,,*APT] ,,XIV4
            ,,BIRDS- ,3T9U$4

  ,:5 ! SEXES DI6] 9 B1UTY OR 9 ! P[] (
S++1 OR 9 PRODUC+ :AT ,I H CALL$
9/RU;TAL MUSIC1 X IS ALM 9V>IABLY ! MALE
:O SURPASSES ! FEMALE4 ,^! QUALITIES1 Z
WE H J SE51 >E EVID5TLY ( HI< IMPORT.E
6! MALE4 ,:5 !Y >E GA9$ = ONLY A "P (!
YE> X IS ALW 2F ! BRE$+-S1SON4 ,X IS !
MALE AL"O :O ELABORATELY 4PLAYS 8 V>I$
ATTRAC;NS1 & (T5 P]=MS /RANGE ANTICS ON
! GR.D OR 9 ! AIR1 9 ! PRES;E (! FEMALE4
,EA* MALE DRIVES AWAY1 OR IF HE C1 KILLS
8 RIVALS4 ,H;E WE MAY 3CLUDE T X IS !
OBJECT (! MALE 69DUCE ! FEMALE 6PAIR )
HM1 &= ? PURPOSE HE TRIES 6EXCITE OR *>M
H] 9 V>I\S WAYS2 & ? IS ! OP9ION ( ALL
^? :O H C>E;LLY /UDI$ ! HABITS ( LIV+
BIRDS4 ,B "! REMA9S A "Q : HAS AN ALL
IMPORTANT BE>+ ON SEXUAL SELEC;N1 "NLY1
DOES E MALE (! SAME SPECIES EXCITE &
ATTRACT ! FEMALE EQU,Y8 ,OR DOES %E EX]T
A *OICE1 & PREF] C]TA9 MALES8 ,? LATT]
"Q C 2 ANSW]$ 9 ! A6IRMATIVE 0M* DIRECT
& 9DIRECT EVID;E4 ,X IS F> M DI6ICULT
6DECIDE :AT QUALITIES DET]M9E ! *OICE (!
FEMALES2 B "H AG WE H "S DIRECT &
9DIRECT EVID;E T X IS 6A L>GE EXT5T !
EXT]NAL ATTRAC;NS (! MALE2 ?\< NO D\BT 8
VIG\R1 C\RAGE1 & O!R M5TAL QUALITIES -E
96PLAY4 ,WE W 2G9 )! 9DIRECT EVID;E4
  ,L5G? ( ,C\RT%IP4- ,! L5G!N$ P]IOD
DUR+ : BO? SEXES ( C]TA9 BIRDS MEET "D
AF "D AT AN APPO9T$ PLACE PROBABLY
DEP5DS "PLY ON ! C\RT%IP 2+ A PROL;G$
A6AIR1 & "PLY ON REIT],N 9 ! ACT (
PAIR+4 ,?US 9 ,G]_M & ,SC&9AVIA ! BALZ5
OR LEKS (! BLACK-COCKS LA/ F ! MI4LE (
,M>*1 ALL "? ,APRIL 96,MAY4 ,Z _M Z =TY
OR FIFTY1 OR EV5 M BIRDS 3GREGATE AT !
LEKS2 &! SAME PLACE IS (T5 FREQU5T$ DUR+
SU3ESSIVE YE>S4 ,! LEK (! CAP]CAILZIE
LA/S F ! 5D ( ,M>* 6! MI4LE OR EV5 5D (
,MAY4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 8! "PRIDGE D.ES0
(! ,TETRAO PHASIANELLUS 8LA/ =A MON? OR
M40 ,O!R K9DS ( GR\SE1 BO? 9 ,NOR?
,AM]ICA & ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA1 99 FOLL[ NE>LY
! SAME HABITS4 ,! F[L]S 4COV] ! HILLOCKS
": ! RU6S 3GREGATE 0! GRASS 2+ TRAMPL$
B>E1 & ? %EWS T ! SAME SPOT IS L;G
FREQU5T$4 ,! ,9DIANS ( ,GUIANA >E WELL
ACQUA9T$ )! CLE>$ >5AS1 ": !Y EXPECT
6F9D ! B1UTI;L COCKS (! ROCK2 &! NATIVES
( ,NEW ,GU9EA "K ! TREES ": F T5 6TW5TY
MALE BIRDS ( P>ADISE 9 FULL PLUMAGE
3GREGATE4 ,9 ? LATT] CASE X IS N
EXPRESSLY /AT$ T ! FEMALES MEET ON !
SAME TREES1 B ! HUNT]S1 IF N SPECI,Y
ASK$1 WD PROBABLY N M5;N _! PRES;E1 Z _!
SK9S >E VALUE.S4 ,SMALL "PIES ( AN
,AFRICAN W1V] 7,PLOCEUS7 3GREGATE1 DUR+
! BRE$+-S1SON1 & P]=M = H\RS _! GRACE;L
EVOLU;NS4 ,L>GE NUMB]S (! SOLIT>Y SNIPE
7,SCOLOPAX MAJOR7 ASSEM# DUR+ DUSK 9 A
MORASS2 &! SAME PLACE IS FREQU5T$ =!
SAME PURPOSE DUR+ SU3ESSIVE YE>S2 "H !Y
MAY 2 SE5 RUNN+ AB 8L S _M RATS10 PU6+ \
_! F1!RS1 FLAPP+ _! W+S1 & UTT]+ !
/RANGE/ CRIES4 99 7#B7
      --,NORDMAN DESCRIBES 7,BULL4 ,SOC4
    ,IMP4 DES ,NAT4 ,MOSC\1 #AHFA1 TOM4
    ;XXXIV41 P4 #BFD7 ! BALZ5 ( ,TETRAO
    UROGALLOIDES 9 ,AMUR ,L&4 ,HE
    E/IMAT$ ! NUMB] ( BIRDS ASSEM#D AT
    ABV A HUNDR$1 N C.T+ ! FEMALES1 :
    LIE HID 9 ! SURR.D+ BU%ES4 ,! NOISES
    UTT]$ DI6] F ^? ( ,T4 UROGALLUS4
      997#B7 ,) RESPECT 6! ASSEMBLAGES (
    ! ABV-"ND GR\SE1 SEE ,BREHM1
    ,?I]LEB51 ,B4 ;IV41 S4 #CEJ2 AL ,L4
    ,LLOYD1 ,GAME ,BIRDS ( ,SW$51 #AHFG1
    PP4 #AI1 #GH4 ,RI*>DSON1 ,FAUNA
    ,BOR4 ,AM]ICANA3 ,BIRDS1 P4 #CFB4
    ,REF];ES 9 REG>D 6! ASSEMBLAGES (
    O!R BIRDS H ALR BE5 GIV54 ,ON
    ,P>ADISEA1 SEE ,WALLACE1 9 ,ANNALS &
    ,MAG4 ( ,NAT4 ,HI/41 VOL4 ;XX41
    #AHEG1 P4 #DAB4 ,ON ! SNIPE1 ,LLOYD1
    IBID41 P4 #BBA4
  ,"S (! ABV BIRDS1- ! BLACK-COCK1
CAP]CAILZIE1 PH1SANT-GR\SE1 RUFF1
SOLIT>Y SNIPE1 & P]H O!RS1- >E1 Z IS
2LIEV$1 POLYGAMI/S4 ,) S* BIRDS X MI<T H
BE5 ?"\ T ! /R;G] MALES WD SIMPLY H
DRIV5 AWAY ! W1K]1 & !N AT ONCE H TAK5
POSSES.N ( Z _M FEMALES Z POSSI#2 B IF X
2 9DISP5SA# =! MALE 6EXCITE OR PL1SE !
FEMALE1 WE C "U/& ! L5G? (! C\RT%IP &!
3GREG,N ( S _M 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES AT
! SAME SPOT4 ,C]TA9 /RICTLY MONOGAM\S
SPECIES LIKEWISE HOLD NUPTIAL
ASSEMBLAGES2 ? SEEMS 6BE ! CASE 9
,SC&9AVIA ) "O (! PT>MIGANS1 & _! LEKS
LA/ F ! MI4LE ( ,M>* 6! MI4LE ( ,MAY4 ,9
,AU/RALIA ! LYRE-BIRD 7,M5URA SUP]BA7
=MS 8SMALL R.D HILLOCKS10 &! ,M4 ,ALB]TI
SCRAT*ES = XF %ALL[ HOLES1 OR1 Z !Y >E
CALL$ 0! NATIVES1 CORROBORY+ PLACES1 ":
X IS 2LIEV$ BO? SEXES ASSEM#4 ,! MEET+S
(! ,M4 SUP]BA >E "S"TS V L>GE2 & AN A3.T
HAS LATELY BE5 PUBLI%$ 99 0A TRAVELL]1
:O HE>D 9 A VALLEY 2N HM1 ?ICKLY COV]$ )
SCRUB1 8A D9 : -PLETELY A/ONI%$0 HM2 ON
CRAWL+ ONW>DS HE 2HELD1 6HIS AMAZE;T1 AB
"O HUNDR$ & FIFTY (! MAGNIFIC5T LYRE-
COCKS1 8RANG$ 9 ORD] ( BATTLE1 & FI<T+ )
9DESCRIBA# FURY40 ,! B[]S (! B[]-BIRDS
>E ! RESORT ( BO? SEXES DUR+ ! BRE$+-
S1SON2 & 8"H ! MALES MEET & 3T5D ) EA*
O!R =! FAV\RS (! FEMALE1 & "H ! LATT]
ASSEM# & COQUET )! MALES40 ,) TWO (!
G5]A1 ! SAME B[] IS RESORT$ 6DUR+ _M
YE>S4 99 7#B7
      --,QUOT$ 0,MR4 ,T4 ,W4 ,WOOD1 9 ,!
    ,/UD5T1 ,APRIL1 #AHGJ1 P4 #ABE4
    997#B7 ,G\LD1 ,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS (
    ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #CJJ1 #CJH1
    #DDH1 #DEA4 ,ON ! PT>MIGAN1 ABV
    ALLUD$ TO1 SEE ,LLOYD1 IBID41 P4
    #ABI4
  ,! -MON MAGPIE 7,CORVUS PICA1 ,L9N471
Z ,I H BE5 9=M$ 0! ,REV4 ,W4 ,D>W9 ,FOX1
US$ 6ASSEM# F ALL "PS ( ,DELAM]E ,=E/1 9
ORD] 6CELEBRATE ! GRT MAGPIE M>RIAGE40
,"S YE>S AGO ^! BIRDS AB.D$ 9
EXTRAORD9>Y NUMB]S1 S T A GAMEKEEP]
KILL$ 9 "O MORN+ N9ETE5 MALES1 & ANO!R
KILL$ 0A S+LE %OT SEV5 BIRDS AT ROO/
TGR4 ,!Y !N _H ! HABIT ( ASSEMBL+ V E>LY
9 ! SPR+ AT "PICUL> SPOTS1 ": !Y CD 2
SE5 9 FLOCKS1 *ATT]+1 "S"TS FI<T+1 BU/L+
& FLY+ AB ! TREES4 ,! :OLE A6AIR 0
EVID5TLY 3SID]$ 0! BIRDS Z "O (! HI<E/
IMPORT.E4 ,%ORTLY AF ! MEET+ !Y ALL
SEP>AT$1 & 7 !N OBS]V$ 0,MR4 ,FOX & O!RS
6BE PAIR$ =! S1SON4 ,9 ANY 4TRICT 9 : A
SPECIES DOES N EXI/ 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 GRT
ASSEMBLAGES _C1 ( C\RSE1 2 HELD1 &! SAME
SPECIES MAY H DI6]5T HABITS 9 DI6]5T
C.TRIES4 ,= 9/.E1 ,I H HE>D ( ONLY "O
9/.E1 F ,MR4 ,W$D]BURN1 (A REGUL>
ASSEMBLAGE ( BLACK GAME 9 ,SCOTL&1 YET
^! ASSEMBLAGES >E S WELL "KN 9 ,G]_M &
,SC&9AVIA T !Y H RCVD SPECIAL "NS4
  ,UNPAIR$ ,BIRDS4- ,F ! FACTS N[ GIV51
WE MAY 3CLUDE T ! C\RT%IP ( BIRDS 2L;G+
6WIDELY DI6]5T GR\PS1 IS (T5 A PROL;G$1
DELICATE1 & TR\#"S A6AIR4 ,"! IS EV5
R1SON 6SUSPECT1 IMPROBA# Z ? W AT F/
APPE>1 T "S MALES & FEMALES (! SAME
SPECIES1 9HABIT+ ! SAME 4TRICT1 D N ALW
PL1SE EA* O!R1 & 3SEQU5TLY D N PAIR4 ,_M
A3.TS H BE5 PUBLI%$ ( EI ! MALE OR
FEMALE (A PAIR HAV+ BE5 %OT1 & QKLY
REPLAC$ 0ANO!R4 ,? HAS BE5 OBS]V$ M
FREQU5TLY )! MAGPIE ?AN ) ANY O!R BIRD1
[+ P]H 6XS 3SPICU\S APPE>.E & NE/4 ,!
ILLU/RI\S ,J5N] /ATES T 9 ,WILT%IRE "O (
A PAIR 0 DAILY %OT NO LESS ?AN SEV5 "TS
SU3ESSIVELY1 8B ALL 6NO PURPOSE1 =!
REMA9+ MAGPIE SOON F.D ANO!R MATE02 &!
LA/ PAIR RE>$ _! "Y4 ,A NEW "PN] IS
G5],Y F.D ON ! SU3E$+ "D2 B ,MR4
,?OMPSON GIVES ! CASE ( "O 2+ REPLAC$ ON
! EV5+ (! SAME "D4 ,EV5 AF ! E7S >E
HAT*$1 IF "O (! OLD BIRDS IS DE/ROY$ A
MATE W (T5 2 F.D2 ? O3URR$ AF AN 9T]VAL
( TWO "DS1 9 A CASE REC5TLY OBS]V$ 0"O (
,SIR ,J4 ,LU2OCK'S KEEP]S4 99 ,! F/ &
MO/ OBVI\S 3JECTURE IS T MALE MAGPIES M/
2 M* M NUM]\S ?AN FEMALES2 & T 9 ! ABV
CASES1 Z WELL Z 9 _M O!RS : CD 2 GIV51 !
MALES AL"O _H BE5 KILL$4 ,? APP>5TLY
HOLDS GD 9 "S 9/.ES1 =! GAMEKEEP]S 9
,DELAM]E ,=E/ ASSUR$ ,MR4 ,FOX T !
MAGPIES & C>RION-CR[S : !Y =M]LY KILL$ 9
SU3ES.N 9 L>GE NUMB]S NE> _! NE/S1 7 ALL
MALES2 & !Y A3.T$ = ? FACT 0! MALES 2+
EASILY KILL$ :IL/ BR++ FOOD 6! SITT+
FEMALES4 ,MACGILLIVRAY1 H["E1 GIVES1 ON
! AU?OR;Y ( AN EXCELL5T OBS]V]1 AN 9/.E
( ?REE MAGPIES SU3ESSIVELY KILL$ ON !
SAME NE/1 : 7 ALL FEMALES2 & ANO!R CASE
( SIX MAGPIES SU3ESSIVELY KILL$ :IL/
SITT+ ON ! SAME E7S1 : R5D]S X PROBA# T
MO/ ( !M 7 FEMALES2 ?\<1 Z ,I HE> F ,MR4
,FOX1 ! MALE W SIT ON ! E7S :5 ! FEMALE
IS KILL$4
      --,ON MAGPIES1 ,J5N]1 9
    ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,TRANSAC;NS1 #AHBD1
    P4 #BA4 ,MACGILLIVRAY1 ,HI/4 ,BRITI%
    ,BIRDS1 VOL4 I41 P4 #EGJ4 ,?OMPSON1
    9 ,ANNALS & ,MAGAZ9E ( ,NATURAL
    ,HI/ORY1 VOL4 ;VIII41 #AHDB1 P4
    #DID4
  ,SIR ,J4 ,LU2OCK'S GAMEKEEP] HAS
REP1T$LY %OT1 B H[ (T5 HE CD N SAY1 "O (
A PAIR ( JAYS 7,G>RULUS GL&>IUS71 & HAS
N"E FAIL$ %ORTLY AFWS 6F9D ! SURVIVOR
RE-MAT*$4 ,MR4 ,FOX1 ,MR4 ,F4 ,BOND1 &
O!RS H %OT "O (A PAIR ( C>RION-CR[S
7,CORVUS COR"O71 B ! NE/ 0 SOON AG
T5ANT$ 0A PAIR4 ,^! BIRDS >E R -MON2 B !
P]EGR9E-FALCON 7,FALCO P]EGR9US7 IS R>E1
YET ,MR4 ,?OMPSON /ATES T 9 ,IREL& 8IF
EI AN OLD MALE OR FEMALE 2 KILL$ 9 !
BRE$+-S1SON 7N AN UNCOMMON CIRCUM/.E71
ANO!R MATE IS F.D )9 A V FEW "DS1 S T !
EYRIES1 NOT)/&+ S* CASUALTIES1 >E SURE
6TURN \ _! -PLE;T ( "Y40 ,MR4 ,J5N]
,WEIR HAS "KN ! SAME ?+ )! P]EGR9E-
FALCONS AT ,B1*Y ,H1D4 ,! SAME OBS]V]
9=MS ME T ?REE KE/RELS 7,FALCO
T9NUNCULUS71 ALL MALES1 7 KILL$ "O AF !
O!R :IL/ ATT5D+ ! SAME NE/2 TWO ( ^! 7 9
MATURE PLUMAGE1 B ! ?IRD 0 9 ! PLUMAGE (
! PREVI\S YE>4 ,EV5 )! R>E GOLD5 EAGLE
7,AQUILA *RYSAETOS71 ,MR4 ,BIRKBECK 0
ASSUR$ 0A TRU/WOR?Y GAMEKEEP] 9 ,SCOTL&1
T IF "O IS KILL$1 ANO!R IS SOON F.D4 ,S
)! :ITE [L 7,/RIX FLAMMEA71 8! SURVIVOR
R1DILY F.D A MATE1 &! MIS*IEF W5T ON40
  ,:ITE ( ,SELBORNE1 :O GIVES ! CASE (!
[L1 A4S T HE KNEW A MAN1 :O F 2LIEV+ T
"PRIDGES :5 PAIR$ 7 4TURB$ 0! MALES
FI<T+1 US$ 6%OOT !M2 & ?\< HE _H WID[$ !
SAME FEMALE S"EAL "TS1 %E ALW SOON F.D A
FRE% "PN]4 ,? SAME NATURALI/ ORD]$ !
SP>R[S1 : DEPRIV$ ! H\SE-M>T9S ( _!
NE/S1 6BE %OT2 B ! "O : 0 LEFT1 8BE X
COCK OR H51 PRES5TLY PROCUR$ A MATE1 & S
= S"EAL "TS FOLL[+40 ,I CD ADD ANALOG\S
CASES RELAT+ 6! *A69*1 NI<T9GALE1 &
R$/>T4 ,) RESPECT 6! LATT] BIRD
7,PHOENICURA RUTICILLA71 A WRIT]
EXPRESSES M* SURPRISE H[ ! SITT+ FEMALE
CD S SOON H GIV5 E6ECTUAL NOTICE T %E 0
A WID[1 =! SPECIES 0 N -MON 9 !
NEI<B\RHOOD4 ,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR HAS M5;N$
6ME A NE>LY SIMIL> CASE2 AT ,BLACKH1? HE
N"E SEES OR HE>S ! NOTE (! WILD BULLF9*1
YET :5 "O ( 8 CAG$ MALES HAS DI$1 A WILD
"O 9 ! C\RSE (A FEW "DS HAS G5],Y -E &
P]*$ NE> ! WID[$ FEMALE1 ^: CALL-NOTE IS
N L\D4 ,I W GIVE ONLY "O O!R FACT1 ON !
AU?OR;Y ( ? SAME OBS]V]2 "O (A PAIR (
/>L+S 7,/URNUS VULG>IS7 0 %OT 9 ! MORN+2
0NOON A NEW MATE 0 F.D2 ? 0 AG %OT1 B 2F
NI<T ! PAIR 0 -PLETE2 S T ! 4CONSOLATE
WID[ OR WID[] 0 ?RICE 3SOL$ DUR+ ! SAME
"D4 ,MR4 ,5GLEHE>T AL 9=MS ME T HE US$
DUR+ S"EAL YE>S 6%OOT "O (A PAIR ( />L+S
: BUILT 9 A HOLE 9 A H\SE AT ,BLACKH1?2
B ! LOSS 0 ALW IMMLY REPAIR$4 ,DUR+ "O
S1SON HE KEPT AN A3.T1 & F.D T HE _H %OT
?IRTY-FIVE BIRDS F ! SAME NE/2 ^! 3SI/$
( BO? MALES & FEMALES1 B 9 :AT PROPOR;N
HE CD N SAY3 N"E!.S1 AF ALL ? DE/RUC;N1
A BROOD 0 RE>$4 99
      --,ON ! P]EGR9E FALCON1 SEE
    ,?OMPSON1 ,NAT4 ,HI/4 ( ,IREL&3
    ,BIRDS1 VOL4 I41 #AHDI1 P4 #CI4 ,ON
    [LS1 SP>R[S1 & "PRIDGES1 SEE ,:ITE1
    ,NAT4 ,HI/4 ( ,SELBORNE1 $4 ( #AHBE1
    VOL4 I41 P4 #ACI4 ,ON ! ,PHOENICURA1
    SEE ,L\DON'S ,MAG4 ( ,NAT4 ,HI/41
    VOL4 ;VII41 #AHCD1 P4 #BDE4 ,BREHM
    7,?I]LEB51 ,B4 ;IV41 S4 #IIA7 AL
    ALLUDES 6CASES ( BIRDS ?RICE MAT$
    DUR+ ! SAME "D4
  ,^! FACTS WELL DES]VE ATT5;N4 ,H[ IS X
T "! >E BIRDS 5 R1DY 6REPLACE IMMLY A
LO/ MATE ( EI SEX8 ,MAGPIES1 JAYS1
C>RION-CR[S1 "PRIDGES1 & "S O!R BIRDS1
>E ALW SE5 DUR+ ! SPR+ 9 PAIRS1 & N"E
0!MVS2 & ^! (F] AT F/ SI<T ! MO/ P]PLEX+
CASES4 ,B BIRDS (! SAME SEX1 AL? ( C\RSE
N TRULY PAIR$1 "S"TS LIVE 9 PAIRS OR 9
SMALL "PIES1 Z IS "KN 6BE ! CASE )
PIGEONS & "PRIDGES4 ,BIRDS AL "S"TS LIVE
9 TRIPLETS1 Z HAS BE5 OBS]V$ ) />L+S1
C>RION-CR[S1 P>ROTS1 & "PRIDGES4 ,)
"PRIDGES TWO FEMALES H BE5 "KN 6LIVE )
"O MALE1 & TWO MALES ) "O FEMALE4 ,9 ALL
S* CASES X IS PROBA# T ! UNION WD 2
EASILY BROK52 & "O (! ?REE WD R1DILY
PAIR )A WID[ OR WID[]4 ,! MALES ( C]TA9
BIRDS MAY O3A.N,Y 2 HE>D P\R+ =? _!
LOVE-S;G L;G AF ! PROP] "T1 %EW+ T !Y H
EI LO/ OR N"E GA9$ A MATE4 ,D1? F A3ID5T
OR 41SE ( "O (A PAIR WD L1VE ! O!R FREE
& S+LE2 & "! IS R1SON 62LIEVE T FEMALE
BIRDS DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON >E ESPECI,Y
LIA# 6PREMATURE D1?4 ,AG1 BIRDS : H _H
_! NE/S DE/ROY$1 OR B>R5 PAIRS1 OR
RET>D$ 9DIVIDUALS1 WD EASILY 2 9DUC$
6DES]T _! MATES1 & WD PROBABLY 2 GLAD
6TAKE :AT %>E !Y CD (! PL1SURES & DUTIES
( RE>+ (FSPR+ AL? N _! [N4 99 ,S*
3T+5CIES Z ^! PROBABLY EXPLA9 MO/ (!
=EGO+ CASES4 99 7#B7 ,N"E!.S1 X IS A
/RANGE FACT T )9 ! SAME 4TRICT1 DUR+ !
HEI<T (! BRE$+-S1SON1 "! %D 2 S _M MALES
& FEMALES ALW R1DY 6REPAIR ! LOSS (A
MAT$ BIRD4 ,:Y D N S* SP>E BIRDS IMMLY
PAIR TGR8 ,H WE N "S R1SON 6SUSPECT1 &!
SUSPICION HAS O3URR$ 6,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR1
T Z ! C\RT%IP ( BIRDS APPE>S 6BE 9 _M
CASES PROL;G$ & T$I\S1 S X O3A.N,Y
HAPP5S T C]TA9 MALES & FEMALES D N
SU3E$1 DUR+ ! PROP] S1SON1 9 EXCIT+ EA*
O!R'S LOVE1 & 3SEQU5TLY D N PAIR8 ,?
SUSPICION W APPE> "S:AT LESS IMPROBA# AF
WE H SE5 :AT /R;G ANTIPA?IES & PREF];ES
FEMALE BIRDS O3A.N,Y EV9CE T[>DS "PICUL>
MALES4
      --,SEE ,:ITE 7,NAT4 ,HI/4 (
    ,SELBORNE1 #AHBE1 VOL4 I41 P4 #ADJ7
    ON ! EXI/;E1 E>LY 9 ! S1SON1 ( SMALL
    COVEYS ( MALE "PRIDGES1 ( : FACT ,I
    H HE>D O!R 9/.ES4 ,SEE ,J5N]1 ON !
    RET>D$ /ATE (! G5]ATIVE ORGANS 9
    C]TA9 BIRDS1 9 ,PHIL4 ,TRANSACT41
    #AHBD4 ,9 REG>D 6BIRDS LIV+ 9
    TRIPLETS1 ,I [E 6,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR !
    CASES (! />L+S & P>ROTS1 & 6,MR4
    ,FOX1 ( "PRIDGES2 ON C>RION-CR[S1
    SEE ! ,FIELD1 #AHFH1 P4 #DAE4 ,ON
    V>I\S MALE BIRDS S++ AF ! PROP]
    P]IOD1 SEE ,L4 ,J5YNS1 ,OBS]V,NS 9
    ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY1 #AHDF1 P4 #HG4
      997#B7 ,! FOLL[+ CASE HAS BE5 GIV5
    7,! ,"TS1 ,AUG4 #F1 #AHFH7 0! ,REV4
    ,F4 @4 ,MORRIS1 ON ! AU?OR;Y (!
    ,HON4 & ,REV4 ,O4 ,W4 ,=E/]4 8,!
    GAMEKEEP] "H F.D A HAWK'S NE/ ? YE>1
    ) FIVE "Y "OS ON X4 ,HE TOOK F\R &
    KILL$ !M1 B LEFT "O ) XS W+S CLIPP$
    Z A DECOY 6DE/ROY ! OLD "OS BY4 ,!Y
    7 BO? %OT NEXT "D1 9 ! ACT ( FE$+ !
    "Y "O1 &! KEEP] ?"\ X 0 D"O )4 ,!
    NEXT "D HE CAME AG & F.D TWO O!R
    *>ITA# HAWKS1 :O _H -E ) AN ADOPT$
    FEEL+ 6SU3\R ! ORPHAN4 ,^! TWO HE
    KILL$1 & !N LEFT ! NE/4 ,ON RETURN+
    AFWS HE F.D TWO M *>ITA# 9DIVIDUALS
    ON ! SAME ]R& ( M]CY4 ,"O ( ^! HE
    KILL$2 ! O!R HE AL %OT1 B CD N F9D4
    ,NO M CAME ON ! L FRUIT.S ]R&40
  ,M5TAL ,QUALITIES ( ,BIRDS1 & _! ,TA/E
=! ,B1UTI;L4- ,2F WE FUR!R 4CUSS ! "Q
:E!R ! FEMALES SELECT ! M ATTRACTIVE
MALES OR A3EPT ! F/ :OM !Y MAY 5C.T]1 X
W 2 ADVISA# BRIEFLY 63SID] ! M5TAL P[]S
( BIRDS4 ,_! R1SON IS G5],Y1 & P]H
JU/LY1 RANK$ Z L[2 YET "S FACTS CD 2
GIV5 99 L1D+ 6AN OPPOSITE 3CLU.N4 ,L[
P[]S ( R1SON+1 H["E1 >E -PATI#1 Z WE SEE
) MANK9D1 ) /R;G A6EC;NS1 ACUTE P]CEP;N1
&A TA/E =! B1UTI;L2 & X IS ) ^! LATT]
QUALITIES T WE >E "H 3C]N$4 ,X HAS (T5
BE5 SD T P>ROTS 2COME S DEEPLY ATTA*$
6EA* O!R T :5 "O DIES ! O!R P9ES =A L;G
"T2 B ,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR ?9KS T ) MO/
BIRDS ! /R5G? ( _! A6EC;N HAS BE5 M*
EXA7]AT$4 ,N"E!.S :5 "O (A PAIR 9 A /ATE
( NATURE HAS BE5 %OT1 ! SURVIVOR HAS BE5
HE>D = "DS AFWS UTT]+ A PLA9TIVE CALL2 &
,MR4 ,/4 ,JOHN GIVES V>I\S FACTS PROV+ !
ATTA*;T ( MAT$ BIRDS4 99 7#B7 ,MR4
,B5NETT RELATES 99 7#C7 T 9 ,*9A AF A
DRAKE (! B1UTI;L M&>9 T1L _H BE5 /OL51 !
DUCK REMA9$ 4CONSOLATE1 ?\< S$UL\SLY
C\RT$ 0ANO!R M&>9 DRAKE1 :O 4PLAY$ 2F H]
ALL 8 *>MS4 ,AF AN 9T]VAL ( ?REE WEEKS !
/OL5 DRAKE 0 RECOV]$1 & 9/ANTLY ! PAIR
RECOGNIS$ EA* O!R ) EXTREME JOY4 ,ON !
O!R H&1 />L+S1 Z WE H SE51 MAY 2 3SOL$
?RICE 9 ! SAME "D =! LOSS ( _! MATES4
,PIGEONS H S* EXCELL5T LOCAL MEMORIES1 T
!Y H BE5 "KN 6RETURN 6_! =M] HOMES AF AN
9T]VAL ( N9E MON?S1 YET1 Z ,I HE> F ,MR4
,H>RISON ,WEIR1 IF A PAIR : NATUR,Y WD
REMA9 MAT$ = LIFE 2 SEP>AT$ =A FEW WEEKS
DUR+ ! W9T]1 & AFWS MAT*$ ) O!R BIRDS1 !
TWO :5 BR"\ TGR AG1 R>ELY1 IF "E1
RECOGNISE EA* O!R4
      --,I AM 9DEBT$ 6,PR(4 ,NEWTON =!
    FOLL[+ PASSAGE F ,MR4 ,ADAM'S
    ,TRAVELS (A ,NATURALI/1 #AHGJ1 P4
    #BGH4 ,SP1K+ ( ,JAPANESE NUT-HAT*ES
    9 3F9E;T1 HE SAYS3 8,9/1D (! M
    YIELD+ FRUIT (! YEW1 : IS ! USUAL
    FOOD (! NUT-HAT* ( ,JAPAN1 AT "O "T
    ,I SUB/ITUT$ H>D HAZEL-NUTS4 ,Z !
    BIRD 0 UNA# 6CRACK !M1 HE PLAC$ !M
    "O 0"O 9 8 WAT]-GLASS1 EVID5TLY )!
    NO;N T !Y WD 9 "T 2COME S(T]- AN
    9T]E/+ PRO( ( 9TELLIG;E ON ! "P ( ^!
    BIRDS40
      997#B7 ,A ,T\R 9 ,SU!RL&%IRE1 VOL4
    I41 #AHDI1 P4 #AHE4 ,DR4 ,BULL] SAYS
    7,BIRDS ( ,NEW ,Z1L&1 #AHGB1 P4 #EF7
    T A MALE K+ LORY 0 KILL$2 &! FEMALE
    8FRETT$ & MOP$1 REFUS$ H] FOOD1 &
    DI$ (A BROK5 HE>T40
      997#C7 ,W&]+S 9 ,NEW ,S\? ,WALES1
    VOL4 ;II41 #AHCD1 P4 #FB4
  ,BIRDS "S"TS EXHIBIT 2NEVOL5T FEEL+S2
!Y W FE$ ! DES]T$ "Y "OS EV5 ( 4T9CT
SPECIES1 B ? P]H "\ 6BE 3SID]$ Z A
MISTAK5 9/9CT4 ,!Y W FE$1 Z %EWN 9 AN
E>LI] "P ( ? "W1 ADULT BIRDS ( _! [N
SPECIES : H 2COME BL4 ,MR4 ,BUXTON GIVES
A CURI\S A3.T (A P>ROT : TOOK C>E (A
FRO/-BITT5 & CRIPPL$ BIRD (A 4T9CT
SPECIES1 CL1NS$ H] F1!RS1 & DEF5D$ H] F
! ATTACKS (! O!R P>ROTS : ROAM$ FREELY
AB 8 G>D54 ,X IS A / M CURI\S FACT T ^!
BIRDS APP>5TLY EV9CE "S SYMPA?Y =!
PL1SURES ( _! FELL[S4 ,:5 A PAIR (
COCKATOOS MADE A NE/ 9 AN ACACIA TREE1
8X 0 RIDICUL\S 6SEE ! EXTRAVAGANT 9T]E/
TAK5 9 ! MATT] 0! O!RS (! SAME SPECIES40
,^! P>ROTS1 AL1 EV9C$ UNB.D$ CURIOS;Y1 &
CLE>LY _H 8! IDEA ( PROP]TY & POSSES.N48
99 ,!Y H GD MEMORIES1 = 9 ! ,ZOOLOGICAL
,G>D5S !Y H PLA9LY RECOGNIS$ _! =M]
MA/]S AF AN 9T]VAL ( "S MON?S4
      --8,A3LIMATIZ,N ( ,P>ROTS01 BY
    ;,C4 ,BUXTON1 ,M4 ,P41 ,ANNALS &
    ,MAG4 ( ,NAT4 ,HI/41 ,NOV41 #AHFH1
    P4 #CHA4
  ,BIRDS POSSESS ACUTE P[]S ( OBS]V,N4
,E MAT$ BIRD1 ( C\RSE1 RECOGNISES XS
FELL[4 ,AUDUBON /ATES T A C]TA9 NUMB] (
MOCK+-?RU%ES 7,MIMUS POLYGLOTTUS7 REMA9
ALL ! YE> R.D 9 ,L\ISIANA1 :IL/ O!RS
MIGRATE 6! ,EA/]N ,/ATES2 ^! LATT]1 ON
_! RETURN1 >E 9/ANTLY RECOGNIS$1 & ALW
ATTACK$1 0_! S\!RN BRE?R54 ,BIRDS "U
3F9E;T 4T+UI% DI6]5T P]SONS1 Z IS PROV$
0! /R;G & P]MAN5T ANTIPA?Y OR A6EC;N :
!Y %EW1 )\T ANY APP>5T CAUSE1 T[>DS
C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS4 ,I H HE>D ( NUM]\S
9/.ES ) JAYS1 "PRIDGES1 CAN>IES1 &
ESPECI,Y BULLF9*ES4 ,MR4 ,HUSSEY HAS
DESCRIB$ 9 H[ EXTRAORD9>Y A MANN] A TAM$
"PRIDGE RECOGNIS$ "EYBODY3 & XS LIKES &
4LIKES 7 V /R;G4 ,? BIRD SEEM$ 8FOND (
GAY COL\RS1 & NO NEW G[N OR CAP CD 2 PUT
ON )\T CAT*+ 8 ATT5;N48 99 ,MR4 ,HEWITT
HAS DESCRIB$ ! HABITS ( "S DUCKS
7REC5TLY DESC5D$ F WILD BIRDS71 :1 AT !
APPROA* (A /RANGE DOG OR CAT1 WD RU%
H1DL;G 96! WAT]1 & EXHAU/ !MVS 9 _!
ATTEMPTS 6ESCAPE2 B !Y KNEW ,MR4
,HEWITT'S [N DOGS & CATS S WELL T !Y WD
LIE D[N & BASK 9 ! SUN CLOSE 6!M4 ,!Y
ALW MOV$ AWAY F A /RANGE MAN1 & S !Y WD
F ! LADY :O ATT5D$ !M IF %E MADE ANY GRT
*ANGE 9 H] DRESS4 ,AUDUBON RELATES T HE
RE>$ & TAM$ A WILD TURKEY : ALW RAN AWAY
F ANY /RANGE DOG2 ? BIRD ESCAP$ 96!
WOODS1 & "S "DS AFWS ,AUDUBON SAW1 Z HE
?"\1 A WILD TURKEY1 & MADE 8 DOG *ASE X2
B1 6HIS A/ONI%;T1 ! BIRD DID N RUN AWAY1
&! DOG1 :5 HE CAME UP1 DID N ATTACK !
BIRD1 = !Y MUTU,Y RECOGNIS$ EA* O!R Z
OLD FRS4 99 7#B7
      --,! ,ZOOLOGI/1 #AHDG-DH1 P4
    #AFJB4
      997#B7 ,HEWITT ON WILD DUCKS1
    ,J\RNAL ( ,HORTICULTURE1 ,JAN4 #AC1
    #AHFC1 P4 #CI4 ,AUDUBON ON ! WILD
    TURKEY1 ,ORNI?OLOGICAL ,BIOGRAPHY1
    VOL4 I41 P4 #AD4 ,ON ! MOCK+-?RU%1
    IBID41 VOL4 I41 P4 #AAJ4
  ,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR IS 3V9C$ T BIRDS PAY
"PICUL> ATT5;N 6! COL\RS ( O!R BIRDS1
"S"TS \ ( J1L\SY1 & "S"TS Z A SIGN (
K9%IP4 ,?US HE TURN$ A RE$-BUNT+
7,EMB]IZA S*AENICULUS71 : _H ACQUIR$ XS
BLACK H1D-DRESS1 96HIS AVI>Y1 &! NEWCOM]
0 N NOTIC$ 0ANY BIRD1 EXCEPT 0A BULLF9*1
: IS LIKEWISE BLACK-H1D$4 ,? BULLF9* 0 A
V QUIET BIRD1 & _H N"E 2F QU>RELL$ ) ANY
( XS -RADES1 9CLUD+ ANO!R RE$-BUNT+1 :
_H N Z YET 2COME BLACK-H1D$3 B ! RE$-
BUNT+ )A BLACK H1D 0 S UNM]CI;LLY TR1T$
T X _H 6BE REMOV$4 ,SPIZA CYANEA1 DUR+ !
BRE$+-S1SON1 IS (A B"R BLUE COL\R2 & ?\<
G5],Y P1CEA#1 X ATTACK$ ,S4 CIRIS1 : HAS
ONLY ! H1D BLUE1 & -PLETELY SCALP$ !
UN=TUNATE BIRD4 ,MR4 ,WEIR 0 AL OBLIG$
6TURN \ A ROB91 Z X FI]CELY ATTACK$ ALL
! BIRDS 9 8 AVI>Y ) ANY R$ 9 _! PLUMAGE1
B NO O!R K9DS2 X ACTU,Y KILL$ A R$-BR1/$
CROSS-BILL1 & NE>LY KILL$ A GOLDF9*4 ,ON
! O!R B&1 HE HAS OBS]V$ T "S BIRDS1 :5
F/ 9TRODUC$1 FLY T[>DS ! SPECIES :
RESEM# !M MO/ 9 COL\R1 & SETTLE 0_!
SIDES4

,Z MALE BIRDS 4PLAY _! F9E PLUMAGE & O!R
  ORNA;TS ) S M* C>E 2F ! FEMALES1 X IS
  OBVI\SLY PROBA# T ^! APPRECIATE !
  B1UTY ( _! SUITORS4 ,X IS1 H["E1
  DI6ICULT 6OBTA9 DIRECT EVID;E ( _!
  CAPAC;Y 6APPRECIATE B1UTY4 ,:5 BIRDS
  GAZE AT !MVS 9 A LOOK+-GLASS 7( : _M
  9/.ES H BE5 RECORD$7 WE _C FEEL SURE T
  X IS N F J1L\SY (A SUPPOS$ RIVAL1 ?\<
  ? IS N ! 3CLU.N ( "S OBS]V]S4 ,9 O!R
  CASES X IS DI6ICULT 64T+UI% 2T M]E
  CURIOS;Y & ADMIR,N4 ,X IS P]H ! =M]
  FEEL+ :1 Z /AT$ 0,"L ,LIL=D1 99
  ATTRACTS ! RUFF T[>DS ANY B"R OBJECT1
  S T1 9 ! ,IONIAN ,ISL&S1 8X W D>T D[N
  6A B"R-COL\R$ H&K]*IEF1 REG>D.S (
  REP1T$ %OTS40 ,! -MON L>K IS DRAWN D[N
  F ! SKY1 & IS CAU<T 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 0A
  SMALL MIRROR MADE 6MOVE & GLITT] 9 !
  SUN4 ,IS X ADMIR,N OR CURIOS;Y : L1DS
  ! MAGPIE1 RAV51 & "S O!R BIRDS 6/1L &
  SECRETE B"R OBJECTS1 S* Z SILV]
  >TICLES OR JEWELS8

      --,! ,IBIS1 VOL4 ;II41 #AHFJ1 P4
    #CDD4
  ,MR4 ,G\LD /ATES T C]TA9 HUMM+-BIRDS
DECORATE ! \TSIDES ( _! NE/S 8)! UTMO/
TA/E2 !Y 9/9CTIVELY FA/5 "!ON B1UTI;L
PIECES ( FLAT LI*51 ! L>G] PIECES 9 !
MI4LE1 &! SMALL] ON ! "P ATTA*$ 6!
BRAN*4 ,N[ & !N A PRETTY F1!R IS 9T]TW9$
OR FA/5$ 6! \T] SIDES1 ! /EM 2+ ALW S
PLAC$ T ! F1!R /&S \ 2Y ! SURFACE40 ,!
BE/ EVID;E1 H["E1 (A TA/E =! B1UTI;L IS
AF=D$ 0! ?REE G5]A ( ,AU/RALIAN B[]-
BIRDS ALR M5;N$4 ,_! B[]S 7SEE FIG4
#DF71 ": ! SEXES 3GREGATE & PLAY /RANGE
ANTICS1 >E V>I\SLY 3/RUCT$1 B :AT MO/
3C]NS U IS1 T !Y >E DECORAT$ 0! S"EAL
SPECIES 9 A DI6]5T MANN]4 ,! SAT9 B[]-
BIRD COLLECTS GAILY-COL\R$ >TICLES1 S* Z
! BLUE TAIL-F1!RS ( P>RAKEETS1 BL1*$
B"OS & %ELLS1 : X /ICKS 2T ! TWIGS OR
>RANGES AT ! 5TR.E4 ,MR4 ,G\LD F.D 9 "O
B[] A N1TLY-"W$ /"O TOMAHAWK &A SLIP (
BLUE COTTON1 EVID5TLY PROCUR$ F A NATIVE
5CAMP;T4 ,^! OBJECTS >E 3T9U,Y RE-
>RANG$1 & C>RI$ AB 0! BIRDS :IL/ AT
PLAY4 ,! B[] (! SPOTT$ B[]-BIRD 8IS
B1UTI;LLY L9$ ) TALL GRASSES1 S 4POS$ T
! H1DS NE>LY MEET1 &! DECOR,NS >E V
PROFUSE40 ,R.D /"OS >E US$ 6KEEP !
GRASS-/EMS 9 _! PROP] PLACES1 & 6MAKE
DIV]G5T PA?S L1D+ 6! B[]4 ,! /"OS &
%ELLS >E (T5 BR"\ F A GRT 4T.E4 ,! REG5T
BIRD1 Z DESCRIB$ 0,MR4 ,RAMSAY1 ORNA;TS
XS %ORT B[] ) BL1*$ L&-%ELLS 2L;G+ 6FIVE
OR SIX SPECIES1 &) 8B]RIES ( V>I\S
COL\RS1 BLUE1 R$1 & BLACK1 : GIVE X :5
FRE% A V PRETTY APPE>.E4 ,2SS ^! "! 7
S"EAL NEWLY-PICK$ L1VES & "Y %OOTS (A
P9KI% COL\R1 ! :OLE %EW+ A DECID$ TA/E =
! B1UTI;L40 ,WELL MAY ,MR4 ,G\LD SAY T
8^! HI<LY DECORAT$ HALLS ( ASSEMBLY M/ 2
REG>D$ Z ! MO/ WOND];L 9/.ES ( BIRD-
>*ITECTURE YET 4COV]$02 &! TA/E1 Z WE
SEE1 (! S"EAL SPECIES C]TA9LY DI6]S4 99
      --,ON ! ORNA;T$ NE/S ( HUMM+-
    BIRDS1 ,G\LD1 ,9TRODUC;N 6!
    ,TRO*ILIDAE1 #AHFA1 P4 #AI4 ,ON !
    B[]-BIRDS1 ,G\LD1 ,H&BOOK (! ,BIRDS
    ( ,AU/RALIA1 #AHFE1 VOL4 I41 PP4
    #DDD-DFA4 ,RAMSAY1 9 ! ,IBIS1 #AHFG1
    P4 #DEF4
  ,PREF];E = "PICUL> ,MALES 0!
,FEMALES4- ,HAV+ MADE ^! PRELIM9>Y
REM>KS ON ! 4CRIM9,N & TA/E ( BIRDS1 ,I
W GIVE ALL ! FACTS "KN 6ME : BE> ON !
PREF];E %EWN 0! FEMALE = "PICUL> MALES4
,X IS C]TA9 T 4T9CT SPECIES ( BIRDS
O3A.N,Y PAIR 9 A /ATE ( NATURE & PRODUCE
HYBRIDS4 ,_M 9/.ES CD 2 GIV53 ?US
,MACGILLIVRAY RELATES H[ A MALE
BLACKBIRD & FEMALE ?RU% 8FELL 9 LOVE )
EA* O!R10 & PRODUC$ (FSPR+4 99 ,S"EAL
YE>S AGO EI<TE5 CASES _H BE5 RECORD$ (!
O3URR;E 9 ,GRT ,BRITA9 ( HYBRIDS 2T !
BLACK GR\SE & PH1SANT2 99 7#B7 B MO/ (
^! CASES MAY P]H 2 A3.T$ = 0SOLIT>Y
BIRDS N F9D+ "O ( _! [N SPECIES 6PAIR )4
,) O!R BIRDS1 Z ,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR HAS
R1SON 62LIEVE1 HYBRIDS >E "S"TS ! RESULT
(! CASUAL 9T]C\RSE ( BIRDS BUILD+ 9
CLOSE PROXIM;Y4 ,B ^! REM>KS D N APPLY
6! _M RECORD$ 9/.ES ( TAM$ OR DOME/IC
BIRDS1 2L;G+ 64T9CT SPECIES1 : H 2COME
ABSOLUTELY FASC9AT$ ) EA* O!R1 AL? LIV+
) _! [N SPECIES4 ,?US ,WAT]TON 99 7#C7
/ATES T \ (A FLOCK ( TW5TY-?REE ,CANADA
GEESE1 A FEMALE PAIR$ )A SOLIT>Y B]NICLE
G&]1 AL? S DI6]5T 9 APPE>.E & SIZE2 & !Y
PRODUC$ HYBRID (FSPR+4 ,A MALE WIGEON
7,M>ECA P5ELOPE71 LIV+ ) FEMALES (! SAME
SPECIES1 HAS BE5 "KN 6PAIR )A P9TAIL
DUCK1 ,QU]QU$ULA ACUTA4 ,LLOYD DESCRIBES
! REM>KA# ATTA*;T 2T A %IELD-DRAKE
7,TADORNA VULPANS]7 &A -MON DUCK4 ,_M
A4I;NAL 9/.ES CD 2 GIV52 &! ,REV4 ,E4
,S4 ,DIXON REM>KS T 8^? :O H KEPT _M
DI6]5T SPECIES ( GEESE TGR WELL "K :AT
UNA3.TA# ATTA*;TS !Y >E FREQU5TLY =M+1 &
T !Y >E Q Z LIKELY 6PAIR & RE> "Y )
9DIVIDUALS (A RACE 7SPECIES7 APP>5TLY !
MO/ ALI5 6!MVS Z ) _! [N /OCK40
      --,HI/ORY ( ,BRIT4 ,BIRDS1 VOL4
    ;II41 P4 #IB4
      997#B7 ,ZOOLOGI/1 #AHEC-AHED1 P4
    #CIDJ4
      997#C7 ,WAT]TON1 ,ESSAYS ON ,NAT4
    ,HI/41 #BND S]IES1 PP4 #DB & #AAG4
    ,=! FOLL[+ /ATE;TS SEE ON ! WIGEON1
    ,L\DON'S ,MAG4 ( ,NAT4 ,HI/41 VOL4
    ;IX41 P4 #FAF2 ,L4 ,LLOYD1
    ,SC&9AVIAN ,ADV5TURES1 VOL4 I41
    #AHED1 P4 #DEB4 ,DIXON1 ,ORNA;TAL &
    ,DOME/IC ,P\LTRY P4 #ACG2 ,HEWITT1 9
    ,J\RNAL ( ,HORTICULTURE1 ,JAN4 #AC1
    #AHFC1 P4 #DJ2 ,BE*/E91 ,/UB5VOGEL1
    #AHDJ1 S4 #BCJ4 ,MR4 ,J4 ,J5N] ,WEIR
    HAS LATELY GIV5 ME AN ANALOG\S CASE
    ) DUCKS ( TWO SPECIES4
  ,! ,REV4 ,W4 ,D4 ,FOX 9=MS ME T HE
POSSESS$ AT ! SAME "T A PAIR ( ,*9ESE
GEESE 7,ANS] CYGNOIDES71 &A -MON G&] )
?REE GEESE4 ,! TWO LOTS KEPT Q SEP>ATE1
UNTIL ! ,*9ESE G&] SEDUC$ "O (! -MON
GEESE 6LIVE ) HM4 ,MOREOV]1 (! "Y BIRDS
HAT*$ F ! E7S (! -MON GEESE1 ONLY F\R 7
PURE1 ! O!R EI<TE5 PROV+ HYBRIDS2 S T !
,*9ESE G&] SEEMS 6H _H PREPOT5T *>MS OV]
! -MON G&]4 ,I W GIVE ONLY "O O!R CASE2
,MR4 ,HEWITT /ATES T A WILD DUCK1 RE>$ 9
CAPTIV;Y 8AF BRE$+ A C\PLE ( S1SONS ) H]
[N MALL>D1 AT ONCE %OOK HM (F ON MY
PLAC+ A MALE P9TAIL ON ! WAT]4 ,X 0
EVID5TLY A CASE ( LOVE AT F/ SI<T1 = %E
SWAM AB ! NEW-COM] C>ESS+LY1 ?\< HE
APPE>$ EVID5TLY AL>M$ & AV]SE 6H]
OV]TURES ( A6EC;N4 ,F T H\R %E =GOT H]
OLD "PN]4 ,W9T] PASS$ BY1 &! NEXT SPR+ !
P9TAIL SEEM$ 6H 2COME A 3V]T 6H]
BL&I%;TS1 = !Y NE/$ & PRODUC$ SEV5 OR
EI<T "Y "OS40
  ,:AT ! *>M MAY H BE5 9 ^! S"EAL CASES1
2Y M]E NOVELTY1 WE _C EV5 3JECTURE4
,COL\R1 H["E1 "S"TS -ES 96PLAY2 = 9 ORD]
6RAISE HYBRIDS F ! SISK9 7,FR+ILLA
SP9US7 &! CAN>Y1 X IS M* ! BE/ PLAN1 AC
6,BE*/E91 6PLACE BIRDS (! SAME T9T TGR4
,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR TURN$ A FEMALE CAN>Y
96HIS AVI>Y1 ": "! 7 MALE L9NETS1
GOLDF9*ES1 SISK9S1 GRE5F9*ES1 *A69*ES1 &
O!R BIRDS1 9 ORD] 6SEE : %E WD *OOSE2 B
"! N"E 0 ANY D\BT1 &! GRE5F9* C>RI$ !
"D4 ,!Y PAIR$ & PRODUC$ HYBRID (FSPR+4
  ,! FACT (! FEMALE PREF]R+ 6PAIR ) "O
MALE R ?AN ) ANO!R (! SAME SPECIES IS N
S LIKELY 6EXCITE ATT5;N1 Z :5 ? O3URS1 Z
WE H J SE51 2T 4T9CT SPECIES4 ,! =M]
CASES C BE/ 2 OBS]V$ ) DOME/ICAT$ OR
3F9$ BIRDS2 B ^! >E (T5 PAMP]$ 0HI<
FE$+1 & "S"TS H _! 9/9CTS VITIAT$ 6AN
EXTREME DEGREE4 ,( ? LATT] FACT ,I CD
GIVE SU6ICI5T PRO(S ) PIGEONS1 &
ESPECI,Y ) F[LS1 B !Y _C 2 "H RELAT$4
,VITIAT$ 9/9CTS MAY AL A3.T = "S (!
HYBRID UNIONS ABV M5;N$2 B 9 _M ( ^!
CASES ! BIRDS 7 ALL[$ 6RANGE FREELY OV]
L>GE PONDS1 & "! IS NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T
!Y 7 UNNATUR,Y /IMULAT$ 0HI< FE$+4
  ,) RESPECT 6BIRDS 9 A /ATE ( NATURE1 !
F/ & MO/ OBVI\S SUPPOSI;N : W O3UR 6E "O
IS T ! FEMALE AT ! PROP] S1SON A3EPTS !
F/ MALE :OM %E MAY 5C.T]2 B %E HAS AT
L1/ ! OPPORTUN;Y = EX]T+ A *OICE1 Z %E
IS ALM 9V>IABLY PURSU$ 0_M MALES4
,AUDUBON- & WE M/ REMEMB] T HE SP5T A
L;G LIFE 9 PR[L+ AB ! =E/S (! ,UNIT$
,/ATES & OBS]V+ ! BIRDS- DOES N D\BT T !
FEMALE DELIB]ATELY *OOSES H] MATE2 ?US1
SP1K+ (A WOODPECK]1 HE SAYS ! H5 IS
FOLL[$ 0HALF-A-DOZ5 GAY SUITORS1 :O
3T9UE P]=M+ /RANGE ANTICS1 8UNTIL A M>K$
PREF];E IS %EWN = "O40 ,! FEMALE (! R$-
W+$ />L+ 7,AGELAEUS PHAENICEUS7 IS
LIKEWISE PURSU$ 0S"EAL MALES1 8UNTIL1
2COM+ FATIGU$1 %E ALI<TS1 RCVS _!
A4RESSES1 & SOON MAKES A *OICE40 ,HE
DESCRIBES AL H[ S"EAL MALE NI<T-J>S
REP1T$LY PLUNGE "? ! AIR ) A/ONI%+
RAPID;Y1 SU45LY TURN+1 & ?US MAK+ A
S+UL> NOISE2 8B NO SOON] HAS ! FEMALE
MADE H] *OICE ?AN ! O!R MALES >E DRIV5
AWAY40 ,) "O (! VULTURES 7,CA?>TES AURA7
(! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 "PIES ( EI<T1 T51 OR M
MALES & FEMALES ASSEM# ON FALL5 LOGS1
8EXHIBIT+ ! /R;GE/ DESIRE 6PL1SE
MUTU,Y10 & AF _M C>ESSES1 EA* MALE L1DS
(F 8 "PN] ON ! W+4 ,AUDUBON LIKEWISE
C>E;LLY OBS]V$ ! WILD FLOCKS ( ,CANADA
GEESE 7,ANS] CANAD5SIS71 & GIVES A
GRAPHIC DESCRIP;N ( _! LOVE-ANTIES2 HE
SAYS T ! BIRDS : _H BE5 PREVI\SLY MAT$
8RENEW$ _! C\RT%IP Z E>LY Z ! MON? (
,JANU>Y1 :ILE ! O!RS WD 2 3T5D+ OR
COQUETT+ = H\RS E "D1 UNTIL ALL SEEM$
SATISFI$ )! *OICE !Y _H MADE1 AF :1 AL?
!Y REMA9$ TGR1 ANY P]SON CD EASILY P]CV
T !Y 7 C>E;L 6KEEP 9 PAIRS4 ,I H OBS]V$
AL T ! OLD] ! BIRDS ! %ORT] 7 !
PRELIM9>IES ( _! C\RT%IP4 ,! BA*ELORS &
OLD MAIDS :E!R 9 REGRET1 OR N C>+ 6BE
4TURB$ 0! BU/LE1 QUIETLY MOV$ ASIDE &
LAY D[N AT "S 4T.E F ! RE/48 99 ,_M
SIMIL> /ATE;TS ) RESPECT 6O!R BIRDS CD 2
CIT$ F ? SAME OBS]V]4
      --,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?OLOGICAL
    ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #AIA1 #CDI2
    VOL4 ;II41 PP4 #DB1 #BGE2 VOL4
    ;III41 P4 #B4
  ,TURN+ N[ 6DOME/ICAT$ & 3F9$ BIRDS1 ,I
W -M;E 0GIV+ :AT LL ,I H LE>NT RESPECT+
! C\RT%IP ( F[LS4 ,I H RCVD L;G LRS ON ?
SUBJECT F ,MESSRS4 ,HEWITT & ,TEGETMEI]1
& ALM AN ESSAY F ! LATE ,MR4 ,BR5T4 ,X W
2 ADMITT$ 0E "O T ^! G5TLEM51 S WELL "KN
F _! PUBLI%$ "WS1 >E C>E;L & EXP]I;ED
OBS]V]S4 ,!Y D N 2LIEVE T ! FEMALES
PREF] C]TA9 MALES ON A3.T (! B1UTY ( _!
PLUMAGE2 B "S ALL[.E M/ 2 MADE =!
>TIFICIAL /ATE "U : ^! BIRDS H L;G BE5
KEPT4 ,MR4 ,TEGETMEI] IS 3V9C$ T A
GAMECOCK1 ?\< 4FIGUR$ 02+ DU2$ &) 8
HACKLES TRIMM$1 WD 2 A3EPT$ Z R1DILY Z A
MALE RETA9+ ALL 8 NATURAL ORNA;TS4 ,MR4
,BR5T1 H["E1 ADMITS T ! B1UTY (! MALE
PROBABLY AIDS 9 EXCIT+ ! FEMALE2 & H]
ACQUIESC;E IS NEC4 ,MR4 ,HEWITT IS 3V9C$
T ! UNION IS 0NO M1NS LEFT 6M]E *.E1 =!
FEMALE ALM 9V>IABLY PREF]S ! MO/
VIGOR\S1 DEFIANT1 & METTLE"S MALE2 H;E X
IS ALM USE.S1 Z HE REM>KS1 86ATTEMPT
TRUE BRE$+ IF A GAME-COCK 9 GD H1L? &
3DI;N RUNS ! LOCAL;Y1 = ALM E H5 ON L1V+
! ROO/+-PLACE W RESORT 6! GAME-COCK1 EV5
?\< T BIRD MAY N ACTU,Y DRIVE AWAY !
MALE ( H] [N V>IETY40 ,"U ORD9>Y
CIRCUM/.ES ! MALES & FEMALES (! F[L SEEM
6-E 6A MUTUAL "U/&+ 0M1NS ( C]TA9
GE/URES1 DESCRIB$ 6ME 0,MR4 ,BR5T4 ,B
H5S W (T5 AVOID ! (FICI\S ATT5;NS ( "Y
MALES4 ,OLD H5S1 & H5S (A PUGNACI\S
4POSI;N1 Z ! SAME WRIT] 9=MS ME1 4LIKE
/RANGE MALES1 & W N YIELD UNTIL WELL
B1T5 96-PLI.E4 ,F]GUSON1 H["E1 DESCRIBES
H[ A QU>REL"S H5 0 SUBDU$ 0! G5TLE
C\RT%IP (A ,%ANGHAI COCK4 99
      --,R>E & ,PRIZE ,P\LTRY1 #AHED1 P4
    #BG4
  ,"! IS R1SON 62LIEVE T PIGEONS ( BO?
SEXES PREF] PAIR+ ) BIRDS (! SAME BRE$2
& DOVECOT-PIGEONS 4LIKE ALL ! HI<LY
IMPROV$ BRE$S4 99 ,MR4 ,H>RISON ,WEIR
HAS LATELY HE>D F A TRU/WOR?Y OBS]V]1 :O
KEEPS BLUE PIGEONS1 T ^! DRIVE AWAY ALL
O!R COL\R$ V>IETIES1 S* Z :ITE1 R$1 &
YELL[2 & F ANO!R OBS]V]1 T A FEMALE DUN
C>RI] CD N1 AF REP1T$ TRIALS1 2 MAT*$ )A
BLACK MALE1 B IMMLY PAIR$ )A DUN4 ,AG1
,MR4 ,TEGETMEI] _H A FEMALE BLUE TURBIT
T OB/9ATELY REFUS$ 6PAIR ) TWO MALES (!
SAME BRE$1 : 7 SU3ESSIVELY %UT UP ) H] =
WEEKS2 B ON 2+ LET \ %E WD H IMMLY
A3EPT$ ! F/ BLUE DRAGON T (F]$4 ,Z %E 0
A VALUA# BIRD1 %E 0 !N %UT UP = _M WEEKS
)A SILV] 7I4 E41 V PALE BLUE7 MALE1 & AT
LA/ MAT$ ) HM4 ,N"E!.S1 Z A G5]AL RULE1
COL\R APPE>S 6H LL 9FLU;E ON ! PAIR+ (
PIGEONS4 ,MR4 ,TEGETMEI]1 AT MY REQUE/1
/A9$ "S ( 8 BIRDS ) MAG5TA1 B !Y 7 N M*
NOTIC$ 0! O!RS4
      --,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS "U
    ,DOME/IC,N1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #AJC4
  ,FEMALE PIGEONS O3A.N,Y FEEL A /R;G
ANTIPA?Y T[>DS C]TA9 MALES1 )\T ANY
ASSIGNA# CAUSE4 ,?US ,M4,M4 ,BOIT>D &
,CORBIE1 ^: EXP]I;E EXT5D$ OV] =TY-FIVE
YE>S1 /ATE3 8,QU& UNE FEMELLE EPR\VE DE
L'ANTIPA?IE P\R UN MALE AVEC LEQUEL ON
VEUT L'A3\PL]1 MALGRE T\S LES FEUX DE
L'AM\R1 MALGRE L'ALPI/E ET LE *5EVIS
DONT ON LA N\RRIT P\R AUG;T] SON >DEUR
MALGRE UN EMPRISONNE;T DE SIX MOIS ET
MEME D'UN AN1 ELLE REFUSE 3/AM;T SES
C>ESSES2 LES AV.ES EMPRESSEES1 LES
AGAC]IES1 LES T\RNOIEM5S1 LES T5DRES
R\C\LEM5S1 RI5 NE PEUT LUI PLAIRE NI
L'EM\VOIR2 GONFLEE1 B\DEUSE1 BLOTTIE
DANS UN CO9 DE SA PRISON1 ELLE N'EN SORT
QUE P\R BOIRE ET MANG]1 OU P\R REP\SS]
AVEC UNE ESPECE DE RAGE DES C>ESSES
DEV5UES TROP PRESSANTES48 99 ,ON ! O!R
H&1 ,MR4 ,H>RISON ,WEIR HAS HMF OBS]V$1
& HAS HE>D F S"EAL BRE$]S1 T A FEMALE
PIGEON W O3A.N,Y TAKE A /R;G FANCY =A
"PICUL> MALE1 & W DES]T H] [N MATE = HM4
,"S FEMALES1 AC 6ANO!R EXP]I;ED OBS]V]1
,RI$EL1 99 7#B7 >E (A PR(LIGATE 4POSI;N4
& PREF] ALM ANY /RANG] 6_! [N MATE4 ,"S
AMOR\S MALES1 CALL$ 0\R ,5GLI% FANCI]S
8GAY BIRDS10 >E S SU3ESS;L 9 _!
GALLANTRIES1 T1 Z ,MR4 ,H4 ,WEIR 9=MS
ME1 !Y M/ 2 %UT UP ON A3.T (! MIS*IEF :
!Y CAUSE4
      --,BOIT>D & ,CORBIE1 ,LES
    ,PIGEONS1 &C41 #AHBD1 P4 #AB4
    ,PROSP] ,LUCAS 7,TRAITE DE L',H]$4
    ,NAT41 TOM4 ;II41 #AHEJ1 P4 #BIF7
    HAS HMF OBS]V$ NE>LY SIMIL> FACTS )
    PIGEONS4
      997#B7 ,DIE ,TAUB5ZU*T1 #AHBD1 S4
    #HF4
  ,WILD TURKEYS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AC
6,AUDUBON1 8"S"TS PAY _! A4RESSES 6!
DOME/ICAT$ FEMALES1 & >E G5],Y RCVD 0!M
) GRT PL1SURE40 ,S T ^! FEMALES APP>5TLY
PREF] ! WILD 6_! [N MALES4 99
      --,ORNI?OLOGICAL ,BIOGRAPHY1 VOL4
    I41 P4 #AC4 ,SEE 6! SAME E6ECT1 ,DR4
    ,BRYANT1 9 ,ALL5'S ,MAMMALS & ,BIRDS
    ( ,FLORIDA1 P4 #CDD4
  ,"H IS A M CURI\S CASE4 ,SIR ,R4 ,H]ON
DUR+ _M YE>S KEPT AN A3.T (! HABITS (!
P1F[L1 : HE BR$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 ,HE /ATES
T 8! H5S H FREQU5TLY GRT PREF];E 6A
"PICUL> P1F[L4 ,!Y 7 ALL S FOND ( AN OLD
PI$ COCK1 T "O YE>1 :5 HE 0 3F9$1 ?\< /
9 VIEW1 !Y 7 3/ANTLY ASSEM#D CLOSE 6!
TRELLICE-WALLS ( 8 PRISON1 & WD N SU6] A
JAPANN$ P1COCK 6T\* !M4 ,ON 8 2+ LET \ 9
! AUTUMN1 ! OLDE/ (! H5S 9/ANTLY C\RT$
HM & 0 SU3ESS;L 9 H] C\RT%IP4 ,! NEXT
YE> HE 0 %UT UP 9 A /A#1 & !N ! H5S ALL
C\RT$ 8 RIVAL48 99 ,? RIVAL 0 A JAPANN$
OR BLACK-W+$ P1COCK1 6\R EYES A M
B1UTI;L BIRD ?AN ! -MON K9D4
      --,PROCE$+S1 ,ZOOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1
    #AHCE1 P4 #ED4 ,! JAPANN$ P1COCK IS
    3SID]$ 0,MR4 ,SCLAT] Z A 4T9CT
    SPECIES1 & HAS BE5 "ND ,PAVO NIGRI-
    P5NIS2 B ! EVID;E SEEMS 6ME 6%EW T X
    IS ONLY A V>IETY4
  ,LI*T5/E91 :O 0 A GD OBS]V] & _H
EXCELL5T OPPORTUNITIES ( OBS]V,N AT !
,CAPE ( ,GD ,HOPE1 ASSUR$ ,RUDOLPHI T !
FEMALE WID[-BIRD 7,*]A PROGNE7 4[NS !
MALE :5 RO2$ (! L;G TAIL-F1!RS ) : HE IS
ORNA;T$ DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON4 ,I PRESUME T
? OBS]V,N M/ H BE5 MADE ON BIRDS "U
3F9E;T4 99 ,"H IS AN ANALOG\S CASE2 ,DR4
,JAEG]1 99 7#B7 DIRECTOR (! ,ZOOLOGICAL
,G>D5S ( ,VI5NA1 /ATES T A MALE SILV]-
PH1SANT1 :O _H BE5 TRIUMPHANT OV] ALL
O!R MALES & 0 ! A3EPT$ LOV] (! FEMALES1
_H 8 ORNA;TAL PLUMAGE SPOIL$4 ,HE 0 !N
IMMLY SUP]S$$ 0A RIVAL1 :O GOT ! UPP] H&
& AFWS L$ ! FLOCK4
      --,RUDOLPHI1 ,BEITRAGE ZUR
    ,AN?ROPOLOGIE1 #AHAB1 S4 #AHD4
      997#B7 ,DIE ,D>W9'S*E ,!ORIE1 UND
    IHRE ,/ELLUNG ZU ,MORAL UND
    ,RELIGION1 #AHFI1 S4 #EI4
  ,X IS A REM>KA# FACT1 Z %EW+ H[
IMPORTANT COL\R IS 9 ! C\RT%IP ( BIRDS1
T ,MR4 ,BO>DMAN1 A WELL-"KN COLLECTOR &
OBS]V] ( BIRDS = _M YE>S 9 ! ,NOR!RN
,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HAS N"E 9 8 L>GE EXP]I;E
SE5 AN ALB9O PAIR$ ) ANO!R BIRD2 YET HE
HAS _H OPPORTUNITIES ( OBS]V+ _M ALB9OS
2L;G+ 6S"EAL SPECIES4 99 ,X C H>DLY 2
MA9TA9$ T ALB9OS 9 A /ATE ( NATURE >E
9CAPA# ( BRE$+1 Z !Y C 2 RAIS$ )! GRTE/
FACIL;Y "U 3F9E;T4 ,X APPE>S1 "!=E1 T WE
M/ ATTRIBUTE ! FACT T !Y D N PAIR 6_!
REJEC;N 0_! NORM,Y COL\R$ -RADES4
      --,? /ATE;T IS GIV5 0,MR4 ,A4
    ,LEI? ,ADAMS1 9 8 ,FIELD & ,=E/
    ,RAM#S1 #AHGC1 P4 #GF1 & A3ORDS ) 8
    [N EXP]I;E4
  ,FEMALE BIRDS N ONLY EX]T A *OICE1 B 9
"S FEW CASES !Y C\RT ! MALE1 OR EV5 FI<T
TGR = 8 POSSES.N4 ,SIR ,R4 ,H]ON /ATES T
) P1F[L1 ! F/ ADV.ES >E ALW MADE 0!
FEMALE2 "S?+ (! SAME K9D TAKES PLACE1 AC
6,AUDUBON1 )! OLD] FEMALES (! WILD
TURKEY4 ,)! CAP]CAILZIE1 ! FEMALES FLIT
R.D ! MALE :IL/ HE IS P>AD+ AT "O (!
PLACES ( ASSEMBLAGE1 & SOLICIT 8 ATT5;N4
99 ,WE H SE5 T A TAME WILD-DUCK SEDUC$
AN UNWILL+ P9TAIL DRAKE AF A L;G
C\RT%IP4 ,MR4 ,B>TLETT 2LIEVES T !
,LOPHOPHORUS1 L _M O!R GALL9ACE\S BIRDS1
IS NATUR,Y POLYGAM\S1 B TWO FEMALES _C 2
PLAC$ 9 ! SAME CAGE )A MALE1 Z !Y FI<T S
M* TGR4 ,! FOLL[+ 9/.E ( RIVALRY IS M
SURPRIS+ Z X RELATES 6BULLF9*ES1 : USU,Y
PAIR = LIFE4 ,MR4 ,J5N] ,WEIR 9TRODUC$ A
DULL-COL\R$ & UGLY FEMALE 96HIS AVI>Y1 &
%E IMMLY ATTACK$ ANO!R MAT$ FEMALE S
UNM]CI;LLY T ! LATT] _H 6BE SEP>AT$4 ,!
NEW FEMALE DID ALL ! C\RT%IP1 & 0 AT LA/
SU3ESS;L1 = %E PAIR$ )! MALE2 B AF A "T
%E MET )A J RETRIBU;N1 =1 C1S+ 6BE
PUGNACI\S1 %E 0 REPLAC$ 0! OLD FEMALE1 &
! MALE !N DES]T$ 8 NEW & RETURN$ 6HIS
OLD LOVE4
      --,IN REG>D 6P1F[L1 SEE ,SIR ,R4
    ,H]ON1 ,PROC4 ,ZOOLOG4 ,SOC41 #AHCE1
    P4 #ED1 &! ,REV4 ,E4 ,S4 ,DIXON1
    ,ORNA;TAL ,P\LTRY1 #AHDH1 P4 #H4 ,=!
    TURKEY1 ,AUDUBON1 IBID41 P4 #D4 ,=!
    CAP]CAILZIE1 ,LLOYD1 ,GAME ,BIRDS (
    ,SW$51 #AHFG1 P4 #BC4
  ,9 ALL ORD9>Y CASES ! MALE IS S EAG] T
HE W A3EPT ANY FEMALE1 & DOES N1 Z F> Z
WE C JUDGE1 PREF] "O 6! O!R2 B1 Z WE %
"HAF SEE1 EXCEP;NS 6? RULE APP>5TLY O3UR
9 "S FEW GR\PS4 ,) DOME/ICAT$ BIRDS1 ,I
H HE>D ( ONLY "O CASE ( MALES %EW+ ANY
PREF];E = C]TA9 FEMALES1 "NLY1 T (!
DOME/IC COCK1 :O1 AC 6! HI< AU?OR;Y (
,MR4 ,HEWITT1 PREF]S ! "Y] 6! OLD] H5S4
,ON ! O!R H&1 9 E6ECT+ HYBRID UNIONS 2T
! MALE PH1SANT & -MON H5S1 ,MR4 ,HEWITT
IS 3V9C$ T ! PH1SANT 9V>IABLY PREF]S !
OLD] BIRDS4 ,HE DOES N APPE> 6BE 9 ! L1/
9FLU;ED 0_! COL\R2 B 8IS MO/ CAPRICI\S 9
8 ATTA*;TS03 99 F "S 9EXPLICA# CAUSE HE
%EWS ! MO/ DET]M9$ AV].N 6C]TA9 H5S1 :
NO C>E ON ! "P (! BRE$] C OV]COME4 ,MR4
,HEWITT 9=MS ME T "S H5S >E Q
UNATTRACTIVE EV5 6! MALES ( _! [N
SPECIES1 S T !Y MAY 2 KEPT ) S"EAL COCKS
DUR+ A :OLE S1SON1 & N "O EGG \ ( =TY OR
FIFTY W PROVE F]TILE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 )!
L;G-TAIL$ DUCK 7,H>ELDA GLACIALIS71 8X
HAS BE5 REM>K$10 SAYS ,M4 ,EK/ROM1 8T
C]TA9 FEMALES >E M* M C\RT$ ?AN ! RE/4
,FREQU5TLY1 9DE$1 "O SEES AN 9DIVIDUAL
SURR.D$ 0SIX OR EI<T AMOR\S MALES40
,:E!R ? /ATE;T IS CR$I#1 ,I "K N2 B !
NATIVE SPORTSM5 %OOT ^! FEMALES 9 ORD]
6/UFF !M Z DECOYS4 99 7#B7
      --,MR4 ,HEWITT1 QUOT$ 9
    ,TEGETMEI]'S ,P\LTRY ,BOOK1 #AHFF1
    P4 #AFE4 997#B7 ,QUOT$ 9 ,LLOYD'S
    ,GAME ,BIRDS ( ,SW$51 P4 #CDE4
  ,) RESPECT 6FEMALE BIRDS FEEL+ A
PREF];E = "PICUL> MALES1 WE M/ BE> 9 M9D
T WE C JUDGE ( *OICE 2+ EX]T$ ONLY
0ANALOGY4 ,IF AN 9HABITANT ( ANO!R
PLANET 7 62HOLD A NUMB] ( "Y RU/ICS AT A
FAIR C\RT+ A PRETTY GIRL1 & QU>RELL+ AB
H] L BIRDS AT "O ( _! PLACES (
ASSEMBLAGE1 HE WD1 0! EAG];S (! WOO]S
6PL1SE H] & 64PLAY _! F9]Y1 9F] T %E _H
! P[] ( *OICE4 ,N[ ) BIRDS ! EVID;E /&S
?US3 !Y H ACUTE P[]S ( OBS]V,N1 & !Y
SEEM 6H "S TA/E =! B1UTI;L BO? 9 COL\R &
S.D4 ,X IS C]TA9 T ! FEMALES O3A.N,Y
EXHIBIT1 F UN"KN CAUSES1 ! /R;GE/
ANTIPA?IES & PREF];ES = "PICUL> MALES4
,:5 ! SEXES DI6] 9 COL\R OR 9 O!R
ORNA;TS ! MALES ) R>E EXCEP;NS >E ! M
DECORAT$1 EI P]MAN5TLY OR TEMPOR>ILY
DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON4 ,!Y S$UL\SLY 4PLAY
_! V>I\S ORNA;TS1 EX]T _! VOICES1 & P]=M
/RANGE ANTICS 9 ! PRES;E (! FEMALES4
,EV5 WELL->M$ MALES1 :O1 X MI<T 2 ?"\1
WD ALT DEP5D = SU3ESS ON ! LAW ( BATTLE1
>E 9 MO/ CASES HI<LY ORNA;T$2 & _!
ORNA;TS H BE5 ACQUIR$ AT ! EXP5SE ( "S
LOSS ( P[]4 ,9 O!R CASES ORNA;TS H BE5
ACQUIR$1 AT ! CO/ ( 9CR1S$ RISK F BIRDS
& B1/S ( PREY4 ,) V>I\S SPECIES _M
9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES 3GREGATE AT !
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A6AIR4 ,"! IS EV5 R1SON 6SUSPECT T !
MALES & FEMALES )9 ! SAME 4TRICT D N ALW
SU3E$ 9 PL1S+ EA* O!R & PAIR+4
  ,:AT !N >E WE 63CLUDE F ^! FACTS &
3SID],NS8 ,DOES ! MALE P>ADE 8 *>MS ) S
M* POMP & RIVALRY = NO PURPOSE8 ,>E WE N
JU/IFI$ 9 2LIEV+ T ! FEMALE EX]TS A
*OICE1 & T %E RCVS ! A4RESSES (! MALE :O
PL1SES H] MO/8 ,X IS N PROBA# T %E
3SCI\SLY DELIB]ATES2 B %E IS MO/ EXCIT$
OR ATTRACT$ 0! MO/ B1UTI;L1 OR MELODI\S1
OR GALLANT MALES4 ,NOR NE$ X 2 SUPPOS$ T
! FEMALE /UDIES EA* /RIPE OR SPOT (
COL\R2 T ! P1H51 = 9/.E1 ADMIRES EA*
DETAIL 9 ! GORGE\S TRA9 (! P1COCK- %E IS
PROBABLY /RUCK ONLY 0! G5]AL E6ECT4
,N"E!.S1 AF HE>+ H[ C>E;LLY ! MALE ,>GUS
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F1!RS1 & ERECTS 8 OCELLAT$ PLUMES 9 ! "R
POSI;N = _! FULL E6ECT2 OR AG1 H[ ! MALE
GOLDF9* ALT]NATELY 4PLAYS 8 GOLD-
2SPANGL$ W+S1 WE "\ N 6FEEL TOO SURE T !
FEMALE DOES N ATT5D 6EA* DETAIL ( B1UTY4
,WE C JUDGE1 Z ALR REM>K$1 ( *OICE 2+
EX]T$1 ONLY F ANALOGY2 &! M5TAL P[]S (
BIRDS D N DI6] FUNDA;T,Y F \RS4 ,F ^!
V>I\S 3SID],NS WE MAY 3CLUDE T ! PAIR+ (
BIRDS IS N LEFT 6*.E2 B T ^? MALES1 : >E
BE/ A# 0_! V>I\S *>MS 6PL1SE OR EXCITE !
FEMALE1 >E "U ORD9>Y CIRCUM/.ES A3EPT$4
,IF ? 2 ADMITT$1 "! IS N M* DI6ICULTY 9
"U/&+ H[ MALE BIRDS H GRADU,Y ACQUIR$ _!
ORNA;TAL "*S4 ,ALL ANIMALS PRES5T
9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES1 & Z MAN C MODIFY 8
DOME/ICAT$ BIRDS 0SELECT+ ! 9DIVIDUALS :
APPE> 6HM ! MO/ B1UTI;L1 S ! HABITUAL OR
EV5 O3A.NAL PREF];E 0! FEMALE (! M
ATTRACTIVE MALES WD ALM C]TA9LY L1D 6_!
MODIFIC,N2 & S* MODIFIC,NS MI<T 9 !
C\RSE ( "T 2 AUG;T$ 6ALM ANY EXT5T1
-PATI# )! EXI/;E (! SPECIES4
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9H]IT.E >E ! F.D,NS =! "W ( SELEC;N4 ,T
DOME/ICAT$ BIRDS H V>I$ GRTLY1 _! V>I,NS
2+ 9H]IT$1 IS C]TA94 ,T BIRDS 9 A /ATE (
NATURE H BE5 MODIFI$ 964T9CT RACES IS N[
UNIV]S,Y ADMITT$4 99 ,V>I,NS MAY 2
DIVID$ 96TWO CLASSES2 ^? : APPE> 6\R
IGNOR.E 6>ISE SPONTANE\SLY1 & ^? : >E
DIRECTLY RELAT$ 6! SURR.D+ 3DI;NS1 S T
ALL OR NE>LY ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
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0,MR4 ,J4 ,A4 ,ALL51 99 7#B7 :O %EWS T 9
! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES _M SPECIES ( BIRDS
GRADU,Y 2COME M /R;GLY COL\R$ 9 PROCE$+
S\?W>D1 & M LI<TLY COL\R$ 9 PROCE$+
WE/W>D 6! >ID PLA9S (! 9T]IOR4 ,BO?
SEXES SEEM G5],Y 6BE A6ECT$ 9 A L MANN]1
B "S"TS "O SEX M ?AN ! O!R4 ,? RESULT IS
N 9COMPATI# )! 2LIEF T ! COL\RS ( BIRDS
>E MA9LY DUE 6! A3UMUL,N ( SU3ESSIVE
V>I,NS "? SEXUAL SELEC;N2 = EV5 AF !
SEXES H BE5 GRTLY DI6]5TIAT$1 CLIMATE
MI<T PRODUCE AN EQUAL E6ECT ON BO?
SEXES1 OR A GRT] E6ECT ON "O SEX ?AN ON
! O!R1 [+ 6"S 3/ITU;NAL DI6];E4
      --,AC 6,DR4 ,BLASIUS 7,IBIS1 VOL4
    ;II41 #AHFJ1 P4 #BIG71 "! >E #DBE
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    ,EUROPE1 2SS SIXTY =MS1 : >E
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    6BE RANK$ Z SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT F !
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      997#B7 ,MAMMALS & ,BIRDS ( ,EA/
    ,FLORIDA1 AL AN ,ORNI?OLOGICAL
    ,RECONNAISS.E ( ,KANSAS1 &C4
    ,NOT)/&+ ! 9FLU;E ( CLIMATE ON !
    COL\RS BIRDS1 X IS DI6ICULT 6A3.T =!
    DULL OR D>K T9TS ( ALM ALL ! SPECIES
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    ,GALAPAGOS ,ISL&S "U ! EQUATOR1 !
    WIDE TEMP]ATE PLA9S ( ,PATAGONIA1 &1
    Z X APPE>S1 ,EGYPT 7SEE ,MR4
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    #AHGC1 P4 #GDG74 ,^! C.TRIES >E OP51
    & AF=D LL %ELT] 6BIRDS2 B X SEEMS
    D\BT;L :E!R ! ABS;E ( B"RLY COL\R$
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    (! SC5]Y 9 ! ABV-"ND C.TRIES MAY N H
    A6ECT$ ! APPRECI,N ( B"R COL\RS 0!
    BIRDS 9HABIT+ !M4
      ,9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES 2T ! MEMB]S (!
    SAME SPECIES >E ADMITT$ 0E "O 6O3UR
    "U A /ATE ( NATURE4 ,SU45 & /R;GLY
    M>K$ V>I,NS >E R>E2 X IS AL D\BT;L
    :E!R IF B5EFICIAL !Y WD (T5 2
    PRES]V$ "? SELEC;N & TRANSMITT$
    6SU3E$+ G5],NS4 99 ,N"E!.S1 X MAY 2
    WOR? :ILE 6GIVE ! FEW CASES : ,I H
    BE5 A# 6COLLECT1 RELAT+ *IEFLY
    6COL\R1- SIMPLE ALB9ISM & MELANISM
    2+ EXCLUD$4 ,MR4 ,G\LD IS WELL "KN
    6ADMIT ! EXI/;E ( FEW V>IETIES1 = HE
    E/EEMS V SLI<T DI6];ES Z SPECIFIC2
    YET HE /ATES 99 7#B7 T NE> ,BOGOTA
    C]TA9 HUMM+-BIRDS 2L;G+ 6! G5US
    ,CYNAN?US >E DIVID$ 96TWO OR ?REE
    RACES OR V>IETIES1 : DI6] F EA* O!R
    9 ! COL\R+ (! TAIL--8"S HAV+ ! :OLE
    (! F1!RS BLUE1 :ILE O!RS H ! EI<T
    C5TRAL "OS TIPP$ ) B1UTI;L GRE540 ,X
    DOES N APPE> T 9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS H
    BE5 OBS]V$ 9 ? OR ! FOLL[+ CASES4 ,9
    ! MALES AL"O ( "O (! ,AU/RALIAN
    P>RAKEETS 8! ?I<S 9 "S >E SC>LET1 9
    O!RS GRASS-GRE540 ,9 ANO!R P>RAKEET
    (! SAME C.TRY 8"S 9DIVIDUALS H ! B&
    ACR ! W+-COV]TS B"R-YELL[1 :ILE 9
    O!RS ! SAME "P IS T+$ ) R$4 99 7#C7
    ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES "S FEW (! MALES (
    ! SC>LET TANAG] 7,TANAGRA RUBRA7 H
    8A B1UTI;L TRANSV]SE B& ( GL[+ R$ ON
    ! SMALL] W+-COV]TS02 99 7#D7 B ?
    V>I,N SEEMS 6BE "S:AT R>E1 S T XS
    PRES]V,N "? SEXUAL SELEC;N WD FOLL[
    ONLY "U USU,Y FAV\RA# CIRCUM/.ES4 ,9
    ,B5GAL ! H"OY BUZZ>D 7,P]NIS
    CRI/ATA7 HAS EI A SMALL RUDI;TAL
    CRE/ ON XS H1D1 OR N"O AT ALL3 S
    SLI<T A DI6];E1 H["E1 WD N H BE5
    WOR? NOTICE1 _H N ? SAME SPECIES
    POSSESS$ 9 S\!RN ,9DIA A WELL-M>K$
    O3IPITAL CRE/ =M$ ( S"EAL GRADUAT$
    F1!RS48 997#E7
      --,I _H ALW P]CVD 7,ORIG9 (
    ,SPECIES7 T R>E & /R;GLY-M>K$
    DEVI,NS ( /RUCTURE1 DES]V+ 6BE CALL$
    MON/ROSITIES1 CD SELDOM 2 PRES]V$ "?
    NATURAL SELEC;N1 & T ! PRES]V,N (
    EV5 HI<LY-B5EFICIAL V>I,NS WD DEP5D
    6A C]TA9 EXT5T ON *.E4 ,I _H AL
    FULLY APPRECIAT$ ! IMPORT.E ( M]E
    9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES1 & ? L$ ME 69SI/ S
    /R;GLY ON ! IMPORT.E ( T UNCONSCI\S
    =M ( SELEC;N 0MAN1 : FOLL[S F !
    PRES]V,N (! MO/ VALU$ 9DIVIDUALS (
    EA* BRE$1 )\T ANY 9T5;N ON 8 "P
    6MODIFY ! "*S (! BRE$4 ,B UNTIL ,I
    R1D AN A# >TICLE 9 ! ,NOR? ,BRITI%
    ,REVIEW 7,M>* #AHFG1 P4 #BHI1 ET
    SEQ471 : HAS BE5 ( M USE 6ME ?AN ANY
    O!R ,REVIEW1 ,I DID N SEE H[ GRT !
    *.ES 7 AG/ ! PRES]V,N ( V>I,NS1 :E!R
    SLI<T OR /R;GLY PRON\NC$1 O3URR+
    ONLY 9 S+LE 9DIVIDUALS4
      997#B7 ,9TRODUC;N 6! ,TRO*LIDAE1
    P4 #AJB4
      997#C7 ,G\LD1 ,H&BOOK ( ,BIRDS (
    ,AU/RALIA1 VOL4 ;II41 PP4 #CB & #FH4
      997#D7 ,AUDUBON1 ,ORNI?OLOGICAL
    ,BIOGRAPHY1 #AHCH1 VOL4 ;IV41 P4
    #CHI4
      997#E7 ,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1
    VOL4 I41 P4 #AJH2 & ,MR4 ,BLY?1 9
    ,L& & ,WAT]1 #AHFH1 P4 #CHA4
  ,! FOLL[+ CASE IS 9 "S RESPECTS M
9T]E/+4 ,A PI$ V>IETY (! RAV51 )! H1D1
BR1/1 ABDOM51 & "PS (! W+S & TAIL-F1!RS
:ITE1 IS 3F9$ 6! ,F]OE ,ISL&S4 ,X IS N V
R>E "!1 = ,GRABA SAW DUR+ 8 VISIT F EI<T
6T5 LIV+ SPECIM5S4 ,AL? ! "*S ( ? V>IETY
>E N Q 3/ANT1 YET X HAS BE5 "ND 0S"EAL
4T+UI%$ ORNI?OLOGI/S Z A 4T9CT SPECIES4
,! FACT (! PI$ BIRDS 2+ PURSU$ &
P]SECUT$ ) M* CLAM\R 0! O!R RAV5S (!
ISL& 0 ! *IEF CAUSE : L$ ,BRUNNI*
63CLUDE T !Y 7 SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT2 B ? IS
N[ "KN 6BE AN ]ROR4 99 ,? CASE SEEMS
ANALOG\S 6T LATELY GIV5 ( ALB9O BIRDS N
PAIR+ F 2+ REJECT$ 0_! -RADES4
      --,GRABA1 ,TAGEBU* ,REISE NA*
    ,F>O1 #AHCJ1 SS4 #EA-ED4
    ,MACGILLIVRAY1 ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI%
    ,BIRDS1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #GDE4 ,IBIS1
    VOL4 V41 #AHFC1 P4 #DFI4
  ,9 V>I\S "PS (! NOR!RN S1S A REM>KA#
V>IETY (! -MON GUILLEMOT 7,URIA TROILE7
IS F.D2 & 9 ,F]OE1 "O \ ( E FIVE BIRDS1
AC 6,GRABA'S E/IM,N1 PRES5TS ? V>I,N4 ,X
IS "*IS$ 99 0A PURE :ITE R+ R.D ! EYE1 )
A CURV$ N>R[ :ITE L9E1 AN 9* &A HALF 9
L5G?1 EXT5D+ BACK F ! R+4 ,? 3SPICU\S "*
HAS CAUS$ ! BIRD 6BE RANK$ 0S"EAL
ORNI?OLOGI/S Z A 4T9CT SPECIES "U ! "N (
,U4 LACRYMANS1 B X IS N[ "KN 6BE M]ELY A
V>IETY4 ,X (T5 PAIRS )! -MON K9D1 YET
9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS H N"E BE5 SE52 NOR IS
? SURPRIS+1 = V>I,NS : APPE> SU45LY1 >E
(T51 Z ,I H ELSE": %EWN1 99 7#B7
TRANSMITT$ EI UNALT]$ OR N AT ALL4 ,WE
?US SEE T TWO 4T9CT =MS (! SAME SPECIES
MAY CO-EXI/ 9 ! SAME 4TRICT1 & WE _C
D\BT T IF ! "O _H POSSESS$ ANY ADVANTAGE
OV] ! O!R1 X WD SOON H BE5 MULTIPLI$ 6!
EXCLU.N (! LATT]4 ,IF1 = 9/.E1 ! MALE
PI$ RAV5S1 9/1D ( 2+ P]SECUT$ 0_!
-RADES1 _H BE5 HI<LY ATTRACTIVE 7L ! ABV
PI$ P1COCK7 6! BLACK FEMALE RAV5S _!
NUMB]S WD H RAPIDLY 9CR1S$4 ,& ? WD H
BE5 A CASE ( SEXUAL SELEC;N4
      --,GRABA1 IBID41 S4 #ED4
    ,MACGILLIVRAY1 IBID41 VOL4 V41 P4
    #CBG4
      997#B7 ,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS
    "U ,DOME/IC,N1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #IB4
  ,) RESPECT 6! SLI<T 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES
: >E -MON1 9 A GRT] OR LESS DEGREE1 6ALL
! MEMB]S (! SAME SPECIES1 WE H E R1SON
62LIEVE T !Y >E 0F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT =!
"W ( SELEC;N4 ,SECOND>Y SEXUAL "*S >E
EM95TLY LIA# 6V>Y1 BO? ) ANIMALS 9 A
/ATE ( NATURE & "U DOME/IC,N4 99 ,"! IS
AL R1SON 62LIEVE1 Z WE H SE5 9 \R EI<?
*APT]1 T V>I,NS >E M APT 6O3UR 9 ! MALE
?AN 9 ! FEMALE SEX4 ,ALL ^! 3T+5CIES >E
HI<LY FAV\RA# = SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,:E!R
"*S ?US ACQUIR$ >E TRANSMITT$ 6"O SEX OR
6BO? SEXES1 DEP5DS1 Z WE % SEE 9 !
FOLL[+ *APT]1 ON ! =M ( 9H]IT.E :
PREVAILS4
      --,ON ^! PO9TS SEE AL ,V>I,N (
    ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS "U ,DOME/IC,N1
    VOL4 I41 P4 #BEC2 VOL ;II41 PP4 #GC1
    #GE4
  ,X IS "S"TS DI6ICULT 6=M AN OP9ION
:E!R C]TA9 SLI<T DI6];ES 2T ! SEXES (
BIRDS >E SIMPLY ! RESULT ( V>IABIL;Y )
SEXU,Y-LIMIT$ 9H]IT.E1 )\T ! AID (
SEXUAL SELEC;N1 OR :E!R !Y H BE5 AUG;T$
"? ? LATT] PROCESS4 ,I D N "H REF] 6! _M
9/.ES ": ! MALE 4PLAYS SPL5DID COL\RS OR
O!R ORNA;TS1 ( : ! FEMALE P>TAKES 6A
SLI<T DEGREE2 = ^! >E ALM C]TA9LY DUE
6"*S PRIM>ILY ACQUIR$ 0! MALE HAV+ BE5 M
OR LESS TRANSF]R$ 6! FEMALE4 ,B :AT >E
WE 63CLUDE ) RESPECT 6C]TA9 BIRDS 9 :1 =
9/.E1 ! EYES DI6] SLI<TLY 9 COL\R 9 !
TWO SEXES8 99 ,9 "S CASES ! EYES DI6]
3SPICU\SLY2 ?US )! /ORKS (! G5US
,X5ORHYN*US1 ^? (! MALE >E BLACKI%-
HAZEL1 :IL/ ^? (! FEMALES >E GAMBOGE-
YELL[2 ) _M HORNBILLS 7,BUC]OS71 Z ,I
HE> F ,MR4 ,BLY?1 99 7#B7 ! MALES H
9T5SE CRIMSON EYES1 & ^? (! FEMALES >E
:ITE4 ,9 ! ,BUC]OS BICORNIS1 ! H9D M>G9
(! CASQUE &A /RIPE ON ! CRE/ (! B1K >E
BLACK 9 ! MALE1 B N S 9 ! FEMALE4 ,>E WE
6SUPPOSE T ^! BLACK M>KS &! CRIMSON
COL\R (! EYES H BE5 PRES]V$ OR AUG;T$ "?
SEXUAL SELEC;N 9 ! MALES8 ,? IS V
D\BT;L2 = ,MR4 ,B>TLETT %EW$ ME 9 !
,ZOOLOGICAL ,G>D5S T ! 9SIDE (! M\? ( ?
,BUC]OS IS BLACK 9 ! MALE & FLE%-COL\R$
9 ! FEMALE2 & _! EXT]NAL APPE>.E OR
B1UTY WD N 2 ?US A6ECT$4 ,I OBS]V$ 9
,*ILE 99 7#C7 T ! IRIS 9 ! 3DOR1 :5 AB A
YE> OLD1 IS D>K-BR[N1 B *ANGES AT
MATUR;Y 96YELL[I%-BR[N 9 ! MALE1 & 96B"R
R$ 9 ! FEMALE4 ,! MALE HAS AL A SMALL1
L;GITUD9AL1 L1D5-COL\R$1 FLE%Y CRE/ OR
-B4 ,! -B ( _M GALL9ACE\S BIRDS IS HI<LY
ORNA;TAL1 & ASSUMES VIVID COL\RS DUR+ !
ACT ( C\RT%IP2 B :AT >E WE 6?9K (! DULL-
COL\R$ -B (! 3DOR1 : DOES N APPE> 6U 9 !
L1/ ORNA;TAL8 ,! SAME "Q MAY 2 ASK$ 9
REG>D 6V>I\S O!R "*S1 S* Z ! KNOB ON !
BASE (! B1K (! ,*9ESE GOOSE 7,ANS]
CYGNOIDES71 : IS M* L>G] 9 ! MALE ?AN 9
! FEMALE4 ,NO C]TA9 ANSW] C 2 GIV5 6^!
"QS2 B WE "\ 6BE CAUTI\S 9 ASSUM+ T
KNOBS & V>I\S FLE%Y APP5DAGES _C 2
ATTRACTIVE 6! FEMALE1 :5 WE REMEMB] T )
SAVAGE RACES ( MAN V>I\S HIDE\S
DE=MITIES- DEEP SC>S ON ! FACE )! FLE%
RAIS$ 96PROTUB].ES1 ! SEPTUM (! NOSE
PI]C$ 0/ICKS OR B"OS1 HOLES 9 ! E>S &
LIPS /RET*$ WIDELY OP5- >E ALL ADMIR$ Z
ORNA;TAL4
      --,SEE1 = 9/.E1 ON ! IRIDES (A
    ,PODICA & ,GALLICREX 9 ,IBIS1 VOL4
    ;II41 #AHFJ1 P4 #BJF2 & VOL4 ,V41
    #AHFC1 P4 #DBF4
      997#B7 ,SEE AL ,J]DON1 ,BIRDS (
    ,9DIA1 VOL4 I41 PP4 #BDC-BDE
      997#C7 ,ZOOLOGY (! ,VOYAGE ( ,H4
    ,M4 ,S4 ,B1GLE1 #AHDA1 P4 #F4
  ,:E!R OR N UNIMPORTANT DI6];ES 2T !
SEXES1 S* Z ^? J SPECIFI$1 H BE5 PRES]V$
"? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 ^! DI6];ES1 Z WELL Z
ALL O!RS1 M/ PRIM>ILY DEP5D ON ! LAWS (
V>I,N4 ,ON ! PR9CIPLE ( CORRELAT$
DEVELOP;T1 ! PLUMAGE (T5 V>IES ON DI6]5T
"PS (! BODY1 OR OV] ! :OLE BODY1 9 !
SAME MANN]4 ,WE SEE ? WELL ILLU/RAT$ 9
C]TA9 BRE$S (! F[L4 ,9 ALL ! BRE$S !
F1!RS ON ! NECK & LO9S (! MALES >E
EL;GAT$1 & >E CALL$ HACKLES2 N[ :5 BO?
SEXES ACQUIRE A TOP-KNOT1 : IS A NEW "*
9 ! G5US1 ! F1!RS ON ! H1D (! MALE 2COME
HACKLE-%AP$1 EVID5TLY ON ! PR9CIPLE (
CORREL,N2 :IL/ ^? ON ! H1D (! FEMALE >E
(! ORD9>Y %APE4 ,! COL\R AL (! HACKLES
=M+ ! TOP-KNOT (! MALE1 IS (T5 CORRELAT$
) T (! HACKLES ON ! NECK & LO9S1 Z MAY 2
SE5 0-P>+ ^! F1!RS 9 ! GOLD5 & SILV]-
SPANGL$ ,POLI%1 ! ,H\DANS1 & ,CREVE-
COEUR BRE$S4 ,9 "S NATURAL SPECIES WE
MAY OBS]VE EXACTLY ! SAME CORREL,N 9 !
COL\RS ( ^! SAME F1!RS1 Z 9 ! MALES (!
SPL5DID GOLD & ,AMH]/ PH1SANTS4
  ,! /RUCTURE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL F1!R1
G5],Y CAUSES ANY *ANGE 9 XS COL\R+ 6BE
SYMMETRICAL2 WE SEE ? 9 ! V>I\S LAC$1
SPANGL$1 & P5CILL$ BRE$S (! F[L2 & ON !
PR9CIPLE ( CORREL,N ! F1!RS OV] ! :OLE
BODY >E (T5 COL\R$ 9 ! SAME MANN]4 ,WE
>E ?US 5A#D )\T M* TR\# 6RE> BRE$S ) _!
PLUMAGE M>K$ ALM Z SYMMETRIC,Y Z 9
NATURAL SPECIES4 ,9 LAC$ & SPANGL$ F[LS
! COL\R$ M>G9S (! F1!RS >E ABRUPTLY
DEF9$2 B 9 A M;GREL RAIS$ 0ME F A BLACK
,SPANI% COCK GLOSS$ ) GRE51 &A :ITE
GAME-H51 ALL ! F1!RS 7 GRE5I%-BLACK1
EXCEPT+ T[>DS _! EXTREMITIES1 : 7
YELL[I%-:ITE2 B 2T ! :ITE EXTREMITIES &!
BLACK BASES1 "! 0 ON EA* F1!R A
SYMMETRICAL1 CURV$ Z"O ( D>K-BR[N4 ,9 "S
9/.ES ! %AFT (! F1!R DET]M9ES ! 4TRIBU;N
(! T9TS2 ?US )! BODY-F1!RS (A M;GREL F !
SAME BLACK ,SPANI% COCK &A SILV]-SPANGL$
,POLI% H51 ! %AFT1 TGR )A N>R[ SPACE ON
EA* SIDE1 0 GRE5I%-BLACK1 & ? 0 SURR.D$
0A REGUL> Z"O ( D>K-BR[N1 $G$ ) BR[NI%-
:ITE4 ,9 ^! CASES WE H F1!RS SYMMETRIC,Y
%AD$1 L ^? : GIVE S M* ELEG.E 6! PLUMAGE
( _M NATURAL SPECIES4 ,I H AL NOTIC$ A
V>IETY (! -MON PIGEON )! W+-B>S
SYMMETRIC,Y ZON$ ) ?REE B"R %ADES1 9/1D
( 2+ SIMPLY BLACK ON A SLATY-BLUE GR.D1
Z 9 ! P>5T-SPECIES4
  ,9 _M GR\PS ( BIRDS ! PLUMAGE IS
DI6]5TLY COL\R$ 9 ! S"EAL SPECIES1 YET
C]TA9 SPOTS1 M>KS1 OR /RIPES >E RETA9$
0ALL4 ,ANALOG\S CASES O3UR )! BRE$S (!
PIGEON1 : USU,Y RETA9 ! TWO W+-B>S1 ?\<
!Y MAY 2 COL\R$ R$1 YELL[1 :ITE1 BLACK1
OR BLUE1 ! RE/ (! PLUMAGE 2+ ( "S :OLLY
DI6]5T T9T4 ,"H IS A M CURI\S CASE1 9 :
C]TA9 M>KS >E RETA9$1 ?\< COL\R$ 9 A
MANN] ALM EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( :AT IS
NATURAL2 ! ABORIG9AL PIGEON HAS A BLUE
TAIL1 )! T]M9AL HALVES (! \T] WEBS (!
TWO \T] TAIL F1!RS :ITE2 N[ "! IS A SUB-
V>IETY HAV+ A :ITE 9/1D (A BLUE TAIL1 )
PRECISELY T "P BLACK : IS :ITE 9 ! P>5T-
SPECIES4 99
      --,BE*/E91 ,NATURGES*I*TE
    ,DEUTS*L&S1 ,B4 ;IV41 #AGIE1 S4 #CA1
    ON A SUB-V>IETY (! MONCK PIGEON4
  ,=M,N & ,V>IABIL;Y (! ,OCELLI OR EYE-L
,SPOTS ON ! ,PLUMAGE ( ,BIRDS4- ,Z NO
ORNA;TS >E M B1UTI;L ?AN ! OCELLI ON !
F1!RS ( V>I\S BIRDS1 ON ! HAIRY COATS (
"S MAMMALS1 ON ! SCALES ( REPTILES &
FI%ES1 ON ! SK9 ( AMPHIBIANS1 ON ! W+S (
_M ,LEPIDOPT]A & O!R 9SECTS1 !Y DES]VE
6BE ESPECI,Y NOTIC$4 ,AN OCELLUS 3SI/S (
A SPOT )9 A R+ ( ANO!R COL\R1 L ! PUPIL
)9 ! IRIS1 B ! C5TRAL SPOT IS (T5
SURR.D$ 0A4I;NAL 3C5TRIC Z"OS4 ,! OCELLI
ON ! TAIL-COV]TS (! P1COCK (F] A FAMILI>
EXAMPLE1 Z WELL Z ^? ON ! W+S (! P1COCK-
BUTT]FLY 7,VA;SA74 ,MR4 ,TRIM5 HAS GIV5
ME A DESCRIP;N (A ,S4 ,AFRICAN MO?
7,GYNANISA ISIS71 ALLI$ 6\R EMP]OR MO?1
9 : A MAGNIFIC5T OCELLUS O3UPIES NE>LY !
:OLE SURFACE ( EA* H9D] W+2 X 3SI/S (A
BLACK C5TRE1 9CLUD+ A SEMI-TRANSP>5T
CRESC5T-%AP$ M>K1 SURR.D$ 0SU3ESSIVE1
O*RE-YELL[1 BLACK1 O*RE-YELL[1 P9K1
:ITE1 P9K1 BR[N1 & :ITI% Z"OS4 ,AL? WE D
N "K ! /EPS 0: ^! WOND];LLY B1UTI;L &
-PLEX ORNA;TS H BE5 DEVELOP$1 ! PROCESS
HAS PROBABLY BE5 A SIMPLE "O1 AT L1/ )
9SECTS2 =1 Z ,MR4 ,TRIM5 WRITES 6ME1 8NO
"*S ( M]E M>K+ OR COL\R,N >E S UN/A# 9 !
,LEPIDOPT]A Z ! OCELLI1 BO? 9 NUMB] &
SIZE40 ,MR4 ,WALLACE1 :O F/ CALL$ MY
ATT5;N 6? SUBJECT1 %EW$ ME A S]IES (
SPECIM5S ( \R -MON M1D[-BR[N BUTT]FLY
7,HIPP>*IA JANIRA7 EXHIBIT+ NUM]\S
GRAD,NS F A SIMPLE M9UTE BLACK SPOT 6AN
ELEGANTLY-%AD$ OCELLUS4 ,9 A ,S4
,AFRICAN BUTT]FLY 7,CYLLO L$A1 ,L9N471
2L;G+ 6! SAME FAMILY1 ! OCELLI >E EV5 /
M V>IA#4 ,9 "S SPECIM5S 7SEE ;,A1 FIG4
#EC7 L>GE SPACES ON ! UPP] SURFACE (!
W+S >E COL\R$ BLACK1 & 9CLUDE IRREGUL>
:ITE M>KS2 & F ? /ATE A -PLETE GRAD,N C
2 TRAC$ 96A TOL]ABLY P]FECT OCELLUS
7,A#A71 & ? RESULTS F ! 3TRAC;N (!
IRREGUL> BLOT*ES ( COL\R4 ,9 ANO!R S]IES
( SPECIM5S A GRAD,N C 2 FOLL[$ F
EXCESSIVELY M9UTE :ITE DOTS1 SURR.D$ 0A
SC>CELY VISI# BLACK L9E 7,B71 96P]FECTLY
SYMMETRICAL & L>GE OCELLI 7,B#A74 99 ,9
CASES L ^!1 ! DEVELOP;T (A P]FECT
OCELLUS DOES N REQUIRE A L;G C\RSE (
V>I,N & SELEC;N4
      --,? WOODCUT HAS BE5 5GRAV$ F A
    B1UTI;L DRAW+1 MO/ K9DLY MADE = ME
    0,MR4 ,TRIM52 SEE AL 8 DESCRIP;N (!
    WOND];L AM.T ( V>I,N 9 ! COLOR,N &
    %APE (! W+S ? BUTT]FLY1 9 8
    ,RHOPALOC]A ,AFRICAE1 ,AU/RALIS1 P4
    #AHF4
  ,) BIRDS & _M O!R ANIMALS1 X SEEMS
6FOLL[ F ! -P>ISON ( ALLI$ SPECIES T
CIRCUL> SPOTS >E (T5 G5]AT$ 0! BR1K+ UP
& 3TRAC;N ( /RIPES4 ,9 ! TRAGOPAN
PH1SANT FA9T :ITE L9ES 9 ! FEMALE
REPRES5T ! B1UTI;L :ITE SPOTS 9 ! MALE2
99 & "S?+ (! SAME K9D MAY 2 OBS]V$ 9 !
TWO SEXES (! ,>GUS PH1SANT4 ,H["E ? MAY
BE1 APPE>.ES /R;GLY FAV\R ! 2LIEF T ON !
"O H&1 A D>K SPOT IS (T5 =M$ 0! COL\R+
MATT] 2+ DRAWN T[>DS A C5TRAL PO9T F A
SURR.D+ Z"O1 : LATT] IS ?US R5D]$ LI<T]2
&1 ON ! O!R H&1 T A :ITE SPOT IS (T5 =M$
0! COL\R 2+ DRIV5 AWAY F A C5TRAL PO9T1
S T X A3UMULATES 9 A SURR.D+ D>K] Z"O4
,9 EI CASE AN OCELLUS IS ! RESULT4 ,!
COL\R+ MATT] SEEMS 6BE A NE>LY 3/ANT
QUANT;Y1 B IS REDISTRIBUT$1 EI
C5TRIPET,Y OR C5TRIFUG,Y4 ,! F1!RS (!
-MON GU9EA-F[L (F] A GD 9/.E ( :ITE
SPOTS SURR.D$ 0D>K] Z"OS2 & :]"E ! :ITE
SPOTS >E L>GE & /& NE> EA* O!R1 !
SURR.D+ D>K Z"OS 2COME 3FLU5T4 ,9 ! SAME
W+-F1!R (! ,>GUS PH1SANT D>K SPOTS MAY 2
SE5 SURR.D$ 0A PALE Z"O1 & :ITE SPOTS 0A
D>K Z"O4 ,?US ! =M,N ( AN OCELLUS 9 XS
MO/ ELE;T>Y /ATE APPE>S 6BE A SIMPLE
A6AIR4 ,0:AT FUR!R /EPS ! M -PLEX
OCELLI1 : >E SURR.D$ 0_M SU3ESSIVE Z"OS
,( COL\R1 H BE5 G5]AT$1 ,I W N PRET5D
6SAY4 ,B ! ZON$ F1!RS (! M;GRELS F
DI6]5TLY COL\R$ F[LS1 &! EXTRAORD9>Y
V>IABIL;Y (! OCELLI ON _M ,LEPIDOPT]A1
L1D U 63CLUDE T _! =M,N IS N A -PLEX
PROCESS1 B DEP5DS ON "S SLI<T & GRADUAT$
*ANGE 9 ! NATURE (! ADJO9+ TISSUES4
      --,J]DON1 ,BIRDS ( ,9DIA1 VOL4
    ;III41 P4 #EAG4
  ,GRAD,N ( ,SECOND>Y ,SEXUAL ,"*S4-
,CASES ( GRAD,N >E IMPORTANT1 Z %EW+ U T
HI<LY -PLEX ORNA;TS MAY 2 ACQUIR$ 0SMALL
SU3ESSIVE /EPS4 ,9 ORD] 64COV] ! ACTUAL
/EPS 0: ! MALE ( ANY EXI/+ BIRD HAS
ACQUIR$ 8 MAGNIFIC5T COL\RS OR O!R
ORNA;TS1 WE "\ 62HOLD ! L;G L9E ( 8
EXT9CT PROG5ITORS2 B ? IS OBVI\SLY
IMPOSSI#4 ,WE MAY1 H["E1 G5],Y GA9 A
CLUE 0-P>+ ALL ! SPECIES (! SAME GR\P1
IF X 2 A L>GE "O2 = "S ( !M W PROBABLY
RETA91 AT L1/ "PI,Y1 TRACES ( _! =M]
"*S4 ,9/1D ( 5T]+ ON T$I\S DETAILS
RESPECT+ V>I\S GR\PS1 9 : /RIK+ 9/.ES (
GRAD,N CD 2 GIV51 X SEEMS ! BE/ PLAN
6TAKE "O OR TWO /R;GLY M>K$ CASES1 =
9/.E T (! P1COCK1 9 ORD] 6SEE IF LI<T C
2 ?R[N ON ! /EPS 0: ? BIRD BAS 2COME S
SPL5DIDLY DECORAT$4 ,! P1COCK IS *IEFLY
REM>KA# F ! EXTRAORD9>Y L5G? ( 8 TAIL-
COV]TS2 ! TAIL XF N 2+ M* EL;GAT$4 ,!
B>BS AL;G NE>LY ! :OLE L5G? ( ^! F1!RS
/& SEP>ATE OR >E DECOMPOS$2 B ? IS !
CASE )! F1!RS ( _M SPECIES1 &) "S
V>IETIES (! DOME/IC F[L & PIGEON4 ,!
B>BS COALESCE T[>DS ! EXTREM;Y (! %AFT
=M+ ! OVAL DISC OR OCELLUS1 : IS C]TA9LY
"O (! MO/ B1UTI;L OBJECTS 9 ! _W4 ,X
3SI/S ( AN IRIDESC5T1 9T5SELY BLUE1
9D5T$ C5TRE1 SURR.D$ 0A RI* GRE5 Z"O1 ?
0A BROAD COPP]Y-BR[N Z"O1 & ? 0FIVE O!R
N>R[ Z"OS ( SLI<TLY DI6]5T IRIDESC5T
%ADES4 ,A TRIFL+ "* 9 ! DISC DES]VES
NOTICE2 ! B>BS1 =A SPACE AL;G "O (!
3C5TRIC Z"OS >E M OR LESS DE/ITUTE ( _!
B>BULES1 S T A "P (! DISC IS SURR.D$ 0AN
ALM TRANSP>5T Z"O1 : GIVES X A HI<LY
F9I%$ ASPECT4 ,B ,I H ELSE": DESCRIB$ 99
AN EXACTLY ANALOG\S V>I,N 9 ! HACKLES (A
SUB-V>IETY (! GAME-COCK1 9 : ! TIPS1
HAV+ A METALLIC LU/RE1 8>E SEP>AT$ F !
L[] "P (! F1!R 0A SYMMETRIC,Y %AP$
TRANSP>5T Z"O1 -POS$ (! NAK$ POR;NS (!
B>BS40 ,! L[] M>G9 OR BASE (! D>K-BLUE
C5TRE (! OCELLUS IS DEEPLY 9D5T$ ON !
L9E (! %AFT4 ,! SURR.D+ Z"OS LIKEWISE
%EW TRACES1 Z MAY 2 SE5 9 ! DRAW+ 7SEE
FIG4 #ED71 ( 9D5T,NS1 OR R BR1KS4 ,^!
9D5T,NS >E -MON 6! ,9DIAN & ,JAVAN
P1COCKS 7,PAVO CRI/ATUS & ,P4 MUTICUS72
& !Y SEEM 6DES]VE "PICUL> ATT5;N1 Z
PROBABLY 3NECT$ )! DEVELOP;T (! OCELLUS2
B =A L;G "T ,I CD N 3JECTURE _! M1N+4
      --,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS "U
    ,DOME/IC,N1 VOL4 I41 P4 #BED4
  ,IF WE ADMIT ! PR9CIPLE ( GRADUAL
EVOLU;N1 "! M/ =M]LY H EXI/$ _M SPECIES
: PRES5T$ E SU3ESSIVE /EP 2T ! WOND];LLY
EL;GAT$ TAIL-COV]TS (! P1COCK &! %ORT
TAIL-COV]TS ( ALL ORD9>Y BIRDS2 & AG 2T
! MAGNIFIC5T OCELLI (! =M]1 &! SIMPL]
OCELLI OR M]E COL\R$ SPOTS ON O!R BIRDS2
& S ) ALL ! O!R "*S (! P1COCK4 ,LET U
LOOK 6! ALLI$ ,GALL9AC1E = ANY /-EXI/+
GRAD,NS4 ,! SPECIES & SUB-SPECIES (
,POLYPLECTRON 9HABIT C.TRIES ADJAC5T 6!
NATIVE L& (! P1COCK2 & !Y S F> RESEM# ?
BIRD T !Y >E "S"TS CALL$ P1COCK-
PH1SANTS4 ,I AM AL 9=M$ 0,MR4 ,B>TLETT T
!Y RESEM# ! P1COCK 9 _! VOICE & 9 "S (
_! HABITS4 ,DUR+ ! SPR+ ! MALES1 Z
PREVI\SLY DESCRIB$1 /RUT AB 2F !
-P>ATIVELY PLA9-COL\R$ FEMALES1 EXP&+ &
ERECT+ _! TAIL & W+-F1!RS1 : >E ORNA;T$
) NUM]\S OCELLI4 ,I REQUE/ ! R1D] 6TURN
BACK 6! DRAW+ 7SEE FIG4 #EA7 (A
,POLYPLECTRON2 ,9 ,P4 NAPOLEONIS !
OCELLI >E 3F9$ 6! TAIL1 &! BACK IS (A
RI* METALLIC BLUE2 9 : RESPECTS ?
SPECIES APPROA*ES ! ,JAVA P1COCK ,P4
H>DWICKII POSSESSES A PECULI> TOPKNOT1 :
IS AL "S:AT L T (! ,JAVA P1COCK4 ,9 ALL
SPECIES ! OCELLI ON ! W+S & TAIL >E EI
CIRCUL> OR OVAL1 & 3SI/ (A B1UTI;L1
IRIDESC5T1 GRE5I%-BLUE OR GRE5I%-PURPLE
DISC1 )A BLACK BORD]4 ,? BORD] 9 ,P4
*9QUIS %ADES 96BR[N4 $G$ ) CR1M COL\R1 S
T ! OCELLUS IS "H SURR.D$ ) V>I\SLY
%AD$1 ?\< N B"R1 3C5TRIC Z"OS4 ,!
UNUSUAL L5G? (! TAIL-COV]TS IS ANO!R
REM>KA# "* 9 ,POLYPLECTRON2 = 9 "S (!
SPECIES !Y >E HALF1 & 9 O!RS TWO-?IRDS Z
L;G Z ! TRUE TAIL-F1!RS4 ,! TAIL-COV]TS
>E OCELLAT$ Z 9 ! P1COCK4 ,?US ! S"EAL
SPECIES ( ,POLYPLECTRON MANIFE/LY MAKE A
GRADUAT$ APPROA* 6! P1COCK 9 ! L5G? ( _!
TAIL-COV]TS1 9 ! ZON+ (! OCELLI1 & 9 "S
O!R "*S4
  ,NOT)/&+ ? APPROA*1 ! F/ SPECIES (
,POLYPLECTRON : ,I EXAM9$ ALM MADE ME
GIVE UP ! SE>*2 = ,I F.D N ONLY T ! TRUE
TAIL-F1!RS1 : 9 ! P1COCK >E Q PLA91 7
ORNA;T$ ) OCELLI1 B T ! OCELLI ON ALL !
F1!RS DI6]$ FUNDA;T,Y F ^? (! P1COCK1 9
"! 2+ TWO ON ! SAME F1!R 7SEE FIG4 #EE71
"O ON EA* SIDE (! %AFT4
  ,H;E ,I 3CLUD$ T ! E>LY PROG5ITORS (!
P1COCK CD N H RESEM#D A ,POLYPLECTRON4
,B ON 3T9U+ MY SE>*1 ,I OBS]V$ T 9 "S (!
SPECIES ! TWO OCELLI /OOD V NE> EA* O!R2
T 9 ! TAIL-F1!RS ( ,P4 H>DWICKII !Y T\*$
EA* O!R2 &1 F9,Y1 T ON ! TAIL-COV]TS ( ?
SAME SPECIES Z WELL Z ( ,P4 MALA35SE
7SEE FIG4 #EF7 !Y 7 ACTU,Y 3FLU5T4 ,Z !
C5TRAL "P AL"O IS 3FLU5T1 AN 9D5T,N IS
LEFT AT BO? ! UPP] & L[] 5DS2 &! SURR.D+
COL\R$ Z"OS >E LIKEWISE 9D5T$4 ,A S+LE
OCELLUS IS ?US =M$ ON EA* TAIL-COV]T1
?\< / PLA9LY 2TRAY+ XS D\# ORIG94 ,^!
3FLU5T OCELLI DI6] F ! S+LE OCELLI (!
P1COCK 9 HAV+ AN 9D5T,N AT BO? 5DS1 9/1D
( ONLY AT ! L[] OR BASAL 5D4 ,!
EXPLAN,N1 H["E1 ( ? DI6];E IS N
DI6ICULT2 9 "S SPECIES ( ,POLYPLECTRON !
TWO OVAL OCELLI ON ! SAME F1!R /&
P>ALLEL 6EA* O!R2 9 O!R SPECIES 7Z 9 ,P4
*9QUIS7 !Y 3V]GE T[>DS "O 5D2 N[ ! "PIAL
3FLU;E ( TWO 3V]G5T OCELLI WD MANIFE/LY
L1VE A M* DEEP] 9D5T,N AT ! DIV]G5T ?AN
AT ! 3V]G5T 5D4 ,X IS AL MANIFE/ T IF !
3V]G;E 7 /R;GLY PRON\NC$ &! 3FLU;E
-PLETE1 ! 9D5T,N AT ! 3V]G5T 5D WD T5D
64APPE>4
  ,! TAIL-F1!RS 9 BO? SPECIES (! P1COCK
>E 5TIRELY DE/ITUTE ( OCELLI1 & ?
APP>5TLY IS RELAT$ 6_! 2+ COV]$ UP &
3C1L$ 0! L;G TAIL-COV]TS4 ,9 ? RESPECT
!Y DI6] REM>KABLY F ! TAIL-F1!RS (
,POLYPLECTRON1 : 9 MO/ (! SPECIES >E
ORNA;T$ ) L>G] OCELLI ?AN ^? ON ! TAIL-
COV]TS4 ,H;E ,I 0 L$ C>E;LLY 6EXAM9E !
TAIL-F1!RS (! S"EAL SPECIES1 9 ORD]
64COV] :E!R _! OCELLI %EW$ ANY T5D5CY
64APPE>2 & 6MY GRT SATISFAC;N1 ? APPE>$
6BE S4 ,! C5TRAL TAIL-F1!RS ( ,P4
NAPOLEONIS H ! TWO OCELLI ON EA* SIDE (!
%AFT P]FECTLY DEVELOP$2 B ! 9N] OCELLUS
2COMES LESS & LESS 3SPICU\S ON ! M
EXT]IOR TAIL-F1!RS1 UNTIL A M]E %AD[ OR
RUDI;T IS LEFT ON ! 9N] SIDE (! \T]MO/
F1!R4 ,AG1 9 ,P4 MALA35SE1 ! OCELLI ON !
TAIL-COV]TS >E1 Z WE H SE51 3FLU5T2 & ^!
F1!RS >E ( UNUSUAL L5G?1 2+ TWO-?IRDS (!
L5G? (! TAIL-F1!RS1 S T 9 BO? ^!
RESPECTS !Y APPROA* ! TAIL-COV]TS (!
P1COCK4 ,N[ 9 ,P4 MALA35SE1 ! TWO C5TRAL
TAIL-F1!RS AL"O >E ORNA;T$1 EA* ) TWO
B"RLY-COL\R$ OCELLI1 ! 9N] OCELLUS HAV+
-PLETELY 4APPE>$ F ALL ! O!R TAIL-F1!RS4
,3SEQU5TLY ! TAIL-COV]TS & TAIL-F1!RS (
? SPECIES ( ,POLYPLECTRON MAKE A NE>
APPROA* 9 /RUCTURE & ORNA;T,N 6!
CORRESPOND+ F1!RS (! P1COCK4
  ,Z F>1 !N1 Z GRAD,N ?R[S LI<T ON !
/EPS 0: ! MAGNIFIC5T TRA9 (! P1COCK HAS
BE5 ACQUIR$1 H>DLY ANY?+ M IS NE$$4 ,IF
WE PICTURE 6\RVS A PROG5ITOR (! P1COCK 9
AN ALM EXACTLY 9T]M$IATE 3DI;N 2T !
EXI/+ P1COCK1 ) 8 ENORM\SLY EL;GAT$
TAIL-COV]TS1 ORNA;T$ ) S+LE OCELLI1 & AN
ORD9>Y GALL9ACE\S BIRD ) %ORT TAIL-
COV]TS1 M]ELY SPOTT$ ) "S COL\R1 WE %
SEE A BIRD ALLI$ 6,POLYPLECTRON- T IS1 )
TAIL-COV]TS1 CAPA# ( EREC;N & EXPAN.N1
ORNA;T$ ) TWO "PI,Y 3FLU5T OCELLI1 & L;G
5 ALM 63C1L ! TAIL-F1!RS1 ! LATT] HAV+
ALR "PI,Y LO/ _! OCELLI4 ,! 9D5T,N (!
C5TRAL DISC &(! SURR.D+ Z"OS (! OCELLUS1
9 BO? SPECIES ( P1COCK1 SP1KS PLA9LY 9
FAV\R ( ? VIEW1 & IS O!RWISE 9EXPLICA#4
,! MALES ( ,POLYPLECTRON >E NO D\BT
B1UTI;L BIRDS1 B _! B1UTY1 :5 VIEW$ F A
LL 4T.E1 _C 2 -P>$ ) T (! P1COCK4 ,_M
FEMALE PROG5ITORS (! P1COCK M/1 DUR+ A
L;G L9E ( DESC5T1 H APPRECIAT$ ?
SUP]IOR;Y2 = !Y H UNCONSCI\SLY1 0! 3T9U$
PREF];E =! MO/ B1UTI;L MALES1 R5D]$ !
P1COCK ! MO/ SPL5DID ( LIV+ BIRDS4
  ,>GUS PH1SANT4- ,ANO!R EXCELL5T CASE =
9VE/IG,N IS (F]$ 0! OCELLI ON ! W+-F1!RS
(! ,>GUS PH1SANT1 : >E %AD$ 9 S WOND];L
A MANN] Z 6RESEM# BALLS LY+ LOOSE )9
SOCKETS1 & 3SEQU5TLY DI6] F ORD9>Y
OCELLI4 ,NO "O1 ,I PRESUME1 W ATTRIBUTE
! %AD+1 : HAS EXCIT$ ! ADMIR,N ( _M
EXP]I;ED >TI/S1 6*.E- 6! =TUIT\S 3C\RSE
( ATOMS ( COL\R+ MATT]4 ,T ^! ORNA;TS %D
H BE5 =M$ "? ! SELEC;N ( _M SU3ESSIVE
V>I,NS1 N "O ( : 0 ORIG9,Y 9T5D$
6PRODUCE ! BALL-&-SOCKET E6ECT1 SEEMS Z
9CR$I# Z T "O ( ,RAPHAEL'S ,MADONNAS %D
H BE5 =M$ 0! SELEC;N ( *.E DAUBS ( PA9T
MADE 0A L;G SU3ES.N ( "Y >TI/S1 N "O (
:OM 9T5D$ AT F/ 6DRAW ! HUMAN FIGURE4 ,9
ORD] 64COV] H[ ! OCELLI H BE5 DEVELOP$1
WE _C LOOK 6A L;G L9E ( PROG5ITORS1 NOR
6_M CLOSELY-ALLI$ =MS1 = S* D N N[ EXI/4
,B =TUNATELY ! S"EAL F1!RS ON ! W+
SU6ICE 6GIVE U A CLUE 6! PRO#M1 & !Y
PROVE 6DEMON/R,N T A GRAD,N IS AT L1/
POSSI# F A M]E SPOT 6A F9I%$ BALL-&-
SOCKET OCELLUS4
  ,! W+-F1!RS1 BE>+ ! OCELLI1 >E COV]$ )
D>K /RIPES 7SEE FIG4 #EG7 OR ) R[S ( D>K
SPOTS 7SEE FIG4 #EI71 EA* /RIPE OR R[ (
SPOTS RUNN+ OBLIQUELY D[N ! \T] SIDE (!
%AFT 6"O (! OCELLI4 ,! SPOTS >E G5],Y
EL;GAT$ 9 A L9E TRANSV]SE 6! R[ 9 : !Y
/&4 ,!Y (T5 2COME 3FLU5T EI 9 ! L9E (!
R[- & !N !Y =M A L;GITUD9AL /RIPE- OR
TRANSV]SELY1 T IS1 )! SPOTS 9 ! ADJO9+
R[S1 & !N !Y =M TRANSV]SE /RIPES4 ,A
SPOT "S"TS BR1KS UP 96SMALL] SPOTS1 : /
/& 9 _! PROP] PLACES4
  ,X W 2 3V5I5T F/ 6DESCRIBE A P]FECT
BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLUS4 ,? 3SI/S ( AN
9T5SELY BLACK CIRCUL> R+1 SURR.D+ A
SPACE %AD$ S Z EXACTLY 6RESEM# A BALL4
,! FIGURE "H GIV5 HAS BE5 ADMIRABLY
DRAWN 0,MR4 ,=D & WELL 5GRAV$1 B A
WOODCUT _C EXHIBIT ! EXQUISITE %AD+ (!
ORIG9AL4 ,! R+ IS ALM ALW SLI<TLY BROK5
OR 9T]RUPT$ 7SEE FIG4 #EG7 AT A PO9T 9 !
UPP] HALF1 A LL 6! "R (& ABV ! :ITE %ADE
ON ! 5CLOS$ BALL2 X IS AL "S"TS BROK5
T[>DS ! BASE ON ! "R H&4 ,^! LL BR1KS H
AN IMPORTANT M1N+4 ,! R+ IS ALW M*
?ICK5$1 )! $GES ILL-DEF9$ T[>DS ! LEFT-
H& UPP] CORN]1 ! F1!R 2+ BELD ERECT1 9 !
POSI;N 9 : X IS "H DRAWN4 ,2N ? ?ICK5$
"P "! IS ON ! SURFACE (! BALL AN OBLIQUE
ALM PURE-:ITE M>K1 : %ADES (F D[NW>DS
96A PALE-L1D5 HUE1 & ? 96YELL[I% & BR[N
T9TS1 : 9S5SIBLY 2COME D>K] & D>K] T[>DS
! L[] "P (! BALL4 ,X IS ? %AD+ : GIVES S
ADMIRABLY ! E6ECT ( LI<T %9+ ON A 3VEX
SURFACE4 ,IF "O (! BALLS 2 EXAM9$1 X W 2
SE5 T ! L[] "P IS (A BR[N T9T & IS
9DIST9CTLY SEP>AT$ 0A CURV$ OBLIQUE L9E
F ! UPP] "P : IS YELL[] & M L1D52 ?
CURV$ OBLIQUE L9E RUNS AT "R ANGLES 6!
L;G] AXIS (! :ITE PAT* ( LI<T1 & 9DE$ (
ALL ! %AD+2 B ? DI6];E 9 COL\R1 : _C (
C\RSE 2 %EWN 9 ! WOODCUT1 DOES N 9 ! L1/
9T]F]E )! P]FECT %AD+ (! BALL4 ,X %D 2
"PICUL>LY OBS]V$ T EA* OCELLUS /&S 9
OBVI\S 3NEC;N EI )A D>K /RIPE1 OR )A
L;GITUD9AL R[ ( D>K SPOTS = BO? O3UR
9DI6]5TLY ON ! SAME F1!R4 ,?US 9 FIG4
#EG 7SEE FIGURE7 /RIPE ,A RUNS 6OCELLUS
7A72 ;,B RUNS 6OCELLUS 7B72 /RIPE ;,C IS
BROK5 9 ! UPP] "P1 & RUNS D[N 6! NEXT
SU3E$+ OCELLUS1 N REPRES5T$ 9 ! WOODCUT2
;,D 6! NEXT L[] "O1 & S )! /RIPES ;,E &
,F4 ,LA/LY1 ! S"EAL OCELLI >E SEP>AT$ F
EA* O!R 0A PALE SURFACE BE>+ IRREGUL>
BLACK M>KS4
  ,I W NEXT DESCRIBE ! O!R EXTREME (!
S]IES1 "NLY1 ! F/ TRACE ( AN OCELLUS4 ,!
%ORT SECOND>Y W+-F1!R 7SEE FIG4 #EH71
NE>E/ 6! BODY1 IS M>K$ L ! O!R F1!RS1 )
OBLIQUE1 L;GITUD9AL1 R IRREGUL>1 R[S ( V
D>K SPOTS4 ,! BASAL SPOT1 OR T NE>E/ !
%AFT1 9 ! FIVE L[] R[S 7EXCLUD+ ! L[E/
"O7 IS A LL L>G] ?AN ! O!R SPOTS (! SAME
R[1 &A LL M EL;GAT$ 9 A TRANSV]SE
DIREC;N4 ,X DI6]S AL F ! O!R SPOTS 02+
BORD]$ ON XS UPP] SIDE ) "S DULL FULV\S
%AD+4 ,B ? SPOT IS N 9 ANY WAY M REM>KA#
?AN ^? ON ! PLUMAGE ( _M BIRDS1 & MI<T
EASILY 2 OV]LOOK$4 ,! NEXT HI<] SPOT
DOES N DI6] AT ALL F ! UPP] "OS 9 ! SAME
R[4 ,! L>G] BASAL SPOTS O3UPY EXACTLY !
SAME RELATIVE POSI;N ON ^! F1!RS Z D !
P]FECT OCELLI ON ! L;G] W+-F1!RS4
  ,0LOOK+ 6! NEXT TWO OR ?REE SU3E$+ W+-
F1!RS1 AN ABSOLUTELY 9S5SI# GRAD,N C 2
TRAC$ F "O (! LA/ DESCRIB$ BASAL SPOTS1
TGR )! NEXT HI<] "O 9 ! SAME R[1 6A
CURI\S ORNA;T1 : _C 2 CALL$ AN OCELLUS1
& : ,I W "N1 F ! WANT (A BETT] T]M1 AN
8ELLIPTIC ORNA;T40 ,^! >E %EWN 9 !
A3OMPANY+ FIGURE 7SEE FIG4 #EI74 ,WE "H
SEE S"EAL OBLIQUE R[S1 ;,A1 ;,B1 ;,C1
;,D1 &C4 7SEE ! LR$ DIAGRAM ON ! "R H&71
( D>K SPOTS (! USUAL "*4 ,EA* R[ ( SPOTS
RUNS D[N 6& IS 3NECT$ ) "O (! ELLIPTIC
ORNA;TS1 9 EXACTLY ! SAME MANN] Z EA*
/RIPE 9 FIG4 #EG 7SEE FIGURE7 RUNS D[N
TO1 & IS 3NECT$ )1 "O (! BALL-&-SOCKET
OCELLI4 ,LOOK+ 6ANY "O R[1 = 9/.E1 ;,B1
9 FIG4 #EI 7SEE FIGURE71 ! L[E/ M>K 7B7
IS ?ICK] & 3SID]ABLY L;G] ?AN ! UPP]
SPOTS1 & HAS XS LEFT EXTREM;Y PO9T$ &
CURV$ UPW>DS4 ,? BLACK M>K IS ABRUPTLY
BORD]$ ON XS UPP] SIDE 0A R BROAD SPACE
( RI*LY %AD$ T9TS1 2G9N+ )A N>R[ BR[N
Z"O1 : PASSES 96ORANGE1 & ? 96A PALE
L1D5 T9T1 )! 5D T[>DS ! %AFT M* PAL]4
,^! %AD$ T9TS TGR FILL UP ! :OLE 9N]
SPACE (! ELLIPTIC ORNA;T4 ,! M>K 7B7
CORRESPONDS 9 E RESPECT )! BASAL %AD$
SPOT (! SIMPLE F1!R DESCRIB$ 9 ! LA/
P>AGRAPH 7SEE FIG4 #EH71 B IS M HI<LY
DEVELOP$ & M B"RLY COL\R$4 ,ABV & 6! "R
( ? SPOT 7SEE ;B1 FIG4 #EI71 ) XS B"R
%AD+1 "! IS A L;G N>R[1 BLACK M>K 7C71
2L;G+ 6! SAME R[1 & : IS >*$ A LL
D[NW>DS S Z 6FACE 7B74 ,? M>K IS "S"TS
BROK5 96TWO POR;NS4 ,X IS AL N>R[LY $G$
ON ! L[] SIDE )A FULV\S T9T4 ,6! LEFT (&
ABV 7C71 9 ! SAME OBLIQUE DIREC;N1 B ALW
M OR LESS 4T9CT F X1 "! IS ANO!R BLACK
M>K 7D74 ,? M>K IS G5],Y SUB-TRIANGUL> &
IRREGUL> 9 %APE1 B 9 ! "O LR$ 9 !
DIAGRAM X IS UNUSU,Y N>R[1 EL;GAT$1 &
REGUL>4 ,X APP>5TLY 3SI/S (A LAT]AL &
BROK5 PROL;G,N (! M>K 7C71 TGR ) XS
3FLU;E )A BROK5 & PROL;G$ "P (! NEXT
SPOT ABV2 B ,I D N FEEL SURE ( ?4 ,^!
?REE M>KS1 ;B1 ;C1 & ;D1 )! 9T]V5+ B"R
%ADES1 =M TGR ! S-CALL$ ELLIPTIC ORNA;T4
,^! ORNA;TS PLAC$ P>ALLEL 6! %AFT1
MANIFE/LY CORRESPOND 9 POSI;N )! BALL-&-
SOCKET OCELLI4 ,_! EXTREMELY ELEGANT
APPE>.E _C 2 APPRECIAT$ 9 ! DRAW+1 Z !
ORANGE & L1D5 T9TS1 3TRA/+ S WELL )!
BLACK M>KS1 _C 2 %EWN4
  ,2T "O (! ELLIPTIC ORNA;TS &A P]FECT
BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLUS1 ! GRAD,N IS S
P]FECT T X IS SC>CELY POSSI# 6DECIDE :5
! LATT] T]M "\ 6BE US$4 ,! PASSAGE F !
"O 96! O!R IS E6ECT$ 0! EL;G,N & GRT]
CURVATURE 9 OPPOSITE DIREC;NS (! L[]
BLACK M>K 7SEE ;B1 FIG4 #EI71 & M
ESPECI,Y (! UPP] "O 7C71 TGR )! 3TRAC;N
(! EL;GAT$ SUB-TRIANGUL> OR N>R[ M>K
7D71 S T AT LA/ ^! ?REE M>KS 2COME
3FLU5T1 =M+ AN IRREGUL> ELLIPTIC R+4 ,?
R+ IS GRADU,Y R5D]$ M & M CIRCUL> &
REGUL>1 9CR1S+ AT ! SAME "T 9 DIAMET]4
,I H "H GIV5 A DRAW+ 7SEE FIG4 #FJ7 (!
NATURAL SIZE ( AN OCELLUS N Z YET Q
P]FECT4 ,! L[] "P (! BLACK R+ IS M* M
CURV$ ?AN IS ! L[] M>K 9 ! ELLIPTIC
ORNA;T 7SEE ;B1 FIG4 #EI74 ,! UPP] "P (!
R+ 3SI/S ( TWO OR ?REE SEP>ATE POR;NS2 &
"! IS ONLY A TRACE (! ?ICK5+ (! POR;N :
=MS ! BLACK M>K ABV ! :ITE %ADE4 ,? :ITE
%ADE XF IS N Z YET M* 3C5TRAT$2 & 2N X !
SURFACE IS B"R] COL\R$ ?AN 9 A P]FECT
BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLUS4 ,EV5 9 ! MO/
P]FECT OCELLI TRACES (! JUNC;N ( ?REE OR
F\R EL;GAT$ BLACK M>KS1 0: ! R+ HAS BE5
=M$1 MAY (T5 2 DETECT$4 ,! IRREGUL> SUB-
TRIANGUL> OR N>R[ M>K 7SEE ;D1 FIG4
#EI71 MANIFE/LY =MS1 0XS 3TRAC;N &
EQUALIS,N1 ! ?ICK5$ POR;N (! R+ ABV !
:ITE %ADE ON A P]FECT BALL-&-SOCKET
OCELLUS4 ,! L[] "P (! R+ IS 9V>IABLY A
LL ?ICK] ?AN ! O!R "PS 7SEE FIG4 #EG71 &
? FOLL[S F ! L[] BLACK M>K (! ELLIPTIC
ORNA;T 7SEE ;B1 FIG4 #EI7 HAV+ ORIG9,Y
BE5 ?ICK] ?AN ! UPP] M>K 7C74 ,E /EP C 2
FOLL[$ 9 ! PROCESS ( 3FLU;E & MODIFIC,N2
&! BLACK R+ : SURR.DS ! BALL (! OCELLUS
IS UN"QABLY =M$ 0! UNION & MODIFIC,N (!
?REE BLACK M>KS1 ;B1 ;C1 ;D1 (! ELLIPTIC
ORNA;T4 ,! IRREGUL> ZIGZAG BLACK M>KS 2T
! SU3ESSIVE OCELLI 7SEE AG FIG4 #EG7 >E
PLA9LY DUE 6! BR1K+ UP (! "S:AT M REGUL>
B SIMIL> M>KS 2T ! ELLIPTIC ORNA;TS4
  ,! SU3ESSIVE /EPS 9 ! %AD+ (! BALL-&-
SOCKET OCELLI C 2 FOLL[$ \ ) EQUAL
CLE>;S4 ,! BR[N1 ORANGE1 & PALE-L1D5$
N>R[ Z"OS1 : BORD] ! L[] BLACK M>K (!
ELLIPTIC ORNA;T1 C 2 SE5 GRADU,Y 62COME
M & M S(T5$ & %AD$ 96EA* O!R1 )! UPP]
LI<T] "P T[>DS ! LEFT-H& CORN] R5D]$ /
LI<T]1 S Z 62COME ALM :ITE1 & AT ! SAME
"T M 3TRACT$4 ,B EV5 9 ! MO/ P]FECT
BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLI A SLI<T DI6];E 9 !
T9TS1 ?\< N 9 ! %AD+1 2T ! UPP] & L[]
"PS (! BALL C 2 P]CVD1 Z 2F NOTIC$2 &!
L9E ( SEP>,N IS OBLIQUE1 9 ! SAME
DIREC;N Z ! B"R COL\R$ %ADES (! ELLIPTIC
ORNA;TS4 ,?US ALM E M9UTE DETAIL 9 !
%APE & COL\R+ (! BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLI C
2 %EWN 6FOLL[ F GRADUAL *ANGES 9 !
ELLIPTIC ORNA;TS2 &! DEVELOP;T (! LATT]
C 2 TRAC$ 0EQU,Y SMALL /EPS F ! UNION (
TWO ALM SIMPLE SPOTS1 ! L[] "O 7SEE FIG4
#EH7 HAV+ "S DULL FULV\S %AD+ ON XS UPP]
SIDE4
  ,! EXTREMITIES (! L;G] SECOND>Y F1!RS
: BE> ! P]FECT BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLI1 >E
PECULI>LY ORNA;T$ 7SEE FIG4 #FA74 ,!
OBLIQUE L;GITUD9AL /RIPES SU45LY C1SE
UPW>DS & 2COME 3FUS$2 & ABV ? LIMIT !
:OLE UPP] 5D (! F1!R 7A7 IS COV]$ ) :ITE
DOTS1 SURR.D$ 0LL BLACK R+S1 /&+ ON A
D>K GR.D4 ,! OBLIQUE /RIPE 2L;G+ 6!
UPP]MO/ OCELLUS 7B7 IS B>ELY REPRES5T$
0A V %ORT IRREGUL> BLACK M>K )! USUAL1
CURV$1 TRANSV]SE BASE4 ,Z ? /RIPE IS ?US
ABRUPTLY CUT (F1 WE C P]H "U/& F :AT HAS
G"O 2F1 H[ X IS T ! UPP] ?ICK5$ "P (! R+
IS "H ABS5T2 =1 Z 2F /AT$1 ? ?ICK5$ "P
APP>5TLY /&S 9 "S REL,N )A BROK5
PROL;G,N F ! NEXT HI<] SPOT4 ,F ! ABS;E
(! UPP] & ?ICK5$ "P (! R+1 ! UPP]MO/
OCELLUS1 ?\< P]FECT 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS1
APPE>S Z IF XS TOP _H BE5 OBLIQUELY
SLIC$ (F4 ,X WD1 ,I ?9K1 P]PLEX ANY "O1
:O 2LIEVES T ! PLUMAGE (! ,>GUS PH1SANT
0 CR1T$ Z WE N[ SEE X1 6A3.T =! IMP]FECT
3DI;N (! UPP]MO/ OCELLUS4 ,I %D ADD T ON
! SECOND>Y W+-F1!R F>!/ F ! BODY ALL !
OCELLI >E SMALL] & LESS P]FECT ?AN ON !
O!R F1!RS1 & H ! UPP] "P (! R+ DEFICI5T1
Z 9 ! CASE J M5;N$4 ,! IMP]FEC;N "H
SEEMS 6BE 3NECT$ )! FACT T ! SPOTS ON ?
F1!R %EW LESS T5D5CY ?AN USUAL 62COME
3FLU5T 96/RIPES2 !Y >E1 ON ! 3TR>Y1 (T5
BROK5 UP 96SMALL] SPOTS1 S T TWO OR ?REE
R[S RUN D[N 6! SAME OCELLUS4
  ,"! / REMA9S ANO!R V CURI\S PO9T1 F/
OBS]V$ 0,MR4 ,T4 ,W4 ,WOOD1 99 : DES]VES
ATT5;N4 ,9 A PHOTOGRAPH1 GIV5 ME 0,MR4
,W>D1 (A SPECIM5 M.T$ Z 9 ! ACT ( 4PLAY1
X MAY 2 SE5 T ON ! F1!RS : >E HELD
P]P5DICUL>LY1 ! :ITE M>KS ON ! OCELLI1
REPRES5T+ LI<T REFLECT$ F A 3VEX
SURFACE1 >E AT ! UPP] OR FUR!R 5D1 T IS1
>E DIRECT$ UPW>DS2 &! BIRD :IL/ 4PLAY+
HMF ON ! GR.D WD NATUR,Y 2 ILLUM9AT$ F
ABV4 ,B "H -ES ! CURI\S PO9T2 ! \T]
F1!RS >E HELD ALM HORIZONT,Y1 & _!
OCELLI "\ LIKEWISE 6APPE> Z IF ILLUM9AT$
F ABV1 & 3SEQU5TLY ! :ITE M>KS "\ 6BE
PLAC$ ON ! UPP] SIDES (! OCELLI2 &1
WOND];L Z IS ! FACT1 !Y >E ?US PLAC$6
,H;E ! OCELLI ON ! S"EAL F1!RS1 ?\<
O3UPY+ V DI6]5T POSI;NS ) RESPECT 6!
LI<T1 ALL APPE> Z IF ILLUM9AT$ F ABV1 J
Z AN >TI/ WD H %AD$ !M4 ,N"E!.S !Y >E N
ILLUM9AT$ F /RICTLY ! SAME PO9T Z !Y "\
6BE2 =! :ITE M>KS ON ! OCELLI (! F1!RS :
>E HELD ALM HORIZONT,Y1 >E PLAC$ R TOO
M* T[>DS ! FUR!R 5D2 T IS1 !Y >E N
SU6ICI5TLY LAT]AL4 ,WE H1 H["E1 NO "R
6EXPECT ABSOLUTE P]FEC;N 9 A "P R5D]$
ORNA;TAL "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 ANY M ?AN WE
H 9 A "P MODIFI$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N =
R1L USE2 = 9/.E1 9 T WONDR\S ORGAN !
HUMAN EYE4 ,& WE "K :AT ,HELMHOLTZ1 !
HI<E/ AU?OR;Y 9 ,EUROPE ON ! SUBJECT1
HAS SD AB ! HUMAN EYE2 T IF AN OPTICIAN
_H SOLD HM AN 9/RU;T S C>E.SLY MADE1 HE
WD H ?"\ HMF FULLY JU/IFI$ 9 RETURN+
X4997#B7
      --,! ,FIELD1 ,MAY #BH1 #AHGJ4
      997#B7 ,POPUL> ,LECTURES ON
    ,SCI5TIFIC ,SUBJECTS1 ,5G4 TRANS41
    #AHGC1 PP4 #BAI1 #BBG1 #BFI1 #CIJ4
  ,WE H N[ SE5 T A P]FECT S]IES C 2
FOLL[$1 F SIMPLE SPOTS 6! WOND];L BALL-
&-SOCKET ORNA;TS4 ,MR4 ,G\LD1 :O K9DLY
GAVE ME "S ( ^! F1!RS1 FULLY AGREES ) ME
9 ! -PLETE;S (! GRAD,N4 ,X IS OBVI\S T !
/AGES 9 DEVELOP;T EXHIBIT$ 0! F1!RS ON !
SAME BIRD D N AT ALL NECESS>ILY %EW U !
/EPS PASS$ "? 0! EXT9CT PROG5ITORS (!
SPECIES2 B !Y PROBABLY GIVE U ! CLUE 6!
ACTUAL /EPS1 & !Y AT L1/ PROVE
6DEMON/R,N T A GRAD,N IS POSSI#4 ,BE>+ 9
M9D H[ C>E;LLY ! MALE ,>GUS PH1SANT
4PLAYS 8 PLUMES 2F ! FEMALE1 Z WELL Z !
_M FACTS R5D]+ X PROBA# T FEMALE BIRDS
PREF] ! M ATTRACTIVE MALES1 NO "O :O
ADMITS ! AG5CY ( SEXUAL SELEC;N 9 ANY
CASE W D5Y T A SIMPLE D>K SPOT ) "S
FULV\S %AD+ MI<T 2 3V]T$1 "? !
APPROXIM,N & MODIFIC,N ( TWO ADJO9+
SPOTS1 TGR ) "S SLI<T 9CR1SE ( COL\R1
96"O (! S-CALL$ ELLIPTIC ORNA;TS4 ,^!
LATT] ORNA;TS H BE5 %EWN 6_M P]SONS1 &
ALL H ADMITT$ T !Y >E B1UTI;L1 "S ?9K+
!M EV5 M S ?AN ! BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLI4
,Z ! SECOND>Y PLUMES 2CAME L5G!N$ "?
SEXUAL SELEC;N1 & Z ! ELLIPTIC ORNA;TS
9CR1S$ 9 DIAMET]1 _! COL\RS APP>5TLY
2CAME LESS B"R2 & !N ! ORNA;T,N (!
PLUMES _H 6BE GA9$ 0AN IMPROVE;T 9 !
PATT]N & %AD+2 & ? PROCESS 0 C>RI$ ON
UNTIL ! WOND];L BALL-&-SOCKET OCELLI 7
F9,Y DEVELOP$4 ,?US WE C "U/&- & 9 NO
O!R WAY Z X SEEMS 6ME- ! PRES5T 3DI;N &
ORIG9 (! ORNA;TS ON ! W+-F1!RS (! ,>GUS
PH1SANT4
  ,F ! LI<T AF=D$ 0! PR9CIPLE ( GRAD,N-
F :AT WE "K (! LAWS ( V>I,N- F ! *ANGES
: H TAK5 PLACE 9 _M ( \R DOME/ICAT$
BIRDS- &1 LA/LY1 F ! "* 7Z WE % "HAF SEE
M CLE>LY7 (! IMMATURE PLUMAGE ( "Y
BIRDS- WE C "S"TS 9DICATE1 )A C]TA9 AM.T
( 3FID;E1 ! PROBA# /EPS 0: ! MALES H
ACQUIR$ _! BRILLIANT PLUMAGE & V>I\S
ORNA;TS2 YET 9 _M CASES WE >E 9VOLV$ 9
-PLETE D>K;S4 ,MR4 ,G\LD S"EAL YE>S AGO
PO9T$ \ 6ME A HUMM+-BIRD1 ! ,URO/ICTE
B5JAM9I1 REM>KA# =! CURI\S DI6];ES 2T !
SEXES4 ,! MALE1 2SS A SPL5DID GORGET1
HAS GRE5I%-BLACK TAIL-F1!RS1 )! F\R
C5TRAL "OS TIPP$ ) :ITE2 9 ! FEMALE1 Z )
MO/ (! ALLI$ SPECIES1 ! ?REE \T] TAIL-
F1!RS ON EA* SIDE >E TIPP$ ) :ITE1 S T !
MALE HAS ! F\R C5TRAL1 :IL/ ! FEMALE HAS
! SIX EXT]IOR F1!RS ORNA;T$ ) :ITE TIPS4
,:AT MAKES ! CASE M CURI\S IS T1 AL? !
COL\R+ (! TAIL DI6]S REM>KABLY 9 BO?
SEXES ( _M K9DS ( HUMM+-BIRDS1 ,MR4
,G\LD DOES N "K A S+LE SPECIES1 2SS !
,URO/ICTE1 9 : ! MALE HAS ! F\R C5TRAL
F1!RS TIPP$ ) :ITE4
      ,! ,DUKE ( ,>GYLL1 9 -;T+ ON ?
    CASE1 99 PASSES OV] SEXUAL SELEC;N1
    & ASKS1 8,:AT EXPLAN,N DOES ! LAW (
    NATURAL SELEC;N GIVE ( S* SPECIFIC
    V>IETIES Z ^!80 ,HE ANSW]S 8N"O
    :AT"E02 & ,I Q AGREE ) HM4 ,B C ? 2
    S 3FID5TLY SD ( SEXUAL SELEC;N8
    ,SEE+ 9 H[ _M WAYS ! TAIL-F1!RS (
    HUMM+-BIRDS DI6]1 :Y %D N ! F\R
    C5TRAL F1!RS H V>I$ 9 ? "O SPECIES
    AL"O1 S Z 6H ACQUIR$ :ITE TIPS8 ,!
    V>I,NS MAY H BE5 GRADUAL1 OR "S:AT
    ABRUPT Z 9 ! CASE REC5TLY GIV5 (!
    HUMM+-BIRDS NE> ,BOGOTA1 9 : C]TA9
    9DIVIDUALS AL"O H ! 8C5TRAL TAIL-
    F1!RS TIPP$ ) B1UTI;L GRE540 ,9 !
    FEMALE (! ,URO/ICTE ,I NOTIC$
    EXTREMELY M9UTE OR RUDI;TAL :ITE
    TIPS 6! TWO \T] (! F\R C5TRAL BLACK
    TAIL-F1!RS2 S T "H WE H AN 9DIC,N (
    *ANGE ( "S K9D 9 ! PLUMAGE ( ?
    SPECIES4 ,IF WE GRANT ! POSSIBIL;Y (
    ! C5TRAL TAIL-F1!RS (! MALE V>Y+ 9
    :ITE;S1 "! IS NO?+ /RANGE 9 S*
    V>I,NS HAV+ BE5 SEXU,Y SELECT$4 ,!
    :ITE TIPS1 TGR )! SMALL :ITE E>-
    TUFTS1 C]TA9LY ADD1 Z ! ,DUKE (
    ,>GYLL ADMITS1 6! B1UTY (! MALE2 &
    :ITE;S IS APP>5TLY APPRECIAT$ 0O!R
    BIRDS1 Z MAY 2 9F]R$ F S* CASES Z !
    SN[-:ITE MALE (! BELL-BIRD4 ,!
    /ATE;T MADE 0,SIR ,R4 ,H]ON %D N 2
    =GOTT51 "NLY1 T 8 P1H5S1 :5 DEB>R$ F
    A3ESS 6! PI$ P1COCK1 WD N UNITE )
    ANY O!R MALE1 & DUR+ T S1SON PRODUC$
    NO (FSPR+4 ,NOR IS X /RANGE T V>I,NS
    9 ! TAIL-F1!RS (! ,URO/ICTE %D H BE5
    SPECI,Y SELECT$ =! SAKE ( ORNA;T1 =!
    NEXT SU3E$+ G5US 9 ! FAMILY TAKES XS
    "N ( ,METALLURA F ! SPL5D\R ( ^!
    F1!RS4 ,WE H1 MOREOV]1 GD EVID;E T
    HUMM+-BIRDS TAKE ESPECIAL PA9S 9
    4PLAY+ _! TAIL-F1!RS2 ,MR4 ,BELT1 99
    7#B7 AF DESCRIB+ ! B1UTY (!
    ,FLORISUGA MELLIVORA1 SAYS1 8,I H
    SE5 ! FEMALE SITT+ ON A BRAN*1 & TWO
    MALES 4PLAY+ _! *>MS 9 FRONT ( H]4
    ,"O WD %OOT UP L A ROCKET1 !N SU45LY
    EXP&+ ! SN[-:ITE TAIL1 L AN 9V]T$
    P>A*UTE1 SL[LY DESC5D 9 FRONT ( H]1
    TURN+ R.D GRADU,Y 6%EW (F BACK &
    FRONT '''4 ,! EXP&$ :ITE TAIL COV]$
    M SPACE ?AN ALL ! RE/ (! BIRD1 & 0
    EVID5TLY ! GR& F1TURE 9 ! P]=M.E4
    ,:IL/ "O MALE 0 DESC5D+1 ! O!R WD
    %OOT UP & -E SL[LY D[N EXP&$4 ,!
    5T]TA9;T WD 5D 9 A FI<T 2T ! TWO
    P]=M]S2 B :E!R ! MO/ B1UTI;L OR !
    MO/ PUGNACI\S 0 ! A3EPT$ SUITOR1 ,I
    "K N40 ,MR4 ,G\LD1 AF DESCRIB+ !
    PECULI> PLUMAGE (! ,URO/ICTE1 A4S1
    8T ORNA;T & V>IETY IS ! SOLE OBJECT1
    ,I H MYF B LL D\BT48 997#C7 ,IF ? 2
    ADMITT$1 WE C P]CV T ! MALES : DUR+
    =M] "TS 7 DECK$ 9 ! MO/ ELEGANT &
    NOVEL MANN] WD H GA9$ AN ADVANTAGE1
    N 9 ! ORD9>Y /RU7LE = LIFE1 B 9
    RIVALRY ) O!R MALES1 & WD H LEFT A
    L>G] NUMB] ( (FSPR+ 69H]IT _! NEWLY-
    ACQUIR$ B1UTY4
      --,! ,REIGN ( ,LAW1 #AHFG1 P4
    #BDG4
      997#B7 ,! ,NATURALI/ 9 ,NIC>AGUA1
    #AHGD1 P4 #AAB4
      997#C7 ,9TRODUC;N 6! ,TRO*ILIDAE1
    #AHFA1 P4 #AAJ4