,,*APT] ,,XVI4 ,,BIRDS-,3CLUD$4 ,WE M/ N[ 3SID] ! TRANSMIS.N ( "*S1 Z LIMIT$ 0AGE1 9 REF];E 6SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,! TRU? & IMPORT.E (! PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES NE$ N "H 2 4CUSS$1 Z 5 HAS ALR BE5 SD ON ! SUBJECT4 ,2F GIV+ ! S"EAL R -PLEX RULES OR CLASSES ( CASES1 "U : ! DI6];ES 9 PLUMAGE 2T ! "Y &! OLD1 Z F> Z "KN 6ME1 MAY 2 9CLUD$1 X W 2 WELL 6MAKE A FEW PRELIM9>Y REM>KS4 ,) ANIMALS ( ALL K9DS :5 ! ADULTS DI6] 9 COL\R F ! "Y1 &! COL\RS (! LATT] >E N1 Z F> Z WE C SEE1 ( ANY SPECIAL S]VICE1 !Y MAY G5],Y 2 ATTRIBUT$1 L V>I\S EMBRYOLOGICAL /RUCTURES1 6! RET5;N (A =M] "*4 ,B ? VIEW C 2 MA9TA9$ ) 3FID;E1 ONLY :5 ! "Y ( S"EAL SPECIES RESEM# EA* O!R CLOSELY1 & LIKEWISE RESEM# O!R ADULT SPECIES 2L;G+ 6! SAME GR\P2 =! LATT] >E ! LIV+ PRO(S T S* A /ATE ( ?+S 0 =M]LY POSSI#4 ,"Y LIONS & PUMAS >E M>K$ ) FEE# /RIPES OR R[S ( SPOTS1 & Z _M ALLI$ SPECIES BO? "Y & OLD >E SIMIL>LY M>K$1 NO 2LIEV] 9 EVOLU;N W D\BT T ! PROG5ITOR (! LION & PUMA 0 A /RIP$ ANIMAL1 & T ! "Y H RETA9$ VE/IGES (! /RIPES1 L ! KITT5S ( BLACK CATS1 : >E N 9 ! L1/ /RIP$ :5 GR[N UP4 ,_M SPECIES ( DE]1 : :5 MATURE >E N SPOTT$1 >E :IL/ "Y COV]$ ) :ITE SPOTS1 Z >E LIKEWISE "S FEW SPECIES 9 ! ADULT /ATE4 ,S AG ! "Y 9 ! :OLE FAMILY ( PIGS 7,SUIDAE71 & 9 C]TA9 R 4TANTLY ALLI$ ANIMALS1 S* Z ! TAPIR1 >E M>K$ ) D>K L;GITUD9AL /RIPES2 B "H WE H A "* APP>5TLY DERIV$ F AN EXT9CT PROG5ITOR1 & N[ PRES]V$ 0! "Y AL"O4 ,9 ALL S* CASES ! OLD H _H _! COL\RS *ANG$ 9 ! C\RSE ( "T1 :IL/ ! "Y H REMA9$ B LL ALT]$1 & ? HAS BE5 E6ECT$ "? ! PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES4 ,? SAME PR9CIPLE APPLIES 6_M BIRDS 2L;G+ 6V>I\S GR\PS1 9 : ! "Y CLOSELY RESEM# EA* O!R1 & DI6] M* F _! RESPECTIVE ADULT P>5TS4 ,! "Y ( ALM ALL ! ,GALL9AC1E1 &( "S 4TANTLY ALLI$ BIRDS S* Z O/RI*ES1 >E COV]$ ) L;GITUD9,Y /RIP$ D[N2 B ? "* PO9TS BACK 6A /ATE ( ?+S S REMOTE T X H>DLY 3C]NS U4 ,"Y CROSS-BILLS 7,LOXIA7 H AT F/ /RAIIA4 ,9 ALM ! :OLE L>GE GR\P ( ?RU%ES ! "Y H _! BR1/S SPOTT$- A "* : IS RETA9$ "?\T LIFE 0_M SPECIES1 B IS Q LO/ 0O!RS1 Z 0! ,TURDUS MIGRATORIUS4 ,S AG ) _M ?RU%ES1 ! F1!RS ON ! BACK >E MOTTL$ 2F !Y >E M\LT$ =! F/ "T1 & ? "* IS RETA9$ = LIFE 0C]TA9 EA/]N SPECIES4 ,! "Y ( _M SPECIES ( %RIKES 7,LANIUS71 ( "S WOODPECK]S1 &( AN ,9DIAN PIGEON 7,*ALCOPHAPS 9DICUS71 >E TRANSV]SELY /RIP$ ON ! "U SURFACE2 & C]TA9 ALLI$ SPECIES OR :OLE G5]A >E SIMIL>LY M>K$ :5 ADULT4 ,9 "S CLOSELY- ALLI$ & RESPL5D5T ,9DIAN CUCKOOS 7,*RYSOCO3YX71 ! MATURE SPECIES DI6] 3SID]ABLY F "O ANO!R 9 COL\R1 B ! "Y _C 2 4T+UI%$4 ,! "Y ( AN ,9DIAN GOOSE 7,S>KIDIORNIS MELANONOTUS7 CLOSELY RESEM# 9 PLUMAGE AN ALLI$ G5US1 ,D5DROCYGNA1 :5 MATURE4 99 ,SIMIL> FACTS W "HAF 2 GIV5 9 REG>D 6C]TA9 H]ONS4 ,"Y BLACK-GR\SE 7,TETRAO TETRIX7 RESEM# ! "Y Z WELL Z ! OLD ( C]TA9 O!R SPECIES1 = 9/.E ! R$-GR\SE OR ,T4 SCOTICUS4 ,F9,Y1 Z ,MR4 ,BLY?1 :O HAS ATT5D$ CLOSELY 6? SUBJECT1 HAS WELL REM>K$1 ! NATURAL A69ITIES ( _M SPECIES >E BE/ EXHIBIT$ 9 _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE2 & Z ! TRUE A69ITIES ( ALL ORGANIC 2+S DEP5D ON _! DESC5T F A -MON PROG5ITOR1 ? REM>K /R;GLY 3FIRMS ! 2LIEF T ! IMMATURE PLUMAGE APPROXIMATELY %EWS U ! =M] OR ANCE/RAL 3DI;N (! SPECIES4 --,IN REG>D 6?RU%ES1 %RIKES1 & WOODPECK]S1 SEE ,MR4 ,BLY?1 9 ,*>LESWOR?'S ,MAG4 ( ,NAT4 ,HI/41 VOL4 I41 #AHCG1 P4 #CJD2 AL FOOTNOTE 6HIS TRANSL,N ( ,CUVI]'S ,REGNE ,ANIMAL1 P4 #AEI4 ,I GIVE ! CASE ( ,LOXIA ON ,MR4 ,BLY?'S 9=M,N4 ,ON ?RU%ES1 SEE AL ,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?4 ,BIOG41 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #AIE4 ,ON ,*RYSOCO3YX & ,*ALCOPHAPS1 ,BLY?1 Z QUOT$ 9 ,J]DON'S ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #DHE4 ,ON ,S>KIDIORNIS1 ,BLY?1 9 ,IBIS1 #AHFG1 P4 #AGE4 ,AL? _M "Y BIRDS1 2L;G+ 6V>I\S FAMILIES1 ?US GIVE U A GLIMPSE (! PLUMAGE ( _! REMOTE PROG5ITORS1 YET "! >E _M O!R BIRDS1 BO? DULL-COL\R$ & B"R- COL\R$1 9 : ! "Y CLOSELY RESEM# _! P>5TS4 ,9 S* CASES ! "Y (! DI6]5T SPECIES _C RESEM# EA* O!R M CLOSELY ?AN D ! P>5TS2 NOR C !Y /RIK+LY RESEM# ALLI$ =MS :5 ADULT4 ,!Y GIVE U B LL 9SI T1 :5 ! "Y &! OLD >E COL\R$ 9 ! SAME G5]AL MANN] "?\T A :OLE GR\P ( SPECIES1 X IS PROBA# T _! PROG5ITORS 7 SIMIL>LY COL\R$4 ,WE MAY N[ 3SID] ! CLASSES ( CASES1 "U : ! DI6];ES & RESEMBL.ES 2T ! PLUMAGE (! "Y &! OLD1 9 BO? SEXES OR 9 "O SEX AL"O1 MAY 2 GR\P$4 ,RULES ( ? K9D 7 F/ EN\NC$ 0,CUVI]2 B )! PROGRESS ( K !Y REQUIRE "S MODIFIC,N & AMPLIFIC,N4 ,? ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6D1 Z F> Z ! EXTREME -PLEX;Y (! SUBJECT P]MITS1 F 9=M,N DERIV$ F V>I\S S\RCES2 B A FULL ESSAY ON ? SUBJECT 0"S -PET5T ORNI?OLOGI/ IS M* NE$$4 ,9 ORD] 6ASC]TA9 6:AT EXT5T EA* RULE PREVAILS1 ,I H TABULAT$ ! FACTS GIV5 9 F\R GRT "WS1 "NLY1 0,MACGILLIVRAY ON ! BIRDS ( ,BRITA91 ,AUDUBON ON ^? ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ,J]DON ON ^? ( ,9DIA1 & ,G\LD ON ^? ( ,AU/RALIA4 ,I MAY "H PREMISE1 F/1 T ! S"EAL CASES OR RULES GRADUATE 96EA* O!R2 & SECONDLY1 T :5 ! "Y >E SD 6RESEM# _! P>5TS1 X IS N M1NT T !Y >E ID5TIC,Y ALIKE1 = _! COL\RS >E ALM ALW LESS VIVID1 &! F1!RS >E S(T] & (T5 (A DI6]5T %APE4 ,,RULES ,,OR ,,CLASSES ,,( ,,CASES4 ,I ,:5 ! ADULT MALE IS M B1UTI;L OR 3SPICU\S ?AN ! ADULT FEMALE1 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES 9 _! F/ PLUMAGE CLOSELY RESEM# ! ADULT FEMALE1 Z )! -MON F[L & P1COCK2 OR1 Z O3A.N,Y O3URS4 !Y RESEM# H] M* M CLOSELY ?AN !Y D ! ADULT MALE4 ,,II ,:5 ! ADULT FEMALE IS M 3SPICU\S ?AN ! ADULT MALE1 Z "S"TS ?\< R>ELY O3URS1 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES 9 _! F/ PLUMAGE RESEM# ! ADULT MALE4 ,,III ,:5 ! ADULT MALE RESEM#S ! ADULT FEMALE1 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES H A PECULI> F/ PLUMAGE ( _! [N1 Z )! ROB94 ,,IV ,:5 ! ADULT MALE RESEM#S ! ADULT FEMALE1 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES 9 _! F/ PLUMAGE RESEM# ! ADULTS1 Z )! K+FI%]1 _M P>ROTS1 CR[S1 H$GE-W>#RS4 ;,V ,:5 ! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES H A 4T9CT W9T] & SUMM] PLUMAGE1 :E!R OR N ! MALE DI6]S F ! FEMALE1 ! "Y RESEM# ! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES 9 _! W9T] DRESS1 OR M* M R>ELY 9 _! SUMM] DRESS1 OR !Y RESEM# ! FEMALES AL"O4 ,OR ! "Y MAY H AN 9T]M$IATE "*2 OR AG !Y MAY DI6] GRTLY F ! ADULTS 9 BO? _! S1SONAL PLUMAGES4 ,,VI ,9 "S FEW CASES ! "Y 9 _! F/ PLUMAGE DI6] F EA* O!R AC 6SEX2 ! "Y MALES RESEMBL+ M OR LESS CLOSELY ! ADULT MALES1 &! "Y FEMALES M OR LESS CLOSELY ! ADULT FEMALES4 ,,CLASS ,I ,9 ? CLASS1 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES M OR LESS CLOSELY RESEM# ! ADULT FEMALE1 :IL/ ! ADULT MALE DI6]S F ! ADULT FEMALE1 (T5 9 ! MO/ 3SPICU\S MANN]4 ,9NUM]A# 9/.ES 9 ALL ,ORD]S CD 2 GIV52 X W SU6ICE 6CALL 6M9D ! -MON PH1SANT1 DUCK1 & H\SE-SP>R[4 ,! CASES "U ? CLASS GRADUATE 96O!RS4 ,?US ! TWO SEXES :5 ADULT MAY DI6] S SLIE FEW1 OR AT L1/ >E N /R;GLY PRON\NC$1 9 -P>ISON ) ^? : -E /RICTLY "U ! PRES5T CLASS4 ,! =CE (! PRES5T LAW IS WELL %EWN 9 ^? GR\PS1 9 :1 Z A G5]AL RULE1 ! TWO SEXES &! "Y >E ALL ALIKE2 = :5 9 ^! GR\PS ! MALE DOES DI6] F ! FEMALE1 Z ) C]TA9 P>ROTS1 K+FI%]S1 PIGEONS1 &C41 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES RESEM# ! ADULT FEMALE4 99 ,WE SEE ! SAME FACT EXHIBIT$ / M CLE>LY 9 C]TA9 ANOMAL\S CASES2 ?US ! MALE ( ,HELIO?RIX AURICULATA 7"O (! HUMM+- BIRDS7 DI6]S 3SPICU\SLY F ! FEMALE 9 HAV+ A SPL5DID GORGET & F9E E>-TUFTS1 B ! FEMALE IS REM>KA# F HAV+ A M* L;G] TAIL ?AN T (! MALE2 N[ ! "Y ( BO? SEXES RESEM# 7)! EXCEP;N (! BR1/ 2+ SPOTT$ ) BRONZE7 ! ADULT FEMALE 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS1 9CLUD+ ! L5G? ( H] TAIL1 S T ! TAIL (! MALE ACTU,Y 2COMES %ORT] Z HE R1*ES MATUR;Y1 : IS A MO/ UNUSUAL CIRCUM/.E4 99 7#B7 ,AG1 ! PLUMAGE (! MALE GOOS&] 7,M]GUS M]GANS]7 IS M 3SPICU\SLY COL\R$ ?AN T (! FEMALE1 )! SCAPUL> & SECOND>Y W+-F1!R M* L;G]2 B DI6]5TLY F :AT O3URS1 Z F> Z ,I "K1 9 ANY O!R BIRD1 ! CRE/ (! ADULT MALE1 ?\< BROAD] ?AN T (! FEMALE1 IS 3SID]ABLY %ORT]1 2+ ONLY A LL ABV AN 9* 9 L5G?2 ! CRE/ (! FEMALE 2+ TWO &A HALF 9*ES L;G4 ,N[ ! "Y ( BO? SEXES 5TIRELY RESEM# ! ADULT FEMALE1 S T _! CRE/S >E ACTU,Y ( GRT] L5G?1 ?\< N>R[]1 ?AN 9 ! ADULT MALE4 99 7#C7 --,SEE1 = 9/.E1 ,MR4 ,G\LD'S A3.T 7,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 I41 P4 #ACC7 ( ,CYANALCYON 7"O (! ,K+FI%]S71 9 :1 H["E1 ! "Y MALE1 ?\< RESEMBL+ ! ADULT FEMALE1 IS LESS BRILLIANTLY COL\R$4 ,9 "S SPECIES ( ,DACELO ! MALES H BLUE TAILS1 &! FEMALES BR[N "OS2 & ,MR4 ,R4 ,B4 ,%>PE 9=MS ME T ! TAIL (! "Y MALE ( ,D4 GAUDI*AUDI IS AT F/ BR[N4 ,MR4 ,G\LD HAS DESCRIB$ 7IBID41 VOL4 ;II41 PP4 #AD1 #BJ1 #CG7 ! SEXES &! "Y ( C]TA9 BLACK COCKATOOS &(! K+ LORY1 ) : ! SAME RULE PREVAILS4 ,AL ,J]DON 7,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 I41 P4 #BFJ7 ON ! ,PALOEORNIS ROSA1 9 : ! "Y >E M L ! FEMALE ?AN ! MALE4 ,SEE ,AUDUBON 7,ORNI?OLOGICAL ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #DGE7 ON ! TWO SEXES & ! "Y ( ,COLUMBA PASS]9A4 997#B7 ,I [E ? 9=M,N 6,MR4 ,G\LD1 :O %EW$ ME ! SPECIM5S2 SEE AL 8 ,9TRODUC;N 6! ,TRO*ILIDAE1 #AHFA1 P4 #ABJ4 997#C7 ,MACGILLIVRAY1 ,HI/4 ,BRIT4 ,BIRDS1 VOL4 V41 PP4 #BJG-BAD4 ,:5 ! "Y &! FEMALES CLOSELY RESEM# EA* O!R & BO? DI6] F ! MALES1 ! MO/ OBVI\S 3CLU.N IS T ! MALES AL"O H BE5 MODIFI$4 ,EV5 9 ! ANOMAL\S CASES (! ,HELIO?RIX & ,M]GUS1 X IS PROBA# T ORIG9,Y BO? ADULT SEXES 7 FURNI%$- ! "O SPECIES )A M* EL;GAT$ TAIL1 &! O!R )A M* EL;GAT$ CRE/- ^! "*S HAV+ S9CE BE5 "PI,Y LO/ 0! ADULT MALES F "S UNEXPLA9$ CAUSE1 & TRANSMITT$ 9 _! DIM9I%$ /ATE 6_! MALE (FSPR+ AL"O1 :5 >RIV$ AT ! CORRESPOND+ AGE ( MATUR;Y4 ,! 2LIEF T 9 ! PRES5T CLASS ! MALE AL"O HAS BE5 MODIFI$1 Z F> Z ! DI6];ES 2T ! MALE &! FEMALE TGR ) H] "Y >E 3C]N$1 IS /R;GLY SUPPORT$ 0"S REM>KA# FACTS RECORD$ 0,MR4 ,BLY?1 99 ) RESPECT 6CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES : REPRES5T EA* O!R 9 4T9CT C.TRIES4 ,=) S"EAL ( ^! REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES ! ADULT MALES H "UG"O A C]TA9 AM.T ( *ANGE & C 2 4T+UI%$2 ! FEMALES &! "Y F ! 4T9CT C.TRIES 2+ 9DIST+UI%A#1 & "!=E ABSOLUTELY UN*ANG$4 ,? IS ! CASE ) C]TA9 ,9DIAN *ATS 7,?AMNOBIA71 ) C]TA9 H"OY- SUCK]S 7,NECT>9IA71 %RIKES 7,TEPHRODORNIS71 C]TA9 K+FI%]S 7,TANYSIPT]A71 ,KALIJ PH1SANTS 7,GALLOPHASIS71 & TREE-"PRIDGES 7,>BORICOLA74 --,SEE 8 ADMIRA# PAP] 9 ! ,J\RNAL (! ,ASIATIC ,SOC4 ( ,B5GAL1 VOL4 ;XIX41 #AHEJ1 P4 #BBC2 SEE AL ,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 I41 9TRODUC;N1 P4 ;XXIX4 ,9 REG>D 6,TANYSIPT]A1 ,PR(4 ,S*LEGEL TOLD ,MR4 ,BLY? T HE CD 4T+UI% S"EAL 4T9CT RACES1 SOLELY 0-P>+ ! ADULT MALES4 ,9 "S ANALOG\S CASES1 "NLY ) BIRDS HAV+ A DI6]5T SUMM] & W9T] PLUMAGE1 B )! TWO SEXES NE>LY ALIKE1 C]TA9 CLOSELY- ALLI$ SPECIES C EASILY 2 4T+UI%$ 9 _! SUMM] OR NUPTIAL PLUMAGE1 YET >E 9DIST+UI%A# 9 _! W9T] Z WELL Z 9 _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE4 ,? IS ! CASE ) "S (! CLOSELY-ALLI$ ,9DIAN WAGTAILS OR ,MOTACILLAE4 ,MR4 ,SW9HOE 99 9=MS ME T ?REE SPECIES ( ,>DEOLA1 A G5US ( H]ONS1 : REPRES5T "O ANO!R ON SEP>ATE 3T95TS1 >E 8MO/ /RIK+LY DI6]5T0 :5 ORNA;T$ ) _! SUMM] PLUMES1 B >E H>DLY1 IF AT ALL1 4T+UI%A# DUR+ ! W9T]4 ,! "Y AL ( ^! ?REE SPECIES 9 _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE CLOSELY RESEM# ! ADULTS 9 _! W9T] DRESS4 ,? CASE IS ALL ! M 9T]E/+1 2C ) TWO O!R SPECIES ( ,>DEOLA BO? SEXES RETA91 DUR+ ! W9T] & SUMM]1 NE>LY ! SAME PLUMAGE Z T POSSESS$ 0! ?REE F/ SPECIES DUR+ ! W9T] & 9 _! IMMATURE /ATE2 & ? PLUMAGE1 : IS -MON 6S"EAL 4T9CT SPECIES AT DI6]5T AGES & S1SONS1 PROBABLY %EWS U H[ ! PROG5ITORS (! G5US 7 COL\R$4 ,9 ALL ^! CASES1 ! NUPTIAL PLUMAGE : WE MAY ASSUME 0 ORIG9,Y ACQUIR$ 0! ADULT MALES DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON1 & TRANSMITT$ 6! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES AT ! CORRESPOND+ S1SON1 HAS BE5 MODIFI$1 :IL/ ! W9T] & IMMATURE PLUMAGES H BE5 LEFT UN*ANG$4 --,SEE AL ,MR4 ,SW9HOE1 9 ,IBIS1 ,JULY1 #AHFC1 P4 #ACA2 &A PREVI\S PAP]1 ) AN EXTRACT F A NOTE 0,MR4 ,BLY?1 9 ,IBIS1 ,JANU>Y1 #AHFA1 P4 #BE4 ,! "Q NATUR,Y >ISES1 H[ IS X T 9 ^! LATT] CASES ! W9T] PLUMAGE ( BO? SEXES1 & 9 ! =M] CASES ! PLUMAGE (! ADULT FEMALES1 Z WELL Z ! IMMATURE PLUMAGE (! "Y1 H N BE5 AT ALL A6ECT$8 ,! SPECIES : REPRES5T EA* O!R 9 4T9CT C.TRIES W ALM ALW H BE5 EXPOS$ 6"S:AT DI6]5T 3DI;NS1 B WE C H>DLY ATTRIBUTE 6? AC;N ! MODIFIC,N (! PLUMAGE 9 ! MALES AL"O1 SEE+ T ! FEMALES &! "Y1 ?\< SIMIL>LY EXPOS$1 H N BE5 A6ECT$4 ,H>DLY ANY FACT %EWS U M CLE>LY H[ SUBORD9ATE 9 IMPORT.E IS ! DIRECT AC;N (! 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 9 -P>ISON )! A3UMUL,N "? SELEC;N ( 9DEF9ITE V>I,NS1 ?AN ! SURPRIS+ DI6];E 2T ! SEXES ( _M BIRDS2 = BO? W H 3SUM$ ! SAME FOOD1 & H BE5 EXPOS$ 6! SAME CLIMATE4 ,N"E!.S WE >E N PRECLUD$ F 2LIEV+ T 9 ! C\RSE ( "T NEW 3DI;NS MAY PRODUCE "S DIRECT E6ECT EI ON BO? SEXES1 OR F _! 3/ITU;NAL DI6];ES *IEFLY ON "O SEX4 ,WE SEE ONLY T ? IS SUBORD9ATE 9 IMPORT.E 6! A3UMULAT$ RESULTS ( SELEC;N4 ,JUDG+1 H["E1 F A WIDE-SPR1D ANALOGY1 :5 A SPECIES MIGRATES 96A NEW C.TRY 7& ? M/ PREC$E ! =M,N ( REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES71 ! *ANG$ 3DI;NS 6: !Y W ALM ALW H BE5 EXPOS$ W CAUSE !M 6"UGO A C]TA9 AM.T ( FLUCTUAT+ V>IABIL;Y4 ,9 ? CASE SEXUAL SELEC;N1 : DEP5DS ON AN ELE;T LIA# 6*ANGE- ! TA/E OR ADMIR,N (! FEMALE- W H _H NEW %ADES ( COL\R OR O!R DI6];ES 6ACT ON & A3UMULATE2 & Z SEXUAL SELEC;N IS ALW AT "W1 X WD 7F :AT WE "K (! RESULTS ON DOME/IC ANIMALS ( MAN'S UN9T5;NAL SELEC;N71 2 SURPRIS+ IF ANIMALS 9HABIT+ SEP>ATE 4TRICTS1 : C N"E CROSS & ?US BL5D _! NEWLY-ACQUIR$ "*S1 7 N1 AF A SU6ICI5T LAPSE ( "T1 DI6]5TLY MODIFI$4 ,^! REM>KS LIKEWISE APPLY 6! NUPTIAL OR SUMM] PLUMAGE1 :E!R 3F9$ 6! MALES1 OR -MON 6BO? SEXES4 ,AL? ! FEMALES (! ABV CLOSELY-ALLI$ OR REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES1 TGR ) _! "Y1 DI6] H>DLY AT ALL F "O ANO!R1 S T ! MALES AL"O C 2 4T+UI%$1 YET ! FEMALES ( MO/ SPECIES )9 ! SAME G5US OBVI\SLY DI6] F EA* O!R4 ,! DI6];ES1 H["E1 >E R>ELY Z GRT Z 2T ! MALES4 ,WE SEE ? CLE>LY 9 ! :OLE FAMILY (! ,GALL9AC1E3 ! FEMALES1 = 9/.E1 (! -MON & ,JAPAN PH1SANT1 & ESPECI,Y (! GOLD & ,AMH]/ PH1SANT- (! SILV] PH1SANT &! WILD F[L- RESEM# "O ANO!R V CLOSELY 9 COL\R1 :IL/ ! MALES DI6] 6AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE4 ,S X IS )! FEMALES ( MO/ (! ,COT+IDAE1 ,FR+ILLIDAE1 & _M O!R FAMILIES4 ,"! C 9DE$ 2 NO D\BT T1 Z A G5]AL RULE1 ! FEMALES H BE5 LESS MODIFI$ ?AN ! MALES4 ,"S FEW BIRDS1 H["E1 (F] A S+UL> & 9EXPLICA# EXCEP;N2 ?US ! FEMALES ( ,P>ADISEA APODA & ,P4 PAPUANA DI6] F EA* O!R M ?AN D _! RESPECTIVE MALES2 99 ! FEMALE (! LATT] SPECIES HAV+ ! "U SURFACE PURE :ITE1 :IL/ ! FEMALE ,P4 APODA IS DEEP BR[N 2N4 ,S1 AG1 Z ,I HE> F ,PROFESSOR ,NEWTON1 ! MALES ( TWO SPECIES ( ,OXYNOTUS 7%RIKES71 : REPRES5T EA* O!R 9 ! ISL&S ( ,MAURITIUS & ,B\RBON1 99 7#B7 DI6] B LL 9 COL\R1 :IL/ ! FEMALES DI6] M*4 ,9 ! ,B\RBON SPECIES ! FEMALE APPE>S 6H "PI,Y RETA9$ AN IMMATURE 3DI;N ( PLUMAGE1 = AT F/ SI$ ) ^? 9EXPLICA# "OS1 : O3UR 9DEP5D5TLY ( MAN'S SELEC;N 9 C]TA9 SUB-BRE$S (! GAME-F[L1 9 : ! FEMALES >E V DI6]5T1 :IL/ ! MALES C H>DLY 2 4T+UI%$4 99 7#C7 --,WALLACE1 ,! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO1 VOL4 ;II41 #AHFI1 P4 #CID4 997#B7 ,^! SPECIES >E DESCRIB$ ) COL\R$ FIGURES1 BY ;,M4 ,F4 ,POLL51 9 ,IBIS1 #AHFF1 P4 #BGE4 997#C7 ,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS1 &C41 VOL4 I41 P4 #BEA4 ,Z ,I A3.T S L>GELY 0SEXUAL SELEC;N =! DI6];ES 2T ! MALES ( ALLI$ SPECIES1 H[ C ! DI6];ES 2T ! FEMALES 2 A3.T$ = 9 ALL ORD9>Y CASES8 ,WE NE$ N "H 3SID] ! SPECIES : 2L;G 64T9CT G5]A2 =) ^!1 ADAPT,N 6DI6]5T HABITS ( LIFE1 & O!R AG5CIES1 W H -E 96PLAY4 ,9 REG>D 6! DI6];ES 2T ! FEMALES )9 ! SAME G5US1 X APPE>S 6ME ALM C]TA91 AF LOOK+ "? V>I\S L>GE GR\PS1 T ! *IEF AG5T HAS BE5 ! GRT] OR LESS TRANSF];E 6! FEMALE (! "*S ACQUIR$ 0! MALES "? SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,9 ! S"EAL ,BRITI% F9*ES1 ! TWO SEXES DI6] EI V SLIE ! FEMALES (! GRE5F9*1 *A69*1 GOLDF9*1 BULLF9*1 CROSSBILL1 SP>R[1 &C41 WE % SEE T !Y DI6] F "O ANO!R *IEFLY 9 ! PO9TS 9 : !Y "PI,Y RESEM# _! RESPECTIVE MALES2 & ! COL\RS (! MALES MAY SAFELY 2 ATTRIBUT$ 6SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,) _M GALL9ACE\S SPECIES ! SEXES DI6] 6AN EXTREME DEGREE1 Z )! P1COCK1 PH1SANT1 & F[L1 :IL/ ) O!R SPECIES "! HAS BE5 A "PIAL OR EV5 -PLETE TRANSF];E ( "* F ! MALE 6! FEMALE4 ,! FEMALES (! S"EAL SPECIES ( ,POLYPLECTRON EXHIBIT 9 A DIM 3DI;N1 & *IEFLY ON ! TAIL1 ! SPL5DID OCELLI ( _! MALES4 ,! FEMALE "PRIDGE DI6]S F ! MALE ONLY 9 ! R$ M>K ON H] BR1/ 2+ SMALL]2 &! FEMALE WILD TURKEY ONLY 9 H] COL\RS 2+ M* DULL]4 ,9 ! GU9EA-F[L ! TWO SEXES >E 9DIST+UI%A#4 ,"! IS NO IMPROBABIL;Y 9 ! PLA91 ?\< PECULI>LY SPOTT$ PLUMAGE ( ? LATT] BIRD HAV+ BE5 ACQUIR$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N 0! MALES1 & !N TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES2 = X IS N ESS5TI,Y DI6]5T F ! M* M B1UTI;LLY SPOTT$ PLUMAGE1 "*I/IC (! MALES AL"O (! TRAGOPAN PH1SANTS4 ,X %D 2 OBS]V$ T1 9 "S 9/.ES1 ! TRANSF];E ( "*S F ! MALE 6! FEMALE HAS BE5 E6ECT$ APP>5TLY AT A REMOTE P]IOD1 ! MALE HAV+ SUBSEQU5TLY "UG"O GRT *ANGES1 )\T TRANSF]R+ 6! FEMALE ANY ( 8 LAT]- GA9$ "*S4 ,= 9/.E1 ! FEMALE &! "Y (! BLACK-GR\SE 7,TETRAO TETRIX7 RESEM# PRETTY CLOSELY BO? SEXES &! "Y (! R$- GR\SE 7,T4 SCOTICUS72 & WE MAY 3SEQU5TLY 9F] T ! BLACK-GR\SE IS DESC5D$ F "S ANCI5T SPECIES1 ( : BO? SEXES 7 COL\R$ 9 NE>LY ! SAME MANN] Z ! R$-GR\SE4 ,Z BO? SEXES ( ? LATT] SPECIES >E M 4T9CTLY B>R$ DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON ?AN AT ANY O!R "T1 & Z ! MALE DI6]S SLILY SIMIL> PLUMAGE (! FEMALE BLACK-GR\SE 0 SIMIL>LY PRODUC$ AT "S =M] P]IOD4 ,B S9CE ? P]IOD ! MALE BLACK-GR\SE HAS ACQUIR$ 8 F9E BLACK PLUMAGE1 ) 8 =K$ & \TW>DLY-CURL$ TAIL-F1!RS2 B ( ^! "*S "! HAS H>DLY BE5 ANY TRANSF];E 6! FEMALE1 EXCEPT+ T %E %EWS 9 H] TAIL A TRACE (! CURV$ =K4 --,MACGILLIVRAY1 ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,BIRDS1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #AGB-AGD4 ,WE MAY "!=E 3CLUDE T ! FEMALES ( 4T9CT ?\< ALLI$ SPECIES H (T5 _H _! PLUMAGE R5D]$ M OR LESS DI6]5T 0! TRANSF];E 9 V>I\S DEGREES ( "*S ACQUIR$ 0! MALES "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 BO? DUR+ =M] & REC5T "TS4 ,B X DES]VES ESPECIAL ATT5;N T BRILLIANT COL\RS H BE5 TRANSF]R$ M* M R>ELY ?AN O!R T9TS4 ,= 9/.E1 ! MALE (! R$-?ROAT$ BLUE-BR1/ 7,CYANECULA SUECICA7 HAS A RI* BLUE BR1/1 9CLUD+ A SUB-TRIANGUL> R$ M>K2 N[ M>KS ( NE>LY ! SAME %APE H BE5 TRANSF]R$ 6! FEMALE1 B ! C5TRAL SPACE IS FULV\S 9/1D ( R$1 & IS SURR.D$ 0MOTTL$ 9/1D ( BLUE F1!RS4 ,! ,GALL9AC1E (F] _M ANALOG\S CASES2 = N"O (! SPECIES1 S* Z "PRIDGES1 QUAILS1 GU9EA-F[LS1 &C41 9 : ! COL\RS (! PLUMAGE H BE5 L>GELY TRANSF]R$ F ! MALE 6! FEMALE1 >E BRILLIANTLY COL\R$4 ,? IS WELL EXEMPLIFI$ )! PH1SANTS1 9 : ! MALE IS G5],Y S M* M BRILLIANT ?AN ! FEMALE2 B )! ,E>$ & ,*E] PH1SANTS 7,CROSSOPTILON AURITUM & ,PHASIANUS WALLI*II7 ! SEXES CLOSELY RESEM# EA* O!R & _! COL\RS >E DULL4 ,WE MAY G S F> Z 62LIEVE T IF ANY "P (! PLUMAGE 9 ! MALES ( ^! TWO PH1SANTS _H BE5 BRILLIANTLY COL\R$1 X WD N H BE5 TRANSF]R$ 6! FEMALES4 ,^! FACTS /R;GLY SUPPORT ,MR4 ,WALLACE'S VIEW T ) BIRDS : >E EXPOS$ 6M* DANG] DUR+ 9CUB,N1 ! TRANSF];E ( B"R COL\RS F ! MALE 6! FEMALE HAS BE5 *ECK$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,WE M/ N1 H["E1 =GET T ANO!R EXPLAN,N1 2F GIV51 IS POSSI#2 "NLY1 T ! MALES : V>I$ & 2CAME B"R1 :IL/ !Y 7 "Y & 9EXP]I;ED1 WD H BE5 EXPOS$ 6M* DANG]1 & WD G5],Y H BE5 DE/ROY$2 ! OLD] & M CAUTI\S MALES1 ON ! O!R H&1 IF !Y V>I$ 9 A L MANN]1 WD N ONLY H BE5 A# 6SURVIVE1 B WD H BE5 FAV\R$ 9 _! RIVALRY ) O!R MALES4 ,N[ V>I,NS O3URR+ LATE 9 LIFE T5D 6BE TRANSMITT$ EXCLUSIVELY 6! SAME SEX1 S T 9 ? CASE EXTREMELY B"R T9TS WD N H BE5 TRANSMITT$ 6! FEMALES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ORNA;TS (A LESS 3SPICU\S K9D1 S* Z ^? POSSESS$ 0! ,E>$ & ,*E] PH1SANTS1 WD N H BE5 DANG]\S1 & IF !Y APPE>$ DUR+ E>LY Y\?1 WD G5],Y H BE5 TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES4 ,9 A4I;N 6! E6ECTS (! "PIAL TRANSF];E ( "*S F ! MALES 6! FEMALES1 "S (! DI6];ES 2T ! FEMALES ( CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES MAY 2 ATTRIBUT$ 6! DIRECT OR DEF9ITE AC;N (! 3DI;NS ( LIFE4 99 ,)! MALES1 ANY S* AC;N WD G5],Y H BE5 MASK$ 0! BRILLIANT COL\RS GA9$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N2 B N S )! FEMALES4 ,EA* (! 5D.S DIV]SITIES 9 PLUMAGE : WE SEE 9 \R DOME/ICAT$ BIRDS IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! RESULT ( "S DEF9ITE CAUSE2 & "U NATURAL & M UNI=M 3DI;NS1 "S "O T9T1 ASSUM+ T X 0 9 NO WAY 9JURI\S1 WD ALM C]TA9LY SOON] OR LAT] PREVAIL4 ,! FREE 9T]CROSS+ (! _M 9DIVIDUALS 2L;G+ 6! SAME SPECIES WD ULTIMATELY T5D 6MAKE ANY *ANGE ( COL\R1 ?US 9DUC$1 UNI=M 9 "*4 --,SEE1 ON ? SUBJECT1 *AP4 ;XXIII4 9 ! ,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS "U ,DOME/IC,N4 ,NO "O D\BTS T BO? SEXES ( _M BIRDS H _H _! COL\RS ADAPT$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N2 & X IS POSSI# T ! FEMALES AL"O ( "S SPECIES MAY H BE5 MODIFI$ = ? 5D4 ,AL? X WD 2 A DI6ICULT1 P]H AN IMPOSSI# PROCESS1 Z %EWN 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 63V]T "O =M ( TRANSMIS.N 96ANO!R "? SELEC;N1 "! WD N 2 ! L1/ DI6ICULTY 9 ADAPT+ ! COL\RS (! FEMALE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ^? (! MALE1 6SURR.D+ OBJECTS1 "? ! A3UMUL,N ( V>I,NS : 7 F ! F/ LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N 6! FEMALE SEX4 ,IF ! V>I,NS 7 N ?US LIMIT$1 ! B"R T9TS (! MALE WD 2 DET]IORAT$ OR DE/ROY$4 ,:E!R ! FEMALES AL"O ( _M SPECIES H BE5 ?US SPECI,Y MODIFI$1 IS AT PRES5T V D\BT;L4 ,I WI% ,I CD FOLL[ ,MR4 ,WALLACE 6! FULL EXT5T2 =! ADMIS.N WD REMOVE "S DI6ICULTIES4 ,ANY V>I,NS : 7 ( NO S]VICE 6! FEMALE Z A PROTEC;N WD 2 AT ONCE OBLIT]AT$1 9/1D ( 2+ LO/ SIMPLY 0N 2+ SELECT$1 OR F FREE 9T]CROSS+1 OR F 2+ ELIM9AT$ :5 TRANSF]R$ 6! MALE & 9 ANY WAY 9JURI\S 6HM4 ,?US ! PLUMAGE (! FEMALE WD 2 KEPT 3/ANT 9 "*4 ,X WD AL 2 A RELIEF IF WE CD ADMIT T ! OBSCURE T9TS ( BO? SEXES ( _M BIRDS _H BE5 ACQUIR$ & PRES]V$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N1- = EXAMPLE1 (! H$GE-W>#R OR KITTY-WR5 7,A35TOR MODUL>IS & ,TROGLODYTES VULG>IS71 ) RESPECT 6: WE H NO SU6ICI5T EVID;E (! AC;N ( SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,WE "\1 H["E1 6BE CAUTI\S 9 3CLUD+ T COL\RS : APPE> 6U DULL1 >E N ATTRACTIVE 6! FEMALES ( C]TA9 SPECIES2 WE %D BE> 9 M9D S* CASES Z T (! -MON H\SE-SP>R[1 9 : ! MALE DI6]S M* F ! FEMALE1 B DOES N EXHIBIT ANY B"R T9TS4 ,NO "O PROBABLY W 4PUTE T _M GALL9ACE\S BIRDS : LIVE ON ! OP5 GR.D1 H ACQUIR$ _! PRES5T COL\RS1 AT L1/ 9 "P1 =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,WE "K H[ WELL !Y >E ?US 3C1L$2 WE "K T PT>MIGANS1 :IL/ *ANG+ F _! W9T] 6_! SUMM] PLUMAGE1 BO? ( : >E PROTECTIVE1 SU6] GRTLY F BIRDS ( PREY4 ,B C WE 2LIEVE T ! V SLIK+S 2T1 = 9/.E1 ! FEMALE BLACK- GR\SE & R$-GR\SE S]VE Z A PROTEC;N8 ,>E "PRIDGES1 Z !Y >E N[ COL\R$1 BETT] PROTECT$ ?AN IF !Y _H RESEM#D QUAILS8 ,D ! SLIE B5EFICIAL4 ,= MYF1 ,I W ONLY SAY T ,I AM N 3V9C$4 ,=M]LY :5 ,I 0 9CL9$ 6LAY M* /RESS ON PROTEC;N Z A3.T+ =! DULL] COL\RS ( FEMALE BIRDS1 X O3URR$ 6ME T POSSIBLY BO? SEXES &! "Y MIK+S1 & 6TRANSMIT !M 6! CORRESPOND+ SEX & P]IOD ( LIFE4 ,ON ! SUPPOSI;N T ! FEMALES &! "Y H P>TAK5 DUR+ EA* /AGE (! PROCESS ( MODIFIC,N (A T5D5CY 6BE Z B"RLY COL\R$ Z ! MALES1 X IS AL A "S:AT /RANGE FACT T ! FEMALES H N"E BE5 R5D]$ DULL-COL\R$ )\T ! "Y "PICIPAT+ 9 ! SAME *ANGE2 = "! >E NO 9/.ES1 Z F> Z ,I C 4COV]1 ( SPECIES )! FEMALES DULL &! "Y B"R COL\R$4 ,A "PIAL EXCEP;N1 H["E1 IS (F]$ 0! "Y ( C]TA9 WOODPECK]S1 = !Y H 8! :OLE UPP] "P (! H1D T+$ ) R$10 : AFWS EI DECR1SES 96A M]E CIRCUL> R$ L9E 9 ! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES1 OR Q 4APPE>S 9 ! ADULT FEMALES4 99 --,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?4 ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 I41 P4 #AIC4 ,MACGILLIVRAY1 ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,BIRDS1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #HE4 ,SEE AL ! CASE 2F GIV5 ( ,9DOPICUS C>LOTTA4 ,F9,Y1 ) RESPECT 6\R PRES5T CLASS ( CASES1 ! MO/ PROBA# VIEW APPE>S 6BE T SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS 9 B"R;S OR 9 O!R ORNA;TAL "*S1 O3URR+ 9 ! MALES AT A R LATE P]IOD ( LIFE H AL"O BE5 PRES]V$2 & T MO/ OR ALL ( ^! V>I,NS1 [+ 6! LATE P]IOD ( LIFE AT : !Y APPE>$1 H BE5 F ! F/ TRANSMITT$ ONLY 6! ADULT MALE (FSPR+4 ,ANY V>I,NS 9 B"R;S O3URR+ 9 ! FEMALES OR 9 ! "Y1 WD H BE5 ( NO S]VICE 6!M1 & WD N H BE5 SELECT$2 & MOREOV]1 IF DANG]\S1 WD H BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,?US ! FEMALES &! "Y W EI H BE5 LEFT UNMODIFI$1 OR 7Z IS M* M -MON7 W H BE5 "PI,Y MODIFI$ 0RCVG "? TRANSF];E F ! MALES "S ( 8 SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS4 ,BO? SEXES H P]H BE5 DIRECTLY ACT$ ON 0! 3DI;NS ( LIFE 6: !Y H L;G BE5 EXPOS$3 B ! FEMALES F N 2+ O!RWISE M* MODIFI$1 W BE/ EXHIBIT ANY S* E6ECTS4 ,^! *ANGES & ALL O!RS W H BE5 KEPT UNI=M 0! FREE 9T]CROSS+ ( _M 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9 "S CASES1 ESPECI,Y ) GR.D BIRDS1 ! FEMALES &! "Y MAY POSSIBLY H BE5 MODIFI$1 9DEP5D5TLY (! MALES1 =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N1 S Z 6H ACQUIR$ ! SAME DULL-COL\R$ PLUMAGE4 ,,CLASS ,,II ,:5 ! ADULT FEMALE IS M 3SPICU\S ?AN ! ADULT MALE1 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES 9 _! F/ PLUMAGE RESEM# ! ADULT MALE4- ,? CLASS IS EXACTLY ! REV]SE (! LA/1 =! FEMALES >E "H B"R] COL\R$ OR M 3SPICU\S ?AN ! MALES2 &! "Y1 Z F> Z !Y >E "KN1 RESEM# ! ADULT MALES 9/1D (! ADULT FEMALES4 ,B ! DI6];E 2T ! SEXES IS N"E NE>LY S GRT Z ) _M BIRDS 9 ! F/ CLASS1 &! CASES >E -P>ATIVELY R>E4 ,MR4 ,WALLACE1 :O F/ CALL$ ATT5;N 6! S+UL> REL,N : EXI/S 2T ! LESS B"R COL\RS (! MALES & _! P]=M+ ! DUTIES ( 9CUB,N1 LAYS GRT /RESS ON ? PO9T1 99 Z A CRUCIAL TE/ T OBSCURE COL\RS H BE5 ACQUIR$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N DUR+ ! P]IOD ( NE/+4 ,A DI6]5T VIEW SEEMS 6ME M PROBA#4 ,Z ! CASES >E CURI\S & N NUM]\S1 ,I W BRIEFLY GIVE ALL T ,I H BE5 A# 6F9D4 --,WE/M9/] ,REVIEW1 ,JULY1 #AHFG1 & ,A4 ,MURRAY1 ,J\RNAL ( ,TRAVEL1 #AHFH1 P4 #HC4 ,9 "O SEC;N (! G5US ,TURNIX1 QUAIL-L BIRDS1 ! FEMALE IS 9V>IABLY L>G] ?AN ! MALE 72+ NE>LY TWICE Z L>GE 9 "O (! ,AU/RALIAN SPECIES71 & ? IS AN UNUSUAL CIRCUM/.E )! ,GALL9AC1E4 ,9 MO/ (! SPECIES ! FEMALE IS M 4T9CTLY COL\R$ & B"R] ?AN ! MALE1 99 B 9 "S FEW SPECIES ! SEXES >E ALIKE4 ,9 ,TURNIX TAIGOOR ( ,9DIA ! MALE 8WANTS ! BLACK ON ! ?ROAT & NECK1 &! :OLE T"O (! PLUMAGE IS LIS 6BE NOISI]1 & IS C]TA9LY M* M PUGNACI\S ?AN ! MALE2 S T ! FEMALES & N ! MALES >E (T5 KEPT 0! NATIVES = FIE EXPOS$ 0! ,5GLI% BIRD-CAT*]S =A DECOY NE> A TRAP1 9 ORD] 6CAT* O!R MALES 0EXCIT+ _! RIVALRY1 S ! FEMALES ( ? ,TURNIX >E EMPLOY$ 9 ,9DIA4 ,:5 ?US EXPOS$ ! FEMALES SOON 2G9 _! 8L\D PURR+ CALL1 : C 2 HE>D A L;G WAY (F1 & ANY FEMALES )9 E>-%OT RUN RAPIDLY 6! SPOT1 & -M;E FI SEXUAL DI6];ES4 997#B7 ,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #EIF4 ,MR4 ,SW9HOE1 9 ,IBIS1 #AHFE1 P4 #EDB2 #AHFF1 PP4 #ACA1 #DJE4 ,! FEMALES (! ?REE SPECIES ( PA9T$ SNIPES 7SEE ,RHYN*OEA1 FIG4 #FB7 8>E N ONLY L>G] B M* M RI*LY COL\R$ ?AN ! MALES48 99 ,) ALL O!R BIRDS 9 : ! TRA*EA DI6]S 9 /RUCTURE 9 ! TWO SEXES X IS M DEVELOP$ & -PLEX 9 ! MALE ?AN 9 ! FEMALE2 B 9 ! ,RHYN*OEA AU/RALIS X IS SIMPLE 9 ! MALE1 :IL/ 9 ! FEMALE X MAKES F\R 4T9CT 3VOLU;NS 2F 5T]+ ! LUNGS4 99 7#B7 ,! FEMALE "!=E ( ? SPECIES HAS ACQUIR$ AN EM95TLY MASCUL9E "*4 ,MR4 ,BLY? ASC]TA9$1 0EXAM9+ _M SPECIM5S1 T ! TRA*EA IS N 3VOLUT$ 9 EI SEX ( ,R4 B5GAL5SIS1 : SPECIES RESEM#S ,R4 AU/RALIS S CLOSELY1 T X C H>DLY 2 4T+UI%$ EXCEPT 0XS %ORT] TOES4 ,? FACT IS ANO!R /RIK+ 9/.E (! LAW T SECOND>Y SEXUAL "*S >E (T5 WIDELY DI6]5T 9 CLOSELY-ALLI$ =MS1 ?\< X IS A V R>E CIRCUM/.E :5 S* DI6];ES RELATE 6! FEMALE SEX4 ,! "Y ( BO? SEXES ( ,R4 B5GAL5SIS 9 _! F/ PLUMAGE >E SD 6RESEM# ! MATURE MALE4 99 7#C7 ,"! IS AL R1SON 62LIEVE T ! MALE "UTAKES ! DUTY ( 9CUB,N1 = ,MR4 ,SW9HOE 99 7#D7 F.D ! FEMALES 2F ! CLOSE (! SUMM] ASSOCIAT$ 9 FLOCKS1 Z O3URS )! FEMALES (! ,TURNIX4 --,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #FGG4 997#B7 ,G\LD'S ,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #BGE4 997#C7 ,! ,9DIAN ,FIELD1 ,SEPT41 #AHEH1 P4 #C4 997#D7 ,IBIS1 #AHFF1 P4 #BIH4 ,! FEMALES ( ,PHAL>OPUS FULIC>IUS & ,P4 HYP]BOREUS >E L>G]1 & 9 _! SUMM] PLUMAGE 8M GAILY ATTIR$ ?AN ! MALES40 ,B ! DI6];E 9 COL\R 2T ! SEXES IS F> F 3SPICU\S4 ,AC 6,PROFESSOR ,/E5/RUP1 ! MALE AL"O ( ,P4 FULIC>IUS "UTAKES ! DUTY ( 9CUB,N2 ? IS LIKEWISE %EWN 0! /ATE ( 8 BR1/-F1!RS DUR+ ! BRE$+- S1SON4 ,! FEMALE (! DOTT]EL PLOV] 7,EUDROMIAS MOR9ELLUS7 IS L>G] ?AN ! MALE1 & HAS ! R$ & BLACK T9TS ON ! L[] SURFACE1 ! :ITE CRESC5T ON ! BR1/1 &! /RIPES OV] ! EYES1 M /R;GLY PRON\NC$4 ,! MALE AL TAKES AT L1/ A %>E 9 HAT*+ ! E7S2 B ! FEMALE LIKEWISE ATT5DS 6! "Y4 99 ,I H N BE5 A# 64COV] :E!R ) ^! SPECIES ! "Y RESEM# ! ADULT MALES M CLOSELY ?AN ! ADULT FEMALES2 =! -P>ISON IS "S:AT DI6ICULT 6MAKE ON A3.T (! D\# M\LT4 --,= ^! S"EAL /ATE;TS1 SEE ,MR4 ,G\LD'S ,BIRDS ( ,GRT ,BRITA94 ,PR(4 ,NEWTON 9=MS ME T HE HAS L;G BE5 3V9C$1 F 8 [N OBS]V,NS & F ^? ( O!RS1 T ! MALES (! ABV-"ND SPECIES TAKE EI ! :OLE OR A L>GE %>E (! DUTIES ( 9CUB,N1 & T !Y 8%EW M* GRT] DEVO;N T[>DS _! "Y1 :5 9 DANG]1 ?AN D ! FEMALES40 ,S X IS1 Z HE 9=MS ME1 ) ,LIMOSA LAPPONICA & "S FEW O!R WAD]S1 9 : ! FEMALES >E L>G] & H M /R;GLY 3TRA/$ COL\RS ?AN ! MALES4 ,TURN+ N[ 6! O/RI* ,ORD]3 ! MALE ( ! -MON CASS[>Y 7,CASU>IUS GAL1TUS7 WD 2 ?"\ 0ANY "O 6BE ! FEMALE1 F 8 SMALL] SIZE & F ! APP5DAGES & NAK$ SK9 AB 8 H1D 2+ M* LESS B"RLY COL\R$2 & ,I AM 9=M$ 0,MR4 ,B>TLETT T 9 ! ,ZOOLOGICAL ,G>D5S1 X IS C]TA9LY ! MALE AL"O :O SITS ON ! E7S & TAKES C>E (! "Y4 99 ,! FEMALE IS SD 0,MR4 ,T4 ,W4 ,WOOD 99 7#B7 6EXHIBIT DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON A MO/ PUGNACI\S 4POSI;N2 & H] WATTLES !N 2COME 5L>G$ & M BRILLIANTLY COL\R$4 ,S AG ! FEMALE ( "O (! EMUS 7,DROMOEUS IRRORATUS7 IS 3SID]ABLY L>G] ?AN ! MALE1 & %E POSSESSES A SLIS1 H["E1 86H GRT] P[]1 :5 ANGRY OR O!RWISE EXCIT$1 ( ERECT+1 L A TURKEY-COCK1 ! F1!RS ( H] NECK & BR1/4 ,%E IS USU,Y ! M C\RAGE\S & PUGILI/IC4 ,%E MAKES A DEEP HOLL[ GUTTURAL BOOM ESPECI,Y AT NIS 6USE H] UTMO/ 5D1V\RS 6DE/ROY !M4 ,= MON?S AFWS X IS UNSAFE 6PUT ! P>5TS TGR1 VIOL5T QU>RELS 2+ ! 9EVITA# RESULT1 9 : ! FEMALE G5],Y -ES (F 3QU]OR48 997#C7 ,S T ) ? EMU WE H A -PLETE REV]SAL N ONLY (! P>5TAL & 9CUBAT+ 9/9CTS1 B (! USUAL MORAL QUALITIES (! TWO SEXES2 ! FEMALES 2+ SAVAGE1 QU>REL"S1 & NOISY1 ! MALES G5TLE & GD4 ,! CASE IS V DI6]5T )! ,AFRICAN O/RI*1 =! MALE IS "S:AT L>G] ?AN ! FEMALE & HAS F9] PLUMES ) M /R;GLY 3TRA/$ COL\RS2 N"E!.S HE "UTAKES ! :OLE DUTY ( 9CUB,N4 99 7#D7 --,! NATIVES ( ,C]AM 7,WALLACE1 ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #AEJ7 ASS]T T ! MALE & FEMALE SIT ALT]NATELY ON ! E7S2 B ? ASS];N1 Z ,MR4 ,B>TLETT ?9KS1 MAY 2 A3.T$ = 0! FEMALE VISIT+ ! NE/ 6LAY H] E7S4 997#B7 ,! ,/UD5T1 ,APRIL1 #AHGJ1 P4 #ABD4 997#C7 ,SEE ! EXCELL5T A3.T (! HABITS ( ? BIRD "U 3F9E;T1 0,MR4 ,A4 ,W4 ,B5NETT1 9 ,L& & ,WAT]1 ,MAY1 #AHFH1 P4 #BCC4 997#D7 ,MR4 ,SCLAT]1 ON ! 9CUB,N ( ! ,/RU?IONES1 ,PROC4 ,ZOOL4 ,SOC41 ,JUNE #I1 #AHFC4 ,S X IS )! ,RHEA D>W9II3 ,CAPTA9 ,MU/]S SAYS 7,AT ,HOME )! ,PATAGONIANS1 #AHGA1 P4 #ABH71 T ! MALE IS L>G]1 /R;G] & SWIFT] ?AN ! FEMALE1 &( SLIK] COL\RS2 YET HE TAKES SOLE *>GE (! E7S &(! "Y1 J Z DOES ! MALE (! -MON SPECIES ( ,RHEA4 ,I W SPECIFY ! FEW O!R CASES "KN 6ME1 9 : ! FEMALE IS M 3SPICU\SLY COL\R$ ?AN ! MALE1 AL? NO?+ IS "KN AB ! MANN] ( 9CUB,N4 ,)! C>RION-HAWK (! ,FALKL& ,ISL&S 7,MILVAGO LEUCURUS7 ,I 0 M* SURPRIS$ 6F9D 04SEC;N T ! 9DIVIDUALS1 : _H ALL _! T9TS /R;GLY PRON\NC$1 )! C]E & LEGS ORANGE-COL\R$1 7 ! ADULT FEMALES2 :IL/ ^? ) DULL] PLUMAGE & GREY LEGS 7 ! MALES OR ! "Y4 ,9 AN ,AU/RALIAN TREE- CREEP] 7,CLIMACT]IS ]Y?ROPS7 ! FEMALE DI6]S F ! MALE 9 82+ ADORN$ ) B1UTI;L1 RADIAT$1 RUF\S M>K+S ON ! ?ROAT1 ! MALE HAV+ ? "P Q PLA940 ,LA/LY1 9 AN ,AU/RALIAN NI 8! FEMALE ALW EXCE$S ! MALE 9 SIZE & 9 ! BRILLI.E ( H] T9TS2 ! MALES1 ON ! O!R H&1 H TWO :ITE SPOTS ON ! PRIM>IES M 3SPICU\S ?AN 9 ! FEMALE48 99 --,=! ,MILVAGO1 SEE ,ZOOLOGY (! ,VOYAGE (! ,B1GLE3 ,BIRDS1 #AHDA1 P4 #AF4 ,=! ,CLIMACT]IS & NI 7,EURO/OPODUS71 SEE ,G\LD'S ,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #FJB & #IG4 ,! NEW ,Z1L& %IELDRAKE 7,TADORNA V>IEGATA7 (F]S A Q ANOMAL\S CASE2 ! H1D (! FEMALE IS PURE :ITE1 & H] BACK IS R$D] ?AN T ( ! MALE2 ! H1D (! MALE IS (A RI* D>K BRONZ$ COL\R1 & 8 BACK IS CLO!D ) F9ELY P5CILL$ SLATE-COL\R$ F1!RS1 S T ALT HE MAY 2 3SID]$ Z ! M B1UTI;L (! TWO4 ,HE IS L>G] & M PUGNACI\S ?AN ! FEMALE1 & DOES N SIT ON ! E7S4 ,S T 9 ALL ^! RESPECTS ? SPECIES -ES "U \R F/ CLASS ( CASES2 B ,MR4 ,SCLAT] 7,PROCE$+S (! ,ZOOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 #AHFF1 P4 #AEJ7 0 M* SURPRIS$ 6OBS]VE T ! "Y ( BO? SEXES1 :5 AB ?REE MON?S OLD1 RESEM#D 9 _! D>K H1DS & NECKS ! ADULT MALES1 9/1D (! ADULT FEMALES2 S T X WD APPE> 9 ? CASE T ! FEMALES H BE5 MODIFI$1 :IL/ ! MALES &! "Y H RETA9$ A =M] /ATE ( PLUMAGE ,WE ?US SEE T ! CASES 9 : FEMALE BIRDS >E M 3SPICU\SLY COL\R$ ?AN ! MALES1 )! "Y 9 _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE RESEMBL+ ! ADULT MALES 9/1D (! ADULT FEMALES1 Z 9 ! PREVI\S CLASS1 >E N NUM]\S1 ?\< !Y >E 4TRIBUT$ 9 V>I\S ,ORD]S4 ,! AM.T ( DI6];E1 AL1 2T ! SEXES IS 9COMP>ABLY LESS ?AN T : FREQU5TLY O3URS 9 ! LA/ CLASS2 S T ! CAUSE (! DI6];E1 :AT"E X MAY H BE51 HAS "H ACT$ ON ! FEMALES EI LESS 5]GETIC,Y OR LESS P]SI/5TLY ?AN ON ! MALES 9 ! LA/ CLASS4 ,MR4 ,WALLACE 2LIEVES T ! MALES H _H _! COL\RS R5D]$ LESS 3SPICU\S =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N DUR+ ! P]IOD ( 9CUB,N2 B ! DI6];E 2T ! SEXES 9 H>DLY ANY (! =EGO+ CASES APPE>S SU6ICI5TLY GRT = ? VIEW 6BE SAFELY A3EPT$4 ,9 "S (! CASES1 ! B"R] T9TS (! FEMALE >E ALM 3F9$ 6! L[] SURFACE1 &! MALES1 IF ?US COL\R$1 WD N H BE5 EXPOS$ 6DANG] :IL/ SITT+ ON ! E7S4 ,X %D AL 2 BORNE 9 M9D T ! MALES >E N ONLY 9 A SLIE SMALL] & W1K]4 ,!Y H1 MOREOV]1 N ONLY ACQUIR$ ! MAT]NAL 9/9CT ( 9CUB,N1 B >E LESS PUGNACI\S & VOCIF]\S ?AN ! FEMALES1 & 9 "O 9/.E H SIMPL] VOCAL ORGANS4 ,?US AN ALM -PLETE TRANSPOSI;N (! 9/9CTS1 HABITS1 4POSI;N1 COL\R1 SIZE1 &( "S PO9TS ( /RUCTURE1 HAS BE5 E6ECT$ 2T ! TWO SEXES4 ,N[ IF WE MID\R : IS USUAL 6_! SEX1 S T !Y NO L;G] SE>* EAG]LY =! FEMALES2 OR1 IF WE MIE SD 6BE 8M* M -MONLY MET ) ?AN ! MALES8 99 -!N X IS N IMPROBA# T ! FEMALES WD H BE5 L$ 6C\RT ! MALES1 9/1D ( 2+ C\RT$ 0!M4 ,? 9DE$ IS ! CASE 6A C]TA9 EXT5T ) "S BIRDS1 Z WE H SE5 )! P1H51 WILD TURKEY1 & C]TA9 K9DS ( GR\SE4 ,TAK+ Z \R GUIDE ! HABITS ( MO/ MALE BIRDS1 ! GRT] SIZE & /R5G? Z WELL Z ! EXTRAORD9>Y PUGNAC;Y (! FEMALES (! ,TURNIX & EMU1 M/ M1N T !Y 5D1V\R 6DRIVE AWAY RIVAL FEMALES1 9 ORD] 6GA9 POSSES.N (! MALE2 & ON ? VIEW ALL ! FACTS 2COME CLE>2 =! MALES WD PROBABLY 2 MO/ *>M$ OR EXCIT$ 0! FEMALES : 7 ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE 6!M 0_! B"R COL\RS1 O!R ORNA;TS1 OR VOCAL P[]S4 ,SEXUAL SELEC;N WD !N D XS "W1 /1DILY A4+ 6! ATTRAC;NS (! FEMALES2 ! MALES &! "Y 2+ LEFT N AT ALL1 OR B LL MODIFI$4 --,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #EIH4 ,,CLASS ,,III ,:5 ! ADULT MALE RESEM#S ! ADULT FEMALE1 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES H A PECULI> F/ PLUMAGE ( _! [N4- ,9 ? CLASS ! SEXES :5 ADULT RESEM# EA* O!R1 & DI6] F ! "Y4 ,? O3URS ) _M BIRDS ( _M K9DS4 ,! MALE ROB9 C H>DLY 2 4T+UI%$ F ! FEMALE1 B ! "Y >E WIDELY DI6]5T1 ) _! MOTTL$ DUSKY-OLIVE & BR[N PLUMAGE4 ,! MALE & FEMALE (! SPL5DID SC>LET IBIS >E ALIKE1 :IL/ ! "Y >E BR[N2 &! SC>LET COL\R1 ?\< -MON 6BO? SEXES1 IS APP>5TLY A SEXUAL "*1 = X IS N WELL DEVELOP$ 9 EI SEX "U 3F9E;T2 &A LOSS ( COL\R (T5 O3URS ) BRILLIANT MALES :5 !Y >E 3F9$4 ,) _M SPECIES ( H]ONS ! "Y DI6] GRTLY F ! ADULTS2 &! SUMM] PLUMAGE (! LATT]1 ?\< -MON 6BO? SEXES1 CLE>LY HAS A NUPTIAL "*4 ,"Y SWANS >E SLATE-COL\R$1 :IL/ ! MATURE BIRDS >E PURE :ITE2 B X WD 2 SUP]FLU\S 6GIVE A4I;NAL 9/.ES4 ,^! DI6];ES 2T ! "Y &! OLD APP>5TLY DEP5D1 Z 9 ! LA/ TWO CLASSES1 ON ! "Y HAV+ RETA9$ A =M] OR ANCI5T /ATE ( PLUMAGE1 :IL/ ! OLD ( BO? SEXES H ACQUIR$ A NEW "O4 ,:5 ! ADULTS >E B"R COL\R$1 WE MAY 3CLUDE F ! REM>KS J MADE 9 REL,N 6! SC>LET IBIS & 6_M H]ONS1 & F ! ANALOGY (! SPECIES 9 ! F/ CLASS1 T S* COL\RS H BE5 ACQUIR$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N 0! NE>LY MATURE MALES2 B T1 DI6]5TLY F :AT O3URS 9 ! F/ TWO CLASSES1 ! TRANSMIS.N1 ?\< LIMIT$ 6! SAME AGE1 HAS N BE5 LIMIT$ 6! SAME SEX4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 ! SEXES :5 MATURE RESEM# EA* O!R & DI6] F ! "Y4 ,,CLASS ,,IV ,:5 ! ADULT MALE RESEM#S ! ADULT FEMALE1 ! "Y ( BO? SEXES 9 _! F/ PLUMAGE RESEM# ! ADULTS4- ,9 ? CLASS ! "Y &! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES1 :E!R BRILLIANTLY OR OBSCURELY COL\R$1 RESEM# EA* O!R4 ,S* CASES >E1 ,I ?9K1 M -MON ?AN ^? 9 ! LA/ CLASS4 ,WE H 9 ,5GL& 9/.ES 9 ! K+FI%]1 "S WOODPECK]S1 ! JAY1 MAGPIE1 CR[1 & _M SMALL DULL-COL\R$ BIRDS1 S* Z ! H$GE-W>#R OR KITTY- WR54 ,B ! SIMIL>;Y 9 PLUMAGE 2T ! "Y &! OLD IS N"E -PLETE1 & GRADUATES AWAY 964SIMIL>;Y4 ,?US ! "Y ( "S MEMB]S (! K+FI%] FAMILY >E N ONLY LESS VIVIDLY COL\R$ ?AN ! ADULTS1 B _M (! F1!RS ON ! L[] SURFACE >E $G$ ) BR[N1 99 --A VE/IGE PROBABLY (A =M] /ATE (! PLUMAGE4 ,FREQU5TLY 9 ! SAME GR\P ( BIRDS1 EV5 )9 ! SAME G5US1 = 9/.E 9 AN ,AU/RALIAN G5US ( P>RAKEETS 7,PLATYC]CUS71 ! "Y ( "S SPECIES CLOSELY RESEM#1 :IL/ ! "Y ( O!R SPECIES DI6] 3SID]ABLY F1 _! P>5TS ( BO? SEXES1 : >E ALIKE4 99 7#B7 ,BO? SEXES &! "Y (! -MON JAY >E CLOSELY SIMIL>2 B 9 ! ,CANADA JAY 7,P]ISOREUS CANAD5SIS7 ! "Y DI6] S M* F _! P>5TS T !Y 7 =M]LY DESCRIB$ Z 4T9CT SPECIES4 99 7#C7 --,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #BBB1 #BBH4 ,G\LD'S ,H&BOOK 6! ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #ABD1 #ACJ4 997#B7 ,G\LD1 IBID41 VOL4 ;II41 PP4 #CG1 #DF1 #EF4 997#C7 ,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?4 ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #EE4 ,I MAY REM>K 2F PROCE$+ T1 "U ! PRES5T & NEXT TWO CLASSES ( CASES1 ! FACTS >E S -PLEX &! 3CLU.NS S D\BT;L1 T ANY "O :O FEELS NO ESPECIAL 9T]E/ 9 ! SUBJECT _H BETT] PASS !M OV]4 ,! BRILLIANT OR 3SPICU\S COL\RS : "*ISE _M BIRDS 9 ! PRES5T CLASS1 C R>ELY OR N"E 2 ( S]VICE 6!M Z A PROTEC;N2 S T !Y H PROBABLY BE5 GA9$ 0! MALES "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 & !N TRANSF]R$ 6! FEMALES &! "Y4 ,X IS1 H["E1 POSSI# T ! MALES MAY H SELECT$ ! M ATTRACTIVE FEMALES2 & IF ^! TRANSMITT$ _! "*S 6_! (FSPR+ ( BO? SEXES1 ! SAME RESULTS WD FOLL[ Z F ! SELEC;N (! M ATTRACTIVE MALES 0! FEMALES4 ,B "! IS EVID;E T ? 3T+5CY HAS R>ELY1 IF "E1 O3URR$ 9 ANY ( ^? GR\PS ( BIRDS 9 : ! SEXES >E G5],Y ALIKE2 =1 IF EV5 A FEW (! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS _H FAIL$ 6BE TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES1 ! FEMALES WD H SLIE 9 A SLI Z ORNA;TAL "*S >E 3C]N$1 9 A3ORD.E )! G5]AL RULE "?\T ! ANIMAL K+DOM1 T IS1 ON ! MALES2 & T ^! H TRANSMITT$ _! GRADU,Y-ACQUIR$ COL\RS1 EI EQU,Y OR ALM EQU,Y1 6_! (FSPR+ ( BO? SEXES4 ,ANO!R PO9T IS M D\BT;L1 "NLY1 :E!R ! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS F/ APPE>$ 9 ! MALES AF _H 2COME NE>LY MATURE1 OR :IL/ Q "Y4 ,9 EI CASE SEXUAL SELEC;N M/ H ACT$ ON ! MALE :5 HE _H 6-PETE ) RIVALS =! POSSES.N (! FEMALE2 & 9 BO? CASES ! "*S ?US ACQUIR$ H BE5 TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES & ALL AGES4 ,B ^! "*S IF ACQUIR$ 0! MALES :5 ADULT1 MAY H BE5 TRANSMITT$ AT F/ 6! ADULTS AL"O1 & AT "S SUBSEQU5T P]IOD TRANSF]R$ 6! "Y4 ,= X IS "KN T1 :5 ! LAW ( 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES FAILS1 ! (FSPR+ (T5 9H]IT "*S AT AN E>LI] AGE ?AN T AT : !Y F/ APPE>$ 9 _! P>5TS4 99 ,CASES APP>5TLY ( ? K9D H BE5 OBS]V$ ) BIRDS 9 A /ATE ( NATURE4 ,= 9/.E ,MR4 ,BLY? HAS SE5 SPECIM5S ( ,LANIUS RUFUS &( ,COLYMBUS GLACIALIS : _H ASSUM$ :IL/ "Y1 9 A Q ANOMAL\S MANN]1 ! ADULT PLUMAGE ( _! P>5TS4 99 7#B7 ,AG1 ! "Y (! -MON SWAN 7,CYGNUS OLOR7 D N CA/ (F _! D>K F1!RS & 2COME :ITE UNTIL EIS OLD2 B ,DR4 ,F4 ,=EL HAS DESCRIB$ ! CASE ( ?REE VIGOR\S "Y BIRDS1 \ (A BROOD ( F\R1 : 7 BORN PURE :ITE4 ,^! "Y BIRDS 7 N ALB9OS1 Z %EWN 0! COLOR ( _! B1KS & LEGS1 : NE>LY RESEM#D ! SAME "PS 9 ! ADULTS4 99 7#C7 --,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS "U ,DOME/IC,N1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #GI4 997#B7 ,*>LESWOR?'S ,MAGAZ9E ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY1 VOL4 I41 #AHCG1 PP4 #CJE1 #CJF4 997#C7 ,BULLET9 DE LA ,SOC4 ,VAUDOISE DES ,SC4 ,NAT41 VOL4 X41 #AHFI1 P4 #ACB4 ,! "Y (! ,POLI% SWAN1 ,CYGNUS IMMUTABILIS ( ,Y>RELL1 >E ALW :ITE2 B ? SPECIES1 Z ,MR4 ,SCLAT] 9=MS ME1 IS 2LIEV$ 6BE NO?+ M ?AN A V>IETY (! DOME/IC SWAN 7,CYGNUS OLOR74 ,X MAY 2 WOR? :ILE 6ILLU/RATE ! ABV ?REE MODES 0:1 9 ! PRES5T CLASS1 ! TWO SEXES &! "Y MAY H -E 6RESEM# EA* O!R1 0! CURI\S CASE (! G5US ,PASS]4 99 ,9 ! H\SE-SP>R[ 7,P4 DOME/ICUS7 ! MALE DI6]S M* F ! FEMALE & F ! "Y4 ,! "Y &! FEMALES >E ALIKE1 & RESEM# 6A L>GE EXT5T BO? SEXES &! "Y (! SP>R[ ( ,PALE/9E 7,P4 BRA*YDACTYLUS71 Z WELL Z ( "S ALLI$ SPECIES4 ,WE MAY "!=E ASSUME T ! FEMALE & "Y (! H\SE-SP>R[ APPROXIMATELY %EW U ! PLUMAGE (! PROG5ITOR (! G5US4 ,N[ )! TREE-SP>R[ 7,P4 MONTANUS7 BO? SEXES &! "Y CLOSELY RESEM# ! MALE (! H\SE-SP>R[2 S T !Y H ALL BE5 MODIFI$ 9 ! SAME MANN]1 & ALL DE"P F ! TYPICAL COL\R+ ( _! E>LY PROG5ITOR4 ,? MAY H BE5 E6ECT$ 0A MALE ANCE/OR (! TREE-SP>R[ HAV+ V>I$1 F/LY1 :5 NE>LY MATURE2 OR1 SECONDLY1 :IL/ Q "Y1 & 0HAV+ 9 EI CASE TRANSMITT$ 8 MODIFI$ PLUMAGE 6! FEMALES &! "Y2 OR1 ?IRDLY1 HE MAY H V>I$ :5 ADULT & TRANSMITT$ 8 PLUMAGE 6BO? ADULT SEXES1 &1 [+ 6! FAILURE (! LAW ( 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES1 AT "S SUBSEQU5T P]IOD 6HIS "Y4 --,I AM 9DEBT$ 6,MR4 ,BLY? = 9=M,N 9 REG>D 6? G5US4 ,! SP>R[ ( ,PALE/9E 2L;GS 6! SUB-G5US ,PETRONIA4 ,X IS IMPOSSI# 6DECIDE : ( ^! ?REE MODES HAS G5],Y PREVAIL$ "?\T ! PRES5T CLASS ( CASES4 ,T ! MALES V>I$ :IL/ "Y1 & TRANSMITT$ _! V>I,NS 6_! (FSPR+ ( BO? SEXES1 IS ! MO/ PROBA#4 ,I MAY "H ADD T ,I H1 ) LL SU3ESS1 5D1V\R$1 03SULT+ V>I\S "WS1 6DECIDE H[ F> ! P]IOD ( V>I,N 9 BIRDS HAS G5],Y DET]M9$ ! TRANSMIS.N ( "*S 6"O SEX OR 6BO?4 ,! TWO RULES1 (T5 REF]R$ TO 7"NLY1 T V>I,NS O3URR+ LATE 9 LIFE >E TRANSMITT$ 6"O &! SAME SEX1 :IL/ ^? : O3UR E>LY 9 LIFE >E TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES71 APP>5TLY HOLD GD 9 ! F/1 99 SECOND1 & F\R? CLASSES ( CASES2 B !Y FAIL 9 ! ?IRD1 (T5 9 ! FIF?1 99 7#B7 & 9 ! SIX? SMALL CLASS4 ,!Y APPLY1 H["E1 Z F> Z ,I C JUDGE1 6A 3SID]A# MAJOR;Y (! SPECIES2 & WE M/ N =GET ! /RIK+ G5]ALIS,N 0,DR4 ,W4 ,M>%ALL ) RESPECT 6! PROTUB].ES ON ! H1DS ( BIRDS4 ,:E!R OR N ! TWO RULES G5],Y HOLD GD1 WE MAY 3CLUDE F ! FACTS GIV5 9 ! EII,N IS "O IMPORTANT ELE;T 9 DET]M9+ ! =M ( TRANSMIS.N4 --,= 9/.E1 ! MALES ( ,TANAGRA AE/IVA & ,FR+ILLA CYANEA REQUIRE ?REE YE>S1 ! MALE ( ,FR+ILLA CIRIS F\R YE>S1 6-PLETE _! B1UTI;L PLUMAGE4 7,SEE ,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?4 ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #BCC1 #BHJ1 #CGH74 ,! H>LEQU9 DUCK TAKES ?REE YE>S 7IBID41 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #FAD74 ,! MALE (! GOLD PH1SANT1 Z ,I HE> F ,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR1 C 2 4T+UI%$ F ! FEMALE :5 AB ?REE MON?S OLD1 B HE DOES N ACQUIRE 8 FULL SPL5D\R UNTIL ! 5D (! ,SEPTEMB] 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>4 997#B7 ,?US ! ,IBIS TANTALUS & ,GRUS AM]ICANUS TAKE F\R YE>S1 ! FLAM+O S"EAL YE>S1 &! ,>DEA LUDOVICANA TWO YE>S1 2F !Y ACQUIRE _! P]FECT PLUMAGE4 ,SEE ,AUDUBON1 IBID41 VOL4 I41 P4 #BBA2 VOL4 ;III41 PP4 #ACC1 #ACI1 #BAA4 ,) BIRDS X IS DI6ICULT 6DECIDE 0:AT /&>D WE "\ 6JUDGE (! E>LI;S OR LATE;S (! P]IOD ( V>I,N1 :E!R 0! AGE 9 REF];E 6! DUR,N ( LIFE1 OR 6! P[] ( REPRODUC;N1 OR 6! NUMB] ( M\LTS "? : ! SPECIES PASSES4 ,! M\LT+ ( BIRDS1 EV5 )9 ! SAME FAMILY1 "S"TS DI6]S M* )\T ANY ASSIGNA# CAUSE4 ,"S BIRDS M\LT S E>LY1 T NE>LY ALL ! BODY F1!RS >E CA/ (F 2F ! F/ W+-F1!RS >E FULLY GR[N2 & WE _C 2LIEVE T ? 0 ! PRIMORDIAL /ATE ( ?+S4 ,:5 ! P]IOD ( M\LT+ HAS BE5 A3EL]AT$1 ! AGE AT : ! COL\RS (! ADULT PLUMAGE >E F/ DEVELOP$ W FALSELY APPE> 6U 6BE E>LI] ?AN X RE,Y IS4 ,? MAY 2 ILLU/RAT$ 0! PRACTICE FOLL[$ 0"S BIRD-FANCI]S1 :O PULL \ A FEW F1!RS F ! BR1/ ( NE/L+ BULLF9*ES1 & F ! H1D OR NECK ( "Y GOLD-PH1SANTS1 9 ORD] 6ASC]TA9 _! SEX2 = 9 ! MALES1 ^! F1!RS >E IMMLY REPLAC$ 0COL\R$ "OS4 99 ,! ACTUAL DUR,N ( LIFE IS "KN 9 B FEW BIRDS1 S T WE C H>DLY JUDGE 0? /&>D4 ,&1 ) REF];E 6! P]IOD AT : ! P[] ( REPRODUC;N IS GA9$1 X IS A REM>KA# FACT T V>I\S BIRDS O3A.N,Y BRE$ :IL/ RETA9+ _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE4 99 7#B7 ,! FACT ( BIRDS BRE$+ 9 _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE SEEMS OPPOS$ 6! 2LIEF T SEXUAL SELEC;N HAS PLAY$ Z IMPORTANT A "P1 Z ,I 2LIEVE X HAS1 9 GIV+ ORNA;TAL COL\RS1 PLUMES1 &C41 6! MALES1 &1 0M1NS ( EQUAL TRANSMIS.N1 6! FEMALES ( _M SPECIES4 ,! OBJEC;N WD 2 A VALID "O1 IF ! "Y] & LESS ORNA;TAL MALES 7 Z SU3ESS;L 9 W9N+ FEMALES & PROPAGAT+ _! K9D1 Z ! OLD] & M B1UTI;L MALES4 ,B WE H NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T ? IS ! CASE4 ,AUDUBON SP1KS (! BRE$+ ( ! IMMATURE MALES ( ,IBIS TANTALUS Z A R>E EV5T1 Z DOES ,MR4 ,SW9HOE1 9 REG>D 6! IMMATURE MALES ( ,ORIOLUS4 99 7#C7 ,IF ! "Y ( ANY SPECIES 9 _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE 7 M SU3ESS;L 9 W9N+ "PN]S ?AN ! ADULTS1 ! ADULT PLUMAGE WD PROBABLY SOON 2 LO/1 Z ! MALES WD PREVAIL1 : RETA9$ _! IMMATURE DRESS =! L;GE/ P]IOD1 & ?US ! "* (! SPECIES WD ULTIMATELY 2 MODIFI$4997#D7 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! "Y N"E SU3E$$ 9 OBTA9+ A FEMALE1 ! HABIT ( E>LY REPRODUC;N WD P]H 2 SOON] OR LAT] ELIM9AT$1 F 2+ SUP]FLU\S & 5TAIL+ WA/E ( P[]4 --,MR4 ,BLY?1 9 ,*>LESWOR?'S ,MAGAZ9E ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY1 VOL4 I41 #AHCG1 P4 #CJJ4 ,MR4 ,B>TLETT HAS 9=M$ ME 9 REG>D 6GOLD PH1SANTS4 997#B7 ,I H NOTIC$ ! FOLL[+ CASES 9 ,AUDUBON'S ,ORNI?4 ,BIOGRAPHY4 ,! R$-/>T ( ,AM]ICA 7,MUSCAPICA RUTICILLA1 VOL4 I41 P4 #BJC74 ,! ,IBIS TANTALUS TAKES F\R YE>S 6-E 6FULL MATUR;Y1 B "S"TS BRE$S 9 ! SECOND YE> 7VOL4 ;III41 P4 #ACC74 ,! ,GRUS AM]ICANUS TAKES ! SAME "T1 B BRE$S 2F ACQUIR+ XS FULL PLUMAGE 7VOL4 ;III41 P4 #BAA74 ,! ADULTS ( ,>DEA CAERULEA >E BLUE1 &! "Y :ITE2 & :ITE1 MOTTL$1 & MATURE BLUE BIRDS MAY ALL 2 SE5 BRE$+ TGR 7VOL4 ;IV41 P4 #EH73 B ,MR4 ,BLY? 9=MS ME T C]TA9 H]ONS APP>5TLY >E DIMORPHIC1 = :ITE & COL\R$ 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME AGE MAY 2 OBS]V$4 ,! H>LEQU9 DUCK 7,ANAS HI/RIONICA1 ,L9N47 TAKES ?REE YE>S 6ACQUIRE XS FULL PLUMAGE1 ?\< _M BIRDS BRE$ 9 ! SECOND YE> 7VOL4 ;III41 P4 #FAD74 ,! :ITE-B1D$ EAGLE 7,FALCO LEUCOCEPHALUS1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #BAJ7 IS LIKEWISE "KN 6BRE$ 9 XS IMMATURE /ATE4 ,"S SPECIES ( ,ORIOLUS 7AC 6,MR4 ,BLY? & ,MR4 ,SW9HOE1 9 ,IBIS1 ,JULY1 #AHFC1 P4 #FH7 LIKEWISE BRE$ 2F !Y ATTA9 _! FULL PLUMAGE4 997#C7 ,SEE ! LA/ FOOTNOTE4 997#D7 ,O!R ANIMALS1 2L;G+ 6Q 4T9CT CLASSES1 >E EI HABITU,Y OR O3A.N,Y CAPA# ( BRE$+ 2F !Y H FULLY ACQUIR$ _! ADULT "*S4 ,? IS ! CASE )! "Y MALES (! SALMON4 ,S"EAL AMPHIBIANS H BE5 "KN 6BRE$ :IL/ RETA9+ _! L>VAL /RUCTURE4 ,FRITZ ,MULL] HAS %EWN 7,FACTS & ,>GU;TS = ,D>W91 ,5G4 TRANS41 #AHFI1 P4 #GI7 T ! MALES ( S"EAL AMPHIPOD CRU/AC1NS 2COME SEXU,Y MATURE :IL/ "Y2 & ,I 9F] T ? IS A CASE ( PREMATURE BRE$+1 2C !Y H N Z YET ACQUIR$ _! FULLY-DEVELOP$ CLASP]S4 ,ALL S* FACTS >E HI+ ON "O M1NS 0: SPECIES MAY "UGO GRT MODIFIC,NS ( "*4 ,! PLUMAGE ( C]TA9 BIRDS GOES ON 9CR1S+ 9 B1UTY DUR+ _M YE>S AF !Y >E FULLY MATURE2 ? IS ! CASE )! TRA9 (! P1COCK1 ) "S (! BIRDS ( P>ADISE1 &)! CRE/ & PLUMES ( C]TA9 H]ONS1 = 9/.E1 ! ,>DEA LUDOVICANA4 99 ,B X IS D\BT;L :E!R ! 3T9U$ DEVELOP;T ( S* F1!RS IS ! RESULT (! SELEC;N ( SU3ESSIVE B5EFICIAL V>I,NS 7?\< ? IS ! MO/ PROBA# VIEW ) BIRDS ( P>ADISE7 OR M]ELY ( 3T9U\S GR[?4 ,MO/ FI%ES 3T9UE 9CR1S+ 9 SIZE1 Z L;G Z !Y >E 9 GD H1L? & H PL5TY ( FOOD2 &A "S:AT SIMIL> LAW MAY PREVAIL )! PLUMES ( BIRDS4 --,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #EJG1 ON ! P1COCK4 ,DR4 ,M>%ALL ?9KS T ! OLD] & M BRILLIANT MALES ( BIRDS ( P>ADISE1 H AN ADVANTAGE OV] ! "Y] MALES2 SEE ,>*IVES ,NE]L&AISES1 TOM4 ;VI41 #AHGA4- ,ON ,>DEA1 ,AUDUBON1 IBID41 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #ACI4 ,,CLASS ;,V ,:5 ! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES H A 4T9CT W9T] & SUMM] PLUMAGE1 :E!R OR N ! MALE DI6]S F ! FEMALE1 ! "Y RESEM# ! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES 9 _! W9T] DRESS1 OR M* M R>ELY 9 _! SUMM] DRESS1 OR !Y RESEM# ! FEMALES AL"O4 ,OR ! "Y MAY H AN 9T]M$IATE "*2 OR1 AG1 !Y MAY DI6] GRTLY F ! ADULTS 9 BO? _! S1SONAL PLUMAGES4- ,! CASES 9 ? CLASS >E S+UL>LY -PLEX2 NOR IS ? SURPRIS+1 Z !Y DEP5D ON 9H]IT.E1 LIMIT$ 9 A GRT] OR LESS DEGREE 9 ?REE DI6]5T WAYS1 "NLY1 0SEX1 AGE1 &! S1SON ( ! YE>4 ,9 "S CASES ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES PASS "? AT L1/ FIVE 4T9CT /ATES ( PLUMAGE4 ,)! SPECIES1 9 : ! MALE DI6]S F ! FEMALE DUR+ ! SUMM] S1SON AL"O1 OR1 : IS R>]1 DUR+ BO? S1SONS1 99 ! "Y G5],Y RESEM# ! FEMALES1- Z )! S-CALL$ GOLD-F9* ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & APP>5TLY )! SPL5DID ,MALURI ( ,AU/RALIA4 99 7#B7 ,) ^! SPECIES1 ! SEXES ( : >E ALIKE DUR+ BO? ! SUMM] & W9T]1 ! "Y MAY RESEM# ! ADULTS1 F/LY1 9 _! W9T] DRESS2 SECONDLY1 & ? IS ( M* R>] O3URR;E1 9 _! SUMM] DRESS2 ?IRDLY1 !Y MAY 2 9T]M$IATE 2T ^! TWO /ATES2 &1 F\R?LY1 !Y MAY DI6] GRTLY F ! ADULTS AT ALL S1SONS4 ,WE H AN 9/.E (! F/ ( ^! F\R CASES 9 "O (! EGRETS ( ,9DIA 7,BUPHUS COROM&US71 9 : ! "Y &! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES >E :ITE DUR+ ! W9T]1 ! ADULTS 2COM+ GOLD5-BUFF DUR+ ! SUMM]4 --,= ILLU/RATIVE CASES1 SEE VOL4 ;IV4 ( ,MACGILLIVRAY'S ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,BIRDS2 ON ,TR+A1 &C41 PP4 #BBI1 #BGA2 ON ! ,MA*ETES1 P4 #AGB2 ON ! ,*>ADRIUS HIATICULA1 P4 #AAH2 ON ! ,*>ADRIUS PLUVIALIS1 P4 #ID4 997#B7 ,=! GOLDF9* ( ,N4 ,AM]ICA1 ,FR+ILLA TRI/IS1 ,L9N41 SEE ,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?OLOGICAL ,BIOGRAPHY VOL4 I41 P4 #AGB4 ,=! ,MALURI1 ,G\LD'S ,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 I41 P4 #CAH4 ,)! GAP] 7,ANA/OMUS OSCITANS7 ( ,9DIA WE H A SIMIL> CASE1 B ! COL\RS >E REV]S$3 =! "Y &! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES >E GREY & BLACK DUR+ ! W9T]1 ! ADULTS 2COM+ :ITE DUR+ ! SUMM]4 99 ,Z AN 9/.E (! SECOND CASE1 ! "Y (! RAZOR-BILL 7,ALCA TORDA1 ,L9N471 9 AN E>LY /ATE ( PLUMAGE1 >E COL\R$ L ! ADULTS DUR+ ! SUMM]2 &! "Y (! :ITE-CR[N$ SP>R[ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 7,FR+ILLA LEUCOPHRYS71 Z SOON Z FL$G$1 H ELEGANT :ITE /RIPES ON _! H1DS1 : >E LO/ 0! "Y &! OLD DUR+ ! W9T]4 99 7#B7 ,) RESPECT 6! ?IRD CASE1 "NLY1 T (! "Y HAV+ AN 9T]M$IATE "* 2T ! SUMM] & W9T] ADULT PLUMAGES1 ,Y>RELL 99 7#C7 9SI/S T ? O3URS ) _M WAD]S4 ,LA/LY1 9 REG>D 6! "Y DI6]+ GRTLY F BO? SEXES 9 _! ADULT SUMM] & W9T] PLUMAGES1 ? O3URS ) "S H]ONS & EGRETS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,9DIA1- ! "Y AL"O 2+ :ITE4 --,I AM 9DEBT$ 6,MR4 ,BLY? = 9=M,N Z 6! ,BUPHUS2 SEE AL ,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #GDI4 ,ON ! ,ANA/OMUS1 SEE ,BLY?1 9 ,IBIS1 #AHFG1 P4 #AGC4 997#B7 ,ON ! ,ALCA1 SEE ,MACGILLIVRAY1 ,HI/4 ,BRIT4 ,BIRDS1 VOL4 V41 P4 #CDG4 ,ON ! ,FR+ILLA LEUCOPHRYS1 ,AUDUBON1 IBID41 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #HI4 ,I % H "HAF 6REF] 6! "Y ( C]TA9 H]ONS & EGRETS 2+ :ITE4 997#C7 ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,BIRDS1 VOL4 I41 #AHCI1 P4 #AEI4 ,I W MAKE ONLY A FEW REM>KS ON ^! -PLICAT$ CASES4 ,:5 ! "Y RESEM# ! FEMALES 9 _! SUMM] DRESS1 OR ! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES 9 _! W9T] DRESS1 ! CASES DI6] F ^? GIV5 "U ,CLASSES ,I & ,ILL ONLY 9 ! "*S ORIG9,Y ACQUIR$ 0! MALES DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON1 HAV+ BE5 LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N 6! CORRESPOND+ S1SON4 ,:5 ! ADULTS H A 4T9CT SUMM] & W9T] PLUMAGE1 & ! "Y DI6] F BO?1 ! CASE IS M DI6ICULT 6"U/&4 ,WE MAY ADMIT Z PROBA# T ! "Y H RETA9$ AN ANCI5T /ATE ( PLUMAGE2 WE C A3.T 0SEXUAL SELEC;N =! SUMM] OR NUPTIAL PLUMAGE (! ADULTS1 B H[ >E WE 6A3.T = _! 4T9CT W9T] PLUMAGE8 ,IF WE CD ADMIT T ? PLUMAGE S]VES 9 ALL CASES Z A PROTEC;N1 XS ACQUIRE;T WD 2 A SIMPLE A6AIR2 B "! SEEMS NO GD R1SON = ? ADMIS.N4 ,X MAY 2 SU7E/$ T ! WIDELY DI6]5T 3DI;NS ( LIFE DUR+ ! W9T] & SUMM] H ACT$ 9 A DIRECT MANN] ON ! PLUMAGE2 ? MAY H _H "S E6ECT1 B ,I H N M* 3FID;E 9 S GRT A DI6];E Z WE "S"TS SEE 2T ! TWO PLUMAGES1 HAV+ BE5 ?US CAUS$4 ,A M PROBA# EXPLAN,N IS1 T AN ANCI5T /YLE ( PLUMAGE1 "PI,Y MODIFI$ "? ! TRANSF];E ( "S "*S F ! SUMM] PLUMAGE1 HAS BE5 RETA9$ 0! ADULTS DUR+ ! W9T]4 ,F9,Y1 ALL ! CASES 9 \R PRES5T CLASS APP>5TLY DEP5D ON "*S ACQUIR$ 0! ADULT MALES1 HAV+ BE5 V>I\SLY LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N AC 6AGE1 S1SON1 & SEX2 B X WD N 2 WOR? :ILE 6ATTEMPT 6FOLL[ \ ^! -PLEX REL,NS4 ,,CLASS ;,,VI ,! "Y 9 _! F/ PLUMAGE DI6] F EA* O!R AC 6SEX2 ! "Y MALES RESEMBL+ M OR LESS CLOSELY ! ADULT MALES1 &! "Y FEMALES M OR LESS CLOSELY ! ADULT FEMALES4- ,! CASES 9 ! PRES5T CLASS1 ?\< O3URR+ 9 V>I\S GR\PS1 >E N NUM]\S2 YET X SEEMS ! MO/ NATURAL ?+ T ! "Y %D AT F/ "S:AT RESEM# ! ADULTS (! SAME SEX1 & GRADU,Y 2COME M & M L !M4 ,! ADULT MALE BLACKCAP 7,SYLVIA ATRICAPILLA7 HAS A BLACK H1D1 T (! FEMALE 2+ R$DI%-BR[N2 & ,I AM 9=M$ 0,MR4 ,BLY?1 T ! "Y ( BO? SEXES C 2 4T+UI%$ 0? "* EV5 Z NE/L+S4 ,9 ! FAMILY ( ?RU%ES AN UNUSUAL NUMB] ( SIMIL> CASES H BE5 NOTIC$2 ?US1 ! MALE BLACKBIRD 7,TURDUS M]ULA7 C 2 4T+UI%$ 9 ! NE/ F ! FEMALE4 ,! TWO SEXES (! MOCK+ BIRD 7,TURDUS POLYGLOTTUS1 ,L9N47 DI6] V LL F EA* O!R1 YET ! MALES C EASILY 2 4T+UI%$ AT A V E>LY AGE F ! FEMALES 0%[+ M PURE :ITE4 99 ,! MALES (A =E/-?RU% &(A ROCK-?RU% 7,OROCETES ]Y?ROGA/RA & ,PETROC9CLA CYANEA7 H M* ( _! PLUMAGE (A F9E BLUE1 :IL/ ! FEMALES >E BR[N2 &! NE/L+ MALES ( BO? SPECIES H _! MA9 W+ & TAIL-F1!RS $G$ ) BLUE :IL/ ^? (! FEMALE >E $G$ ) BR[N4997#B7 ,9 ! "Y BLACKBIRD ! W+-F1!RS ASSUME _! MATURE "* & 2COME BLACK AF ! O!RS2 ON ! O!R H&1 9 ! TWO SPECIES J "ND ! W+-F1!R 2COME BLUE 2F ! O!RS4 ,! MO/ PROBA# VIEW ) REF];E 6! CASES 9 ! PRES5T CLASS IS T ! MALES1 DI6]5TLY F :AT O3URS 9 ,CLASS ,I1 H TRANSMITT$ _! COL\RS 6_! MALE (FSPR+ AT AN E>LI] AGE ?AN T AT : !Y 7 F/ ACQUIR$2 =1 IF ! MALES _H V>I$ :IL/ Q "Y1 _! "*S WD PROBABLY H BE5 TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES4 99 7#C7 --,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?4 ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 I41 P4 #AAC4 997#B7 ,MR4 ,C4 ,A4 ,W"R1 9 ,IBIS1 VOL4 ;VI41 #AHFD1 P4 #FE4 ,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 I41 P4 #EAE4 ,SEE AL ON ! BLACKBIRD1 ,BLY? 9 ,*>LESWOR?'S ,MAGAZ9E ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY1 VOL4 I41 #AHCG1 P4 #AAC4 997#C7 ,! FOLL[+ A4I;NAL CASES MAY 2 M5;N$2 ! "Y MALES ( ,TANAGRA RUBRA C 2 4T+UI%$ F ! "Y FEMALES 7,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?4 ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 ;IV41 P4 #CIB71 & S X IS )9 ! NE/L+S (A BLUE NUTHAT*1 ,D5DROPHILA FRONTALIS ( ,9DIA 7,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 I41 P4 #CHI74 ,MR1 ,BLY? AL 9=MS ME T ! SEXES (! /"O*AT1 ,SAXICOLA RUBICOLA1 >E 4T+UI%A# AT A V E>LY AGE4 ,MR4 ,SALV9 GIVES 7,PROC4 ,ZOOLOG4 ,SOC41 #AHGJ1 P4 #BJF7 ! CASE (A HUMM+-BIRD1 L ! FOLL[+ "O ( ,EU/EPHANUS4 ,9 ,AI?URUS POLYTMUS1 A HUMM+-BIRD1 ! MALE IS SPL5DIDLY COL\R$ BLACK & GRE51 & TWO (! TAIL-F1!RS >E IMM5SELY L5G!N$2 ! FEMALE HAS AN ORD9>Y TAIL & 9CONSPICU\S COL\RS2 N[ ! "Y MALES1 9/1D ( RESEMBL+ ! ADULT FEMALE1 9 A3ORD.E )! -MON RULE1 2G9 F ! F/ 6ASSUME ! COL\RS PROP] 6_! SEX1 & _! TAIL-F1!RS SOON 2COME EL;GAT$4 ,I [E ? 9=M,N 6,MR4 ,G\LD1 :O HAS GIV5 ME ! FOLL[+ M /RIK+ & Z YET UNPUBLI%$ CASE4 ,TWO HUMM+-BIRDS 2L;G+ 6! G5US ,EU/EPHANUS1 BO? B1UTI;LLY COL\R$1 9HABIT ! SMALL ISL& ( ,JUAN ,F]N&EZ1 & H ALW BE5 RANK$ Z SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT4 ,B X HAS LATELY BE5 ASC]TA9$ T ! "O : IS (A RI* *E/NUT-BR[N COL\R )A GOLD5-R$ H1D1 IS ! MALE1 :IL/ ! O!R : IS ELEGANTLY V>IEGAT$ ) GRE5 & :ITE )A METALLIC GRE5 H1D IS ! FEMALE4 ,N[ ! "Y F ! F/ "S:AT RESEM# ! ADULTS (! CORRESPOND+ SEX1 ! RESEMBL.E GRADU,Y 2COM+ M & M -PLETE4 ,9 3SID]+ ? LA/ CASE1 IF Z 2F WE TAKE ! PLUMAGE (! "Y Z \R GUIDE1 X WD APPE> T BO? SEXES H BE5 R5D]$ B1UTI;L 9DEP5D5TLY2 & N T "O SEX HAS "PI,Y TRANSF]R$ XS B1UTY 6! O!R4 ,! MALE APP>5TLY HAS ACQUIR$ 8 B"R COL\RS "? SEXUAL SELEC;N 9 ! SAME MANN] Z1 = 9/.E1 ! P1COCK OR PH1SANT 9 \R F/ CLASS ( CASES2 &! FEMALE 9 ! SAME MANN] Z ! FEMALE ,RHYN*AEA OR ,TURNIX 9 \R SECOND CLASS ( CASES4 ,B "! IS M* DI6ICULTY 9 "U/&+ H[ ? CD H BE5 E6ECT$ AT ! SAME "T )! TWO SEXES (! SAME SPECIES4 ,MR4 ,SALV9 /ATES1 Z WE H SE5 9 ! EI EXCE$$ ! MALES1 WE CD "U/& H[ ! MALES AT "O "T1 & ! FEMALES AT ANO!R1 MILI] AGE ?AN USUAL4 ,:E!R ? IS ! TRUE EXPLAN,N ,I W N PRET5D 6SAY2 B ! CASE IS TOO REM>KA# 6BE PASS$ OV] )\T NOTICE4 ,WE H N[ SE5 9 ALL SIX CLASSES1 T AN 9TIMATE REL,N EXI/S 2T ! PLUMAGE (! "Y & ! ADULTS1 EI ( "O SEX OR BO?4 ,^! REL,NS >E FAIRLY WELL EXPLA9$ ON ! PR9CIPLE T "O SEX- ? 2+ 9 ! GRT MAJOR;Y ( CASES ! MALE- F/ ACQUIR$ "? V>I,N & SEXUAL SELEC;N B"R COL\RS OR O!R ORNA;TS1 & TRANSMITT$ !M 9 V>I\S WAYS1 9 A3ORD.E )! RECOGNIS$ LAWS ( 9H]IT.E4 ,:Y V>I,NS H O3URR$ AT DI6]5T P]IODS ( LIFE1 EV5 "S"TS ) SPECIES (! SAME GR\P1 WE D N "K1 B ) RESPECT 6! =M ( TRANSMIS.N1 "O IMPORTANT DET]M9+ CAUSE SEEMS 6BE ! AGE AT : ! V>I,NS F/ APPE>4 ,F ! PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES1 & F ANY V>I,NS 9 COL\R : O3URR$ 9 ! MALES AT AN E>LY AGE N 2+ !N SELECT$- ON ! 3TR>Y 2+ (T5 ELIM9AT$ Z DANG]\S- :IL/ SIMIL> V>I,NS O3URR+ AT OR NE> ! P]IOD ( REPRODUC;N H BE5 PRES]V$1 X FOLL[S T ! PLUMAGE (! "Y W (T5 H BE5 LEFT UNMODIFI$1 OR B LL MODIFI$4 ,WE ?US GET "S 9SIE B"R COL\R$1 AT L1/ DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON1 :IL/ ! "Y >E 9V>IABLY LESS B"RLY COL\R$ ?AN ! ADULTS1 OR >E Q DULL COL\R$2 = NO 9/.E IS "KN1 Z F> Z ,I C 4COV]1 (! "Y ( DULL- COL\R$ SPECIES 4PLAY+ B"R COL\RS1 OR (! "Y ( B"R-COL\R$ SPECIES 2+ M BRILLIANT ?AN _! P>5TS4 ,9 ! F\R? CLASS1 H["E1 9 : ! "Y &! OLD RESEM# EA* O!R1 "! >E _M SPECIES 7?\< 0NO M1NS ALL71 ( : ! "Y >E B"R-COL\R$1 & Z ^! =M OLD GR\PS1 WE MAY 9F] T _! E>LY PROG5ITORS 7 LIKEWISE B"R4 ,) ? EXCEP;N1 IF WE LOOK 6! BIRDS (! _W1 X APPE>S T _! B1UTY HAS BE5 M* 9CR1S$ S9CE T P]IOD1 ( : _! IMMATURE PLUMAGE GIVES U A "PIAL RECORD4 ,ON ! ,COL\R (! ,PLUMAGE 9 REL,N 6,PROTEC;N4- ,X W H BE5 SE5 T ,I _C FOLL[ ,MR4 ,WALLACE 9 ! 2LIEF T DULL COL\RS1 :5 3F9$ 6! FEMALES1 H BE5 9 MO/ CASES SPECI,Y GA9$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,"! C1 H["E1 2 NO D\BT1 Z =M]LY REM>K$1 T BO? SEXES ( _M BIRDS H _H _! COL\RS MODIFI$1 S Z 6ESCAPE ! NOTICE ( _! 5EMIES2 OR 9 "S 9/.ES1 S Z 6APPROA* _! PREY UNOBS]V$1 J Z [LS H _H _! PLUMAGE R5D]$ S(T1 T _! FLID4 ,MR4 ,WALLACE REM>KS 99 T 8X IS ONLY 9 ! TROPICS1 AM;G =E/S : N"E LOSE _! FOLIAGE1 T WE F9D :OLE GR\PS ( BIRDS1 ^: *IEF COL\R IS GRE540 ,X W 2 ADMITT$ 0E "O1 :O HAS "E TRI$1 H[ DI6ICULT X IS 64T+UI% P>ROTS 9 A L1F-COV]$ TREE4 ,N"E!.S1 WE M/ REMEMB] T _M P>ROTS >E ORNA;T$ ) CRIMSON1 BLUE1 & ORANGE T9TS1 : C H>DLY 2 PROTECTIVE4 ,WOODPECK]S >E EM95TLY >BOR1L1 B 2SS GRE5 SPECIES1 "! >E _M BLACK1 & BLACK-&-:ITE K9DS- ALL ! SPECIES 2+ APP>5TLY EXPOS$ 6NE>LY ! SAME DANG]S4 ,X IS "!=E PROBA# T ) TREE- HAUNT+ BIRDS1 /R;GLY-PRON\NC$ COL\RS H BE5 ACQUIR$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 B T A GRE5 T9T HAS BE5 ACQUIR$ (T5] ?AN ANY O!R1 F ! A4I;NAL ADVANTAGE ( PROTEC;N4 --,WE/M9/] ,REVIEW1 ,JULY1 #AHFG1 P4 #E4 ,9 REG>D 6BIRDS : LIVE ON ! GR.D1 E "O ADMITS T !Y >E COL\R$ S Z 6IMITATE ! SURR.D+ SURFACE4 ,H[ DI6ICULT X IS 6SEE A "PRIDGE1 SNIPE1 WOODCOCK1 C]TA9 PLOV]S1 L>KS1 & NIS :5 CR\*$ ON GR.D4 ,ANIMALS 9HABIT+ DES]TS (F] ! MO/ /RIK+ CASES1 =! B>E SURFACE AF=DS NO 3C1L;T1 & NE>LY ALL ! SMALL] QUADRUP$S1 REPTILES1 & BIRDS DEP5D = SAFETY ON _! COL\RS4 ,MR4 ,TRI/RAM HAS REM>K$ 9 REG>D 6! 9HABITANTS (! ,SAH>A1 T ALL >E PROTECT$ 0_! 8ISABELL9E OR S&-COL\R48 99 ,CALL+ 6MY RECOLLEC;N ! DES]T-BIRDS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 Z WELL Z MO/ (! GR.D-BIRDS ( ,GRT ,BRITA91 X APPE>$ 6ME T BO? SEXES 9 S* CASES >E G5],Y COL\R$ NE>LY ALIKE4 ,ACLY1 ,I APPLI$ 6,MR4 ,TRI/RAM ) RESPECT 6! BIRDS (! ,SAH>A1 & HE HAS K9DLY GIV5 ME ! FOLL[+ 9=M,N4 ,"! >E TW5TY-SIX SPECIES 2L;G+ 6FIFTE5 G5]A1 : MANIFE/LY H _! PLUMAGE COL\R$ 9 A PROTECTIVE MANN]2 & ? COL\R+ IS ALL ! M /RIK+1 Z ) MO/ ( ^! BIRDS X DI6]S F T ( _! 3G5]S4 ,BO? SEXES ( ?IRTE5 \ (! TW5TY-SIX SPECIES >E COL\R$ 9 ! SAME MANN]2 B ^! 2L;G 6G5]A 9 : ? RULE -MONLY PREVAILS1 S T !Y TELL U NO?+ AB ! PROTECTIVE COL\RS 2+ ! SAME 9 BO? SEXES ( DES]T-BIRDS4 ,(! O!R ?IRTE5 SPECIES1 ?REE 2L;G 6G5]A 9 : ! SEXES USU,Y DI6] F EA* O!R1 YET "H !Y H ! SEXES ALIKE4 ,9 ! REMA9+ T5 SPECIES1 ! MALE DI6]S F ! FEMALE2 B ! DI6];E IS 3F9$ *IEFLY 6! "U SURFACE (! PLUMAGE1 : IS 3C1L$ :5 ! BIRD CR\*ES ON ! GR.D2 ! H1D & BACK 2+ (! SAME S&-COL\R$ HUE 9 ! TWO SEXES4 ,S T 9 ^! T5 SPECIES ! UPP] SURFACES ( BO? SEXES H BE5 ACT$ ON & R5D]$ ALIKE1 "? NATURAL SELEC;N1 =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N2 :IL/ ! L[] SURFACES (! MALES AL"O H BE5 DIV]SIFI$1 "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 =! SAKE ( ORNA;T4 ,"H1 Z BO? SEXES >E EQU,Y WELL PROTECT$1 WE CLE>LY SEE T ! FEMALES H N BE5 PREV5T$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N F 9H]IT+ ! COL\RS ( _! MALE P>5TS2 S T WE M/ LOOK 6! LAW ( SEXU,Y-LIMIT$ TRANSMIS.N4 --,IBIS1 #AHEI1 VOL4 I41 P4 #DBI1 ET SEQ4 ,DR4 ,ROHLFS1 H["E1 REM>KS 6ME 9 A LR T AC 6HIS EXP]I;E (! ,SAH>A1 ? /ATE;T IS TOO /R;G4 ,9 ALL "PS (! _W BO? SEXES ( _M S(T- BILL$ BIRDS1 ESPECI,Y ^? : FREQU5T RE$S OR S$GES1 >E OBSCURELY COL\R$4 ,NO D\BT IF _! COL\RS _H BE5 BRILLIANT1 !Y WD H BE5 M* M 3SPICU\S 6_! 5EMIES2 B :E!R _! DULL T9TS H BE5 SPECI,Y GA9$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N SEEMS1 Z F> Z ,I C JUDGE1 R D\BT;L4 ,X IS / M D\BT;L :E!R S* DULL T9TS C H BE5 GA9$ =! SAKE ( ORNA;T4 ,WE M/1 H["E1 BE> 9 M9D T MALE BIRDS1 ?\< DULL-COL\R$1 (T5 DI6] M* F _! FEMALES 7Z )! -MON SP>R[71 & ? L1DS 6! 2LIEF T S* COL\RS H BE5 GA9$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 F 2+ ATTRACTIVE4 ,_M (! S(T-BILL$ BIRDS >E S;G/]S2 &A 4CUS.N 9 A =M] *APT] %D N 2 =GOTT51 9 : X 0 %EWN T ! BE/ S;G/]S >E R>ELY ORNA;T$ ) B"R T9TS4 ,X WD APPE> T FEMALE BIRDS1 Z A G5]AL RULE1 H SELECT$ _! MATES EI = _! SWEET VOICES OR GAY COL\RS1 B N = BO? *>MS -B9$4 ,"S SPECIES1 : >E MANIFE/LY COL\R$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N1 S* Z ! JACK-SNIPE1 WOODCOCK1 & NI1 >E LIKEWISE M>K$ & %AD$1 AC 6\R /&>D ( TA/E1 ) EXTREME ELEG.E4 ,9 S* CASES WE MAY 3CLUDE T BO? NATURAL & SEXUAL SELEC;N H ACT$ 3JO9TLY = PROTEC;N & ORNA;T4 ,:E!R ANY BIRD EXI/S : DOES N POSSESS "S SPECIAL ATTRAC;N1 0: 6*>M ! OPPOSITE SEX1 MAY 2 D\BT$4 ,:5 BO? SEXES >E S OBSCURELY COL\R$ T X WD 2 RA% 6ASSUME ! AG5CY ( SEXUAL SELEC;N1 & :5 NO DIRECT EVID;E C 2 ADV.ED %EW+ T S* COL\RS S]VE Z A PROTEC;N1 X IS BE/ 6[N -PLETE IGNOR.E (! CAUSE1 OR1 : -ES 6NE>LY ! SAME ?+1 6ATTRIBUTE ! RESULT 6! DIRECT AC;N (! 3DI;NS ( LIFE4 ,BO? SEXES ( _M BIRDS >E 3SPICU\SLY1 ?\< N BRILLIANTLY COL\R$1 S* Z ! NUM]\S BLACK1 :ITE1 OR PIEBALD SPECIES2 & ^! COL\RS >E PROBABLY ! RESULT ( SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,)! -MON BLACKBIRD1 CAP]CAILZIE1 BLACKCOCK1 BLACK SCOT]-DUCK 7,OIDEMIA71 & EV5 ) "O (! BIRDS ( P>ADISE 7,LOPHOR9A ATRA71 ! MALES AL"O >E BLACK1 :IL/ ! FEMALES >E BR[N OR MOTTL$2 & "! C H>DLY 2 A D\BT T BLACK;S 9 ^! CASES HAS BE5 A SEXU,Y SELECT$ "*4 ,"!=E X IS 9 "S DEGREE PROBA# T ! -PLETE OR "PIAL BLACK;S ( BO? SEXES 9 S* BIRDS Z CR[S1 C]TA9 COCKATOOS1 /ORKS1 & SWANS1 & _M M>9E BIRDS1 IS LIKEWISE ! RESULT ( SEXUAL SELEC;N1 A3OMPANI$ 0EQUAL TRANSMIS.N 6BO? SEXES2 = BLACK;S C H>DLY S]VE 9 ANY CASE Z A PROTEC;N4 ,) S"EAL BIRDS1 9 : ! MALE AL"O IS BLACK1 & 9 O!RS 9 : BO? SEXES >E BLACK1 ! B1K OR SK9 AB ! H1D IS B"RLY COL\R$1 &! 3TRA/ ?US AF=D$ A4S M* 6_! B1UTY2 WE SEE ? 9 ! B"R YELL[ B1K (! MALE BLACKBIRD1 9 ! CRIMSON SK9 OV] ! EYES (! BLACKCOCK & CAP]CAILZIE1 9 ! B"RLY & V>I\SLY COL\R$ B1K (! SCOT]-DRAKE 7,OIDEMIA71 9 ! R$ B1K (! *\< 7,CORVUS GRACULUS1 ,L9N471 (! BLACK SWAN1 &! BLACK /ORK4 ,? L1DS ME 6REM>K T X IS N 9CR$I# T T\CANS MAY [E ! ENORM\S SIZE ( _! B1KS 6SEXUAL SELEC;N1 =! SAKE ( 4PLAY+ ! DIV]SIFI$ & VIVID /RIPES ( COL\R1 ) : ^! ORGANS >E ORNA;T$4 99 ,! NAK$ SK91 AL1 AT ! BASE ( ! B1K & R.D ! EYES IS LIKEWISE (T5 BRILLIANTLY COL\R$2 & ,MR4 ,G\LD1 9 SP1K+ ( "O SPECIES1 99 7#B7 ,SAYS T ! COL\RS (! B1K 8>E D\BT.S 9 ! F9E/ & MO/ BRILLIANT /ATE DUR+ ! "T ( PAIR+40 ,"! IS NO GRT] IMPROBABIL;Y T T\CANS %D 2 5CUMB]$ ) IMM5SE B1KS1 ?\< R5D]$ Z LI+ 6U UNIMPORTANT71 ?AN T ! MALE ,>GUS PH1SANT & "S O!R BIRDS %D 2 5CUMB]$ ) PLUMES S L;G Z 6IMP$E _! FLICELY 2 3SID]$ A V P]FECTLY-=M$ 9/RU;T =! 5D 6: X IS APPLI$40 ,! GRT BULK (! B1K1 Z %[N 0XS BR1D?1 DEP?1 Z WELL Z L5G?1 IS N 9TELLIGI# ON ! VIEW T X S]VES M]ELY Z AN ORGAN ( PREH5.N4 ,MR4 ,BELT 2LIEVES 7,! ,NATURALI/ 9 ,NIC>AGUA1 P4 #AIG7 T ! PR9CIPAL USE (! B1K IS Z A DEF;E AG/ 5EMIES1 ESPECI,Y 6! FEMALE :IL/ NE/+ 9 A HOLE 9 A TREE4 997#B7 ,RHAMPHA/OS C>9ATUS1 ,G\LD'S ,MONOGRAPH ( ,RAMPHA/IDAE4 ,9 ! SAME MANN]1 Z ! MALES AL"O ( V>I\S SPECIES >E BLACK1 ! FEMALES 2+ DULL-COL\R$2 S 9 A FEW CASES ! MALES AL"O >E EI :OLLY OR "PI,Y :ITE1 Z )! S"EAL BELL-BIRDS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA 7,*ASMORHYN*US71 ! ,ANT>CTIC GOOSE 7,B]NICLA ANT>CTICA71 ! SILV] PH1SANT1 &C41 :IL/ ! FEMALES >E BR[N OR OBSCURELY MOTTL$4 ,"!=E1 ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE Z 2F1 X IS PROBA# T BO? SEXES ( _M BIRDS1 S* Z :ITE COCKATOOS1 S"EAL EGRETS ) _! B1UTI;L PLUMES1 C]TA9 IBISES1 GULLS1 T]NS1 &C41 H ACQUIR$ _! M OR LESS -PLETELY :ITE PLUMAGE "? SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,9 "S ( ^! CASES ! PLUMAGE 2COMES :ITE ONLY AT MATUR;Y4 ,? IS ! CASE ) C]TA9 GANNETS1 TROPIC-BIRDS1 &C41 &)! SN[- GOOSE 7,ANS] HYP]BOREUS74 ,Z ! LATT] BRE$S ON ! 8B>R5 GR.DS10 :5 N COV]$ ) SN[1 & Z X MIGRATES S\?W>D DUR+ ! W9T]1 "! IS NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T XS SN[-:ITE ADULT PLUMAGE S]VES Z A PROTEC;N4 ,9 ! ,ANA/OMUS OSCITANS1 WE H / BETT] EVID;E T ! :ITE PLUMAGE IS NUPTIAL "*1 = X IS DEVELOP$ ONLY DUR+ ! SUMM]2 ! "Y 9 _! IMMATURE /ATE1 &! ADULTS 9 _! W9T] DRESS1 2+ GREY & BLACK4 ,) _M K9DS ( GULLS 7,L>US71 ! H1D & NECK 2COME PURE :ITE DUR+ ! SUMM]1 2+ GREY OR MOTTL$ DUR+ ! W9T] & 9 ! "Y /ATE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 )! SMALL] GULLS1 OR SEA-MEWS 7,GAVIA71 & ) "S T]NS 7,/]NA71 EXACTLY ! REV]SE O3URS2 =! H1DS (! "Y BIRDS DUR+ ! F/ YE>1 &(! ADULTS DUR+ ! W9T]1 >E EI PURE :ITE1 OR M* PAL] COL\R$ ?AN DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON4 ,^! LATT] CASES (F] ANO!R 9/.E (! CAPRICI\S MANN] 9 : SEXUAL SELEC;N APPE>S (T5 6H ACT$4 99 --,ON ,L>US1 ,GAVIA1 & ,/]NA1 SEE ,MACGILLIVRAY1 ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,BIRDS1 VOL4 V41 PP4 #EAE1 #EHD1 #FBF4 ,ON ! ,ANS] HYP]BOREUS1 ,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?OLOGICAL ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 ;IV41 P4 #EFB4 ,ON ! ,ANA/OMUS1 ,MR4 ,BLY?1 9 ,IBIS1 #AHFG1 P4 #AGC4 ,T AQUATIC BIRDS H ACQUIR$ A :ITE PLUMAGE S M* (T5] ?AN T]RE/RIAL BIRDS1 PROBABLY DEP5DS ON _! L>GE SIZE & /R;G P[]S ( FLIE N M* EXPOS$4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 SEXUAL SELEC;N HAS N "H BE5 9T]F]$ ) OR GUID$ = ! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,NO D\BT ) BIRDS : ROAM OV] ! OP5 OC1N1 ! MALES & FEMALES CD F9D EA* O!R M* M EASILY1 :5 MADE 3SPICU\S EI 02+ P]FECTLY :ITE OR 9T5SELY BLACK2 S T ^! COL\RS MAY POSSI# S]VE ! SAME 5D Z ! CALL-NOTES ( _M L&-BIRDS4 99 ,A :ITE OR BLACK BIRD :5 X 4COV]S & FLIES D[N 6A C>CASE FLOAT+ ON ! SEA OR CA/ UP ON ! B1*1 W 2 SE5 F A GRT 4T.E1 & W GUIDE O!R BIRDS (! SAME & O!R SPECIES1 6! PREY2 B Z ? WD 2 A 4ADVANTAGE 6! F/ F9D]S1 ! 9DIVIDUALS : 7 ! :ITE/ OR BLACKE/ WD N ?US PROCURE M FOOD ?AN ! LESS /R;GLY COL\R$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,H;E 3SPICU\S COL\RS _C H BE5 GRADU,Y ACQUIR$ = ? PURPOSE "? NATURAL SELEC;N4 --,X MAY 2 NOTIC$ T ) VULTURES1 : ROAM F> & WIDE HI< 9 ! AIR1 L M>9E BIRDS OV] ! OC1N1 ?REE OR F\R SPECIES >E ALM :OLLY OR L>GELY :ITE1 & T _M O!RS >E BLACK4 ,S T "H AG 3SPICU\S COL\RS MAY POSSIBLY AID ! SEXES 9 F9D+ EA* O!R DUR+ ! BRE$+- S1SON4 ,Z SEXUAL SELEC;N DEP5DS ON S FLUCTUAT+ AN ELE;T Z TA/E1 WE C "U/& H[ X IS T1 )9 ! SAME GR\P ( BIRDS HAV+ NE>LY ! SAME HABITS1 "! %D EXI/ :ITE OR NE>LY :ITE1 Z WELL Z BLACK1 OR NE>LY BLACK SPECIES1- = 9/.E1 BO? :ITE & BLACK COCKATOOS1 /ORKS1 IBISES1 SWANS1 T]NS1 & PETRELS4 ,PIEBALD BIRDS LIKEWISE "S"TS O3UR 9 ! SAME GR\PS TGR ) BLACK & :ITE SPECIES2 = 9/.E1 ! BLACK-NECK$ SWAN1 C]TA9 T]NS1 &! -MON MAGPIE4 ,T A /R;G 3TRA/ 9 COL\R IS AGREEA# 6BIRDS1 WE MAY 3CLUDE 0LOOK+ "? ANY L>GE COLLEC;N1 =! SEXES (T5 DI6] F EA* O!R 9 ! MALE HAV+ ! PALE "PS (A PUR] :ITE1 &! V>I\SLY COL\R$ D>K "PS ( / D>K] T9TS ?AN ! FEMALE4 ,X WD EV5 APPE> T M]E NOVELTY1 OR SLIM1 L *ANGES ( FA%ION ) U4 ,?US ! MALES ( "S P>ROTS C H>DLY 2 SD 6BE M B1UTI;L ?AN ! FEMALES1 AT L1/ AC 6\R TA/E1 B !Y DI6] 9 S* PO9TS1 Z 9 HAV+ A ROSE-COL\R$ COLL> 9/1D ( 8A B"R EM]ALD9E N>R[ GRE5 COLL>02 OR 9 ! MALE HAV+ A BLACK COLL> 9/1D ( 8A YELL[ DEMI-COLL> 9 FRONT10 )A PALE ROS1TE 9/1D (A PLUM-BLUE H1D4 99 ,Z S _M MALE BIRDS H EL;GAT$ TAIL-F1!RS OR EL;GAT$ CRE/S = _! *IEF ORNA;T1 ! %ORT5$ TAIL1 =M]LY DESCRIB$ 9 ! MALE (A HUMM+- BIRD1 &! %ORT5$ CRE/ (! MALE GOOS&]1 SEEM L "O (! _M *ANGES ( FA%ION : WE ADMIRE 9 \R [N DRESSES4 --,SEE ,J]DON ON ! G5US ,PALAEORNIS1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #BEH-BFJ4 ,"S MEMB]S (! H]ON FAMILY (F] A / M CURI\S CASE ( NOVELTY 9 COL\R+ HAV+1 Z X APPE>S1 BE5 APPRECIAT$ =! SAKE ( NOVELTY4 ,! "Y (! ,>DEA A%A >E :ITE1 ! ADULTS 2+ D>K SLATE-COL\R$2 & N ONLY ! "Y1 B ! ADULTS 9 _! W9T] PLUMAGE1 (! ALLI$ ,BUPHUS COROM&US >E :ITE1 ? COL\R *ANG+ 96A RI* GOLD5-BUFF DUR+ ! BRE$+- S1SON4 ,X IS 9CR$I# T ! "Y ( ^! TWO SPECIES1 Z WELL Z ( "S O!R MEMB]S (! SAME FAMILY1 99 %D = ANY SPECIAL PURPOSE H BE5 R5D]$ PURE :ITE & ?US MADE 3SPICU\S 6_! 5EMIES2 OR T ! ADULTS ( "O ( ^! TWO SPECIES %D H BE5 SPECI,Y R5D]$ :ITE DUR+ ! W9T] 9 A C.TRY : IS N"E COV]$ ) SN[4 ,ON ! O!R H& WE H GD R1SON 62LIEVE T :ITE;S HAS BE5 GA9$ 0_M BIRDS Z A SEXUAL ORNA;T4 ,WE MAY "!=E 3CLUDE T "S E>LY PROG5ITOR (! ,>DEA A%A &! ,BUPHUS ACQUIR$ A :ITE PLUMAGE = NUPTIAL PURPOSES1 & TRANSMITT$ ? COL\R 6_! "Y2 S T ! "Y &! OLD 2CAME :ITE L C]TA9 EXI/+ EGRETS2 & T ! :ITE;S 0 AFWS RETA9$ 0! "Y1 :IL/ X 0 EX*ANG$ 0! ADULTS = M /R;GLY-PRON\NC$ T9TS4 ,B IF WE CD LOOK / FUR!R BACK 6! / E>LI] PROG5ITORS ( ^! TWO SPECIES1 WE %D PROBABLY SEE ! ADULTS D>K-COL\R$4 ,I 9F] T ? WD 2 ! CASE1 F ! ANALOGY ( _M O!R BIRDS1 : >E D>K :IL/ "Y1 & :5 ADULT >E :ITE2 & M ESPECI,Y F ! CASE (! ,>DEA GUL>IS1 ! COL\RS ( : >E ! REV]SE ( ^? ( ,A4 A%A1 =! "Y >E D>K- COL\R$ &! ADULTS :ITE1 ! "Y HAV+ RETA9$ A =M] /ATE ( PLUMAGE4 ,X APPE>S "!=E T1 DUR+ A L;G L9E ( DESC5T1 ! ADULT PROG5ITORS (! ,>DEA A%A1 ! ,BUPHUS1 &( "S ALLIES1 H "UG"O ! FOLL[+ *ANGES ( COL\R3 F/1 A D>K %ADE2 SECONDLY1 PURE :ITE2 & ?IRDLY1 [+ 6ANO!R *ANGE ( FA%ION 7IF ,I MAY S EXPRESS MYF71 _! PRES5T SLATY R$DI%1 OR GOLD5-BUFF T9TS4 ,^! SU3ESSIVE *ANGES >E 9TELLIGI# ONLY ON ! PR9CIPLE ( NOVELTY HAV+ BE5 ADMIR$ 0BIRDS = XS [N SAKE4 --,! "Y ( ,>DEA RUFESC5S & ,A4 CAERULEA (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E LIKEWISE :ITE1 ! ADULTS 2+ COL\R$ 9 A3ORD.E ) _! SPECIFIC "NS4 ,AUDUBON 7,ORNI?OLOGICAL ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #DAF2 VOL4 ;IV41 P4 #EH7 SEEMS R PL1S$ AT ! ?"\ T ? REM>KA# *ANGE ( PLUMAGE W GRTLY 84CONC]T ! SY/EMATI/S40 ,S"EAL WRIT]S H OBJECT$ 6! :OLE !ORY ( SEXUAL SELEC;N1 0ASSUM+ T ) ANIMALS & SAVAGES ! TA/E (! FEMALE = C]TA9 COL\RS OR O!R ORNA;TS WD N REMA9 3/ANT = _M G5],NS2 T F/ "O COL\R & !N ANO!R WD 2 ADMIR$1 & 3SEQU5TLY T NO P]MAN5T E6ECT CD 2 PRODUC$4 ,WE MAY ADMIT T TA/E IS FLUCTUAT+1 B X IS N Q >BITR>Y4 ,X DEP5DS M* ON HABIT1 Z WE SEE 9 MANK9D2 & WE MAY 9F] T ? WD HOLD GD ) BIRDS & O!R ANIMALS4 ,EV5 9 \R [N DRESS1 ! G5]AL "* LA/S L;G1 &! *ANGES >E 6A C]TA9 EXT5T GRADUAT$4 ,ABUNDANT EVID;E W 2 GIV5 9 TWO PLACES 9 A FUTURE *APT]1 T SAVAGES ( _M RACES H ADMIR$ = _M G5],NS ! SAME CICATRICES ON ! SK91 ! SAME HIDE\SLY P]=AT$ LIPS1 NO/RILS1 OR E>S1 4TORT$ H1DS1 &C42 & ^! DE=MITIES PRES5T "S ANALOGY 6! NATURAL ORNA;TS ( V>I\S ANIMALS4 ,N"E!.S1 ) SAVAGES S* FA%IONS D N 5DURE = "E1 Z WE MAY 9F] F ! DI6];ES 9 ? RESPECT 2T ALLI$ TRIBES ON ! SAME 3T95T4 ,S AG ! RAIS]S ( FANCY ANIMALS C]TA9LY H ADMIR$ = _M G5],NS & / ADMIRE ! SAME BRE$S2 !Y E>NE/LY DESIRE SLIE 3SID]$ Z IMPROVE;TS1 B ANY GRT OR SU45 *ANGE IS LOOK$ AT Z ! GRTE/ BLEMI%4 ,) BIRDS 9 A /ATE ( NATURE WE H NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T !Y WD ADMIRE AN 5TIRELY NEW /YLE ( COL\R,N1 EV5 IF GRT & SU45 V>I,NS (T5 O3URR$1 : IS F> F 2+ ! CASE4 ,WE "K T DOVECOT PIGEONS D N WILL+LY ASSOCIATE )! V>I\SLY COL\R$ FANCY BRE$S2 T ALB9O BIRDS D N -MONLY GET "PN]S 9 M>RIAGE2 & T ! BLACK RAV5S ( ! ,F]OE ,ISL&S *ASE AWAY _! PIEBALD BRE?R54 ,B ? 4LIKE (A SU45 *ANGE WD N PRECLUDE _! APPRECIAT+ SLIY (! ,F\R ,*APT]S ON ,BIRDS4- ,MO/ MALE BIRDS >E HIM$ MALES R>ELY OR N"E DEP5D = SU3ESS SOLELY ON _! P[] 6DRIVE AWAY OR KILL _! RIVALS1 B H SPECIAL M1NS = *>M+ ! FEMALE4 ,) "S X IS ! P[] ( S;G1 OR ( GIV+ =? /RANGE CRIES1 OR 9/RU;TAL MUSIC1 &! MALES 9 3SEQU;E DI6] F ! FEMALES 9 _! VOCAL ORGANS1 OR 9 ! /RUCTURE ( C]TA9 F1!RS4 ,F ! CURI\SLY DIV]SIFI$ M1NS = PRODUC+ V>I\S S.DS1 WE GA9 A HI< IDEA (! IMPORT.E ( ? M1NS ( C\RT%IP4 ,_M BIRDS 5D1V\R 6*>M ! FEMALES 0LOVE-D.ES OR ANTICS1 P]=M$ ON ! GR.D OR 9 ! AIR1 & "S"TS AT PREP>$ PLACES4 ,B ORNA;TS ( _M K9DS1 ! MO/ BRILLIANT T9TS1 -BS & WATTLES1 B1UTI;L PLUMES1 EL;GAT$ F1!RS1 TOP-KNOTS1 & S =?1 >E 0F> ! -MONE/ M1NS4 ,9 "S CASES M]E NOVELTY APPE>S 6H ACT$ Z A *>M4 ,! ORNA;TS (! MALES M/ 2 HIRIVE AT MATUR;Y1 OR !Y ASSUME X ONLY DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON1 OR ! T9TS !N 2COME M VIVID4 ,C]TA9 ORNA;TAL APP5DAGES 2COME 5L>G$1 TURGID1 & B"RLY COL\R$ DUR+ ! ACT ( C\RT%IP4 ,! MALES 4PLAY _! *>MS ) ELABORATE C>E & 6! BE/ E6ECT2 & ? IS D"O 9 ! PRES;E (! FEMALES4 ,! C\RT%IP IS "S"TS A PROL;G$ A6AIR1 & _M MALES & FEMALES 3GREGATE AT AN APPO9T$ PLACE4 ,6SUPPOSE T ! FEMALES D N APPRECIATE ! B1UTY (! MALES1 IS 6ADMIT T _! SPL5DID DECOR,NS1 ALL _! POMP & 4PLAY1 >E USE.S2 & ? IS 9CR$I#4 ,BIRDS H F9E P[]S ( 4CRIM9,N1 & 9 "S FEW 9/.ES X C 2 %EWN T !Y H A TA/E =! B1UTI;L4 ,! FEMALES1 MOREOV]1 >E "KN O3A.N,Y 6EXHIBIT A M>K$ PREF];E OR ANTIPA?Y = C]TA9 9DIVIDUAL MALES4 ,IF X 2 ADMITT$ T ! FEMALES PREF]1 OR >E UNCONSCI\SLY EXCIT$ 0! M B1UTI;L MALES1 !N ! MALES WD SL[LY B SURELY 2 R5D]$ M & M ATTRACTIVE "? SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,T X IS ? SEX : HAS BE5 *IEFLY MODIFI$1 WE MAY 9F] F ! FACT T1 9 ALM E G5US ": ! SEXES DI6]1 ! MALES DI6] M* M F "O ANO!R ?AN D ! FEMALES2 ? IS WELL %EWN 9 C]TA9 CLOSELY-ALLI$ REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES1 9 : ! FEMALES C H>DLY 2 4T+UI%$1 :IL/ ! MALES >E Q 4T9CT4 ,BIRDS 9 A /ATE ( NATURE (F] 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES : WD AMPLY SU6ICE =! "W ( SEXUAL SELEC;N2 B WE H SE5 T !Y O3A.N,Y PRES5T M /R;GLY M>K$ V>I,NS : RECUR S FREQU5TLY T !Y WD IMMLY 2 FIX$1 IF !Y S]V$ 6ALLURE ! FEMALE4 ,! LAWS ( V>I,N M/ DET]M9E ! NATURE (! 9ITIAL *ANGES1 & W H L>GELY 9FLU;ED ! F9AL RESULT4 ,! GRAD,NS1 : MAY 2 OBS]V$ 2T ! MALES ( ALLI$ SPECIES1 9DICATE ! NATURE (! /EPS "? : !Y H PASS$4 ,!Y EXPLA9 AL 9 ! MO/ 9T]E/+ MANN] H[ C]TA9 "*S H ORIG9AT$1 S* Z ! 9D5T$ OCELLI ON ! TAIL-F1!RS (! P1COCK1 &! BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLI ON ! W+-F1!RS (! ,>GUS PH1SANT4 ,X IS EVID5T T ! BRILLIANT COL\RS1 TOP-KNOTS1 F9E PLUMES1 &C41 ( _M MALE BIRDS _C H BE5 ACQUIR$ Z A PROTEC;N2 9DE$1 !Y "S"TS L1D 6DANG]4 ,T !Y >E N DUE 6! DIRECT & DEF9ITE AC;N (! 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 WE MAY FEEL ASSUR$1 2C ! FEMALES H BE5 EXPOS$ 6! SAME 3DI;NS1 & YET (T5 DI6] F ! MALES 6AN EXTREME DEGREE4 ,AL? X IS PROBA# T *ANG$ 3DI;NS ACT+ DUR+ A L5G!N$ P]IOD H 9 "S CASES PRODUC$ A DEF9ITE E6ECT ON BO? SEXES1 OR "S"TS ON "O SEX AL"O1 ! M IMPORTANT RESULT W H BE5 AN 9CR1S$ T5D5CY 6V>Y OR 6PRES5T M /R;GLY-M>K$ 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES2 & S* DI6];ES W H AF=D$ AN EXCELL5T GR.D- "W =! AC;N ( SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,! LAWS ( 9H]IT.E1 IRRESPECTIVELY ( SELEC;N1 APPE> 6H DET]M9$ :E!R ! "*S ACQUIR$ 0! MALES =! SAKE ( ORNA;T1 = PRODUC+ V>I\S S.DS1 &= FI4 ,:Y V>I\S "*S %D H BE5 TRANSMITT$ "S"TS 9 "O WAY & "S"TS 9 ANO!R1 IS N 9 MO/ CASES "KN2 B ! P]IOD ( V>IABIL;Y SEEMS (T5 6H BE5 ! DET]M9+ CAUSE4 ,:5 ! TWO SEXES H 9H]IT$ ALL "*S 9 -MON !Y NECESS>ILY RESEM# EA* O!R2 B Z ! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS MAY 2 DI6]5TLY TRANSMITT$1 E POSSI# GRAD,N MAY 2 F.D1 EV5 )9 ! SAME G5US1 F ! CLOSE/ SIMIL>;Y 6! WIDE/ 4SIMIL>;Y 2T ! SEXES4 ,) _M CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES1 FOLL[+ NE>LY ! SAME HABITS ( LIFE1 ! MALES H -E 6DI6] F EA* O!R *IEFLY "? ! AC;N ( SEXUAL SELEC;N2 :IL/ ! FEMALES H -E 6DI6] *IEFLY F P>TAK+ M OR LESS (! "*S ?US ACQUIR$ 0! MALES4 ,! E6ECTS1 MOREOV]1 (! DEF9ITE AC;N (! 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 W N H BE5 MASK$ 9 ! FEMALES1 Z 9 ! MALES1 0! A3UMUL,N "? SEXUAL SELEC;N ( /R;GLY- PRON\NC$ COL\RS & O!R ORNA;TS4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES1 H["E A6ECT$1 W H BE5 KEPT AT EA* SU3ESSIVE P]IOD NE>LY UNI=M 0! FREE 9T]CROSS+ ( _M 9DIVIDUALS4 ,) SPECIES1 9 : ! SEXES DI6] 9 COL\R1 X IS POSSI# OR PROBA# T "S (! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS (T5 T5D$ 6BE TRANSMITT$ EQU,Y 6BO? SEXES2 B T :5 ? O3URR$ ! FEMALES 7 PREV5T$ F ACQUIR+ ! B"R COL\RS (! MALES1 0! DE/RUC;N : !Y SU6]$ DUR+ 9CUB,N4 ,"! IS NO EVID;E T X IS POSSI# 0NATURAL SELEC;N 63V]T "O =M ( TRANSMIS.N 96ANO!R4 ,B "! WD N 2 ! L1/ DI6ICULTY 9 R5D]+ A FEMALE DULL-COL\R$1 ! MALE 2+ / KEPT B"R-COL\R$1 0! SELEC;N ( SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS1 : 7 F ! F/ LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N 6! SAME SEX4 ,:E!R ! FEMALES ( _M SPECIES H ACTU,Y BE5 ?US MODIFI$1 M/ AT PRES5T REMA9 D\BT;L4 ,:51 "? ! LAW (! EQUAL TRANSMIS.N ( "*S 6BO? SEXES1 ! FEMALES 7 R5D]$ Z 3SPICU\SLY COL\R$ Z ! MALES1 _! 9/9CTS APPE> (T5 6H BE5 MODIFI$ S T !Y 7 L$ 6BUILD DOM$ OR 3C1L$ NE/S4 ,9 "O SMALL & CURI\S CLASS ( CASES ! "*S & HABITS (! TWO SEXES H BE5 -PLETELY TRANSPOS$1 =! FEMALES >E L>G]1 /R;G]1 M VOCIF]\S & B"R] COL\R$ ?AN ! MALES4 ,!Y H1 AL1 2COME S QU>REL"S T !Y (T5 FIMS 5D1V\R 6ATTRACT ! MALES1 WE C "U/& H[ X IS T !Y H GRADU,Y BE5 R5D]$1 0SEXUAL SELEC;N & SEXU,Y-LIMIT$ TRANSMIS.N1 M B1UTI;L ?AN ! MALES- ! LATT] 2+ LEFT UNMODIFI$ OR ONLY SLI5TS V>Y LATE 9 LIFE- & WE "K T ? 3/ANTLY O3URS ) \R P\LTRY1 & O3A.N,Y ) O!R BIRDS- ! "Y W 2 LEFT UNA6ECT$1 :IL/ ! ADULTS ( BO? SEXES W 2 MODIFI$4 ,IF BO? ^! LAWS ( 9H]IT.E PREVAIL & EI SEX V>IES LATE 9 LIFE1 T SEX AL"O W 2 MODIFI$1 ! O!R SEX &! "Y 2+ UNA6ECT$4 ,:5 V>I,NS 9 B"R;S OR 9 O!R 3SPICU\S "*S O3UR E>LY 9 LIFE1 Z NO D\BT (T5 HAPP5S1 !Y W N 2 ACT$ ON "? SEXUAL SELEC;N UNTIL ! P]IOD ( REPRODUC;N >RIVES2 3SEQU5TLY IF DANG]\S 6! "Y1 !Y W 2 ELIM9AT$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,?US WE C "U/& H[ X IS T V>I,NS >IS+ LATE 9 LIFE H S (T5 BE5 PRES]V$ =! ORNA;T,N (! MALES2 ! FEMALES &! "Y 2+ LEFT ALM UNA6ECT$1 & "!=E L EA* O!R4 ,) SPECIES HAV+ A 4T9CT SUMM] & W9T] PLUMAGE1 ! MALES ( : EI RESEM# OR DI6] F ! FEMALES DUR+ BO? S1SONS OR DUR+ ! SUMM] AL"O1 ! DEGREES & K9DS ( RESEMBL.E 2T ! "Y &! OLD >E EXCE$+LY -PLEX2 & ? -PLEX;Y APP>5TLY DEP5DS ON "*S1 F/ ACQUIR$ 0! MALES1 2+ TRANSMITT$ 9 V>I\S WAYS & DEGREES1 Z LIMIT$ 0AGE1 SEX1 & S1SON4 ,Z ! "Y ( S _M SPECIES H BE5 B LL MODIFI$ 9 COL\R & 9 O!R ORNA;TS WE >E 5A#D 6=M "S JUDG;T ) RESPECT 6! PLUMAGE ( _! E>LY PROG5ITORS2 & WE MAY 9F] T ! B1UTY ( \R EXI/+ SPECIES1 IF WE LOOK 6! :OLE CLASS1 HAS BE5 L>GELY 9CR1S$ S9CE T P]IOD1 ( : ! IMMATURE PLUMAGE GIVES U AN 9DIRECT RECORD4 ,_M BIRDS1 ESPECI,Y ^? : LIVE M* ON ! GR.D1 H UND\BT$LY BE5 OBSCURELY COL\R$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,9 "S 9/.ES ! UPP] EXPOS$ SURFACE (! PLUMAGE HAS BE5 ?US COL\R$ 9 BO? SEXES1 :IL/ ! L[] SURFACE 9 ! MALES AL"O HAS BE5 V>I\SLY ORNA;T$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,F9,Y1 F ! FACTS GIV5 9 ^! F\R *APT]S1 WE MAY 3CLUDE T W1PONS = BATTLE1 ORGANS = PRODUC+ S.D1 ORNA;TS ( _M K9DS1 B"R & 3SPICU\S COL\RS1 H G5],Y BE5 ACQUIR$ 0! MALES "? V>I,N & SEXUAL SELEC;N1 & H BE5 TRANSMITT$ 9 V>I\S WAYS AC 6! S"EAL LAWS ( 9H]IT.E- ! FEMALES &! "Y 2+ LEFT -P>ATIVELY B LL MODIFI$4 99 --,I AM GRTLY 9DEBT$ 6! K9D;S ( ,MR4 ,SCLAT] = HAV+ LOOK$ OV] ^! F\R *APT]S ON BIRDS1 &! TWO FOLL[+ "OS ON MAMMALS4 ,9 ? WAY ,I H BE5 SAV$ F MAK+ MISTAKES AB ! "NS (! SPECIES1 & F /AT+ ANY?+ Z A FACT : IS "KN 6? 4T+UI%$ NATURALI/ 6BE ]RONE\S4 ,B1 ( C\RSE1 HE IS N AT ALL ANSW]A# =! A3URACY (! /ATE;TS QUOT$ 0ME F V>I\S AU?ORITIES4