,,*APT] ,,XV4
            ,,BIRDS- ,3T9U$4

  ,WE H 9 ? *APT] 63SID] :Y ! FEMALES (
_M BIRDS H N ACQUIR$ ! SAME ORNA;TS Z !
MALE2 & :Y1 ON ! O!R H&1 BO? SEXES ( _M
O!R BIRDS >E EQU,Y1 OR ALM EQU,Y1
ORNA;T$8 ,9 ! FOLL[+ *APT] WE % 3SID] !
FEW CASES 9 : ! FEMALE IS M 3SPICU\SLY
COL\R$ ?AN ! MALE4
  ,9 MY ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES 99 ,I BRIEFLY
SU7E/$ T ! L;G TAIL (! P1COCK WD 2
9CONV5I5T &! 3SPICU\S BLACK COL\R (!
MALE CAP]CAILZIE DANG]\S1 6! FEMALE DUR+
! P]IOD ( 9CUB,N3 & 3SEQU5TLY T !
TRANSMIS.N ( ^! "*S F ! MALE 6! FEMALE
(FSPR+ _H BE5 *ECK$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N4
,I / ?9K T ? MAY H O3URR$ 9 "S FEW
9/.ES3 B AF MATURE REFLEC;N ON ALL !
FACTS : ,I H BE5 A# 6COLLECT1 ,I AM N[
9CL9$ 62LIEVE T :5 ! SEXES DI6]1 !
SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS H G5],Y BE5 F ! F/
LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N 6! SAME SEX 9 :
!Y F/ >OSE4 ,S9CE MY REM>KS APPE>$1 !
SUBJECT ( SEXUAL COL\R,N HAS BE5 4CUSS$
9 "S V 9T]E/+ PAP]S 0,MR4 ,WALLACE1 99
7#B7 :O 2LIEVES T 9 ALM ALL CASES !
SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS T5D$ AT F/ 6BE
TRANSMITT$ EQU,Y 6BO? SEXES2 B T !
FEMALE 0 SAV$1 "? NATURAL SELEC;N1 F
ACQUIR+ ! 3SPICU\S COL\RS (! MALE1 [+ 6!
DANG] : %E WD ?US H 9CURR$ DUR+ 9CUB,N4
      --,F\R? EDI;N1 #AHFF1 P4 #BDA4
      997#B7 ,WE/M9/] ,REVIEW1 ,JULY1
    #AHFG4 ,J\RNAL ( ,TRAVEL1 VOL4 I41
    #AHFH1 P4 #GC4
  ,? VIEW NECESSITATES A T$I\S 4CUS.N ON
A DI6ICULT PO9T1 "NLY1 :E!R ! TRANSMIS.N
(A "*1 : IS AT F/ 9H]IT$ 0BO? SEXES C 2
SUBSEQU5TLY LIMIT$ 9 XS TRANSMIS.N 6"O
SEX AL"O 0M1NS ( NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,WE M/
BE> 9 M9D1 Z %EWN 9 ! PRELIM9>Y *APT] ON
SEXUAL SELEC;N1 T "*S : >E LIMIT$ 9 _!
DEVELOP;T 6"O SEX >E ALW LAT5T 9 ! O!R4
,AN IMAG9>Y ILLU/R,N W BE/ AID U 9 SEE+
! DI6ICULTY (! CASE2 WE MAY SUPPOSE T A
FANCI] WI%$ 6MAKE A BRE$ ( PIGEONS1 9 :
! MALES AL"O %D 2 COL\R$ (A PALE BLUE1
:IL/ ! FEMALES RETA9$ _! =M] SLATY T9T4
,Z ) PIGEONS "*S ( ALL K9DS >E USU,Y
TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES EQU,Y1 ! FANCI] WD
H 6TRY 63V]T ? LATT] =M ( 9H]IT.E
96SEXU,Y-LIMIT$ TRANSMIS.N4 ,ALL T HE CD
D WD 2 6P]SEV]E 9 SELECT+ E MALE PIGEON
: 0 9 ! L1/ DEGREE (A PAL] BLUE2 &!
NATURAL RESULT ( ? PROCESS1 IF /1DILY
C>RI$ ON =A L;G "T1 & IF ! PALE V>I,NS 7
/R;GLY 9H]IT$ OR (T5 RECURR$1 WD 2 6MAKE
8 :OLE /OCK (A LI<T] BLUE4 ,B \R FANCI]
WD 2 -PELL$ 6MAT*1 G5],N AF G5],N1 8
PALE BLUE MALES ) SLATY FEMALES1 = HE
WI%ES 6KEEP ! LATT] ( ? COL\R4 ,! RESULT
WD G5],Y 2 ! PRODUC;N EI (A M;GREL
PIEBALD LOT1 OR M PROBABLY ! SPE$Y &
-PLETE LOSS (! PALE-BLUE T9T2 =!
PRIMORDIAL SLATY COL\R WD 2 TRANSMITT$ )
PREPOT5T =CE4 ,SUPPOS+1 H["E1 T "S PALE-
BLUE MALES & SLATY FEMALES 7 PRODUC$
DUR+ EA* SU3ESSIVE G5],N1 & 7 ALW CROSS$
TGR1 !N ! SLATY FEMALES WD H1 IF ,I MAY
USE ! EXPRES.N1 M* BLUE BLOOD 9 _! VE9S1
= _! "FS1 GR&"FS1 &C41 W ALL H BE5 BLUE
BIRDS4 ,"U ^! CIRCUM/.ES X IS 3CEIVA#
7?\< ,I "K ( NO 4T9CT FACTS R5D]+ X
PROBA#7 T ! SLATY FEMALES MI<T ACQUIRE S
/R;G A LAT5T T5D5CY 6PALE-BLUE;S1 T !Y
WD N DE/ROY ? COL\R 9 _! MALE (FSPR+1 _!
FEMALE (FSPR+ / 9H]IT+ ! SLATY T9T4 ,IF
S1 ! DESIR$ 5D ( MAK+ A BRE$ )! TWO
SEXES P]MAN5TLY DI6]5T 9 COL\R MI<T 2
GA9$4
  ,! EXTREME IMPORT.E1 OR R NECESS;Y 9 !
ABV CASE (! DESIR$ "*1 "NLY1 PALE-
BLUE;S1 2+ PRES5T ?\< 9 A LAT5T /ATE 9 !
FEMALE1 S T ! MALE (FSPR+ %D N 2
DET]IORAT$1 W 2 BE/ APPRECIAT$ Z FOLL[S3
! MALE ( ,SOEMM]R+'S PH1SANT HAS A TAIL
?IRTY-SEV5 9*ES 9 L5G?1 :IL/ T (! FEMALE
IS ONLY EI<T 9*ES2 ! TAIL (! MALE -MON
PH1SANT IS AB TW5TY 9*ES1 & T (! FEMALE
TWELVE 9*ES L;G4 ,N[ IF ! FEMALE
,SOEMM]R+ PH1SANT ) H] %ORT TAIL 7
CROSS$ )! MALE -MON PH1SANT1 "! C 2 NO
D\BT T ! MALE HYBRID (FSPR+ WD H A M*
L;G] TAIL ?AN T (! PURE (FSPR+ (! -MON
PH1SANT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! FEMALE -MON
PH1SANT1 )A TAIL M* L;G] ?AN T (! FEMALE
,SOEMM]R+ PH1SANT1 7 CROSS$ )! MALE (!
LATT]1 ! MALE HYBRID (FSPR+ WD H A M*
%ORT] TAIL ?AN T (! PURE (FSPR+ (
,SOEMM]R+'S PH1SANT4 99
      --,TEMM9CK SAYS T ! TAIL (! FEMALE
    ,PHASIANUS ,SOEMM]R+II IS ONLY SIX
    9*ES L;G1 ,PLAN*ES COLORIEES1 VOL4
    V41 #AHCH1 PP4 #DHG & #DHH3 !
    M1SURE;TS ABV GIV5 7 MADE = ME 0,MR4
    ,SCLAT]4 ,=! -MON PH1SANT1 SEE
    ,MACGILLIVRAY1 ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI%
    ,BIRDS1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #AAH-ABA4
  ,\R FANCI]1 9 ORD] 6MAKE 8 NEW BRE$ )!
MALES (A PALE-BLUE T9T1 &! FEMALES
UN*ANG$1 WD H 63T9UE SELECT+ ! MALES
DUR+ _M G5],NS2 & EA* /AGE ( PALE;S WD H
6BE FIX$ 9 ! MALES1 & R5D]$ LAT5T 9 !
FEMALES4 ,! TASK WD 2 AN EXTREMELY
DI6ICULT "O1 & HAS N"E BE5 TRI$1 B MI<T
POSSIBLY 2 SU3ESS;LLY C>RI$ \4 ,! *IEF
OB/ACLE WD 2 ! E>LY & -PLETE LOSS (!
PALE-BLUE T9T1 F ! NECESS;Y ( REIT]AT$
CROSSES )! SLATY FEMALE1 ! LATT] N HAV+
AT F/ ANY LAT5T T5D5CY 6PRODUCE PALE-
BLUE (FSPR+4
  ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF "O OR TWO MALES 7
6V>Y "E S SLI<TLY 9 PALE;S1 &! V>I,NS 7
F ! F/ LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N 6! MALE
SEX1 ! TASK ( MAK+ A NEW BRE$ (! DESIR$
K9D WD 2 EASY1 = S* MALES WD SIMPLY H
6BE SELECT$ & MAT*$ ) ORD9>Y FEMALES4
,AN ANALOG\S CASE HAS ACTU,Y O3URR$1 =
"! >E BRE$S (! PIGEON 9 ,BELGIUM 99 9 :
! MALES AL"O >E M>K$ ) BLACK /RIAE4 ,S
AG ,MR4 ,TEGETMEI] HAS REC5TLY %EWN 99
7#B7 T DRAGONS N R>ELY PRODUCE SILV]-
COL\R$ BIRDS1 : >E ALM ALW H5S2 & HE HMF
HAS BR$ T5 S* FEMALES4 ,X IS ON ! O!R H&
A V UNUSUAL EV5T :5 A SILV] MALE IS
PRODUC$2 S T NO?+ WD 2 EASI]1 IF DESIR$1
?AN 6MAKE A BRE$ ( DRAGONS ) BLUE MALES
& SILV] FEMALES4 ,? T5D5CY IS 9DE$ S
/R;G T :5 ,MR4 ,TEGETMEI] AT LA/ GOT A
SILV] MALE & MAT*$ HM ) "O (! SILV]
FEMALES1 HE EXPECT$ 6GET A BRE$ ) BO?
SEXES ?US COL\R$2 HE 0 H["E 4APPO9T$1 =!
"Y MALE REV]T$ 6! BLUE COL\R ( 8 GR&"F1
! "Y FEMALE AL"O 2+ SILV]4 ,NO D\BT )
PATI;E ? T5D5CY 6REV].N 9 ! MALES1 RE>$
F AN O3A.NAL SILV] MALE MAT*$ )A SILV]
H51 MI<T 2 ELIM9AT$1 & !N BO? SEXES WD 2
COL\R$ ALIKE2 & ? V PROCESS HAS BE5
FOLL[$ ) SU3ESS 0,MR4 ,ESQUILANT 9 !
CASE ( SILV] TURBITS4
      --,DR4 ,*APIUS1 ,LE ,PIGEON
    ,VOYAGEUR ,BELGE1 #AHFE1 P4 #HG4
      997#B7 ,! ,FIELD1 ,SEPT41 #AHGB4
  ,) F[LS1 V>I,NS ( COL\R1 LIMIT$ 9 _!
TRANSMIS.N 6! MALE SEX1 HABITU,Y O3UR4
,:5 ? =M ( 9H]IT.E PREVAILS1 X MI<T WELL
HAPP5 T "S (! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS WD 2
TRANSF]R$ 6! FEMALE1 :O WD !N SLI<TLY
RESEM# ! MALE1 Z ACTU,Y O3URS 9 "S
BRE$S4 ,OR AG1 ! GRT] NUMB]1 B N ALL1 (!
SU3ESSIVE /EPS MI<T 2 TRANSF]R$ 6BO?
SEXES1 &! FEMALE WD !N CLOSELY RESEM# !
MALE4 ,"! C H>DLY 2 A D\BT T ? IS !
CAUSE (! MALE P\T] PIGEON HAV+ A "S:AT
L>G] CROP1 &(! MALE C>RI] PIGEON HAV+
"S:AT L>G] WATTLES1 ?AN _! RESPECTIVE
FEMALES2 = FANCI]S H N SELECT$ "O SEX M
?AN ! O!R1 & H _H NO WI% T ^! "*S %D 2 M
/R;GLY 4PLAY$ 9 ! MALE ?AN 9 ! FEMALE1
YET ? IS ! CASE ) BO? BRE$S4
  ,! SAME PROCESS WD H 6BE FOLL[$1 &!
SAME DI6ICULTIES 5C.T]$1 IF X 7 DESIR$
6MAKE A BRE$ )! FEMALES AL"O ( "S NEW
COL\R4
  ,LA/LY1 \R FANCI] MI<T WI% 6MAKE A
BRE$ )! TWO SEXES DI6]+ F EA* O!R1 & BO?
F ! P>5T SPECIES4 ,"H ! DI6ICULTY WD 2
EXTREME1 UN.S ! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS 7 F !
F/ SEXU,Y LIMIT$ ON BO? SIDES1 & !N "!
WD 2 NO DI6ICULTY4 ,WE SEE ? )! F[L2 ?US
! TWO SEXES (! P5CILL$ ,HAMBUR<S DI6]
GRTLY F EA* O!R1 & F ! TWO SEXES (!
ABORIG9AL ,GALLUS BANKIVA2 & BO? >E N[
KEPT 3/ANT 6_! /&>D ( EXCELL;E 03T9U$
SELEC;N1 : WD 2 IMPOSSI# UN.S ! 4T9CTIVE
"*S ( BO? 7 LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N4
  ,! ,SPANI% F[L (F]S A M CURI\S CASE2 !
MALE HAS AN IMM5SE -B1 B "S (! SU3ESSIVE
V>I,NS1 0! A3UMUL,N ( : X 0 ACQUIR$1
APPE> 6H BE5 TRANSF]R$ 6! FEMALE2 = %E
HAS A -B _M "TS L>G] ?AN T (! FEMALES (!
P>5T SPECIES4 ,B ! -B (! FEMALE DI6]S 9
"O RESPECT F T (! MALE1 = X IS APT 6LOP
OV]2 & )9 A REC5T P]IOD X HAS BE5 ORD]$
0! FANCY T ? %D ALW 2 ! CASE1 & SU3ESS
HAS QKLY FOLL[$ ! ORD]4 ,N[ ! LOPP+ (!
-B M/ 2 SEXU,Y LIMIT$ 9 XS TRANSMIS.N1
O!RWISE X WD PREV5T ! -B (! MALE F 2+
P]FECTLY UP"R1 : WD 2 ABHORR5T 6E
FANCI]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! UP"R;S (! -B 9 !
MALE M/ LIKEWISE 2 A SEXU,Y-LIMIT$ "*1
O!RWISE X WD PREV5T ! -B (! FEMALE F
LOPP+ OV]4
  ,F ! =EGO+ ILLU/R,NS1 WE SEE T EV5 )
ALM UNLIMIT$ "T AT -M&1 X WD 2 AN
EXTREMELY DI6ICULT & -PLEX1 P]H AN
IMPOSSI# PROCESS1 6*ANGE "O =M (
TRANSMIS.N 96! O!R "? SELEC;N4 ,"!=E1
)\T 4T9CT EVID;E 9 EA* CASE1 ,I AM
UNWILL+ 6ADMIT T ? HAS BE5 E6ECT$ 9
NATURAL SPECIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 0M1NS (
SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS1 : 7 F ! F/ SEXU,Y
LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N1 "! WD N 2 ! L1/
DI6ICULTY 9 R5D]+ A MALE BIRD WIDELY
DI6]5T 9 COL\R OR 9 ANY O!R "* F !
FEMALE2 ! LATT] 2+ LEFT UNALT]$1 OR
SLI<TLY ALT]$1 OR SPECI,Y MODIFI$ =!
SAKE ( PROTEC;N4
  ,Z B"R COL\RS >E ( S]VICE 6! MALES 9
_! RIVALRY ) O!R MALES1 S* COL\RS WD 2
SELECT$ :E!R OR N !Y 7 TRANSMITT$
EXCLUSIVELY 6! SAME SEX4 ,3SEQU5TLY !
FEMALES MI<T 2 EXPECT$ (T5 6P>TAKE (!
B"R;S (! MALES 6A GRT] OR LESS DEGREE2 &
? O3URS )A HO/ ( SPECIES4 ,IF ALL !
SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS 7 TRANSMITT$ EQU,Y 6BO?
SEXES1 ! FEMALES WD 2 9DIST+UI%A# F !
MALES2 & ? LIKEWISE O3URS ) _M BIRDS4
,IF1 H["E1 DULL COL\RS 7 ( HI< IMPORT.E
=! SAFETY (! FEMALE DUR+ 9CUB,N1 Z ) _M
GR.D BIRDS1 ! FEMALES : V>I$ 9 B"R;S1 OR
: RCVD "? 9H]IT.E F ! MALES ANY M>K$
A3ES.N ( B"R;S1 WD SOON] OR LAT] 2
DE/ROY$4 ,B ! T5D5CY 9 ! MALES 63T9UE =
AN 9DEF9ITE P]IOD TRANSMITT+ 6_! FEMALE
(FSPR+ _! [N B"R;S1 WD H 6BE ELIM9AT$ 0A
*ANGE 9 ! =M ( 9H]IT.E2 & ?1 Z %EWN 0\R
PREVI\S ILLU/R,N1 WD 2 EXTREMELY
DI6ICULT4 ,! M PROBA# RESULT (! L;G-
3T9U$ DE/RUC;N (! M B"RLY-COL\R$
FEMALES1 SUPPOS+ ! EQUAL =M ( TRANSMIS.N
6PREVAIL WD 2 ! LESS5+ OR ANNIHIL,N (!
B"R COL\RS (! MALES1 [+ 6_! 3T9UAL
CROSS+ )! DULL] FEMALES4 ,X WD 2 T$I\S
6FOLL[ \ ALL ! O!R POSSI# RESULTS2 B ,I
MAY REM9D ! R1D] T IF SEXU,Y LIMIT$
V>I,NS 9 B"R;S O3URR$ 9 ! FEMALES1 EV5
IF !Y 7 N 9 ! L1/ 9JURI\S 6!M &
3SEQU5TLY 7 N ELIM9AT$1 YET !Y WD N 2
FAV\R$ OR SELECT$1 =! MALE USU,Y A3EPTS
ANY FEMALE1 & DOES N SELECT ! M
ATTRACTIVE 9DIVIDUALS2 3SEQU5TLY ^!
V>I,NS WD 2 LIA# 6BE LO/1 & WD H LL
9FLU;E ON ! "* (! RACE2 & ? W AID 9
A3.T+ =! FEMALES 2+ -MONLY DULL]-COL\R$
?AN ! MALES4
  ,9 ! EI<? *APT] 9/.ES 7 GIV51 6: _M
MI<T "H 2 A4$1 ( V>I,NS O3URR+ AT V>I\S
AGES1 & 9H]IT$ AT ! CORRESPOND+ AGE4 ,X
0 AL %EWN T V>I,NS : O3UR LATE 9 LIFE >E
-MONLY TRANSMITT$ 6! SAME SEX 9 : !Y F/
APPE>2 :IL/ V>I,NS O3URR+ E>LY 9 LIFE >E
APT 6BE TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES2 N T ALL !
CASES ( SEXU,Y-LIMIT$ TRANSMIS.N C ?US 2
A3.T$ =4 ,X 0 FUR!R %EWN T IF A MALE
BIRD V>I$ 02COM+ B"R] :IL/ "Y1 S* V>I,NS
WD 2 ( NO S]VICE UNTIL ! AGE =
REPRODUC;N _H >RIV$1 & "! 0 -PETI;N 2T
RIVAL MALES4 ,B 9 ! CASE ( BIRDS LIV+ ON
! GR.D & -MONLY 9 NE$ (! PROTEC;N ( DULL
COL\RS1 B"R T9TS WD 2 F> M DANG]\S 6! "Y
& 9EXP]I;ED ?AN 6! ADULT MALES4
,3SEQU5TLY ! MALES : V>I$ 9 B"R;S :IL/
"Y WD SU6] M* DE/RUC;N & 2 ELIM9AT$ "?
NATURAL SELEC;N2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! MALES :
V>I$ 9 ? MANN] :5 NE>LY MATURE1 NOT)/&+
T !Y 7 EXPOS$ 6"S A4I;NAL DANG]1 MI<T
SURVIVE1 & F 2+ FAV\R$ "? SEXUAL
SELEC;N1 WD PROCR1TE _! K9D4 ,Z A REL,N
(T5 EXI/S 2T ! P]IOD ( V>I,N &! =M (
TRANSMIS.N1 IF ! B"R-COL\R$ "Y MALES 7
DE/ROY$ &! MATURE "OS 7 SU3ESS;L 9 _!
C\RT%IP1 ! MALES AL"O WD ACQUIRE
BRILLIANT COL\RS & WD TRANSMIT !M
EXCLUSIVELY 6_! MALE (FSPR+4 ,B ,I 0NO
M1NS WI% 6MA9TA9 T ! 9FLU;E ( AGE ON !
=M ( TRANSMIS.N1 IS ! SOLE CAUSE (! GRT
DI6];E 9 BRILLIANCY 2T ! SEXES ( _M
BIRDS4
  ,:5 ! SEXES ( BIRDS DI6] 9 COL\R1 X IS
9T]E/+ 6DET]M9E :E!R ! MALES AL"O H BE5
MODIFI$ 0SEXUAL SELEC;N1 ! FEMALES HAV+
BE5 LEFT UN*ANG$1 OR ONLY "PI,Y &
9DIRECTLY ?US *ANG$2 OR :E!R ! FEMALES H
BE5 SPECI,Y MODIFI$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N =
! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,I W "!=E 4CUSS ? "Q
AT "S L5G?1 EV5 M FULLY ?AN XS 9TR9SIC
IMPORT.E DES]VES2 = V>I\S CURI\S
COLLAT]AL PO9TS MAY ?US 2 3V5I5TLY
3SID]$4
  ,2F WE 5T] ON ! SUBJECT ( COL\R1 M
ESPECI,Y 9 REF];E 6,MR4 ,WALLACE'S
3CLU.NS1 X MAY 2 USE;L 64CUSS "S O!R
SEXUAL DI6];ES "U A SIMIL> PO9T ( VIEW4
,A BRE$ ( F[LS =M]LY EXI/$ 9 ,G]_M 99 9
: ! H5S 7 FURNI%$ ) SPURS2 !Y 7 GD
LAY]S1 B !Y S GRTLY 4TURB$ _! NE/S ) _!
SPURS T !Y CD N 2 ALL[$ 6SIT ON _! [N
E7S4 ,H;E AT "O "T X APPE>$ 6ME PROBA# T
)! FEMALES (! WILD ,GALL9AC1E !
DEVELOP;T ( SPURS _H BE5 *ECK$ "?
NATURAL SELEC;N1 F ! 9JURY ?US CAUS$ 6_!
NE/S4 ,? SEEM$ ALL ! M PROBA#1 Z W+-
SPURS1 : WD N 2 9JURI\S DUR+ 9CUB,N1 >E
(T5 Z WELL DEVELOP$ 9 ! FEMALE Z 9 !
MALE2 ?\< 9 N A FEW CASES !Y >E R L>G] 9
! MALE4 ,:5 ! MALE IS FURNI%$ ) LEG-
SPURS ! FEMALE ALM ALW EXHIBITS RUDI;TS
( !M1- ! RUDI;T "S"TS 3SI/+ (A M]E
SCALE1 Z 9 ,GALLUS4 ,H;E X MI<T 2 >GU$ T
! FEMALES _H ABORIG9,Y BE5 FURNI%$ )
WELL-DEVELOP$ SPURS1 B T ^! _H
SUBSEQU5TLY BE5 LO/ "? 4USE OR NATURAL
SELEC;N4 ,B IF ? VIEW 2 ADMITT$1 X WD H
6BE EXT5D$ 69NUM]A# O!R CASES2 & X
IMPLIES T ! FEMALE PROG5ITORS (! EXI/+
SPUR-BE>+ SPECIES 7 ONCE 5CUMB]$ ) AN
9JURI\S APP5DAGE4
      --,BE*/E91 ,NATURGES*I*TE
    ,DEUTS*L&S1 #AGIC1 ,B4 ;III41 #CCI4
  ,9 "S FEW G5]A & SPECIES1 Z 9
,GALLOP]DIX1 ,ACOMUS1 &! ,JAVAN P1COCK
7,PAVO MUTICUS71 ! FEMALES1 Z WELL Z !
MALES1 POSSESS WELL-DEVELOP$ LEG-SPURS4
,>E WE 69F] F ? FACT T !Y 3/RUCT A
DI6]5T SORT ( NE/ F T MADE 0_! NE>E/
ALLIES1 & N LIA# 6BE 9JUR$ 0_! SPURS2 S
T ! SPURS H N BE5 REMOV$8 ,OR >E WE
6SUPPOSE T ! FEMALES ( ^! S"EAL SPECIES
ESPECI,Y REQUIRE SPURS = _! DEF;E8 ,X IS
A M PROBA# 3CLU.N T BO? ! PRES;E & ABS;E
( SPURS 9 ! FEMALES RESULT F DI6]5T LAWS
( 9H]IT.E HAV+ PREVAIL$1 9DEP5D5TLY (
NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,)! _M FEMALES 9 :
SPURS APPE> Z RUDI;TS1 WE MAY 3CLUDE T
"S FEW (! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS1 "? : !Y 7
DEVELOP$ 9 ! MALES1 O3URR$ V E>LY 9
LIFE1 & 7 3SEQU5TLY TRANSF]R$ 6!
FEMALES4 ,9 ! O!R & M* R>] CASES1 9 : !
FEMALES POSSESS FULLY DEVELOP$ SPURS1 WE
MAY 3CLUDE T ALL ! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS 7
TRANSF]R$ 6!M2 & T !Y GRADU,Y ACQUIR$ &
9H]IT$ ! HABIT ( N 4TURB+ _! NE/S4
  ,! VOCAL ORGANS &! F1!RS V>I\SLY
MODIFI$ = PRODUC+ S.D1 Z WELL Z ! PROP]
9/9CTS = US+ !M1 (T5 DI6] 9 ! TWO SEXES1
B >E "S"TS ! SAME 9 BO?4 ,C S* DI6];ES 2
A3.T$ = 0! MALES HAV+ ACQUIR$ ^! ORGANS
& 9/9CTS1 :IL/ ! FEMALES H BE5 SAV$ F
9H]IT+ !M1 ON A3.T (! DANG] 6: !Y WD H
BE5 EXPOS$ 0ATTRACT+ ! ATT5;N ( BIRDS OR
B1/S ( PREY8 ,? DOES N SEEM 6ME PROBA#1
:5 WE ?9K (! MULTITUDE ( BIRDS : )
IMPUN;Y GLA45 ! C.TRY ) _! VOICES DUR+ !
SPR+4 99 ,X IS A SAF] 3CLU.N T1 Z VOCAL
& 9/RU;TAL ORGANS >E ( SPECIAL S]VICE
ONLY 6! MALES DUR+ _! C\RT%IP1 ^! ORGANS
7 DEVELOP$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N & _! 3/ANT
USE 9 T SEX AL"O- ! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS &!
E6ECTS ( USE HAV+ BE5 F ! F/ M OR LESS
LIMIT$ 9 TRANSMIS.N 6! MALE (FSPR+4
      --,DA9ES ,B>R+TON1 H["E1 ?"\ X
    PROBA# 7,PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRANSAC;NS1
    #AGGC1 P4 #AFD7 T FEW FEMALE BIRDS
    S+1 2C ! TAL5T WD H BE5 DANG]\S 6!M
    DUR+ 9CUB,N4 ,HE A4S1 T A SIMIL>
    VIEW MAY POSSIBLY A3.T =! 9F]IOR;Y (
    ! FEMALE 6! MALE 9 PLUMAGE4
  ,_M ANALOG\S CASES CD 2 A4UC$2 ^? =
9/.E (! PLUMES ON ! H1D 2+ G5],Y L;G] 9
! MALE ?AN 9 ! FEMALE1 "S"TS ( EQUAL
L5G? 9 BO? SEXES1 & O3A.N,Y ABS5T 9 !
FEMALE1- ^! S"EAL CASES O3URR+ 9 ! SAME
GR\P ( BIRDS4 ,X WD 2 DI6ICULT 6A3.T =
S* A DI6];E 2T ! SEXES 0! FEMALE HAV+
BE5 B5EFIT$ 0POSSESS+ A SLI<TLY %ORT]
CRE/ ?AN ! MALE1 & XS 3SEQU5T DIM9U;N OR
-PLETE SUPPRES.N "? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,B
,I W TAKE A M FAV\RA# CASE1 "NLY ! L5G?
(! TAIL4 ,! L;G TRA9 (! P1COCK WD H BE5
N ONLY 9CONV5I5T B DANG]\S 6! P1H5 DUR+
! P]IOD ( 9CUB,N & :IL/ A3OMPANY+ H] "Y4
,H;E "! IS N ! L1/ A PRIORI IMPROBABIL;Y
9 ! DEVELOP;T ( H] TAIL HAV+ BE5 *ECK$
"? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,B ! FEMALES ( V>I\S
PH1SANTS1 : APP>5TLY >E EXPOS$ ON _! OP5
NE/S 6Z M* DANG] Z ! P1H51 H TAILS (
3SID]A# L5G?4 ,! FEMALES Z WELL Z !
MALES (! ,M5URA SUP]BA H L;G TAILS1 & !Y
BUILD A DOM$ NE/1 : IS A GRT ANOMALY 9 S
L>GE A BIRD4 ,NATURALI/S H WOND]$ H[ !
FEMALE ,M5URA CD MANAGE H] TAIL DUR+
9CUB,N2 B X IS N[ "KN 99 T %E 85T]S !
NE/ H1D F/1 & !N TURNS R.D ) H] TAIL
"S"TS OV] H] BACK1 B M (T5 B5T R.D 0H]
SIDE4 ,?US 9 "T ! TAIL 2COMES Q ASKEW1 &
IS A TOL]A# GUIDE 6! L5G? ( "T ! BIRD
HAS BE5 SITT+40 ,BO? SEXES ( AN
,AU/RALIAN K+FI%] 7,TANYSIPT]A SYLVIA7 H
! MI4LE TAIL-F1!RS GRTLY L5G!N$1 &!
FEMALE MAKES H] NE/ 9 A HOLE2 & Z ,I AM
9=M$ 0,MR4 ,R4 ,B4 ,%>PE ^! F1!RS 2COME
M* CRUMPL$ DUR+ 9CUB,N4
      --,MR4 ,RAMSAY1 9 ,PROC4 ,ZOOLOG4
    ,SOC41 #AHFH1 P4 #EJ4
  ,9 ^! TWO LATT] CASES ! GRT L5G? (!
TAIL-F1!RS M/ 2 9 "S DEGREE 9CONV5I5T 6!
FEMALE2 & Z 9 BO? SPECIES ! TAIL-F1!RS (
! FEMALE >E "S:AT %ORT] ?AN ^? (! MALE1
X MI<T 2 >GU$ T _! FULL DEVELOP;T _H BE5
PREV5T$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,B IF !
DEVELOP;T (! TAIL (! P1H5 _H BE5 *ECK$
ONLY :5 X 2CAME 9CONV5I5TLY OR DANG]\SLY
GRT1 %E WD H RETA9$ A M* L;G] TAIL ?AN
%E ACTU,Y POSSESSES2 = H] TAIL IS N
NE>LY S L;G1 RELATIVELY 6! SIZE ( H]
BODY1 Z T ( _M FEMALE PH1SANTS1 NOR L;G]
?AN T (! FEMALE TURKEY4 ,X M/ AL 2 BORNE
9 M9D T1 9 A3ORD.E ) ? VIEW1 Z SOON Z !
TAIL (! P1H5 2CAME DANG]\SLY L;G1 & XS
DEVELOP;T 0 3SEQU5TLY *ECK$1 %E WD H
3T9U,Y REACT$ ON H] MALE PROG5Y1 & ?US H
PREV5T$ ! P1COCK F ACQUIR+ 8 PRES5T
MAGNIFIC5T TRA94 ,WE MAY "!=E 9F] T !
L5G? (! TAIL 9 ! P1COCK & XS %ORT;S 9 !
P1H5 >E ! RESULT (! REQUISITE V>I,NS 9 !
MALE HAV+ BE5 F ! F/ TRANSMITT$ 6! MALE
(FSPR+ AL"O4
  ,WE >E L$ 6A NE>LY SIMIL> 3CLU.N )
RESPECT 6! L5G? (! TAIL 9 ! V>I\S
SPECIES ( PH1SANTS4 ,9 ! ,E>$ PH1SANT
7,CROSSOPTILON AURITUM7 ! TAIL IS (
EQUAL L5G? 9 BO? SEXES1 "NLY SIXTE5 OR
SEV5TE5 9*ES2 9 ! -MON PH1SANT X IS AB
TW5TY 9*ES L;G 9 ! MALE & TWELVE 9 !
FEMALE2 9 ,SOEMM]R+'S PH1SANT1 ?IRTY-
SEV5 9*ES 9 ! MALE & ONLY EI<T 9 !
FEMALE2 & LA/LY 9 ,REEVE'S PH1SANT X IS
"S"TS ACTU,Y SEV5TY-TWO 9*ES L;G 9 !
MALE & SIXTE5 9 ! FEMALE4 ,?US 9 ! S"EAL
SPECIES1 ! TAIL (! FEMALE DI6]S M* 9
L5G?1 IRRESPECTIVELY ( T (! MALE2 & ? C
2 A3.T$ =1 Z X SEEMS 6ME1 ) M* M
PROBABIL;Y1 0! LAWS ( 9H]IT.E1- T IS 0!
SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS HAV+ BE5 F ! F/ M OR
LESS CLOSELY LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N 6!
MALE SEX ?AN 0! AG5CY ( NATURAL SELEC;N1
RESULT+ F ! L5G? ( TAIL 2+ M OR LESS
9JURI\S 6! FEMALES ( ^! S"EAL ALLI$
SPECIES4
  ,WE MAY N[ 3SID] ,MR4 ,WALLACE'S
>GU;TS 9 REG>D 6! SEXUAL COL\R,N (
BIRDS4 ,HE 2LIEVES T ! B"R T9TS ORIG9,Y
ACQUIR$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N 0! MALES WD 9
ALL1 OR ALM ALL CASES1 H BE5 TRANSMITT$
6! FEMALES1 UN.S ! TRANSF];E _H BE5
*ECK$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,I MAY "H
REM9D ! R1D] T V>I\S FACTS OPPOS$ 6?
VIEW H ALR BE5 GIV5 "U REPTILES1
AMPHIBIANS1 FI%ES & LEPIDOPT]A4 ,MR4
,WALLACE RE/S 8 2LIEF *IEFLY1 B N
EXCLUSIVELY1 Z WE % SEE 9 ! NEXT *APT]1
ON ! FOLL[+ /ATE;T1 99 T :5 BO? SEXES >E
COL\R$ 9 A V 3SPICU\S MANN]1 ! NE/ IS (
S* A NATURE Z 63C1L ! SITT+ BIRD2 B :5
"! IS A M>K$ 3TRA/ ( COL\R 2T ! SEXES1 !
MALE 2+ GAY &! FEMALE DULL-COL\R$1 ! NE/
IS OP5 & EXPOSES ! SITT+ BIRD 6VIEW4 ,?
CO9CID;E1 Z F> Z X GOES1 C]TA9LY SEEMS
6FAV\R ! 2LIEF T ! FEMALES : SIT ON OP5
NE/S H BE5 SPECI,Y MODIFI$ =! SAKE (
PROTEC;N2 B WE % PRES5TLY SEE T "! IS
ANO!R & M PROBA# EXPLAN,N1 "NLY1 T
3SPICU\S FEMALES H ACQUIR$ ! 9/9CT (
BUILD+ DOM$ NE/S (T5] ?AN DULL-COL\R$
BIRDS4 ,MR4 ,WALLACE ADMITS T "! >E1 Z
MI<T H BE5 EXPECT$1 "S EXCEP;NS 6HIS TWO
RULES1 B X IS A "Q :E!R ! EXCEP;NS >E N
S NUM]\S Z S]I\SLY 69VALIDATE !M4
      --,J\RNAL ( ,TRAVEL1 $IT$ BY ;,A4
    ,MURRAY1 VOL4 I41 #AHFH1 P4 #GH4
  ,"! IS 9 ! F/ PLACE M* TRU? 9 ! ,DUKE
( ,>GYLL'S REM>K 99 T A L>GE DOM$ NE/ IS
M 3SPICU\S 6AN 5EMY1 ESPECI,Y 6ALL TREE-
HAUNT+ C>NIVOR\S ANIMALS1 ?AN A SMALL]
OP5 NE/4 ,NOR M/ WE =GET T ) _M BIRDS :
BUILD OP5 NE/S1 ! MALE SITS ON ! E7S &
AIDS ! FEMALE 9 FE$+ ! "Y3 ? IS ! CASE1
= 9/.E1 ) ,PYRANGA AE/IVA1 99 7#B7 "O (!
MO/ SPL5DID BIRDS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !
MALE 2+ V]MILION1 &! FEMALE LI<T BR[NI%-
GRE54 ,N[ IF BRILLIANT COL\RS _H BE5
EXTREMELY DANG]\S 6BIRDS :IL/ SITT+ ON
_! OP5 NE/S1 ! MALES 9 ^! CASES WD H
SU6]$ GRTLY4 ,X MI<T1 H["E1 2 ( S*
P>AM.T IMPORT.E 6! MALE 6BE BRILLIANTLY
COL\R$1 9 ORD] 6B1T 8 RIVALS1 T ? MAY H
M ?AN -P5SAT$ "S A4I;NAL DANG]4
      --,J\RNAL ( ,TRAVEL1 $IT$ BY ;,A4
    ,MURRAY1 VOL4 I41 #AHFH1 P4 #BHA4
    997#B7 ,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?OLOGICAL
    ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 I41 P4 #BCC4
  ,MR4 ,WALLACE ADMITS T )! K+-CR[S
7,DICRURUS71 ORIOLES1 & ,PITTIDAE1 !
FEMALES >E 3SPICU\SLY COL\R$1 YET BUILD
OP5 NE/S2 B HE URGES T ! BIRDS (! F/
GR\P >E HI<LY PUGNACI\S & CD DEF5D !MVS2
T ^? (! SECOND GR\P TAKE EXTREME C>E 9
3C1L+ _! OP5 NE/S1 B ? DOES N 9V>IABLY
HOLD GD2 99 & T )! BIRDS (! ?IRD GR\P !
FEMALES >E B"RLY COL\R$ *IEFLY ON ! "U
SURFACE4 ,2SS ^! CASES1 PIGEONS : >E
"S"TS B"RLY1 & ALM ALW 3SPICU\SLY
COL\R$1 & : >E NOTORI\SLY LIA# 6!
ATTACKS ( BIRDS ( PREY1 (F] A S]I\S
EXCEP;N 6! RULE1 = !Y ALM ALW BUILD OP5
& EXPOS$ NE/S4 ,9 ANO!R L>GE FAMILY1 T (
! HUMM+-BIRDS1 ALL ! SPECIES BUILD OP5
NE/S1 YET ) "S (! MO/ GORGE\S SPECIES !
SEXES >E ALIKE2 & 9 ! MAJOR;Y1 !
FEMALES1 ?\< LESS BRILLIANT ?AN ! MALES1
>E B"RLY COL\R$4 ,NOR C X 2 MA9TA9$ T
ALL FEMALE HUMM+-BIRDS1 : >E B"RLY
COL\R$1 ESCAPE DETEC;N 0_! T9TS 2+ GRE51
= "S 4PLAY ON _! UPP] SURFACES R$1 BLUE1
& O!R COL\RS4 99 7#B7
      --,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4
    ;II41 P4 #AJH4 ,G\LD'S ,H&BOOK (!
    ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 I41 P4
    #DFC4
      997#B7 ,= 9/.E1 ! FEMALE
    ,EUPETOM5A MACROURA HAS ! H1D & TAIL
    D>K BLUE ) R$DI% LO9S2 ! FEMALE
    ,LAMPORNIS PORPHYRURUS IS BLACKI%-
    GRE5 ON ! UPP] SURFACE1 )! LORES &
    SIDES (! ?ROAT CRIMSON2 ! FEMALE
    ,EULAMPIS JUGUL>IS HAS ! TOP (! H1D
    & BACK GRE51 B ! LO9S &! TAIL >E
    CRIMSON4 ,_M O!R 9/.ES ( HI<LY
    3SPICU\S FEMALES CD 2 GIV54 ,SEE
    ,MR4 ,G\LD'S MAGNIFIC5T "W ON ?
    FAMILY4
  ,9 REG>D 6BIRDS : BUILD 9 HOLES OR
3/RUCT DOM$ NE/S1 O!R ADVANTAGES1 Z ,MR4
,WALLACE REM>KS1 2SS 3C1L;T >E GA9$1 S*
Z %ELT] F ! RA91 GRT] W>M?1 & 9 HOT
C.TRIES PROTEC;N F ! SUN2 99 S T X IS NO
VALID OBJEC;N 6HIS VIEW T _M BIRDS HAV+
BO? SEXES OBSCURELY COL\R$ BUILD 3C1L$
NE/S4 99 7#B7 ,! FEMALE HORN-BILL
7,BUC]OS71 = 9/.E1 ( ,9DIA & ,AFRICA IS
PROTECT$ DUR+ 9CUB,N ) EXTRAORD9>Y C>E1
= %E PLA/]S UP ) H] [N EXCRE;T ! ORIFICE
(! HOLE 9 : %E SITS ON H] E7S1 L1V+ ONLY
A SMALL ORIFICE "? : ! MALE FE$S H]2 %E
IS ?US KEPT A CLOSE PRISON] DUR+ ! :OLE
P]IOD ( 9CUB,N2 99 7#C7 YET FEMALE HORN-
BILLS >E N M 3SPICU\SLY COL\R$ ?AN _M
O!R BIRDS ( EQUAL SIZE : BUILD OP5 NE/S4
,X IS A M S]I\S OBJEC;N 6,MR4 ,WALLACE'S
VIEW1 Z IS ADMITT$ 0HM1 T 9 "S FEW GR\PS
! MALES >E BRILLIANTLY COL\R$ &! FEMALES
OBSCURE1 & YET ! LATT] HAT* _! E7S 9
DOM$ NE/S4 ,? IS ! CASE )! ,GRALL9AE (
,AU/RALIA1 ! SUP]B W>#RS 7,MALURIDAE7 (!
SAME C.TRY1 ! SUN-BIRDS 7,NECT>9IAE71 &)
S"EAL (! ,AU/RALIAN H"OY-SUCK]S OR
,MELIPHAGIDAE4 99 7#D7
      --,MR4 ,SALV9 NOTIC$ 9 ,GUATEMALA
    7,IBIS1 #AHFD1 P4 #CGE7 T HUMM+-
    BIRDS 7 M* M UNWILL+ 6L1VE _! NE/S
    DUR+ V HOT W1!R1 :5 ! SUN 0 %9+
    B"RLY1 Z IF _! E7S WD 2 ?US 9JUR$1
    ?AN DUR+ COOL1 CL\DY1 OR RA9Y W1!R4
      997#B7 ,I MAY SPECIFY1 Z 9/.ES (
    DULL-COL\R$ BIRDS BUILD+ 3C1L$ NE/S1
    ! SPECIES 2L;G+ 6EI<T ,AU/RALIAN
    G5]A DESCRIB$ 9 ,G\LD'S ,H&BOOK (!
    ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 I41 PP4
    #CDJ1 #CFB1 #CFE1 #CHC1 #CHG1 #CHI1
    #CIA1 #DAD4
      997#C7 ,MR4 ,C4 ,HORNE1 ,PROC4
    ,ZOOLOG4 ,SOC41 #AHFI4 P4 #BDC4
      997#D7 ,ON ! NIDIFIC,N & COL\RS (
    ^! LATT] SPECIES1 SEE ,G\LD'S
    ,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4
    I41 PP4 #EJD1 #EBG4
  ,IF WE LOOK 6! BIRDS ( ,5GL& WE % SEE
T "! IS NO CLOSE & G5]AL REL,N 2T !
COL\RS (! FEMALE &! NATURE (! NE/ : IS
3/RUCT$4 ,AB =TY ( \R ,BRITI% BIRDS
7EXCLUD+ ^? ( L>GE SIZE : CD DEF5D !MVS7
BUILD 9 HOLES 9 BANKS1 ROCKS1 OR TREES1
OR 3/RUCT DOM$ NE/S4 ,IF WE TAKE !
COL\RS (! FEMALE GOLDF9*1 BULLF9*1 OR
BLACK-BIRD1 Z A /&>D (! DEGREE (
3SPICU\S;S1 : IS N HI<LY DANG]\S 6!
SITT+ FEMALE1 !N \ (! ABV =TY BIRDS !
FEMALES ( ONLY TWELVE C 2 3SID]$ Z
3SPICU\S 6A DANG]\S DEGREE1 ! REMA9+
TW5TY-EI<T 2+ 9CONSPICU\S4 99 ,NOR IS "!
ANY CLOSE REL,N )9 ! SAME G5US 2T A
WELL-PRON\NC$ DI6];E 9 COL\R 2T ! SEXES1
&! NATURE (! NE/ 3/RUCT$4 ,?US ! MALE
H\SE SP>R[ 7,PASS] DOME/ICUS7 DI6]S M* F
! FEMALE1 ! MALE TREE-SP>R[ 7,P4
MONTANUS7 H>DLY AT ALL1 & YET BO? BUILD
WELL-3C1L$ NE/S4 ,! TWO SEXES (! -MON
FLY-CAT*] 7,MUSCICAPA GRISOLA7 C H>DLY 2
4T+UI%$1 :IL/ ! SEXES (! PI$ FLY-CAT*]
7,M4 LUCTUOSA7 DI6] 3SID]ABLY1 & BO?
SPECIES BUILD 9 HOLES OR 3C1L _! NE/S4
,! FEMALE BLACKBIRD 7,TURDUS M]ULA7
DI6]S M*1 ! FEMALE R+-\ZEL 7,T4
TORQUATUS7 DI6]S LESS1 &! FEMALE -MON
?RU% 7,T4 MUSICUS7 H>DLY AT ALL F _!
RESPECTIVE MALES2 YET ALL BUILD OP5
NE/S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! N V 4TANTLY-ALLI$
WAT]-\ZEL 7,C9CLUS AQUATICUS7 BUILDS A
DOM$ NE/1 &! SEXES DI6] AB Z M* Z 9 !
R+-\ZEL4 ,! BLACK & R$ GR\SE 7,TETRAO
TETRIX & ,T4 SCOTICUS7 BUILD OP5 NE/S 9
EQU,Y WELL-3C1L$ SPOTS1 B 9 ! "O SPECIES
! SEXES DI6] GRTLY1 & 9 ! O!R V LL4
      --,I H 3SULT$1 ON ? SUBJECT1
    ,MACGILLIVRAY'S ,BRITI% ,BIRDS1 &
    ?\< D\BTS MAY 2 5T]TA9$ 9 "S CASES 9
    REG>D 6! DEGREE ( 3C1L;T (! NE/1 &
    6! DEGREE ( 3SPICU\S;S (! FEMALE1
    YET ! FOLL[+ BIRDS1 : ALL LAY _! E7S
    9 HOLES OR 9 DOM$ NE/S1 C H>DLY 2
    3SID]$1 0! ABV /&>D1 Z 3SPICU\S3
    ,PASS]1 #B SPECIES2 ,/URNUS1 ( : !
    FEMALE IS 3SID]ABLY LESS BRILLIANT
    ?AN ! MALE2 ,C9CLUS2 ,MOTALLICA
    BO>ULA 7@872 ,]I?ACUS 7@872
    ,FRUTICOLA1 #B SP42 ,SAXICOLA2
    ,RUTICILLA1 #B SP42 ,SYLVIA1 #C SP42
    ,P>US1 #C SP42 ,MECI/URA ANOR?URA2
    ,C]?IA2 ,SITTA2 ,YUNX2 ,MUSCICAPA1
    #B SP42 ,HIRUNDO1 #C SP42 &
    ,CYPSELUS4 ,! FEMALES (! FOLL[+ #AB
    BIRDS MAY 2 3SID]$ Z 3SPICU\S AC 6!
    SAME /&>D1 VIZ41 ,PA/OR1 ,MOTACILLA
    ALBA1 ,P>US MAJOR & ,P4 CAERULEUS1
    ,UPUPA1 ,PICUS1 #D SP41 ,CORACIAS1
    ,ALC$O1 & ,M]OPS4
  ,NOT)/&+ ! =EGO+ OBJEC;NS1 ,I _C D\BT1
AF R1D+ ,MR4 ,WALLACE'S EXCELL5T ESSAY1
T LOOK+ 6! BIRDS (! _W1 A L>GE MAJOR;Y (
! SPECIES 9 : ! FEMALES >E 3SPICU\SLY
COL\R$ 7& 9 ? CASE ! MALES ) R>E
EXCEP;NS >E EQU,Y 3SPICU\S71 BUILD 3C1L$
NE/S =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,MR4 ,WALLACE
ENUM]ATES 99 A L;G S]IES ( GR\PS 9 : ?
RULE BOLDS GD2 B X W SU6ICE "H 6GIVE1 Z
9/.ES1 ! M FAMILI> GR\PS ( K+FI%]S1
T\CANS1 TROGONS1 PUFF-BIRDS
7,CAPITONIDAE71 PLANTA9-EAT]S
7,MUSOPHAGAE1 WOODPECK]S1 & P>ROTS4 ,MR4
,WALLACE 2LIEVES T 9 ^! GR\PS1 Z ! MALES
GRADU,Y ACQUIR$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N _!
BRILLIANT COL\RS1 ^! 7 TRANSF]R$ 6!
FEMALES & 7 N ELIM9AT$ 0NATURAL SELEC;N1
[+ 6! PROTEC;N : !Y ALR 5JOY$ F _! MANN]
( NIDIFIC,N4 ,AC 6? VIEW1 _! PRES5T
MANN] ( NE/+ 0 ACQUIR$ 2F _! PRES5T
COL\RS4 ,B X SEEMS 6ME M* M PROBA# T 9
MO/ CASES1 Z ! FEMALES 7 GRADU,Y R5D]$ M
& M BRILLIANT F P>TAK+ (! COL\RS (!
MALE1 !Y 7 GRADU,Y L$ 6*ANGE _! 9/9CTS
7SUPPOS+ T !Y ORIG9,Y BUILT OP5 NE/S71 &
6SEEK PROTEC;N 0BUILD+ DOM$ OR 3C1L$
NE/S4 ,NO "O :O /UDIES1 = 9/.E1
,AUDUBON'S A3.T (! DI6];ES 9 ! NE/S (!
SAME SPECIES 9 ! NOR!RN & S\!RN ,UNIT$
,/ATES1 99 7#B7 W FEEL ANY GRT DI6ICULTY
9 ADMITT+ T BIRDS1 EI 0A *ANGE 7IN !
/RICT S5SE (! ^W7 ( _! HABITS1 OR "? !
NATURAL SELEC;N ( S-CALL$ SPONTANE\S
V>I,NS ( 9/9CT1 MI<T R1DILY 2 L$ 6MODIFY
_! MANN] ( NE/+4
      --,J\RNAL ( ,TRAVEL1 $IT$ BY ;,A4
    ,MURRAY1 VOL4 I41 P4 #GH4
      997#B7 ,SEE _M /ATE;TS 9 !
    ,ORNI?OLOGICAL ,BIOGRAPHY4 ,SEE AL
    "S CURI\S OBS]V,NS ON ! NE/S (
    ,ITALIAN BIRDS 0,EUG5IO ,BETTONI1 9
    ! ,ATTI DELLA ,SOCIETA ,ITALIANA1
    VOL4 ;XI41 #AHFI1 P4 #DHG4
  ,? WAY ( VIEW+ ! REL,N1 Z F> Z X HOLDS
GD1 2T ! B"R COL\RS ( FEMALE BIRDS & _!
MANN] ( NE/+1 RCVS "S SUPPORT F C]TA9
CASES O3URR+ 9 ! ,SAH>A ,DES]T4 ,"H1 Z 9
MO/ O!R DES]TS1 V>I\S BIRDS1 & _M O!R
ANIMALS1 H _H _! COL\RS ADAPT$ 9 A
WOND];L MANN] 6! T9TS (! SURR.D+
SURFACE4 ,N"E!.S "! >E1 Z ,I AM 9=M$ 0!
,REV4 ,MR4 ,TRI/RAM1 "S CURI\S EXCEP;NS
6! RULE2 ?US ! MALE (! ,MONTICOLA CYANEA
IS 3SPICU\S F 8 B"R BLUE COL\R1 &!
FEMALE ALM EQU,Y 3SPICU\S F H] MOTTL$
BR[N & :ITE PLUMAGE2 BO? SEXES ( TWO
SPECIES ( ,DROMOLAEA >E (A LU/R\S BLACK2
S T ^! ?REE SPECIES >E F> F RCVG
PROTEC;N F _! COL\RS1 YET !Y >E A#
6SURVIVE1 = !Y H ACQUIR$ ! HABIT ( TAK+
REFUGE F DANG] 9 HOLES OR CREVICES 9 !
ROCKS4
  ,) RESPECT 6! ABV GR\PS 9 : ! FEMALES
>E 3SPICU\SLY COL\R$ & BUILD 3C1L$ NE/S1
X IS N NEC 6SUPPOSE T EA* SEP>ATE
SPECIES _H XS NIDIFY+ 9/9CT SPECI,Y
MODIFI$2 B ONLY T ! E>LY PROG5ITORS (
EA* GR\P 7 GRADU,Y L$ 6BUILD DOM$ OR
3C1L$ NE/S1 & AFWS TRANSMITT$ ? 9/9CT1
TGR ) _! B"R COL\RS1 6_! MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS4 ,Z F> Z X C 2 TRU/$1 !
3CLU.N IS 9T]E/+1 T SEXUAL SELEC;N TGR )
EQUAL OR NE>LY EQUAL 9H]IT.E 0BO? SEXES1
H 9DIRECTLY DET]M9$ ! MANN] ( NIDIFIC,N
( :OLE GR\PS ( BIRDS4

,AC 6,MR4 ,WALLACE1 EV5 9 ! GR\PS 9 : !
  FEMALES1 F 2+ PROTECT$ 9 DOM$ NE/S
  DUR+ 9CUB,N1 H N _H _! B"R COL\RS
  ELIM9AT$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N1 ! MALES
  (T5 DI6] 9 A SLI<T1 & O3A.N,Y 9 A
  3SID]A# DEGREE F ! FEMALES4 ,? IS A
  SIGNIFICANT FACT1 = S* DI6];ES 9 COL\R
  M/ 2 A3.T$ = 0"S (! V>I,NS 9 ! MALES
  HAV+ BE5 F ! F/ LIMIT$ 9 TRANSMIS.N 6!
  SAME SEX2 Z X C H>DLY 2 MA9TA9$ T ^!
  DI6];ES1 ESPECI,Y :5 V SLI<T1 S]VE Z A
  PROTEC;N 6! FEMALE4 ,?US ALL ! SPECIES
  9 ! SPL5DID GR\P (! TROGONS BUILD 9
  HOLES2 & ,MR4 ,G\LD GIVES FIGURES 99 (
  BO? SEXES ( TW5TY-FIVE SPECIES1 9 ALL
  ( :1 ) "O "PIAL EXCEP;N1 ! SEXES DI6]
  "S"TS SLI<TLY1 "S"TS 3SPICU\SLY1 9
  COL\R1- ! MALES 2+ ALW F9] ?AN !
  FEMALES1 ?\< ! LATT] >E LIKEWISE
  B1UTI;L4 ,ALL ! SPECIES ( K+FI%]S
  BUILD 9 HOLES1 &) MO/ (! SPECIES !
  SEXES >E EQU,Y BRILLIANT1 & ?US F>
  ,MR4 ,WALLACE'S RULE HOLDS GD2 B 9 "S
  (! ,AU/RALIAN SPECIES ! COL\RS (!
  FEMALES >E R LESS VIVID ?AN ^? (!
  MALE2 & 9 "O SPL5DIDLY-COL\R$ SPECIES1
  ! SEXES DI6] S M* T !Y 7 AT F/ ?"\ 6BE
  SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT4 99 7#B7 ,MR4 ,R4 ,B4
  ,%>PE1 :O HAS ESPECI,Y /UDI$ ? GR\P1
  HAS %EWN ME "S ,AM]ICAN SPECIES
  7,C]YLE7 9 : ! BR1/ (! MALE IS BELT$ )
  BLACK4 ,AG1 9 ,C>C9EUTES1 ! DI6];E 2T
  ! SEXES IS 3SPICU\S3 9 ! MALE ! UPP]
  SURFACE IS DULL-BLUE B&$ ) BLACK1 !
  L[] SURFACE 2+ "PLY FAWN-COL\R$1 & "!
  IS M* R$ AB ! H1D2 9 ! FEMALE ! UPP]
  SURFACE IS R$DI%-BR[N B&$ ) BLACK1 &!
  L[] SURFACE :ITE ) BLACK M>K+S ,X IS
  AN 9T]E/+ FACT1 Z %EW+ H[ ! SAME
  PECULI> /YLE ( SEXUAL COL\R+ (T5
  "*ISES ALLI$ =MS1 T 9 ?REE SPECIES (
  ,DACELO ! MALE DI6]S F ! FEMALE ONLY 9
  ! TAIL 2+ DULL-BLUE B&$ ) BLACK1 :IL/
  T (! FEMALE IS BR[N ) BLACKI% B>S2 S T
  "H ! TAIL DI6]S 9 COL\R 9 ! TWO SEXES
  9 EXACTLY ! SAME MANN] Z ! :OLE UPP]
  SURFACE 9 ! TWO SEXES ( ,C>C9EUTES4

      --,SEE 8 ,MONOGRAPH (!
    ,TROGONIDAE1 #A/ EDI;N4
      997#B7 ,"NLY1 ,CYANALCYON4 ,G\LD'S
    ,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS ( ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4
    I41 P4 #ACC2 SEE1 AL1 PP4 #ACJ1
    #ACF4
  ,) P>ROTS1 : LIKEWISE BUILD 9 HOLES1
WE F9D ANALOG\S CASES3 9 MO/ (! SPECIES1
BO? SEXES >E BRILLIANTLY COL\R$ &
9DIST+UI%A#1 B 9 N A FEW SPECIES ! MALES
>E COL\R$ R M VIVIDLY ?AN ! FEMALES1 OR
EV5 V DI6]5TLY F !M4 ,?US1 2SS O!R
/R;GLY-M>K$ DI6];ES1 ! :OLE "U SURFACE (
! MALE K+ LORY 7,APROSMICTUS SCAPULATUS7
IS SC>LET1 :IL/ ! ?ROAT & *E/ (! FEMALE
IS GRE5 T+$ ) R$3 9 ! ,EUPHEMA SPL5DIDA
"! IS A SIMIL> DI6];E1 ! FACE & W+
COV]TS MOREOV] (! FEMALE 2+ (A PAL] BLUE
?AN 9 ! MALE4 99 ,9 ! FAMILY (! TITS
7,P>9AE71 : BUILD 3C1L$ NE/S1 ! FEMALE (
\R -MON BLUE TOMTIT 7,P>US CAERULEUS71
IS 8M* LESS B"RLY COL\R$0 ?AN ! MALE3 &
9 ! MAGNIFIC5T SULTAN YELL[ TIT ( ,9DIA
! DI6];E IS GRT]4 99 7#B7
      --,E GRAD,N ( DI6];E 2T ! SEXES
    MAY 2 FOLL[$ 9 ! P>ROTS ( ,AU/RALIA4
    ,SEE ,G\LD1 OP4 CIT41 VOL4 ;II41 PP4
    #AD-AJB4
      997#B7 ,MACGILLIVRAY'S ,BRITI%
    ,BIRDS1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #DCC4 ,J]DON1
    ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #BHB4
  ,AG1 9 ! GRT GR\P (! WOODPECK]S1 99 !
SEXES >E G5],Y NE>LY ALIKE1 B 9 !
,MEGAPICUS VALIDUS ALL ^? "PS (! H1D1
NECK1 & BR1/1 : >E CRIMSON 9 ! MALE >E
PALE BR[N 9 ! FEMALE4 ,Z 9 S"EAL
WOODPECK]S ! H1D (! MALE IS B"R CRIMSON1
:IL/ T (! FEMALE IS PLA91 X O3URR$ 6ME T
? COL\R MI<T POSSIBLY MAKE ! FEMALE
DANG]\SLY 3SPICU\S1 :5"E %E PUT H] H1D \
(! HOLE 3TA9+ H] NE/1 & 3SEQU5TLY T ?
COL\R1 9 A3ORD.E ) ,MR4 ,WALLACE'S
2LIEF1 _H BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,? VIEW IS
/R5G!N$ 0:AT ,MALH]BE /ATES ) RESPECT
6,9DOPICUS C>LOTTA2 "NLY1 T ! "Y
FEMALES1 L ! "Y MALES1 H "S CRIMSON AB
_! H1DS1 B T ? COL\R 4APPE>S 9 ! ADULT
FEMALE1 :IL/ X IS 9T5SIFI$ 9 ! ADULT
MALE4 ,N"E!.S ! FOLL[+ 3SID],NS R5D] ?
VIEW EXTREMELY D\BT;L3 ! MALE TAKES A
FAIR %>E 9 9CUB,N1 99 7#B7 & WD 2 ?US
ALM EQU,Y EXPOS$ 6DANG]2 BO? SEXES ( _M
SPECIES H _! H1DS ( AN EQU,Y B"R
CRIMSON2 9 O!R SPECIES ! DI6];E 2T !
SEXES 9 ! AM.T ( SC>LET IS S SLI<T T X C
H>DLY MAKE ANY APPRECIA# DI6];E 9 !
DANG] 9CURR$2 & LA/LY1 ! COL\R+ (! H1D 9
! TWO SEXES (T5 DI6]S SLI<TLY 9 O!R
WAYS4
      --,ALL ! FOLL[+ FACTS >E TAK5 F
    ,M4 ,MALH]BE'S MAGNIFIC5T
    ,MONOGRAPHIE DES ,PICIDEES1 #AHFA4
      997#B7 ,AUDUBON'S ,ORNI?OLOGICAL
    ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #GE2 SEE
    AL ! ,IBIS1 VOL4 I41 P4 #BFH4
  ,! CASES1 Z YET GIV51 ( SLI<T &
GRADUAT$ DI6];ES 9 COL\R 2T ! MALES &
FEMALES 9 ! GR\PS1 9 : Z A G5]AL RULE !
SEXES RESEM# EA* O!R1 ALL RELATE
6SPECIES : BUILD DOM$ OR 3C1L$ NE/S4 ,B
SIMIL> GRAD,NS MAY LIKEWISE 2 OBS]V$ 9
GR\PS 9 : ! SEXES Z A G5]AL RULE RESEM#
EA* O!R1 B : BUILD OP5 NE/S4


,Z ,I H 2F 9/.ED ! ,AU/RALIAN P>ROTS1 S
  ,I MAY "H 9/.E1 )\T GIV+ ANY DETAILS1
  ! ,AU/RALIAN PIGEONS4 99 ,X DES]VES
  ESPECIAL NOTICE T 9 ALL ^! CASES !
  SLI<T DI6];ES 9 PLUMAGE 2T ! SEXES >E
  (! SAME G5]AL NATURE Z ! O3A.N,Y GRT]
  DI6];ES4 ,A GD ILLU/R,N ( ? FACT HAS
  ALR BE5 AF=D$ 0^? K+FI%]S 9 : EI !
  TAIL AL"O OR ! :OLE UPP] SURFACE (!
  PLUMAGE DI6]S 9 ! SAME MANN] 9 ! TWO
  SEXES4 ,SIMIL> CASES MAY 2 OBS]V$ )
  P>ROTS & PIGEONS4 ,! DI6];ES 9 COL\R
  2T ! SEXES (! SAME SPECIES >E1 AL1 (!
  SAME G5]AL NATURE Z ! DI6];ES 9 COL\R
  2T ! 4T9CT SPECIES (! SAME GR\P4 ,= :5
  9 A GR\P 9 : ! SEXES >E USU,Y ALIKE1 !
  MALE DI6]S 3SID]ABLY F ! FEMALE1 HE IS
  N COL\R$ 9 A Q NEW /YLE4 ,H;E WE MAY
  9F] T )9 ! SAME GR\P ! SPECIAL COL\RS
  ( BO? SEXES :5 !Y >E ALIKE1 &! COL\RS
  (! MALE1 :5 HE DI6]S SLI<TLY OR EV5
  3SID]ABLY F ! FEMALE1 H BE5 9 MO/
  CASES DET]M9$ 0! SAME G5]AL CAUSE2 ?
  2+ SEXUAL SELEC;N4

      --,G\LD'S ,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS (
    ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 ;II41 PP4 #AJI-ADI4
  ,X IS N PROBA#1 Z HAS ALR BE5 REM>K$1
T DI6];ES 9 COL\R 2T ! SEXES1 :5 V
SLI<T1 C 2 ( S]VICE 6! FEMALE Z A
PROTEC;N4 ,ASSUM+1 H["E1 T !Y >E (
S]VICE1 !Y MI<T 2 ?"\ 6BE CASES (
TRANSI;N2 B WE H NO R1SON 62LIEVE T _M
SPECIES AT ANY "O "T >E "UGO+ *ANGE4
,"!=E WE C H>DLY ADMIT T ! NUM]\S
FEMALES : DI6] V SLI<TLY 9 COL\R F _!
MALES >E N[ ALL -M5C+ 62COME OBSCURE =!
SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,EV5 IF WE 3SID] "S:AT
M M>K$ SEXUAL DI6];ES1 IS X PROBA#1 =
9/.E1 T ! H1D (! FEMALE *A69*1- !
CRIMSON ON ! BR1/ (! FEMALE BULLF9*1- !
GRE5 (! FEMALE GRE5F9*1- ! CRE/ (!
FEMALE GOLD5-CRE/$ WR51 H ALL BE5 R5D]$
LESS B"R 0! SL[ PROCESS ( SELEC;N =!
SAKE ( PROTEC;N8 ,I _C ?9K S2 & / LESS )
! SLI<T DI6];ES 2T ! SEXES ( ^? BIRDS :
BUILD 3C1L$ NE/S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !
DI6];ES 9 COL\R 2T ! SEXES1 :E!R GRT OR
SMALL1 MAY 6A L>GE EXT5T 2 EXPLA9$ ON !
PR9CIPLE (! SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS1 ACQUIR$ 0!
MALES "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 HAV+ BE5 F ! F/
M OR LESS LIMIT$ 9 _! TRANSMIS.N 6!
FEMALES4 ,T ! DEGREE ( LIMIT,N %D DI6] 9
DI6]5T SPECIES (! SAME GR\P W N SURPRISE
ANY "O :O HAS /UDI$ ! LAWS ( 9H]IT.E1 =
!Y >E S -PLEX T !Y APPE> 6U 9 \R IGNOR.E
6BE CAPRICI\S 9 _! AC;N4 99
      --,SEE REM>KS 6? E6ECT 9 ,V>I,N (
    ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS "U ,DOME/IC,N1
    VOL4 ;II41 *AP4 ;XII4
  ,Z F> Z ,I C 4COV] "! >E FEW L>GE
GR\PS ( BIRDS 9 : ALL ! SPECIES H BO?
SEXES ALIKE & BRILLIANTLY COL\R$1 B ,I
HE> F ,MR4 ,SCLAT]1 T ? APPE>S 6BE !
CASE )! ,MUSOPHAGAE OR PLANTA9-EAT]S4
,NOR D ,I 2LIEVE T ANY L>GE GR\P EXI/S 9
: ! SEXES ( ALL ! SPECIES >E WIDELY
4SIMIL> 9 COL\R3 ,MR4 ,WALLACE 9=MS ME T
! *ATT]]S ( ,S4 ,AM]ICA 7,COT+IDAE7 (F]
"O (! BE/ 9/.ES2 B ) "S (! SPECIES1 9 :
! MALE HAS A SPL5DID R$ BR1/1 ! FEMALE
EXHIBITS "S R$ ON H] BR1/2 &! FEMALES (
O!R SPECIES %EW TRACES (! GRE5 & O!R
COL\RS (! MALES4 ,N"E!.S WE H A NE>
APPROA* 6CLOSE SEXUAL SIMIL>;Y OR
4SIMIL>;Y "?\T S"EAL GR\PS3 & ?1 F :AT
HAS J BE5 SD (! FLUCTUAT+ NATURE (
9H]IT.E1 IS A "S:AT SURPRIS+ CIRCUM/.E4
,B T ! SAME LAWS %D L>GELY PREVAIL )
ALLI$ ANIMALS IS N SURPRIS+4 ,! DOME/IC
F[L HAS PRODUC$ A GRT NUMB] ( BRE$S &
SUB-BRE$S1 & 9 ^! ! SEXES G5],Y DI6] 9
PLUMAGE2 S T X HAS BE5 NOTIC$ Z AN
UNUSUAL CIRCUM/.E :5 9 C]TA9 SUB-BRE$S
!Y RESEM# EA* O!R4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !
DOME/IC PIGEON HAS LIKEWISE PRODUC$ A
VA/ NUMB] ( 4T9CT BRE$S & SUB-BRE$S1 & 9
^!1 ) R>E EXCEP;NS1 ! TWO SEXES >E
ID5TIC,Y ALIKE4
  ,"!=E IF O!R SPECIES ( ,GALLUS &
,COLUMBA 7 DOME/ICAT$ & V>I$1 X WD N 2
RA% 6PREDICT T SIMIL> RULES ( SEXUAL
SIMIL>;Y & 4SIMIL>;Y1 DEP5D+ ON ! =M (
TRANSMIS.N1 WD HOLD GD 9 BO? CASES4 ,9 L
MANN] ! SAME =M ( TRANSMIS.N HAS G5],Y
PREVAIL$ "U NATURE "?\T ! SAME GR\PS1
AL? M>K$ EXCEP;NS 6? RULE O3UR4 ,?US )9
! SAME FAMILY OR EV5 G5US1 ! SEXES MAY 2
ID5TIC,Y ALIKE1 OR V DI6]5T 9 COL\R4
,9/.ES H ALR BE5 GIV5 9 ! SAME G5US1 Z )
SP>R[S1 FLYCAT*]S1 ?RU%ES & GR\SE4 ,9 !
FAMILY ( PH1SANTS ! SEXES ( ALM ALL !
SPECIES >E WOND];LLY 4SIMIL>1 B >E Q
ALIKE 9 ! E>$ PH1SANT OR ,CROSSOPTILON
AURITUM4 ,9 TWO SPECIES ( ,*LOEPHAGA1 A
G5US ( GEESE1 ! MALE _C 2 4T+UI%$ F !
FEMALES1 EXCEPT 0SIZE2 :IL/ 9 TWO O!RS1
! SEXES >E S UNLIKE T !Y MI<T EASILY 2
MISTAK5 = 4T9CT SPECIES4 99
      --,! ,IBIS1 VOL4 ;VI41 #AHFD1 P4
    #ABB4
  ,! LAWS ( 9H]IT.E C AL"O A3.T =!
FOLL[+ CASES1 9 : ! FEMALE ACQUIRES1
LATE 9 LIFE1 C]TA9 "*S PROP] 6! MALE1 &
ULTIMATELY -ES 6RESEM# HM M OR LESS
-PLETELY4 ,"H PROTEC;N C H>DLY H -E
96PLAY4 ,MR4 ,BLY? 9=MS ME T ! FEMALES (
,ORIOLUS MELANOCEPHALUS &( "S ALLI$
SPECIES1 :5 SU6ICI5TLY MATURE 6BRE$1
DI6] 3SID]ABLY 9 PLUMAGE F ! ADULT
MALES2 B AF ! SECOND OR ?IRD M\LTS !Y
DI6] ONLY 9 _! B1KS HAV+ A SLI<T GRE5I%
T+E4 ,9 ! DW>F BITT]NS 7,>DETTA71 AC 6!
SAME AU?OR;Y1 8! MALE ACQUIRES 8 F9AL
LIV]Y AT ! F/ M\LT1 ! FEMALE N 2F ! ?IRD
OR F\R? M\LT2 9 ! M1N:ILE %E PRES5TS AN
9T]M$IATE G>B1 : IS ULTIMATELY EX*ANG$ =
! SAME LIV]Y Z T (! MALE40 ,S AG !
FEMALE ,FALCO P]EGR9US ACQUIRES H] BLUE
PLUMAGE M SL[LY ?AN ! MALE4 ,MR4 ,SW9HOE
/ATES T ) "O (! DR;GO %RIKES 7,DICRURUS
MACROC]CUS7 ! MALE1 :IL/ ALM A NE/L+1
M\LTS 8 S(T BR[N PLUMAGE & 2COMES (A
UNI=M GLOSSY GRE5I%-BLACK2 B ! FEMALE
RETA9S =A L;G "T ! :ITE /RIAE & SPOTS ON
! AXILL>Y F1!RS2 & DOES N -PLETELY
ASSUME ! UNI=M BLACK COL\R (! MALE =
?REE YE>S4 ,! SAME EXCELL5T OBS]V]
REM>KS T 9 ! SPR+ (! SECOND YE> ! FEMALE
SPOON-BILL 7,PLATALEA7 ( ,*9A RESEM#S !
MALE (! F/ YE>1 & T APP>5TLY X IS N
UNTIL ! ?IRD SPR+ T %E ACQUIRES ! SAME
ADULT PLUMAGE Z T POSSESS$ 0! MALE AT A
M* E>LI] AGE4 ,! FEMALE ,BOMBYCILLA
C>OL95SIS DI6]S V LL F ! MALE1 B !
APP5DAGES1 : L B1DS ( R$ S1L+-WAX ORNA;T
! W+-F1!RS1 99 >E N DEVELOP$ 9 H] S E>LY
9 LIFE Z 9 ! MALE4 ,9 ! MALE ( AN ,9DIAN
P>RAKEET 7,PALOEORNIS JAVANICUS7 ! UPP]
M&I# IS CORAL-R$ F 8 E>LIE/ Y\?1 B 9 !
FEMALE1 Z ,MR4 ,BLY? HAS OBS]V$ ) CAG$ &
WILD BIRDS1 X IS AT F/ BLACK & DOES N
2COME R$ UNTIL ! BIRD IS AT L1/ A YE>
OLD1 AT : AGE ! SEXES RESEM# EA* O!R 9
ALL RESPECTS4 ,BO? SEXES (! WILD TURKEY
>E ULTIMATELY FURNI%$ )A TUFT ( BRI/LES
ON ! BR1/1 B 9 TWO-YE>-OLD BIRDS ! TUFT
IS AB F\R 9*ES L;G 9 ! MALE & H>DLY
APP>5T 9 ! FEMALE2 :51 H["E1 ! LATT] HAS
R1*$ H] F\R? YE>1 X IS F F\R 6FIVE 9*ES
9 L5G?4 99 7#B7
      --,:5 ! MALE C\RTS ! FEMALE1 ^!
    ORNA;TS >E VIBRAT$1 & 8>E %EWN (F
    6GRT ADVANTAGE10 ON ! \T/RET*$ W+S3
    ,A4 ,LEI? ,ADAMS1 ,FIELD & ,=E/
    ,RAM#S1 #AHGC1 P4 #AEC4
      997#B7 ,ON ,>DETTA1 ,TRANSL,N (
    ,CUVI]'S ,REGNE ,ANIMAL1 0,MR4
    ,BLY?1 FOOTNOTE1 P4 #AEI4 ,ON !
    P]EGR9E FALCON1 ,MR4 ,BLY?1 9
    ,*>LESWOR?'S ,MAG4 ( ,NAT4 ,HI/41
    VOL4 I41 #AHCG1 P4 #CJD4 ,ON
    ,DICRURUS1 ,IBIS1 #AHFC1 P4 #DD4 ,ON
    ! ,PLATALEA1 ,IBIS1 VOL4 ;VI41
    #AHFD1 P4 #CFF4 ,ON ! ,BOMBYCILLA1
    ,AUDUBON'S ,ORNI?OLOG4 ,BIOGRAPHY1
    VOL4 I41 P4 #BBI4 ,ON ! ,PALAEORNIS1
    SEE1 AL1 ,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1
    VOL4 I41 P4 #BFC4 ,ON ! WILD TURKEY1
    ,AUDUBON1 IBID41 VOL4 I41 P4 #AE2 B
    ,I HE> F ,JUDGE ,CATON T 9 ,ILL9OIS
    ! FEMALE V R>ELY ACQUIRES A TUFT4
    ,ANALOG\S CASES )! FEMALES (
    ,PETRCOCSSYPHUS >E GIV5 0,MR4 ,R4
    ,%>PE1 ,PROE$+S (! ,ZOOLOGICAL
    ,SOCIETY1 #AHGB1 P4 #DIF4
  ,^! CASES M/ N 2 3F.D$ ) ^? ": 41S$ OR
OLD FEMALES ABNORM,Y ASSUME MASCUL9E
"*S1 NOR ) ^? ": F]TILE FEMALES1 :IL/
"Y1 ACQUIRE ! "*S (! MALE1 "? V>I,N OR
"S UN"KN CAUSE4 99 ,B ALL ^! CASES H S
M* 9 -MON T !Y DEP5D1 AC 6! HYPO!SIS (
PANG5ESIS1 ON GEMMULES DERIV$ F EA* "P (
! MALE 2+ PRES5T1 ?\< LAT5T1 9 ! FEMALE2
_! DEVELOP;T FOLL[+ ON "S SLI<T *ANGE 9
! ELECTIVE A69ITIES ( H] 3/ITU5T
TISSUES4
      --,( ^! LATT] CASES ,MR4 ,BLY? HAS
    RECORD$ 7,TRANSL,N ( ,CUVI]'S ,REGNE
    ,ANIMAL1 P4 #AEH7 V>I\S 9/.ES )
    ,LANIUS1 ,RUTICILLA1 ,L9>IA1 &
    ,ANAS4 ,AUDUBON HAS AL RECORD$ A
    SIMIL> CASE 7,ORNI?OLOG4 ,BIOGRAPHY1
    VOL4 V41 P4 #EAI7 ) ,PYRANGA AE/IVA4
  ,A FEW ^WS M/ 2 A4$ ON *ANGES (
PLUMAGE 9 REL,N 6! S1SON (! YE>4 ,F
R1SONS =M]LY ASSIGN$ "! C 2 LL D\BT T !
ELEGANT PLUMES1 L;G P5DANT F1!RS1 CRE/S1
&C41 ( EGRETS1 H]ONS1 & _M O!R BIRDS1 :
>E DEVELOP$ & RETA9$ ONLY DUR+ ! SUMM]1
S]VE = ORNA;TAL & NUPTIAL PURPOSES1 ?\<
-MON 6BO? SEXES4 ,! FEMALE IS ?US R5D]$
M 3SPICU\S DUR+ ! P]IOD ( 9CUB,N ?AN
DUR+ ! W9T]2 B S* BIRDS Z H]ONS & EGRETS
WD 2 A# 6DEF5D !MVS4 ,Z1 H["E1 PLUMES WD
PROBABLY 2 9CONV5I5T & C]TA9LY ( NO USE
DUR+ ! W9T]1 X IS POSSI# T ! HABIT (
M\LT+ TWICE 9 ! YE> MAY H BE5 GRADU,Y
ACQUIR$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N =! SAKE (
CA/+ (F 9CONV5I5T ORNA;TS DUR+ ! W9T]4
,B ? VIEW _C 2 EXT5D$ 6! _M WAD]S1 ^:
SUMM] & W9T] PLUMAGES DI6] V LL 9 COL\R4
,) DEF;E.S SPECIES1 9 : BO? SEXES1 OR !
MALES AL"O1 2COME EXTREMELY 3SPICU\S
DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON1- OR :5 ! MALES
ACQUIRE AT ? S1SON S* L;G W+ OR TAIL-
F1!RS Z 6IMP$E _! FLI<T1 Z )
,COSMETORNIS & ,VIDUA1- X C]TA9LY AT F/
APPE>S HI<LY PROBA# T ! SECOND M\LT HAS
BE5 GA9$ =! SPECIAL PURPOSE ( ?R[+ (F ^!
ORNA;TS4 ,WE M/1 H["E1 REMEMB] T _M
BIRDS1 S* Z "S (! BIRDS ( P>ADISE1 !
,>GUS PH1SANT & P1COCK1 D N CA/ _!
PLUMES DUR+ ! W9T]2 & X C H>DLY 2
MA9TA9$ T ! 3/ITU;N ( ^! BIRDS1 AT L1/ (
! ,GALL9AC1E1 R5D]S A D\# M\LT IMPOSSI#1
=! PT>MIGAN M\LTS ?RICE 9 ! YE>4 99 ,H;E
X M/ 2 3SID]$ Z D\BT;L :E!R ! _M SPECIES
: M\LT _! ORNA;TAL PLUMES OR LOSE _! B"R
COL\RS DUR+ ! W9T]1 H ACQUIR$ ? HABIT ON
A3.T (! 9CONV5I;E OR DANG] : !Y WD
O!RWISE H SU6]$4
      --,SEE ,G\LD'S ,BIRDS ( ,GRT
    ,BRITA94
  ,I 3CLUDE1 "!=E1 T ! HABIT ( M\LT+
TWICE 9 ! YE> 0 9 MO/ OR ALL CASES F/
ACQUIR$ = "S 4T9CT PURPOSE1 P]H = GA9+ A
W>M] W9T] COV]+2 & T V>I,NS 9 ! PLUMAGE
O3URR+ DUR+ ! SUMM] 7 A3UMULAT$ "?
SEXUAL SELEC;N1 & TRANSMITT$ 6! (FSPR+
AT ! SAME S1SON (! YE>2 T S* V>I,NS 7
9H]IT$ EI 0BO? SEXES OR 0! MALES AL"O1
AC 6! =M ( 9H]IT.E : PREVAIL$4 ,? APPE>S
M PROBA# ?AN T ! SPECIES 9 ALL CASES
ORIG9,Y T5D$ 6RETA9 _! ORNA;TAL PLUMAGE
DUR+ ! W9T]1 B 7 SAV$ F ? "? NATURAL
SELEC;N1 RESULT+ F ! 9CONV5I;E OR DANG]
?US CAUS$4
  ,I H 5D1V\R$ 9 ? *APT] 6%EW T ! >GU;TS
>E N TRU/WOR?Y 9 FAV\R (! VIEW T W1PONS1
B"R COL\RS1 & V>I\S ORNA;TS1 >E N[ 3F9$
6! MALES [+ 6! 3V].N1 0NATURAL SELEC;N1
(! EQUAL TRANSMIS.N ( "*S 6BO? SEXES1
96TRANSMIS.N 6! MALE SEX AL"O4 ,X IS AL
D\BT;L :E!R ! COL\RS ( _M FEMALE BIRDS
>E DUE 6! PRES]V,N1 =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N1
( V>I,NS : 7 F ! F/ LIMIT$ 9 _!
TRANSMIS.N 6! FEMALE SEX4 ,B X W 2
3V5I5T 6DEF] ANY FUR!R 4CUS.N ON ?
SUBJECT UNTIL ,I TR1T1 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]1
(! DI6];ES 9 PLUMAGE 2T ! "Y & OLD4