WE MAY G FUR!R
?AN ?2 =1 Z NEW =MS >E PRODUC$1 UN.S WE
ADMIT T SPECIFIC =MS C G ON 9DEF9ITELY
9CR1S+ 9 NUMB]1 _M OLD =MS M/ 2COME
EXT9CT4 ,T ! NUMB] ( SPECIFIC =MS HAS N
9DEF9ITELY 9CR1S$1 GEOLOGY PLA9LY TELLS
U2 & WE % PRES5TLY ATTEMPT 6%[ :Y X IS T
! NUMB] ( SPECIES "?\T ! _W HAS N 2COME
IMM1SURABLY GRT4
  ,WE H SE5 T ! SPECIES : >E MO/ NUM]\S
9 9DIVIDUALS H ! BE/ *.E ( PRODUC+
FAV\RA# V>I,NS )9 ANY GIV5 P]IOD4 ,WE H
EVID;E ( ?1 9 ! FACTS /AT$ 9 ! SECOND
*APT] %[+ T X IS ! -MON & DI6US$ OR
DOM9ANT SPECIES : (F] ! GRTE/ NUMB] (
RECORD$ V>IETIES4 ,H;E1 R>E SPECIES W 2
LESS QKLY MODIFI$ OR IMPROV$ )9 ANY GIV5
P]IOD2 !Y W 3SEQU5TLY 2 B1T5 9 ! RACE =
LIFE 0! MODIFI$ & IMPROV$ DESC5DANTS (!
-MON] SPECIES4
  ,F ^! S"EAL 3SID],NS ,I ?9K X
9EVITABLY FOLL[S1 T Z NEW SPECIES 9 !
C\RSE ( "T >E =M$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N1
O!RS W 2COME R>] & R>]1 & F9,Y EXT9CT4
,! =MS : /& 9 CLOSE/ -PETI;N ) ^? "UGO+
MODIFIC,N & IMPROVE;T W NATUR,Y SU6]
MO/4 ,& WE H SE5 9 ! *APT] ON ! ,/RU7LE
= ,EXI/;E T X IS ! MO/ CLOSELY-ALLI$
=MS1- V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES1 &
SPECIES (! SAME G5US OR ( RELAT$ G5]A1-
:1 F HAV+ NE>LY ! SAME /RUCTURE1
3/ITU;N1 & HABITS1 G5],Y -E 96! SEV]E/
-PETI;N ) EA* O!R2 3SEQU5TLY1 EA* NEW
V>IETY OR SPECIES1 DUR+ ! PROGRESS ( XS
=M,N1 W G5],Y PRESS H>DE/ ON XS NE>E/
K9DR$1 & T5D 6EXT]M9ATE !M4 ,WE SEE !
SAME PROCESS ( EXT]M9,N AM;G/ \R
DOME/ICAT$ PRODUC;NS1 "? ! SELEC;N (
IMPROV$ =MS 0MAN4 ,_M CURI\S 9/.ES CD 2
GIV5 %[+ H[ QKLY NEW BRE$S ( CATTLE1
%EEP1 & O!R ANIMALS1 & V>IETIES ( FL[]S1
TAKE ! PLACE ( OLD] & 9F]IOR K9DS4 ,9
,YORK%IRE1 X IS HI/ORIC,Y "KN T ! ANCI5T
BLACK CATTLE 7 4PLAC$ 0! L;G-HORNS1 & T
^! 8W]E SWEPT AWAY 0! %ORTHORNS0 7,I
QUOTE ! ^WS ( AN AGRICULTURAL WRIT]7 8Z
IF 0"S MURD]\S PE/IL;E40
  ,DIV]G;E ( ,"*
  ,! PR9CIPLE1 : ,I H DESIGNAT$ 0? T]M1
IS ( HI< IMPORT.E1 & EXPLA9S1 Z ,I
2LIEVE1 S"EAL IMPORTANT FACTS4 ,9 ! F/
PLACE1 V>IETIES1 EV5 /R;GLY-M>K$ "OS1
?\< HAV+ "S:AT (! "* ( SPECIES- Z IS %[N
0! HOPE.S D\BTS 9 _M CASES H[ 6RANK !M-
YET C]TA9LY DI6] F> LESS F EA* O!R ?AN D
GD & 4T9CT SPECIES4 ,N"E!.S1 AC 6MY
VIEW1 V>IETIES >E SPECIES 9 ! PROCESS (
=M,N1 OR >E1 Z ,I H CALL$ !M1 9CIPI5T
SPECIES4 ,H[1 !N1 DOES ! LESS] DI6];E 2T
V>IETIES 2COME AUG;T$ 96! GRT] DI6];E 2T
SPECIES8 ,T ? DOES HABITU,Y HAPP51 WE M/
9F] F MO/ (! 9NUM]A# SPECIES "?\T NATURE
PRES5T+ WELL-M>K$ DI6];ES2 ":AS
V>IETIES1 ! SUPPOS$ PROTOTYPES & P>5TS (
FUTURE WELL-M>K$ SPECIES1 PRES5T SLI<T &
ILL-DEF9$ DI6];ES4 ,M]E *.E1 Z WE MAY
CALL X1 MI<T CAUSE "O V>IETY 6DI6] 9 "S
"* F XS P>5TS1 &! (FSPR+ ( ? V>IETY AG
6DI6] F XS P>5T 9 ! V SAME "* & 9 A GRT]
DEGREE2 B ? AL"O WD N"E A3.T = S
HABITUAL & L>GE A DEGREE ( DI6];E Z T 2T
! SPECIES (! SAME G5US4
  ,Z HAS ALW BE5 MY PRACTICE1 ,I H S"\
LI<T ON ? H1D F \R DOME/IC PRODUC;NS4
,WE % "H F9D "S?+ ANALOG\S4 ,X W 2
ADMITT$ T ! PRODUC;N ( RACES S DI6]5T Z
%ORT-HORN & ,H]E=D CATTLE1 RACE & C>T
HORSES1 ! S"EAL BRE$S ( PIGEONS1 &C41 CD
N"E H BE5 E6ECT$ 0! M]E *.E A3UMUL,N (
SIMIL> V>I,NS DUR+ _M SU3ESSIVE G5],NS4
,9 PRACTICE1 A FANCI] IS1 = 9/.E1 /RUCK
0A PIGEON HAV+ A SLI<TLY %ORT] B1K2
ANO!R FANCI] IS /RUCK 0A PIGEON HAV+ A R
L;G] B1K2 & ON ! AC"KL$G$ PR9CIPLE T
8FANCI]S D N & W N ADMIRE A M$IUM /&>D1
B L EXTREMES10 !Y BO? G ON 7Z HAS ACTU,Y
O3URR$ )! SUB-BRE$S (! TUM#R-PIGEON7
*OOS+ & BRE$+ F BIRDS ) L;G] & L;G]
B1KS1 OR ) %ORT] & %ORT] B1KS4 ,AG1 WE
MAY SUPPOSE T AT AN E>LY P]IOD ( HI/ORY1
! M5 ( "O N,N OR 4TRICT REQUIR$ SWIFT]
HORSES1 :IL/ ^? ( ANO!R REQUIR$ /R;G] &
BULKI] HORSES4 ,! E>LY DI6];ES WD 2 V
SLI<T2 B1 9 ! C\RSE ( "T F ! 3T9U$
SELEC;N ( SWIFT] HORSES 9 ! "O CASE1 &(
/R;G] "OS 9 ! O!R1 ! DI6];ES WD 2COME
GRT]1 & WD 2 NOT$ Z =M+ TWO SUB-BRE$S4
,ULTIMATELY1 AF ! LAPSE ( C5TURIES1 ^!
SUB-BRE$S WD 2COME 3V]T$ 96TWO WELL-
E/ABLI%$ & 4T9CT BRE$S4 ,Z ! DI6];ES
2CAME GRT]1 ! 9F]IOR ANIMALS ) 9T]M$IATE
"*S1 2+ NEI SWIFT NOR V /R;G1 WD N H BE5
US$ =1 BRE$+1 & W ?US H T5D$ 64APPE>4
,"H1 !N1 WE SEE 9 MAN'S PRODUC;NS ! AC;N
( :AT MAY 2 CALL$ ! PR9CIPLE ( DIV]G;E1
CAUS+ DI6];ES1 AT F/ B>ELY APPRECIA#1
/1DILY 69CR1SE1 &! BRE$S 6DIV]GE 9 "*1
BO? F EA* O!R & F _! -MON P>5T4
  ,B H[1 X MAY 2 ASK$1 C ANY ANALOG\S
PR9CIPLE APPLY 9 NATURE8 ,I 2LIEVE X C &
DOES APPLY MO/ E6ICI5TLY 7?\< X 0 A L;G
"T 2F ,I SAW H[71 F ! SIMPLE CIRCUM/.E T
! M DIV]SIFI$ ! DESC5DANTS F ANY "O
SPECIES 2COME 9 /RUCTURE1 3/ITU;N1 &
HABITS1 0S M* W !Y 2 BETT] 5A#D 6SEIZE
ON _M & WIDELY DIV]SIFI$ PLACES 9 !
POL;Y ( NATURE1 & S 2 5A#D 69CR1SE 9
NUMB]S4
  ,WE C CLE>LY 4C]N ? 9 ! CASE ( ANIMALS
) SIMPLE HABITS4 ,TAKE ! CASE (A
C>NIVOR\S QUADRUP$1 ( : ! NUMB] T C 2
SUPPORT$ 9 ANY C.TRY HAS L;G AGO >RIV$
AT XS FULL AV]AGE4 ,IF XS NATURAL P[] (
9CR1SE 2 ALL[$ 6ACT1 X C SU3E$ 9 9CR1S+
7! C.TRY N "UGO+ ANY *ANGE 9 3DI;NS7
ONLY 0XS V>Y+ DESC5DANTS SEIZ+ ON PLACES
AT PRES5T O3UPI$ 0O!R ANIMALS3 "S ( !M1
= 9/.E1 2+ 5A#D 6FE$ ON NEW K9DS ( PREY1
EI D1D OR ALIVE2 "S 9HABIT+ NEW /,NS1
CLIMB+ TREES1 FREQU5T+ WAT]1 & "S P]H
2COM+ LESS C>NIVOR\S4 ,! M DIV]SIFI$ 9
HABITS & /RUCTURE ! DESC5DANTS ( \R
C>NIVOR\S ANIMALS 2COME1 ! M PLACES !Y W
2 5A#D 6O3UPY4 ,:AT APPLIES 6"O ANIMAL W
APPLY "?\T ALL "T 6ALL ANIMALS- T IS1 IF
!Y V>Y- = O!RWISE NATURAL SELEC;N C
E6ECT NO?+4 ,S X W 2 ) PLANTS4 ,X HAS
BE5 EXP]I;T,Y PROV$1 T IF A PLOT ( GR.D
2 S[N ) "O SPECIES ( GRASS1 &A SIMIL>
PLOT 2 S[N ) S"EAL 4T9CT G5]A ( GRASSES1
A GRT] NUMB] ( PLANTS &A GRT] WEI<T (
DRY H]BAGE C 2 RAIS$ 9 ! LATT] ?AN 9 !
=M] CASE4 ,! SAME HAS BE5 F.D 6HOLD GD
:5 "O V>IETY & S"EAL MIX$ V>IETIES ( :1T
H BE5 S[N ON EQUAL SPACES ( GR.D4 ,H;E1
IF ANY "O SPECIES ( GRASS 7 6G ON V>Y+1
&! V>IETIES 7 3T9U,Y SELECT$ : DI6]$ F
EA* O!R 9 ! SAME MANN]1 ?\< 9 A V SLI<T
DEGREE1 Z D ! 4T9CT SPECIES & G5]A (
GRASSES1 A GRT] NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUAL PLANTS
( ? SPECIES1 9CLUD+ XS MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS1 WD SU3E$ 9 LIV+ ON ! SAME
PIECE ( GR.D4 ,& WE "K T EA* SPECIES &
EA* V>IETY ( GRASS IS ANNU,Y S[+ ALM
C.T.S SE$S2 & IS ?US /RIV+1 Z X MAY 2
SD1 6! UTMO/ 69CR1SE 9 NUMB]4
,3SEQU5TLY1 9 ! C\RSE ( _M ?\S& G5],NS1
! MO/ 4T9CT V>IETIES ( ANY "O SPECIES (
GRASS WD H ! BE/ *.E ( SU3E$+ &( 9CR1S+
9 NUMB]S1 & ?US ( SUPPLANT+ ! LESS 4T9CT
V>IETIES2 & V>IETIES1 :5 R5D]$ V 4T9CT F
EA* O!R1 TAKE ! RANK ( SPECIES4
  ,! TRU? (! PR9CIPLE T ! GRTE/ AM.T (
LIFE C 2 SUPPORT$ 0GRT DIV]SIFIC,N (
/RUCTURE1 IS SE5 "U _M NATURAL
CIRCUM/.ES4 ,9 AN EXTREMELY SMALL >EA1
ESPECI,Y IF FREELY OP5 6IMMIGR,N1 & ": !
3TE/ 2T 9DIVIDUAL & 9DIVIDUAL M/ 2 V
SEV]E1 WE ALW F9D GRT DIV]S;Y 9 XS
9HABITANTS4 ,= 9/.E1 ,I F.D T A PIECE (
TURF1 ?REE FEET 0F\R 9 SIZE1 : _H BE5
EXPOS$ = _M YE>S 6EXACTLY ! SAME 3DI;NS1
SUPPORT$ TW5TY SPECIES ( PLANTS1 & ^!
2L;G$ 6EI<TE5 G5]A & 6EI<T ORD]S1 : %[S
H[ M* ^! PLANTS DI6]$ F EA* O!R4 ,S X IS
)! PLANTS & 9SECTS ON SMALL & UNI=M
ISLETS3 AL 9 SMALL PONDS ( FRE% WAT]4
,F>M]S F9D T !Y C RAISE MO/ FOOD 0A
ROT,N ( PLANTS 2L;G+ 6! MO/ DI6]5T
ORD]S3 NATURE FOLL[S :AT MAY 2 CALL$ A
SIMULTANE\S ROT,N4 ,MO/ (! ANIMALS &
PLANTS : LIVE CLOSE R.D ANY SMALL PIECE
( GR.D1 CD LIVE ON X 7SUPPOS+ XS NATURE
N 6BE 9 ANY WAY PECULI>71 & MAY 2 SD 6BE
/RIV+ 6! UTMO/ 6LIVE "!2 B1 X IS SE51 T
": !Y -E 96! CLOSE/ -PETI;N1 !
ADVANTAGES ( DIV]SIFIC,N ( /RUCTURE1 )!
A3OMPANY+ DI6];ES ( HABIT & 3/ITU;N1
DET]M9E T ! 9HABITANTS1 : ?US JO/LE EA*
O!R MO/ CLOSELY1 %1 Z A G5]AL RULE1 2L;G
6:AT WE CALL DI6]5T G5]A & ORD]S4
  ,! SAME PR9CIPLE IS SE5 9 !
NATURALIS,N ( PLANTS "? MAN'S AG5CY 9
=EIGN L&S4 ,X MI<T H BE5 EXPECT$ T !
PLANTS : WD SU3E$ 9 2COM+ NATURALIS$ 9
ANY L& WD G5],Y H BE5 CLOSELY ALLI$ 6!
9DIG5ES2 = ^! >E -MONLY LOOK$ AT Z
SPECI,Y CR1T$ & ADAPT$ = _! [N C.TRY4 ,X
MI<T AL1 P]H1 H BE5 EXPECT$ T NATURALIS$
PLANTS WD H 2L;G$ 6A FEW GR\PS M
ESPECI,Y ADAPT$ 6C]TA9 /,NS 9 _! NEW
HOMES4 ,B ! CASE IS V DI6]5T2 & ,ALPH4
DE ,C&OLLE HAS WELL REM>K$1 9 8 GRT &
ADMIRA# "W1 T FLORAS GA9 0NATURALIS,N1
PROPOR;N,Y )! NUMB] (! NATIVE G5]A &
SPECIES F> M 9 NEW G5]A ?AN 9 NEW
SPECIES4 ,6GIVE A S+LE 9/.E3 9 ! LA/
EDI;N ( ,DR4 ,ASA ,GRAY'S ,MANUAL (!
,FLORA (! ,NOR!RN ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 #BFJ
NATURALIZ$ PLANTS >E ENUM]AT$1 & ^! 2L;G
6#AFB G5]A4 ,WE ?US SEE T ^! NATURALIS$
PLANTS >E (A HI<LY DIV]SIFI$ NATURE4 ,!Y
DI6]1 MOREOV]1 6A L>GE EXT5T1 F !
9DIG5ES1 = \ (! #AFB NATURALIS$ G5]A1 NO
LESS ?AN #AJJ G5]A >E N "! 9DIG5\S1 &
?US A L>GE PROPOR;NAL A4I;N IS MADE 6!
G5]A N[ LIV+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4
  ,03SID]+ ! NATURE (! PLANTS OR ANIMALS
: H 9 ANY C.TRY /RU7L$ SU3ESS;LLY )!
9DIG5ES & H "! 2COME NATURALIS$1 WE MAY
GA9 "S CRUDE IDEA 9 :AT MANN] "S (!
NATIVES WD H 6BE MODIFI$1 9 ORD] 6GA9 AN
ADVANTAGE OV] _! -PATRIOTS2 & WE MAY AT
L1/ 9F] T DIV]SIFIC,N ( /RUCTURE1 AM.T+
6NEW G5]IC DI6];ES1 WD 2 PR(ITA# 6!M4
  ,! ADVANTAGE ( DIV]SIFIC,N ( /RUCTURE
9 ! 9HABITANTS (! SAME REGION IS1 9
FACT1 ! SAME Z T (! PHYSIOLOGICAL DIVI.N
( LAB\R 9 ! ORGANS (! SAME 9DIVIDUAL
BODY- A SUBJECT S WELL ELUCIDAT$ 0,MILNE
,$W>DS4 ,NO PHYSIOLOGI/ D\BTS T A /OMA*
ADAPT$ 6DIGE/ VEGETA# MATT] AL"O1 OR
FLE% AL"O1 DRAWS MO/ NUTRI;T F ^!
SUB/.ES4 ,S 9 ! G5]AL ECONOMY ( ANY L&1
! M WIDELY & P]FECTLY ! ANIMALS & PLANTS
>E DIV]SIFI$ = DI6]5T HABITS ( LIFE1 S W
A GRT] NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS 2 CAPA# ( "!
SUPPORT+ !MVS4 ,A SET ( ANIMALS1 ) _!
ORGANIS,N B LL DIV]SIFI$1 CD H>DLY -PETE
)A SET M P]FECTLY DIV]SIFI$ 9 /RUCTURE4
,X MAY 2 D\BT$1 = 9/.E1 :E!R !
,AU/RALIAN M>SUPIALS1 : >E DIVID$
96GR\PS DI6]+ B LL F EA* O!R1 & FEEBLY
REPRES5T+1 Z ,MR4 ,WAT]H\SE & O!RS H
REM>K$1 \R C>NIVOR\S1 RUM9ANT1 & ROD5T
MAMMALS1 CD SU3ESS;LLY -PETE ) ^! WELL-
DEVELOP$ ORD]S4 ,9 ! ,AU/RALIAN MAMMALS1
WE SEE ! PROCESS ( DIV]SIFIC,N 9 AN E>LY
& 9COMPLETE /AGE ( DEVELOP;T4
  ,! ,PROBA# ,E6ECTS (! ,AC;N ( ,NATURAL
,SELEC;N "? ,DIV]G;E ( ,"* & ,EXT9C;N1
ON ! ,DESC5DANTS (A ,-MON ,ANCE/OR
  ,AF ! =EGO+ 4CUS.N1 : HAS BE5 M*
-PRESS$1 WE MAY ASSUME T ! MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS ( ANY "O SPECIES W SU3E$ S M*
! BETT] Z !Y 2COME M DIV]SIFI$ 9
/RUCTURE1 & >E ?US 5A#D 65CROA* ON
PLACES O3UPI$ 0O!R 2+S4 ,N[ LET U SEE H[
? PR9CIPLE ( B5EFIT 2+ DERIV$ F DIV]G;E
( "*1 -B9$ )! PR9CIPLES ( NATURAL
SELEC;N &( EXT9C;N1 T5DS 6ACT4
  ,! A3OMPANY+ DIAGRAM 7,SEE DIAGRAM7 W
AID U 9 "U/&+ ? R P]PLEX+ SUBJECT4 ,LET
,A TO ;,L REPRES5T ! SPECIES (A G5US
L>GE 9 XS [N C.TRY2 ^! SPECIES >E
SUPPOS$ 6RESEM# EA* O!R 9 UNEQUAL
DEGREES1 Z IS S G5],Y ! CASE 9 NATURE1 &
Z IS REPRES5T$ 9 ! DIAGRAM 0! LRS /&+ AT
UNEQUAL 4T.ES4 ,I H SD A L>GE G5US1 2C Z
WE SAW 9 ! SECOND *APT]1 ON AN AV]AGE M
SPECIES V>Y 9 L>GE G5]A ?AN 9 SMALL
G5]A2 &! V>Y+ SPECIES (! L>GE G5]A
PRES5T A GRT] NUMB] ( V>IETIES4 ,WE H1
AL1 SE5 T ! SPECIES1 : >E ! -MONE/ &!
MO/ WIDELY DI6US$1 V>Y M ?AN D ! R>E &
RE/RICT$ SPECIES4 ,LET 7,A7 2 A -MON1
WIDELY-DI6US$1 & V>Y+ SPECIES1 2L;G+ 6A
G5US L>GE 9 XS [N C.TRY4 ,! BRAN*+ &
DIV]G+ L9ES ( UNEQUAL L5G?S PROCE$+ F
7,A71 MAY REPRES5T XS V>Y+ (FSPR+4 ,!
V>I,NS >E SUPPOS$ 6BE EXTREMELY SLI<T1 B
(! MO/ DIV]SIFI$ NATURE2 !Y >E N SUPPOS$
ALL 6APPE> SIMULTANE\SLY1 B (T5 AF L;G
9T]VALS ( "T1 NOR >E !Y AN SUPPOS$
65DURE = EQUAL P]IODS4 ,ONLY ^? V>I,NS :
>E 9 "S WAY PR(ITA# W 2 PRES]V$ OR
NATUR,Y SELECT$4 ,& "H ! IMPORT.E (!
PR9CIPLE ( B5EFIT DERIV$ F DIV]G;E ( "*
-ES IN2 = ? W G5],Y L1D 6! MO/ DI6]5T OR
DIV]G5T V>I,NS 7REPRES5T$ 0! \T] L9ES7
2+ PRES]V$ & A3UMULAT$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N4
,:5 A L9E R1*ES "O (! HORIZONTAL L9ES1 &
IS "! M>K$ 0A SMALL NUMB]$ LR1 A
SU6ICI5T AM.T ( V>I,N IS SUPPOS$ 6H BE5
A3UMULAT$ 6=M X 96A FAIRLY WELL-M>K$
V>IETY1 S* Z WD 2 ?"\ WOR?Y ( RECORD 9 A
SY/EMATIC "W4
  ,! 9T]VALS 2T ! HORIZONTAL L9ES 9 !
DIAGRAM1 MAY REPRES5T EA* A ?\S& OR M
G5],NS4 ,AF A ?\S& G5],NS1 SPECIES 7,A7
IS SUPPOS$ 6H PRODUC$ TWO FAIRLY WELL-
M>K$ V>IETIES1 "NLY A#A & M#A4 ,^! TWO
V>IETIES W G5],Y / 2 EXPOS$ 6! SAME
3DI;NS : MADE _! P>5TS V>IA#1 &! T5D5CY
6V>IABIL;Y IS 9 XF H]$IT>Y2 3SEQU5TLY !Y
W LIKEWISE T5D 6V>Y1 & -MONLY 9 NE>LY !
SAME MANN] Z DID _! P>5TS4 ,MOREOV]1 ^!
TWO V>IETIES1 2+ ONLY SLI<TLY MODIFI$
=MS1 W T5D 69H]IT ^? ADVANTAGES : MADE
_! P>5T 7,A7 M NUM]\S ?AN MO/ (! O!R
9HABITANTS (! SAME C.TRY2 !Y W AL P>TAKE
( ^? M G5]AL ADVANTAGES : MADE ! G5US 6:
! P>5T-SPECIES 2L;G$1 A L>GE G5US 9 XS
[N C.TRY4 ,& ALL ^! CIRCUM/.ES >E
FAV\RA# 6! PRODUC;N ( NEW V>IETIES4
  ,IF1 !N1 ^! TWO V>IETIES 2 V>IA#1 !
MO/ DIV]G5T ( _! V>I,NS W G5],Y 2
PRES]V$ DUR+ ! NEXT ?\S& G5],NS4 ,& AF ?
9T]VAL1 V>IETY A#A IS SUPPOS$ 9 !
DIAGRAM 6H PRODUC$ V>IETY A#B1 : W1 [+
6! PR9CIPLE ( DIV]G;E1 DI6] M F 7,A7 ?AN
DID V>IETY A#A4 ,V>IETY M#A IS SUPPOS$
6H PRODUC$ TWO V>IETIES1 "NLY M#B & S#B1
DI6]+ F EA* O!R1 & M 3SID]ABLY F _! -MON
P>5T 7,A74 ,WE MAY 3T9UE ! PROCESS
0SIMIL> /EPS = ANY L5G? ( "T2 "S (!
V>IETIES1 AF EA* ?\S& G5],NS1 PRODUC+
ONLY A S+LE V>IETY1 B 9 A M & M MODIFI$
3DI;N1 "S PRODUC+ TWO OR ?REE V>IETIES1
& "S FAIL+ 6PRODUCE ANY4 ,?US ! V>IETIES
OR MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS (! -MON P>5T 7,A71
W G5],Y G ON 9CR1S+ 9 NUMB] & DIV]G+ 9
"*4 ,9 ! DIAGRAM ! PROCESS IS REPRES5T$
UP 6! T5-?\S&? G5],N1 & "U A 3D5S$ &
SIMPLIFI$ =M UP 6! F\RTE5-?\S&? G5],N4
  ,B ,I M/ "H REM>K T ,I D N SUPPOSE T !
PROCESS "E GOES ON S REGUL>LY Z IS
REPRES5T$ 9 ! DIAGRAM1 ?\< 9 XF MADE
"S:AT IRREGUL>1 NOR T X GOES ON
3T9U\SLY2 X IS F> M PROBA# T EA* =M
REMA9S = L;G P]IODS UNALT]$1 & !N AG
"UGOES MODIFIC,N4 ,NOR D ,I SUPPOSE T !
MO/ DIV]G5T V>IETIES >E 9V>IABLY
PRES]V$3 A M$IUM =M MAY (T5 L;G 5DURE1 &
MAY OR MAY N PRODUCE M ?AN "O MODIFI$
DESC5DANT2 = NATURAL SELEC;N W ALW ACT
AC 6! NATURE (! PLACES : >E EI UNO3UPI$
OR N P]FECTLY O3UPI$ 0O!R 2+S2 & ? W
DEP5D ON 9F9ITELY -PLEX REL,NS4 ,B Z A
G5]AL RULE1 ! M DIV]SIFI$ 9 /RUCTURE !
DESC5DANTS F ANY "O SPECIES C 2 R5D]$1 !
M PLACES !Y W 2 5A#D 6SEIZE ON1 &! M _!
MODIFI$ PROG5Y W 9CR1SE4 ,9 \R DIAGRAM !
L9E ( SU3ES.N IS BROK5 AT REGUL> 9T]VALS
0SMALL NUMB]$ LRS M>K+ ! SU3ESSIVE =MS :
H 2COME SU6ICI5TLY 4T9CT 6BE RECORD$ Z
V>IETIES4 ,B ^! BR1KS >E IMAG9>Y1 & MI<T
H BE5 9S]T$ ANY":1 AF 9T]VALS L;G 5
6ALL[ ! A3UMUL,N (A 3SID]A# AM.T (
DIV]G5T V>I,N4
  ,Z ALL ! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS F A -MON &
WIDELY-DI6US$ SPECIES1 2L;G+ 6A L>GE
G5US1 W T5D 6P>TAKE (! SAME ADVANTAGES :
MADE _! P>5T SU3ESS;L 9 LIFE1 !Y W G5],Y
G ON MULTIPLY+ 9 NUMB] Z WELL Z DIV]G+ 9
"*3 ? IS REPRES5T$ 9 ! DIAGRAM 0! S"EAL
DIV]G5T BRAN*ES PROCE$+ F 7,A74 ,!
MODIFI$ (FSPR+ F ! LAT] & M HI<LY
IMPROV$ BRAN*ES 9 ! L9ES ( DESC5T1 W1 X
IS PROBA#1 (T5 TAKE ! PLACE (1 & S
DE/ROY1 ! E>LI] & LESS IMPROV$ BRAN*ES3
? IS REPRES5T$ 9 ! DIAGRAM 0"S (! L[]
BRAN*ES N R1*+ 6! UPP] HORIZONTAL L9ES4
,9 "S CASES NO D\BT ! PROCESS (
MODIFIC,N W 2 3F9$ 6A S+LE L9E ( DESC5T
&! NUMB] ( MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS W N 2
9CR1S$2 AL? ! AM.T ( DIV]G5T MODIFIC,N
MAY H BE5 AUG;T$4 ,? CASE WD 2 REPRES5T$
9 ! DIAGRAM1 IF ALL ! L9ES PROCE$+ F
7,A7 7 REMOV$1 EXCEPT+ T F A#A 6A#AJ4 ,9
! SAME WAY ! ,5GLI% RACE-HORSE & ,5GLI%
PO9T] H APP>5TLY BO? G"O ON SL[LY DIV]G+
9 "* F _! ORIG9AL /OCKS1 )\T EI HAV+
GIV5 (F ANY FRE% BRAN*ES OR RACES4
  ,AF T5 ?\S& G5],NS1 SPECIES 7,A7 IS
SUPPOS$ 6H PRODUC$ ?REE =MS1 A#AJ1 F#AJ1
& M#AJ :1 F HAV+ DIV]G$ 9 "* DUR+ !
SU3ESSIVE G5],NS1 W H -E 6DI6] L>GELY1 B
P]H UNEQU,Y1 F EA* O!R & F _! -MON P>5T4
,IF WE SUPPOSE ! AM.T ( *ANGE 2T EA*
HORIZONTAL L9E 9 \R DIAGRAM 6BE
EXCESSIVELY SMALL1 ^! ?REE =MS MAY / 2
ONLY WELL-M>K$ V>IETIES2 B WE H ONLY
6SUPPOSE ! /EPS 9 ! PROCESS ( MODIFIC,N
6BE M NUM]\S OR GRT] 9 AM.T1 63V]T ^!
?REE =MS 96WELL-DEF9$ OR AT L1/ 96D\BT;L
SPECIES4 ,?US ! DIAGRAM ILLU/RATES !
/EPS 0: ! SMALL DI6];ES 4T+UI%+ V>IETIES
>E 9CR1S$ 96! L>G] DI6];ES 4T+UI%+
SPECIES4 ,03T9U+ ! SAME PROCESS =A GRT]
NUMB] ( G5],NS 7Z %[N 9 ! DIAGRAM 9 A
3D5S$ & SIMPLIFI$ MANN]71 WE GET EI<T
SPECIES1 M>K$ 0! LRS 2T A#AD & M#AD1 ALL
DESC5D$ F 7,A74 ,?US1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1
SPECIES >E MULTIPLI$ & G5]A >E =M$4
  ,9 A L>GE G5US X IS PROBA# T M ?AN "O
SPECIES WD V>Y4 ,9 ! DIAGRAM ,I H ASSUM$
T A SECOND SPECIES 7,I7 HAS PRODUC$1
0ANALOG\S /EPS1 AF T5 ?\S& G5],NS1 EI
TWO WELL-M>K$ V>IETIES 7W#AJ & Z#AJ7 OR
TWO SPECIES1 AC 6! AM.T ( *ANGE SUPPOS$
6BE REPRES5T$ 2T ! HORIZONTAL L9ES4 ,AF
F\RTE5 ?\S& G5],NS1 SIX NEW SPECIES1
M>K$ 0! LRS N#AD 6Z#AD1 >E SUPPOS$ 6H4
BE5 PRODUC$4 ,9 ANY G5US1 ! SPECIES : >E
ALR V DI6]5T 9 "* F EA* O!R1 W G5],Y T5D
6PRODUCE ! GRTE/ NUMB] ( MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS2 = ^! W H ! BE/ *.E ( SEIZ+
ON NEW & WIDELY DI6]5T PLACES 9 ! POL;Y
( NATURE3 H;E 9 ! DIAGRAM ,I H *OS5 !
EXTREME SPECIES 7,A71 &! NE>LY EXTREME
SPECIES 7,I71 Z ^? : H L>GELY V>I$1 & H
GIV5 RISE 6NEW V>IETIES & SPECIES4 ,!
O!R N9E SPECIES 7M>K$ 0CAPITAL LRS7 ( \R
ORIG9AL G5US1 MAY = L;G B UNEQUAL P]IODS
3T9UE 6TRANSMIT UNALT]$ DESC5DANTS2 & ?
IS %[N 9 ! DIAGRAM 0! DOTT$ L9ES UNEQU,Y
PROL;G$ UPW>DS4
  ,B DUR+ ! PROCESS ( MODIFIC,N1
REPRES5T$ 9 ! DIAGRAM1 ANO!R ( \R
PR9CIPLES1 "NLY T ( EXT9C;N1 W H PLAY$
AN IMPORTANT "P4 ,Z 9 EA* FULLY /OCK$
C.TRY NATURAL SELEC;N NECESS>ILY ACTS 0!
SELECT$ =M HAV+ "S ADVANTAGE 9 ! /RU7LE
= LIFE OV] O!R =MS1 "! W 2 A 3/ANT
T5D5CY 9 ! IMPROV$ DESC5DANTS ( ANY "O
SPECIES 6SUPPLANT & EXT]M9ATE 9 EA* /AGE
( DESC5T _! PR$ECESSORS & _! ORIG9AL
PROG5ITOR4 ,= X %D 2 REMEMB]$ T !
-PETI;N W G5],Y 2 MO/ SEV]E 2T ^? =MS :
>E MO/ NE>LY RELAT$ 6EA* O!R 9 HABITS1
3/ITU;N1 & /RUCTURE4 ,H;E ALL !
9T]M$IATE =MS 2T ! E>LI] & LAT] /ATES1 T
IS 2T ! LESS & M IMPROV$ /ATES (! SAME
SPECIES1 Z WELL Z ! ORIG9AL P>5T-SPECIES
XF1 W G5],Y T5D 62COME EXT9CT4 ,S X
PROBABLY W 2 ) _M :OLE COLLAT]AL L9ES (
DESC5T1 : W 2 3QU]$ 0LAT] & IMPROV$
L9ES4 ,IF1 H["E1 ! MODIFI$ (FSPR+ (A
SPECIES GET 96"S 4T9CT C.TRY1 OR 2COME
QKLY ADAPT$ 6"S Q NEW /,N1 9 : (FSPR+ &
PROG5ITOR D N -E 96-PETI;N1 BO? MAY
3T9UE 6EXI/4
  ,IF1 !N1 \R DIAGRAM 2 ASSUM$ 6REPRES5T
A 3SID]A# AM.T ( MODIFIC,N1 SPECIES 7,A7
& ALL ! E>LI] V>IETIES W H 2COME EXT9CT1
2+ REPLAC$ 0EI<T NEW SPECIES 7A#AD
6M#AD72 & SPECIES 7,I7 W 2 REPLAC$ 0SIX
7N#AD 6Z#AD7 NEW SPECIES4
  ,B WE MAY G FUR!R ?AN ?4 ,! ORIG9AL
SPECIES ( \R G5US 7 SUPPOS$ 6RESEM# EA*
O!R 9 UNEQUAL DEGREES1 Z IS S G5],Y !
CASE 9 NATURE2 SPECIES 7,A7 2+ M NE>LY
RELAT$ TO ;,B1 ;,C1 & ;,D1 ?AN 6! O!R
SPECIES2 & SPECIES 7,I7 M TO ;,G1 ;,H1
;,K1 ;,L1 ?AN 6! O!RS4 ,^! TWO SPECIES
7,A7 & 7,I7 7 AL SUPPOS$ 6BE V -MON &
WIDELY DI6US$ SPECIES1 S T !Y M/ ORIG9,Y
H _H "S ADVANTAGE OV] MO/ (! O!R SPECIES
(! G5US4 ,_! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS1 F\RTE5
9 NUMB] AT ! F\RTE5-?\S&? G5],N W
PROBABLY H 9H]IT$ "S (! SAME ADVANTAGES3
!Y H AL BE5 MODIFI$ & IMPROV$ 9 A
DIV]SIFI$ MANN] AT EA* /AGE ( DESC5T1 S
Z 6H 2COME ADAPT$ 6_M RELAT$ PLACES 9 !
NATURAL ECONOMY ( _! C.TRY4 ,X SEEMS1
"!=E1 EXTREMELY PROBA# T !Y W H TAK5 !
PLACES (1 & ?US EXT]M9AT$ N ONLY _!
P>5TS 7,A7 & 7,I71 B LIKEWISE "S (!
ORIG9AL SPECIES : 7 MO/ NE>LY RELAT$ 6_!
P>5TS4 ,H;E V FEW (! ORIG9AL SPECIES W H
TRANSMITT$ (FSPR+ 6! F\RTE5-?\S&? G5],N4
,WE MAY SUPPOSE T ONLY "O1 7,F71 (! TWO
SPECIES 7;,E & ,F7 : 7 L1/ CLOSELY
RELAT$ 6! O!R N9E ORIG9AL SPECIES1 HAS
TRANSMITT$ DESC5DANTS 6? LATE /AGE (
DESC5T4
  ,! NEW SPECIES 9 \R DIAGRAM DESC5D$ F
! ORIG9AL ELEV5 SPECIES1 W N[ 2 FIFTE5 9
NUMB]4 ,[+ 6! DIV]G5T T5D5CY ( NATURAL
SELEC;N1 ! EXTREME AM.T ( DI6];E 9 "* 2T
SPECIES A#AD & Z#AD W 2 M* GRT] ?AN T 2T
! MO/ 4T9CT (! ORIG9AL ELEV5 SPECIES4 ,!
NEW SPECIES1 MOREOV]1 W 2 ALLI$ 6EA* O!R
9 A WIDELY DI6]5T MANN]4 ,(! EI<T
DESC5DANTS F 7,A7 ! ?REE M>K$ A#AD1
Q#AD1 P#AD1 W 2 NE>LY RELAT$ F HAV+
REC5TLY BRAN*$ (F F A#AJ2 B#AD1 & F#AD1
F HAV+ DIV]G$ AT AN E>LI] P]IOD F A#A1 W
2 9 "S DEGREE 4T9CT F ! ?REE F/-"ND
SPECIES2 & LA/LY1 O#AD1 E#AD1 & M#AD1 W
2 NE>LY RELAT$ "O 6! O!R1 B1 F HAV+
DIV]G$ AT ! F/ -M;E;T (! PROCESS (
MODIFIC,N1 W 2 WIDELY DI6]5T F ! O!R
FIVE SPECIES1 & MAY 3/ITUTE A SUB-G5US
OR A 4T9CT G5US4
  ,! SIX DESC5DANTS F 7,I7 W =M TWO SUB-
G5]A OR G5]A4 ,B Z ! ORIG9AL SPECIES
7,I7 DI6]$ L>GELY F 7,A71 /&+ NE>LY AT !
EXTREME 5D (! ORIG9AL G5US1 ! SIX
DESC5DANTS F 7,I7 W1 [+ 69H]IT.E AL"O1
DI6] 3SID]ABLY F ! EI<T DESC5DANTS F
7,A72 ! TWO GR\PS1 MOREOV]1 >E SUPPOS$
6H G"O ON DIV]G+ 9 DI6]5T DIREC;NS4 ,!
9T]M$IATE SPECIES1 AL 7& ? IS A V
IMPORTANT 3SID],N71 : 3NECT$ ! ORIG9AL
SPECIES 7,A7 & 7,I71 H ALL 2COME1
EXCEPT+ 7,F71 EXT9CT1 & H LEFT NO
DESC5DANTS4 ,H;E ! SIX NEW SPECIES
DESC5D$ F 7,I71 &! EI<T DESC5DANTS F
7,A71 W H 6BE RANK$ Z V 4T9CT G5]A1 OR
EV5 Z 4T9CT SUB-FAMILIES4
  ,?US X IS1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 T TWO OR M
G5]A >E PRODUC$ 0DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N1 F
TWO OR M SPECIES (! SAME G5US4 ,&! TWO
OR M P>5T-SPECIES >E SUPPOS$ 6BE DESC5D$
F "S "O SPECIES ( AN E>LI] G5US4 ,9 \R
DIAGRAM1 ? IS 9DICAT$ 0! BROK5 L9ES1 2N
! CAPITAL LRS1 3V]G+ 9 SUB-BRAN*ES
D[NW>DS T[>DS A S+LE PO9T2 ? PO9T
REPRES5TS A SPECIES1 ! SUPPOS$ PROG5ITOR
( \R S"EAL NEW SUB-G5]A & G5]A4
  ,X IS WOR? :ILE 6REFLECT =A MO;T ON !
"* (! NEW SPECIES ,F#AD1 : IS SUPPOS$ N
6H DIV]G$ M* 9 "*1 B 6H RETA9$ ! =M (
7,F71 EI UNALT]$ OR ALT]$ ONLY 9 A SLI<T
DEGREE4 ,9 ? CASE1 XS A69ITIES 6! O!R
F\RTE5 NEW SPECIES W 2 (A CURI\S &
CIRCUIT\S NATURE4 ,2+ DESC5D$ F A =M :
/OOD 2T ! P>5T-SPECIES 7,A7 & 7,I71 N[
SUPPOS$ 6BE EXT9CT & UN"KN1 X W 2 9 "S
DEGREE 9T]M$IATE 9 "* 2T ! TWO GR\PS
DESC5D$ F ^! TWO SPECIES4 ,B Z ^! TWO
GR\PS H G"O ON DIV]G+ 9 "* F ! TYPE ( _!
P>5TS1 ! NEW SPECIES 7,F#AD7 W N 2
DIRECTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T !M1 B R 2T TYPES (
! TWO GR\PS2 & E NATURALI/ W 2 A# 6CALL
S* CASES 2F 8 M9D4
  ,9 ! DIAGRAM1 EA* HORIZONTAL L9E HAS
HI!RTO BE5 SUPPOS$ 6REPRES5T A ?\S&
G5],NS1 B EA* MAY REPRES5T A MILLION OR
M G5],NS2 X MAY AL REPRES5T A SEC;N (!
SU3ESSIVE /RATA (! E>?'S CRU/ 9CLUD+
EXT9CT REMA9S4 ,WE %1 :5 WE -E 6\R *APT]
ON ,GEOLOGY1 H 6REF] AG 6? SUBJECT1 & ,I
?9K WE % !N SEE T ! DIAGRAM ?R[S LI<T ON
! A69ITIES ( EXT9CT 2+S1 :1 ?\< G5],Y
2L;G+ 6! SAME ORD]S1 FAMILIES1 OR G5]A1
) ^? N[ LIV+1 YET >E (T51 9 "S DEGREE1
9T]M$IATE 9 "* 2T EXI/+ GR\PS2 & WE C
"U/& ? FACT1 =! EXT9CT SPECIES LIV$ AT
V>I\S REMOTE EPO*S :5 ! BRAN*+ L9ES (
DESC5T _H DIV]G$ LESS4
  ,I SEE NO R1SON 6LIMIT ! PROCESS (
MODIFIC,N1 Z N[ EXPLA9$1 6! =M,N ( G5]A
AL"O4 ,IF1 9 ! DIAGRAM1 WE SUPPOSE !
AM.T ( *ANGE1 REPRES5T$ 0EA* SU3ESSIVE
GR\P ( DIV]G+ L9ES 6BE GRT1 ! =MS M>K$
A#AD 6P#AD1 ^? M>K$ B#AD & F#AD1 & ^?
M>K$ O#AD 6M#AD1 W =M ?REE V 4T9CT G5]A4
,WE % AL H TWO V 4T9CT G5]A DESC5D$ F
7,I71 DI6]+ WIDELY F ! DESC5DANTS (
7,A74 ,^! TWO GR\PS ( G5]A W ?US =M TWO
4T9CT FAMILIES1 OR ORD]S1 AC 6! AM.T (
DIV]G5T MODIFIC,N SUPPOS$ 6BE REPRES5T$
9 ! DIAGRAM4 ,&! TWO NEW FAMILIES1 OR
ORD]S1 >E DESC5D$ F TWO SPECIES (!
ORIG9AL G5US1 & ^! >E SUPPOS$ 6BE
DESC5D$ F "S / M ANCI5T & UN"KN =M4
  ,WE H SE5 T 9 EA* C.TRY X IS ! SPECIES
2L;G+ 6! L>G] G5]A : (T5E/ PRES5T
V>IETIES OR 9CIPI5T SPECIES4 ,?1 9DE$1
MI<T H BE5 EXPECT$2 =1 Z NATURAL SELEC;N
ACTS "? "O =M HAV+ "S ADVANTAGE OV] O!R
=MS 9 ! /RU7LE = EXI/;E1 X W *IEFLY ACT
ON ^? : ALR H "S ADVANTAGE2 &! L>GE;S (
ANY GR\P %[S T XS SPECIES H 9H]IT$ F A
-MON ANCE/OR "S ADVANTAGE 9 -MON4 ,H;E1
! /RU7LE =! PRODUC;N ( NEW & MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS W MA9LY LIE 2T ! L>G] GR\PS :
>E ALL TRY+ 69CR1SE 9 NUMB]4 ,"O L>GE
GR\P W SL[LY 3QU] ANO!R L>GE GR\P1
REDUCE XS NUMB]S1 & ?US LESS5 XS *.E (
FUR!R V>I,N & IMPROVE;T4 ,)9 ! SAME L>GE
GR\P1 ! LAT] & M HI<LY P]FECT$ SUB-
GR\PS1 F BRAN*+ \ & SEIZ+ ON _M NEW
PLACES 9 ! POL;Y ( ,NATURE1 W 3/ANTLY
T5D 6SUPPLANT & DE/ROY ! E>LI] & LESS
IMPROV$ SUB-GR\PS4 ,SMALL & BROK5 GR\PS
& SUB-GR\PS W F9,Y 4APPE>4 ,LOOK+ 6!
FUTURE1 WE C PREDICT T ! GR\PS ( ORGANIC
2+S : >E N[ L>GE & TRIUMPHANT1 & : >E
L1/ BROK5 UP1 T IS1 : H Z YET SU6]$ L1/
EXT9C;N1 W1 =A L;G P]IOD1 3T9UE 69CR1SE4
,B : GR\PS W ULTIMATELY PREVAIL1 NO MAN
C PREDICT2 = WE "K T _M GR\PS =M]LY MO/
EXT5SIVELY DEVELOP$1 H N[ 2COME EXT9CT4
,LOOK+ / M REMOTELY 6! FUTURE1 WE MAY
PREDICT T1 [+ 6! 3T9U$ & /1DY 9CR1SE (!
L>G] GR\PS1 A MULTITUDE ( SMALL] GR\PS W
2COME UTT]LY EXT9CT1 & L1VE NO MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS2 & 3SEQU5TLY T1 (! SPECIES
LIV+ AT ANY "O P]IOD1 EXTREMELY FEW W
TRANSMIT DESC5DANTS 6A REMOTE FUTUR;Y4
,I % H 6RETURN 6? SUBJECT 9 ! *APT] ON
,CLASSIFIC,N1 B ,I MAY ADD T Z1 AC 6?
VIEW1 EXTREMELY FEW (! M ANCI5T SPECIES
H TRANSMITT$ DESC5DANTS 6! PRES5T "D1 &1
Z ALL ! DESC5DANTS (! SAME SPECIES =M A
CLASS1 WE C "U/& H[ X IS T "! EXI/ S FEW
CLASSES 9 EA* MA9 DIVI.N (! ANIMAL &
VEGETA# K+DOMS4 ,AL? FEW (! MO/ ANCI5T
SPECIES H LEFT MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS' YET1
AT REMOTE GEOLOGICAL P]IODS1 ! E>? MAY H
BE5 ALM Z WELL PEOPL$ ) SPECIES ( _M
G5]A1 FAMILIES1 ORD]S1 & CLASSES1 Z AT !
PRES5T "T4
  ,ON ! ,DEGREE 6: ,ORGANIS,N T5DS
6ADV.E
  ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N ACTS EXCLUSIVELY 0!
PRES]V,N & A3UMUL,N ( V>I,NS1 : >E
B5EFICIAL "U ! ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC 3DI;NS
6: EA* CR1TURE IS EXPOS$ AT ALL P]IODS (
LIFE4 ,! ULTIMATE RESULT IS T EA*
CR1TURE T5DS 62COME M & M IMPROV$ 9
REL,N 6XS 3DI;NS4 ,? IMPROVE;T 9EVITA#
L1DS 6! GRADUAL ADV.E;T (! ORGANIS,N (!
GRT] NUMB] ( LIV+ 2+S "?\T ! _W4 ,B "H
WE 5T] ON A V 9TRICATE SUBJECT1 =
NATURALI/S H N DEF9$ 6EA* O!R'S
SATISFAC;N :AT IS M1NT 0AN ADV.E 9
ORGANIS,N4 ,AM;G/ ! V]TEBRATA ! DEGREE (
9TELLECT & AN APPROA* 9 /RUCTURE 6MAN
CLE>LY -E 96PLAY4 ,X MI<T 2 ?"\ T ! AM.T
( *ANGE : ! V>I\S "PS & ORGANS PASS "? 9
_! DEVELOP;T F ! EMBRYO 6MATUR;Y WD
SU6ICE Z A /&>D ( -P>ISON2 B "! >E
CASES1 Z ) C]TA9 P>ASITIC CRU/AC1NS1 9 :
S"EAL "PS (! /RUCTURE 2COME LESS P]FECT1
S T ! MATURE ANIMAL _C 2 CALL$ HI<] ?AN
XS L>VA4 ,VON ,BAER'S /&>D SEEMS ! MO/
WIDELY APPLICA# &! BE/1 "NLY1 ! AM.T (
DI6]5TI,N (! "PS (! SAME ORGANIC 2+1 9 !
ADULT /ATE Z ,I %D 2 9CL9$ 6ADD1 & _!
SPECIALIS,N = DI6]5T FUNC;NS2 OR1 Z
,MILNE ,$W>DS WD EXPRESS X1 ! -PLETE;S (
! DIVI.N ( PHYSIOLOGICAL LAB\R4 ,B WE %
SEE H[ OBSCURE ? SUBJECT IS IF WE LOOK1
= 9/.E1 6FI%ES1 AM;G/ : "S NATURALI/S
RANK ^? Z HI<E/ :1 L ! %>KS1 APPROA*
NE>E/ 6AMPHIBIANS2 :IL/ O!R NATURALI/S
RANK ! -MON BONY OR TELEO/1N FI%ES Z !
HI<E/1 9ASM* Z !Y >E MO/ /RICTLY FI%-L &
DI6] MO/ F ! O!R V]TEBRATE CLASSES4 ,WE
SEE / M PLA9LY ! OBSCUR;Y (! SUBJECT
0TURN+ 6PLANTS1 AM;G/ : ! /&>D (
9TELLECT IS ( C\RSE Q EXCLUD$2 & "H "S
BOTANI/S RANK ^? PLANTS Z HI<E/ : H E
ORGAN1 Z SEPALS1 PETALS1 /AM5S1 &
PI/ILS1 FULLY DEVELOP$ 9 EA* FL[]2 ":AS
O!R BOTANI/S1 PROBABLY ) M TRU?1 LOOK AT
! PLANTS : H _! S"EAL ORGANS M* MODIFI$
& REDUC$ 9 NUMB] Z ! HI<E/4
  ,IF WE TAKE Z ! /&>D ( HI< ORGANIS,N1
! AM.T ( DI6]5TI,N & SPECIALIS,N (!
S"EAL ORGANS 9 EA* 2+ :5 ADULT 7& ? W
9CLUDE ! ADV.E;T (! BRA9 = 9TELLECTUAL
PURPOSES71 NATURAL SELEC;N CLE>LY L1DS
T[>DS ? /&>D3 = ALL PHYSIOLOGI/S ADMIT T
! SPECIALIS,N ( ORGANS1 9ASM* Z 9 ? /ATE
!Y P]=M _! FUNC;NS BETT]1 IS AN
ADVANTAGE 6EA* 2+2 & H;E ! A3UMUL,N (
V>I,NS T5D+ T[>DS SPECIALIS,N IS )9 !
SCOPE ( NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1
WE C SEE1 BE>+ 9 M9D T ALL ORGANIC 2+S
>E /RIV+ 69CR1SE AT A HI< RATIO & 6SEIZE
ON E UNO3UPI$ OR LESS WELL O3UPI$ PLACE
9 ! ECONOMY ( NATURE1 T X IS Q POSSI# =
NATURAL SELEC;N GRADU,Y 6FIT A 2+ 6A
SITU,N 9 : S"EAL ORGANS WD 2 SUP]FLU\S
OR USE.S3 9 S* CASES "! WD 2 RETROGRES.N
9 ! SCALE ( ORGANIS,N4 ,:E!R ORGANIS,N
ON ! :OLE HAS ACTU,Y ADV.ED F ! REMOTE/
GEOLOGICAL P]IODS 6! PRES5T "D W 2 M
3V5I5TLY 4CUSS$ 9 \R *APT] ON
,GEOLOGICAL ,SU3ES.N4
  ,B X MAY 2 OBJECT$ T IF ALL ORGANIC
2+S ?US T5D 6RISE 9 ! SCALE1 H[ IS X T
"?\T ! _W A MULTITUDE (! L[E/ =MS /
EXI/2 & H[ IS X T 9 EA* GRT CLASS "S =MS
>E F> M HI<LY DEVELOP$ ?AN O!RS8 ,:Y H N
! M HI<LY DEVELOP$ =MS "EY": SUPPLANT$ &
EXT]M9AT$ ! L[]8 ,LAM>CK1 :O 2LIEV$ 9 AN
9NATE & 9EVITA# T5D5CY T[>DS P]FEC;N 9
ALL ORGANIC 2+S1 SEEMS 6H FELT ?
DI6ICULTY S /R;GLY1 T HE 0 L$ 6SUPPOSE T
NEW & SIMPLE =MS >E 3T9U,Y 2+ PRODUC$
0SPONTANE\S G5],N4 ,SCI;E HAS N Z YET
PROV$ ! TRU? ( ? 2LIEF1 :AT"E ! FUTURE
MAY REV1L4 ,ON \R !ORY ! 3T9U$ EXI/;E (
L[LY ORGANISMS (F]S NO DI6ICULTY2 =
NATURAL SELEC;N1 OR ! SURVIVAL (!
FITTE/1 DOES N NECESS>ILY 9CLUDE
PROGRESSIVE DEVELOP;T- X ONLY TAKES
ADVANTAGE ( S* V>I,NS Z >ISE & >E
B5EFICIAL 6EA* CR1TURE "U XS -PLEX
REL,NS ( LIFE4 ,& X MAY 2 ASK$ :AT
ADVANTAGE1 Z F> Z WE C SEE1 WD X 2 6AN
9FUSORIAN ANIMALCULE- 6AN 9TE/9AL WORM-
OR EV5 6AN E>?WORM1 6BE HI<LY ORGANIS$4
,IF X 7 NO ADVANTAGE1 ^! =MS WD 2 LEFT1
0NATURAL SELEC;N1 UNIMPROV$ OR B LL
IMPROV$1 & MI<T REMA9 = 9DEF9ITE AGES 9
_! PRES5T L[LY 3DI;N4 ,& GEOLOGY TELLS U
T "S (! L[E/ =MS1 Z ! 9FUSORIA &
RHIZOPODS1 H REMA9$ = AN ENORM\S P]IOD 9
NE>LY _! PRES5T /ATE4 ,B 6SUPPOSE T MO/
(! _M N[ EXI/+ L[ =MS H N 9 ! L1/ ADV.ED
S9CE ! F/ DAWN ( LIFE WD 2 EXTREMELY
RA%2 = E NATURALI/ :O HAS 4SECT$ "S (!
2+S N[ RANK$ Z V L[ 9 ! SCALE1 M/ H BE5
/RUCK ) _! RE,Y WONDR\S & B1UTI;L
ORGANIS,N4
  ,NE>LY ! SAME REM>KS >E APPLICA# IF WE
LOOK 6! DI6]5T GRADES ( ORGANIS,N )9 !
SAME GRT GR\P2 = 9/.E1 9 ! V]TEBRATA1 6!
CO-EXI/;E ( MAMMALS & FI%- AM;G/
MAMMALIA1 6! COEXI/;E ( MAN &!
,ORNI?ORHYN*US- AM;G/ FI%ES1 6! CO-
EXI/;E (! %>K &! L.ELET 7,AMPHIOXUS71 :
LATT] FI% 9 ! EXTREME SIMPLIC;Y ( XS
/RUCTURE APPROA*ES ! 9V]TEBRATE CLASSES4
,B MAMMALS & FI% H>DLY -E 96-PETI;N )
EA* O!R2 ! ADV.E;T (! :OLE CLASS (
MAMMALS1 OR ( C]TA9 MEMB]S 9 ? CLASS1 6!
HI<E/ GRADE WD N L1D 6_! TAK+ ! PLACE (
FI%ES4 ,PHYSIOLOGI/S 2LIEVE T ! BRA9 M/
2 BA!D 0W>M BLOOD 6BE HI<LY ACTIVE1 & ?
REQUIRES AERIAL RESPIR,N2 S T W>M-BLOOD$
MAMMALS :5 9HABIT+ ! WAT] LIE "U A
4ADVANTAGE 9 HAV+ 6-E 3T9U,Y 6! SURFACE
6BR1!4 ,) FI%ES1 MEMB]S (! %>K FAMILY WD
N T5D 6SUPPLANT ! L.ELET2 =! L.ELET1 Z
,I HE> F ,FRITZ ,MULL]1 HAS Z SOLE
-PANION & -PETITOR ON ! B>R5 S&Y %ORE (
,S\? ,BRAZIL1 AN ANOMAL\S ANNELID4 ,!
?REE L[E/ ORD]S ( MAMMALS1 "NLY1
M>SUPIALS1 ED5TATA1 & ROD5TS1 CO-EXI/ 9
,S\? ,AM]ICA 9 ! SAME REGION ) NUM]\S
MONKEYS1 & PROBABLY 9T]F]E LL ) EA* O!R4
,AL? ORGANIS,N1 ON ! :OLE1 MAY H ADV.ED
& 2 / ADVANC+ "?\T ! _W1 YET ! SCALE W
ALW PRES5T _M DEGREES ( P]FEC;N2 =! HI<
ADV.E;T ( C]TA9 :OLE CLASSES1 OR ( C]TA9
MEMB]S ( EA* CLASS1 DOES N AT ALL
NECESS>ILY L1D 6! EXT9C;N ( ^? GR\PS ) :
!Y D N 5T] 96CLOSE -PETI;N4 ,9 "S CASES1
Z WE % "HAF SEE1 L[LY ORGANIS$ =MS APPE>
6H BE5 PRES]V$ 6! PRES5T "D1 F 9HABIT+
3F9$ OR PECULI> /,NS1 ": !Y H BE5
SUBJECT$ 6LESS SEV]E -PETI;N1 & ": _!
SCANTY NUMB]S H RET>D$ ! *.E ( FAV\RA#
V>I,NS >IS+4
  ,F9,Y1 ,I 2LIEVE T _M L[LY ORGANIS$
=MS N[ EXI/ "?\T ! _W1 F V>I\S CAUSES4
,9 "S CASES V>I,NS OR 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES
(A FAV\RA# NATURE MAY N"E H >IS5 =
NATURAL SELEC;N 6ACT ON & A3UMULATE4 ,9
NO CASE1 PROBABLY1 HAS "T SU6IC$ =!
UTMO/ POSSI# AM.T ( DEVELOP;T4 ,9 "S FEW
CASES "! HAS BE5 :AT WE M/ CALL
RETROGRES.N ( ORGANIS,N4 ,B ! MA9 CAUSE
LIES 9 ! FACT T "U V SIMPLE 3DI;NS (
LIFE A HI< ORGANIS,N WD 2 ( NO S]VICE1-
POSSIBLY WD 2 ( ACTUAL 4S]VICE1 Z 2+ (A
M DELICATE NATURE1 & M LIA# 6BE PUT \ (
ORD] & 9JUR$4
  ,LOOK+ 6! F/ DAWN ( LIFE1 :5 ALL
ORGANIC 2+S1 Z WE MAY 2LIEVE1 PRES5T$ !
SIMPLE/ /RUCTURE1 H[1 X HAS BE5 ASK$1 CD
! F/ /EPS 9 ! ADV.E;T OR DI6]5TI,N ( "PS
H >IS58 ,MR4 ,H]B]T ,SP;ER WD PROBABLY
ANSW] T1 Z SOON Z SIMPLE UNICELLUL>
ORGANISM CAME 0GR[? OR DIVI.N 6BE -P.D$
( S"EAL CELLS1 OR 2CAME ATTA*$ 6ANY
SUPPORT+ SURFACE1 8 LAW 8T HOMOLOG\S
UNITS ( ANY ORD] 2COME DI6]5TIAT$ 9
PROPOR;N Z _! REL,NS 69CID5T =CES0 WD -E
96AC;N4 ,B Z WE H NO FACTS 6GUIDE U1
SPECUL,N ON ! SUBJECT IS ALM USE.S4 ,X
IS1 H["E1 AN ]ROR 6SUPPOSE T "! WD 2 NO
/RU7LE = EXI/;E1 &1 3SEQU5TLY1 NO
NATURAL SELEC;N1 UNTIL _M =MS _H BE5
PRODUC$3 V>I,NS 9 A S+LE SPECIES 9HABIT+
AN ISOLAT$ /,N MI<T 2 B5EFICIAL1 & ?US !
:OLE MASS ( 9DIVIDUALS MI<T 2 MODIFI$1
OR TWO 4T9CT =MS MI<T >ISE4 ,B1 Z ,I
REM>K$ T[>DS ! CLOSE (! ,9TRODUC;N1 NO
"O "\ 6FEEL SURPRISE AT M* REMA9+ Z YET
UNEXPLA9$ ON ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES1 IF WE
MAKE DUE ALL[.E = \R PROF.D IGNOR.E ON !
MUTUAL REL,NS (! 9HABITANTS (! _W AT !
PRES5T "T1 & / M S DUR+ PA/ AGES4
  ,3V]G;E ( ,"*
  ,MR4 ,H4 ,C4 ,WATSON ?9KS T ,I H
OV]RAT$ ! IMPORT.E ( DIV]G;E ( "* 7IN :1
H["E1 HE APP>5TLY 2LIEVES7 & T 3V]G;E1 Z
X MAY 2 CALL$1 HAS LIKEWISE PLAY$ A "P4
,IF TWO SPECIES1 2L;G+ 6TWO 4T9CT ?\<
ALLI$ G5]A1 _H BO? PRODUC$ A L>GE NUMB]
( NEW & DIV]G5T =MS1 X IS 3CEIVA# T ^!
MI<T APPROA* EA* O!R S CLOSELY T !Y WD H
ALL 6BE CLASS$ "U ! SAME G5US2 & ?US !
DESC5DANTS ( TWO 4T9CT G5]A WD 3V]GE
96"O4 ,B X WD 9 MO/ CASES 2 EXTREMELY
RA% 6ATTRIBUTE 63V]G;E A CLOSE & G5]AL
SIMIL>;Y ( /RUCTURE 9 ! MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS ( WIDELY 4T9CT =MS4 ,! %APE (
A CRY/AL IS DET]M9$ SOLELY 0! MOLECUL>
=CES1 & X IS N SURPRIS+ T 4SIMIL>
SUB/.ES %D "S"TS ASSUME ! SAME =M2 B )
ORGANIC 2+S WE %D BE> 9 M9D T ! =M ( EA*
DEP5DS ON AN 9F9ITUDE ( -PLEX REL,NS1
"NLY ON ! V>I,NS : H >IS51 ^! 2+ DUE
6CAUSES F> TOO 9TRICATE 6BE FOLL[$ \1-
ON ! NATURE (! V>I,NS : H BE5 PRES]V$ OR
SELECT$1 & ? DEP5DS ON ! SURR.D+
PHYSICAL 3DI;NS1 & 9 A / HI<] DEGREE ON
! SURR.D+ ORGANISMS ) : EA* 2+ HAS -E
96-PETI;N1- & LA/LY1 ON 9H]IT.E 7IN XF A
FLUCTUAT+ ELE;T7 F 9NUM]A# PROG5ITORS1
ALL ( : H _H _! =MS DET]M9$ "? EQU,Y
-PLEX REL,NS4 ,X IS 9CR$I# T !
DESC5DANTS ( TWO ORGANISMS1 : _H ORIG9,Y
DI6]$ 9 A M>K$ MANN]1 %D "E AFWS 3V]GE S
CLOSELY Z 6L1D 6A NE> APPROA* 6ID5T;Y
"?\T _! :OLE ORGANIS,N4 ,IF ? _H O3URR$1
WE %D MEET )! SAME =M1 9DEP5D5TLY (
G5ETIC 3NEC;N1 RECURR+ 9 WIDELY SEP>AT$
GEOLOGICAL =M,NS2 &! BAL.E ( EVID;E IS
OPPOS$ 6ANY S* AN ADMIS.N4
  ,MR4 ,WATSON HAS AL OBJECT$ T ! 3T9U$
AC;N ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 TGR ) DIV]G;E (
"*1 WD T5D 6MAKE AN 9DEF9ITE NUMB] (
SPECIFIC =MS4 ,Z F> Z M]E 9ORGANIC
3DI;NS >E 3C]N$1 X SEEMS PROBA# T A
SU6ICI5T NUMB] ( SPECIES WD SOON 2COME
ADAPT$ 6ALL 3SID]A# DIV]SITIES ( H1T1
MOI/URE1 &C42 B ,I FULLY ADMIT T !
MUTUAL REL,NS ( ORGANIC 2+S >E M
IMPORTANT2 & Z ! NUMB] ( SPECIES 9 ANY
C.TRY GOES ON 9CR1S+1 ! ORGANIC 3DI;NS (
LIFE M/ 2COME M & M -PLEX4 ,3SEQU5TLY "!
SEEMS AT F/ SI<T NO LIMIT 6! AM.T (
PR(ITA# DIV]SIFIC,N ( /RUCTURE1 & "!=E
NO LIMIT 6! NUMB] ( SPECIES : MI<T 2
PRODUC$4 ,WE D N "K T EV5 ! MO/ PROLIFIC
>EA IS FULLY /OCK$ ) SPECIFIC =MS3 AT !
,CAPE ( ,GD ,HOPE & 9 ,AU/RALIA1 :
SUPPORT S* AN A/ONI%+ NUMB] ( SPECIES1
_M ,EUROP1N PLANTS H 2COME NATURALIS$4
,B GEOLOGY %[S U1 T F AN E>LY "P (!
T]TI>Y P]IOD ! NUMB] ( SPECIES ( %ELLS1
& T F ! MI4LE "P ( ? SAME P]IOD ! NUMB]
( MAMMALS1 HAS N GRTLY OR AT ALL 9CR1S$4
,:AT !N *ECKS AN 9DEF9ITE 9CR1SE 9 !
NUMB] ( SPECIES8 ,! AM.T ( LIFE 7,I D N
M1N ! NUMB] ( SPECIFIC =MS7 SUPPORT$ ON
AN >EA M/ H A LIMIT1 DEP5D+ S L>GELY Z X
DOES ON PHYSICAL 3DI;NS2 "!=E1 IF AN >EA
2 9HABIT$ 0V _M SPECIES1 EA* OR NE>LY
EA* SPECIES W 2 REPRES5T$ 0FEW
9DIVIDUALS2 & S* SPECIES W 2 LIA#
6EXT]M9,N F A3ID5TAL FLUCTU,NS 9 !
NATURE (! S1SONS OR 9 ! NUMB] ( _!
5EMIES4 ,! PROCESS ( EXT]M9,N 9 S* CASES
WD 2 RAPID1 ":AS ! PRODUC;N ( NEW
SPECIES M/ ALW 2 SL[4 ,IMAG9E ! EXTREME
CASE ( Z _M SPECIES Z 9DIVIDUALS 9
,5GL&1 &! F/ SEV]E W9T] OR V DRY SUMM]
WD EXT]M9ATE ?\S&S ON ?\S&S ( SPECIES4
,R>E SPECIES1 & EA* SPECIES W 2COME R>E
IF ! NUMB] ( SPECIES 9 ANY C.TRY 2COMES
9DEF9ITELY 9CR1S$1 W1 ON ! PR9CIPLE (T5
EXPLA9$1 PRES5T )9 A GIV5 P]IOD FEW
FAV\RA# V>I,NS2 3SEQU5TLY1 ! PROCESS (
GIV+ BIR? 6NEW SPECIFIC =MS WD ?US 2
RET>D$4 ,:5 ANY SPECIES 2COMES V R>E1
CLOSE 9T]BRE$+ W HELP 6EXT]M9ATE X2
AU?ORS H ?"\ T ? -ES 96PLAY 9 A3.T+ =!
DET]IOR,N (! AURO*S 9 ,LI?UANIA1 ( R$
DE] 9 ,SCOTL&1 &( BE>S 9 ,NORWAY1 &E4
,LA/LY1 & ? ,I AM 9CL9$ 6?9K IS ! MO/
IMPORTANT ELE;T1 A DOM9ANT SPECIES1 :
HAS ALR B1T5 _M -PETITORS 9 XS [N HOME1
W T5D 6SPR1D & SUPPLANT _M O!RS4 ,ALPH4
DE ,C&OLLE HAS %[N T ^? SPECIES : SPR1D
WIDELY1 T5D G5],Y 6SPR1D V WIDELY2
3SEQU5TLY1 !Y W T5D 6SUPPLANT &
EXT]M9ATE S"EAL SPECIES 9 S"EAL >1S1 &
?US *EEK ! 9ORD9ATE 9CR1SE ( SPECIFIC
=MS "?\T ! _W4 ,DR4 ,HOOK] HAS REC5TLY
%[N T 9 ! ,S4,E4 CORN] ( ,AU/RALIA1 ":1
APP>5TLY1 "! >E _M 9VAD]S F DI6]5T
QU>T]S (! GLOBE1 ! 5DEMIC ,AU/RALIAN
SPECIES H BE5 GRTLY REDUC$ 9 NUMB]4 ,H[
M* WEI<T 6ATTRIBUTE 6^! S"EAL 3SID],NS
,I W N PRET5D 6SAY2 B 3JO9TLY !Y M/
LIMIT 9 EA* C.TRY ! T5D5CY 6AN 9DEF9ITE
AUG;T,N ( SPECIFIC =MS4
  ,SUMM>Y ( ,*APT]
  ,IF "U *ANG+ 3DI;NS ( LIFE ORGANIC 2+S
PRES5T 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES 9 ALM E "P ( _!
/RUCTURE1 & ? _C 2 4PUT$2 IF "! BE1 [+
6_! GEOMETRICAL RATE ( 9CR1SE1 A SEV]E
/RU7LE = LIFE AT "S AGE1 S1SON1 OR YE>1
& ? C]TA9LY _C 2 4PUT$2 !N1 3SID]+ !
9F9ITE -PLEX;Y (! REL,NS ( ALL ORGANIC
2+S 6EA* O!R & 6_! 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 CAUS+
AN 9F9ITE DIV]S;Y 9 /RUCTURE1 3/ITU;N1 &
HABITS1 6BE ADVANTAGE\S 6!M1 X WD 2 A
MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y FACT IF NO V>I,NS _H "E
O3URR$ USE;L 6EA* 2+'S [N WELF>E1 9 !
SAME MANN] Z S _M V>I,NS H O3URR$ USE;L
6MAN4 ,B IF V>I,NS USE;L 6ANY ORGANIC 2+
"E D O3UR1 ASSUR$LY 9DIVIDUALS ?US "*IS$
W H ! BE/ *.E ( 2+ PRES]V$ 9 ! /RU7LE =
LIFE2 & F ! /R;G PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E1 ^!
W T5D 6PRODUCE (FSPR+ SIMIL>LY "*IS$4 ,?
PR9CIPLE ( PRES]V,N1 OR ! SURVIVAL (!
FITTE/1 ,I H CALL$ ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N4 ,X
L1DS 6! IMPROVE;T ( EA* CR1TURE 9 REL,N
6XS ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 &
3SEQU5TLY1 9 MO/ CASES1 6:AT M/ 2 REG>D$
Z AN ADV.E 9 ORGANIS,N4 ,N"E!.S1 L[ &
SIMPLE =MS W L;G 5DURE IF WELL FITT$ =
_! SIMPLE 3DI;NS ( LIFE4
  ,NATURAL SELEC;N1 ON ! PR9CIPLE (
QUALITIES 2+ 9H]IT$ AT CORRESPOND+ AGES1
C MODIFY ! EGG1 SE$1 OR "Y1 Z EASILY Z !
ADULT4 ,AM;G/ _M ANIMALS1 SEXUAL SELEC;N
W H GIV5 XS AID 6ORD9>Y SELEC;N1 0ASSUR+
6! MO/ VIGOR\S & BE/ ADAPT$ MALES !
GRTE/ NUMB] ( (FSPR+4 ,SEXUAL SELEC;N W
AL GIVE "*S USE;L 6! MALES AL"O1 9 _!
/RU7LES OR RIVALRY ) O!R MALES2 & ^! "*S
W 2 TRANSMITT$ 6"O SEX OR 6BO? SEXES1 AC
6! =M ( 9H]IT.E : PREVAILS4
  ,:E!R NATURAL SELEC;N HAS RE,Y ?US
ACT$ 9 ADAPT+ ! V>I\S =MS ( LIFE 6_!
S"EAL 3DI;NS & /,NS1 M/ 2 JUDG$ 0! G5]AL
T5OR & BAL.E ( EVID;E GIV5 9 ! FOLL[+
*APT]S4 ,B WE H ALR SE5 H[ X 5TAILS
EXT9C;N2 & H[ L>GELY EXT9C;N HAS ACT$ 9
! _W'S HI/ORY1 GEOLOGY PLA9LY DCLS4
,NATURAL SELEC;N AL L1DS 6DIV]G;E ( "*2
=! M ORGANIC 2+S DIV]GE 9 /RUCTURE1
HABITS1 & 3/ITU;N1 0S M* ! M C A L>GE
NUMB] 2 SUPPORT$ ON ! >EA1- ( : WE SEE
PRO( 0LOOK+ 6! 9HABITANTS ( ANY SMALL
SPOT1 & 6! PRODUC;NS NATURALIS$ 9 =EIGN
L&S4 ,"!=E1 DUR+ ! MODIFIC,N (!
DESC5DANTS ( ANY "O SPECIES1 & DUR+ !
9CESSANT /RU7LE ( ALL SPECIES 69CR1SE 9
NUMB]S1 ! M DIV]SIFI$ ! DESC5DANTS
2COME1 ! BETT] W 2 _! *.E ( SU3ESS 9 !
BATTLE = LIFE4 ,?US ! SMALL DI6];ES
4T+UI%+ V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES1 /1DILY
T5D 69CR1SE1 TILL !Y EQUAL ! GRT]
DI6];ES 2T SPECIES (! SAME G5US1 OR EV5
( 4T9CT G5]A4
  ,WE H SE5 T X IS ! -MON1 ! WIDELY-
DI6US$ & WIDELY-RANG+ SPECIES1 2L;G+ 6!
L>G] G5]A )9 EA* CLASS1 : V>Y MO/2 & ^!
T5D 6TRANSMIT 6_! MODIFI$ (FSPR+ T
SUP]IOR;Y : N[ MAKES !M DOM9ANT 9 _! [N
C.TRIES4 ,NATURAL SELEC;N1 Z HAS J BE5
REM>K$1 L1DS 6DIV]G;E ( "* & 6M* EXT9C;N
(! LESS IMPROV$ & 9T]M$IATE =MS ( LIFE4
,ON ^! PR9CIPLES1 ! NATURE (! A69ITIES1
&! G5],Y WELL-DEF9$ 4T9C;NS 2T ! 9NUM]A#
ORGANIC 2+S 9 EA* CLASS "?\T ! _W1 MAY 2
EXPLA9$4 ,X IS A TRULY WOND];L FACT- !
WOND] ( : WE >E APT 6OV]LOOK F
FAMILI>;Y- T ALL ANIMALS & ALL PLANTS
"?\T ALL "T & SPACE %D 2 RELAT$ 6EA* O!R
9 GR\PS1 SUBORD9ATE 6GR\PS1 9 ! MANN] :
WE "EY": 2HOLD- "NLY1 V>IETIES (! SAME
SPECIES MO/ CLOSELY RELAT$1 SPECIES (!
SAME G5US LESS CLOSELY & UNEQU,Y RELAT$1
=M+ SEC;NS & SUB-G5]A1 SPECIES ( 4T9CT
G5]A M* LESS CLOSELY RELAT$1 & G5]A
RELAT$ 9 DI6]5T DEGREES1 =M+ SUB-
FAMILIES1 FAMILIES1 ORD]S1 SUB-CLASSES &
CLASSES4 ,! S"EAL SUBORD9ATE GR\PS 9 ANY
CLASS _C 2 RANK$ 9 A S+LE FILE1 B SEEM
CLU/]$ R.D PO9TS1 & ^! R.D O!R PO9TS1 &
S ON 9 ALM 5D.S CYCLES4 ,IF SPECIES _H
BE5 9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$1 NO EXPLAN,N WD H
BE5 POSSI# ( ? K9D ( CLASSIFIC,N2 B X IS
EXPLA9$ "? 9H]IT.E &! -PLEX AC;N (
NATURAL SELEC;N1 5TAIL+ EXT9C;N &
DIV]G;E ( "*1 Z WE H SE5 ILLU/RAT$ 9 !
DIAGRAM4
  ,! A69ITIES ( ALL ! 2+S (! SAME CLASS
H "S"TS BE5 REPRES5T$ 0A GRT TREE4 ,I
2LIEVE ? SIMILE L>GELY SP1KS ! TRU?4 ,!
GRE5 & BU4+ TWIGS MAY REPRES5T EXI/+
SPECIES2 & ^? PRODUC$ DUR+ =M] YE>S MAY
REPRES5T ! L;G SU3ES.N ( EXT9CT SPECIES4
,AT EA* P]IOD ( GR[? ALL ! GR[+ TWIGS H
TRI$ 6BRAN* \ ON ALL SIDES1 & 6OV]TOP &
KILL ! SURR.D+ TWIGS & BRAN*ES1 9 ! SAME
MANN] Z SPECIES & GR\PS ( SPECIES H AT
ALL "TS OV]MA/]$ O!R SPECIES 9 ! GRT
BATTLE = LIFE4 ,! LIMBS1 DIVID$ 96GRT
BRAN*ES1 & ^! 96LESS] & LESS] BRAN*ES1 7
!MVS ONCE1 :5 ! TREE 0 "Y1 BU4+ TWIGS1 &
? 3NEC;N (! =M] & PRES5T BUDS 0RAMIFY+
BRAN*ES MAY WELL REPRES5T ! CLASSIFIC,N
( ALL EXT9CT & LIV+ SPECIES 9 GR\PS
SUBORD9ATE 6GR\PS4 ,(! _M TWIGS :
FL\RI%$ :5 ! TREE 0 A M]E BU%1 ONLY TWO
OR ?REE1 N[ GR[N 96GRT BRAN*ES1 YET
SURVIVE & BE> ! O!R BRAN*ES2 S )!
SPECIES : LIV$ DUR+ L;G-PA/ GEOLOGICAL
P]IODS V FEW H LEFT LIV+ & MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS4 ,F ! F/ GR[? (! TREE1 _M A
LIMB & BRAN* HAS DECAY$ & DROPP$ (F2 &
^! FALL5 BRAN*ES ( V>I\S SIZES MAY
REPRES5T ^? :OLE ORD]S1 FAMILIES1 & G5]A
: H N[ NO LIV+ REPRES5TATIVES1 & : >E
"KN 6U ONLY 9 A FOSSIL /ATE4 ,Z WE "H &
"! SEE A ?9 /RA7L+ BRAN* SPR++ F1 A =K
L[ D[N 9 A TREE1 & : 0"S *.E HAS BE5
FAV\R$ & IS / ALIVE ON XS SUMMIT1 S WE
O3A.N,Y SEE AN ANIMAL L ! ,ORNI?ORHYN*US
OR ,LEPIDOSIR51 : 9 "S SMALL DEGREE
3NECTS 0XS A69ITIES TWO L>GE BRAN*ES (
LIFE1 & : HAS APP>5TLY BE5 SAV$ F FATAL
-PETI;N 0HAV+ 9HABIT$ A PROTECT$ /,N4 ,Z
BUDS GIVE RISE 0GR[? 6FRE% BUDS1 & ^!1
IF VIGOR\S1 BRAN* \ & OV]TOP ON ALL
SIDES _M A FEE#R BRAN*1 S 0G5],N ,I
2LIEVE X HAS BE5 )! GRT ,TREE ( ,LIFE1 :
FILLS ) XS D1D & BROK5 BRAN*ES ! CRU/ (!
E>?1 & COV]S ! SURFACE ) XS "EBRAN*+ &
B1UTI;L RAMIFIC,NS4