,,*APT] ,,XI4
        ,,9SECTS1 ,3T9U$-,,ORD]
     ,,LEPIDOPT]A3 ,,BUTT]FLIES ,,&
                ,,MO?S4

  ,9 ? GRT ,ORD] ! MO/ 9T]E/+ PO9TS = U
>E ! DI6];ES 9 COL\R 2T ! SEXES (! SAME
SPECIES1 & 2T ! 4T9CT SPECIES (! SAME
G5US4 ,NE>LY ! :OLE (! FOLL[+ *APT] W 2
DEVOT$ 6? SUBJECT2 B ,I W F/ MAKE A FEW
REM>KS ON "O OR TWO O!R PO9TS4 ,S"EAL
MALES MAY (T5 2 SE5 PURSU+ & CR[D+ R.D !
SAME FEMALE4 ,_! C\RT%IP APPE>S 6BE A
PROL;G$ A6AIR1 = ,I H FREQU5TLY WAT*$ "O
OR M MALES PIR\ETT+ R.D A FEMALE UNTIL
,I 0 TIR$1 )\T SEE+ ! 5D (! C\RT%IP4
,MR4 ,A4 ,G4 ,BUTL] AL 9=MS ME T HE HAS
S"EAL "TS WAT*$ A MALE C\RT+ A FEMALE =A
FULL QU>T] ( AN H\R2 B %E P]T9ACI\SLY
REFUS$ HM1 & AT LA/ SETTL$ ON ! GR.D &
CLOS$ H] W+S1 S Z 6ESCAPE F 8 A4RESSES4
  ,AL? BUTT]FLIES >E W1K & FRAGILE
CR1TURES1 !Y >E PUGNACI\S1 & AN EMP]OR
BUTT]FLY 99 HAS BE5 CAPTUR$ )! TIPS ( XS
W+S BROK5 F A 3FLICT ) ANO!R MALE4 ,MR4
,COLL+WOOD1 9 SP1K+ (! FREQU5T BATTLES
2T ! BUTT]FLIES ( ,BORNEO1 SAYS1 8,!Y
:IRL R.D EA* O!R )! GRTE/ RAPID;Y1 &
APPE> 6BE 9CIT$ 0! GRTE/ F]OC;Y40
      --,APATURA IRIS3 ,! ,5TOMOLOGI/'S
    ,WEEKLY ,9TELLIG;E1 #AHEI1 P4 #ACI4
    ,=! ,BORN1N BUTT]FLIES1 SEE ,C4
    ,COLL+WOOD1 ,RAM#S (A ,NATURALI/1
    #AHFH1 P4 #AHC4
  ,! ,AG]ONIA F]ONIA MAKES A NOISE L T
PRODUC$ 0A TOO!D :EEL PASS+ "U A SPR+
CAT*1 & : C 2 HE>D AT ! 4T.E ( S"EAL
Y>DS3 ,I NOTIC$ ? S.D AT ,RIO DE
,JANEIRO1 ONLY :5 TWO ( ^! BUTT]FLIES 7
*AS+ EA* O!R 9 AN IRREGUL> C\RSE1 S T X
IS PROBABLY MADE DUR+ ! C\RT%IP (!
SEXES4 99
      --,SEE MY ,J\RNAL ( ,RESE>*ES1
    #AHDE1 P4 #CC4 ,MR4 ,D\#"D HAS
    DETECT$ 7,PROC4 ,5T4 ,SOC41 ,M>* #C1
    #AHDE1 P4 #ABC7 A PECULI> MEMBRAN\S
    SAC AT ! BASE (! FRONT W+S1 : IS
    PROBABLY 3NECT$ )! PRODUC;N (! S.D4
    ,=! CASE ( ,!COPHORA1 SEE
    ,ZOOLOGICAL ,RECORD1 #AHFI1 P4 #DJA4
    ,= ,MR4 ,BU*ANAN ,:ITE'S OBS]V,NS1 !
    ,SCOTTI% ,NATURALI/1 ,JULY1 #AHGB1
    P4 #BAD4
  ,"S MO?S AL PRODUCE S.DS2 = 9/.E1 !
MALES ,!OCOPHORA FOVEA4 ,ON TWO O3A.NS
,MR4 ,F4 ,BU*ANAN ,:ITE 99 HE>D A %>P QK
NOISE MADE 0! MALE ( ,HYLOPHILA
PRAS9ANA1 & : HE 2LIEVES 6BE PRODUC$1 Z
9 ,CICADA1 0AN ELA/IC MEMBRANE1 FURNI%$
)A MUSCLE4 ,HE QUOTES1 AL1 ,GU5EE1 T
,SET9A PRODUCES A S.D L ! TICK+ (A WAT*1
APP>5TLY 0! AID ( 8TWO L>GE TYMPANI=M
VESICLES1 SITUAT$ 9 ! PECTORAL REGION02
& ^! 8>E M* M DEVELOP$ 9 ! MALE ?AN 9 !
FEMALE40 ,H;E ! S.D-PRODUC+ ORGANS 9 !
,LEPIDOPT]A APPE> 6/& 9 "S REL,N )!
SEXUAL FUNC;NS4 ,I H N ALLUD$ 6! WELL-
"KN NOISE MADE 0! D1?'S H1D SPH9X1 = X
IS G5],Y HE>D SOON AF ! MO? HAS EM]G$ F
XS COCOON4
      --,! ,SCOTTI% ,NATURALI/1 ,JULY1
    #AHGB1 P4 #BAC4
  ,GI>D HAS ALW OBS]V$ T ! MUSKY OD\R1 :
IS EMITT$ 0TWO SPECIES ( SPH9X MO?S1 IS
PECULI> 6! MALES2 99 & 9 ! HI<] CLASSES
WE % MEET ) _M 9/.ES (! MALES AL"O 2+
ODORIF]\S4
      --,ZOOLOGICAL ,RECORD1 #AHFI1 P4
    #CDG4
  ,E "O M/ H ADMIR$ ! EXTREME B1UTY ( _M
BUTT]FLIES &( "S MO?S2 & X MAY 2 ASK$1
>E _! COL\RS & DIV]SIFI$ PATT]NS !
RESULT (! DIRECT AC;N (! PHYSICAL 3DI;NS
6: ^! 9SECTS H BE5 EXPOS$1 )\T ANY
B5EFIT 2+ ?US DERIV$8 ,OR H SU3ESSIVE
V>I,NS BE5 A3UMULAT$ & DET]M9$ Z A
PROTEC;N1 OR = "S UN"KN PURPOSE1 OR T "O
SEX MAY 2 ATTRACTIVE 6! O!R8 ,&1 AG1 :AT
IS ! M1N+ (! COL\RS 2+ WIDELY DI6]5T 9 !
MALES & FEMALES ( C]TA9 SPECIES1 & ALIKE
9 ! TWO SEXES ( O!R SPECIES (! SAME
G5US0 ,2F ATTEMPT+ 6ANSW] ^! "QS A BODY
( FACTS M/ 2 GIV54
  ,) \R B1UTI;L ,5GLI% BUTT]FLIES1 !
ADMIRAL1 P1COCK1 & PA9T$ LADY 7,VA;SAE71
Z WELL Z _M O!RS1 ! SEXES >E ALIKE4 ,?
IS AL ! CASE )! MAGNIFIC5T ,HELICONIDAE1
& MO/ (! ,DANAIDAE 9 ! TROPICS4 ,B 9
C]TA9 O!R TROPICAL GR\PS1 & 9 "S ( \R
,5GLI% BUTT]FLIES1 Z ! PURPLE EMP]OR1
ORANGE-TIP1 &C4 7,APATURA IRIS &
,AN?O*>IS C>DAM9ES71 ! SEXES DI6] EI
GRTLY OR SLI<TLY 9 COL\R4 ,NO LANGUAGE
SU6ICES 6DESCRIBE ! SPL5D\R (! MALES (
"S TROPICAL SPECIES4 ,EV5 )9 ! SAME G5US
WE (T5 F9D SPECIES PRES5T+ EXTRAORD9>Y
DI6];ES 2T ! SEXES1 :IL/ O!RS H _! SEXES
CLOSELY ALIKE4 ,?US 9 ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN
G5US ,EPICALIA1 ,MR4 ,BATES1 6:OM ,I AM
9DEBT$ = MO/ (! FOLL[+ FACTS1 &= LOOK+
OV] ? :OLE 4CUS.N1 9=MS ME T HE "KS
TWELVE SPECIES1 ! TWO SEXES ( : HAUNT !
SAME /,NS 7& ? IS N ALW ! CASE )
BUTT]FLIES71 & :1 "!=E1 _C H BE5
DI6]5TLY A6ECT$ 0EXT]NAL 3DI;NS4 99 ,9
N9E ( ^! TWELVE SPECIES ! MALES RANK
AM;G/ ! MO/ BRILLIANT ( ALL BUTT]FLIES1
& DI6] S GRTLY F ! -P>ATIVELY PLA9
FEMALES T !Y 7 =M]LY PLAC$ 9 4T9CT G5]A4
,! FEMALES ( ^! N9E SPECIES RESEM# EA*
O!R 9 _! G5]AL TYPE ( COLOR,N2 & !Y
LIKEWISE RESEM# BO? SEXES (! SPECIES 9
S"EAL ALLI$ G5]A F.D 9 V>I\S "PS (! _W4
,H;E WE MAY 9F] T ^! N9E SPECIES1 &
PROBABLY ALL ! O!RS (! G5US1 >E DESC5D$
F AN ANCE/RAL =M : 0 COL\R$ 9 NE>LY !
SAME MANN]4 ,9 ! T5? SPECIES ! FEMALE /
RETA9S ! SAME G5]AL COL\R+1 B ! MALE
RESEM#S H]1 S T HE IS COL\R$ 9 A M* LESS
GAUDY & 3TRA/$ MANN] ?AN ! MALES (!
PREVI\S SPECIES4 ,9 ! ELEV5? & TWELF?
SPECIES1 ! FEMALES DE"P F ! USUAL TYPE1
= !Y >E GAILY DECORAT$ ALM L ! MALES1 B
9 A "S:AT LESS DEGREE4 ,H;E 9 ^! TWO
LATT] SPECIES ! B"R COL\RS (! MALES SEEM
6H BE5 TRANSF]R$ 6! FEMALES2 :IL/ 9 !
T5? SPECIES ! MALE HAS EI RETA9$ OR
RECOV]$ ! PLA9 COL\RS (! FEMALE1 Z WELL
Z (! P>5T-=M (! G5US4 ,! SEXES 9 ^! ?REE
CASES H ?US BE5 R5D]$ NE>LY ALIKE1 ?\< 9
AN OPPOSITE MANN]4 ,9 ! ALLI$ G5US
,EUBAGIS1 BO? SEXES ( "S (! SPECIES >E
PLA9-COL\R$ & NE>LY ALIKE2 :IL/ )! GRT]
NUMB] ! MALES >E DECORAT$ ) B1UTI;L
METALLIC T9TS 9 A DIV]SIFI$ MANN]1 &
DI6] M* F _! FEMALES4 ,! FEMALES "?\T !
G5US RETA9 ! SAME G5]AL /YLE ( COL\R+1 S
T !Y RESEM# "O ANO!R M* M CLOSELY ?AN !Y
RESEM# _! [N MALES4
      --,SEE AL ,MR4 ,BATES'S PAP] 9
    ,PROC4 ,5T4 ,SOC4 ( ,PHILADELPHIA1
    #AHFE1 P4 #BJF4 ,AL ,MR4 ,WALLACE ON
    ! SAME SUBJECT1 9 REG>D 6,DIADEMA1 9
    ,TRANSAC;NS1 ,5TOMOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1
    ,LONDON1 #AHFI1 P4 #BGH4
  ,9 ! G5US ,PAPILIO1 ALL ! SPECIES (!
,AEN1S GR\P >E REM>KA# = _! 3SPICU\S &
/R;GLY 3TRA/$ COL\RS1 & !Y ILLU/RATE !
FREQU5T T5D5CY 6GRAD,N 9 ! AM.T ( DI6];E
2T ! SEXES4 ,9 A FEW SPECIES1 = 9/.E 9
,P4 ASCANIUS1 ! MALES & FEMALES >E
ALIKE2 9 O!RS ! MALES >E EI A LL B"R]1
OR V M* M SUP]B ?AN ! FEMALES4 ,! G5US
,JUNONIA1 ALLI$ 6\R ,VA;SAE1 (F]S A
NE>LY P>ALLEL CASE1 = AL? ! SEXES ( MO/
(! SPECIES RESEM# EA* O!R1 & >E DE/ITUTE
( RI* COL\RS1 YET 9 C]TA9 SPECIES1 Z 9
,J4 OEN"O1 ! MALE IS R M B"R-COL\R$ ?AN
! FEMALE1 & 9 A FEW 7= 9/.E ,J4
&REMIAJA7 ! MALE IS S DI6]5T F ! FEMALE
T HE MI<T 2 MISTAK5 = AN 5TIRELY 4T9CT
SPECIES4
  ,ANO!R /RIK+ CASE 0 PO9T$ \ 6ME 9 !
,BRITI% ,MUSEUM 0,MR4 ,A4 ,BUTL]1 "NLY1
"O (! TROPICAL ,AM]ICAN ,!CLAE1 9 : BO?
SEXES >E NE>LY ALIKE & WOND];LLY
SPL5DID2 9 ANO!R SPECIES ! MALE IS
COL\R$ 9 A SIMIL>LY GORGE\S MANN]1 :IL/
! :OLE UPP] SURFACE (! FEMALE IS (A DULL
UNI=M BR[N4 ,\R -MON LL ,5GLI% BLUE
BUTT]FLIES (! G5US ,LYCAENA1 ILLU/RATE !
V>I\S DI6];ES 9 COL\R 2T ! SEXES1 ALM Z
WELL1 ?\< N 9 S /RIK+ A MANN]1 Z ! ABV
EXOTIC G5]A4 ,9 ,LYCAENA AGE/IS BO?
SEXES H W+S (A BR[N COL\R1 BORD]$ )
SMALL OCELLAT$ ORANGE SPOTS1 & >E ?US
ALIKE4 ,9 ,L4 OEGON ! W+S (! MALES >E (A
F9E BLUE1 BORD]$ ) BLACK1 :IL/ ^? (!
FEMALE >E BR[N1 )A SIMIL> BORD]1 CLOSELY
RESEMBL+ ! W+S ( ,L4 AGE/IS4 ,LA/LY1 9
,L4 >ION BO? SEXES >E (A BLUE COL\R & >E
V L1 ?\< 9 ! FEMALE ! $GES (! W+S >E R
DUSKI]1 )! BLACK SPOTS PLA9]2 & 9 A B"R
BLUE ,9DIAN SPECIES BO? SEXES >E / M
ALIKE4
  ,I H GIV5 ! =EGO+ DETAILS 9 ORD] 6%[1
9 ! F/ PLACE1 T :5 ! SEXES ( BUTT]FLIES
DI6]1 ! MALE Z A G5]AL RULE IS ! M
B1UTI;L1 & DE"PS M F ! USUAL TYPE (
COL\R+ (! GR\P 6: ! SPECIES 2L;GS4 ,H;E
9 MO/ GR\PS ! FEMALES (! S"EAL SPECIES
RESEM# EA* O!R M* M CLOSELY ?AN D !
MALES4 ,9 "S CASES1 H["E1 6: ,I % "HAF
ALLUDE1 ! FEMALES >E COL\R$ M SPL5DIDLY
?AN ! MALES4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ^!
DETAILS H BE5 GIV5 6BR+ CLE>LY 2F ! M9D
T )9 ! SAME G5US1 ! TWO SEXES FREQU5TLY
PRES5T E GRAD,N F NO DI6];E 9 COL\R1 6S
GRT A DI6];E T X 0 L;G 2F ! TWO 7 PLAC$
05TOMOLOGI/S 9 ! SAME G5US4 ,9 ! ?IRD
PLACE1 WE H SE5 T :5 ! SEXES NE>LY
RESEM# EA* O!R1 ? APPE>S DUE EI 6! MALE
HAV+ TRANSF]R$ 8 COL\RS 6! FEMALE1 OR 6!
MALE HAV+ RETA9$1 OR P]H RECOV]$1 !
PRIMORDIAL COL\RS (! GR\P4 ,X AL DES]VES
NOTICE T 9 ^? GR\PS 9 : ! SEXES DI6]1 !
FEMALES USU,Y "S:AT RESEM# ! MALES1 S T
:5 ! MALES >E B1UTI;L 6AN EXTRAORD9>Y
DEGREE1 ! FEMALES ALM 9V>IABLY EXHIBIT
"S DEGREE ( B1UTY4 ,F ! _M CASES (
GRAD,N 9 ! AM.T ( DI6];E 2T ! SEXES1 & F
! PREVAL;E (! SAME G5]AL TYPE ( COLOR,N
"?\T ! :OLE (! SAME GR\P1 WE MAY 3CLUDE
T ! CAUSES H G5],Y BE5 ! SAME : H
DET]M9$ ! BRILLIANT COL\R+ (! MALES AL"O
( "S SPECIES1 &( BO? SEXES ( O!R
SPECIES4

,Z S _M GORGE\S BUTT]FLIES 9HABIT !
  TROPICS1 X HAS (T5 BE5 SUPPOS$ T !Y [E
  _! COL\RS 6! GRT H1T & MOI/URE ( ^!
  Z"OS2 B ,MR4 ,BATES 99 HAS %[N 0!
  -P>ISON ( V>I\S CLOSELY-ALLI$ GR\PS (
  9SECTS F ! TEMP]ATE & TROPICAL
  REGIONS1 T ? VIEW _C 2 MA9TA9$2 &!
  EVID;E 2COMES 3CLUSIVE :5 BRILLIANTLY-
  COL\R$ MALES & PLA9-COL\R$ FEMALES (!
  SAME SPECIES 9HABIT ! SAME 4TRICT1 FE$
  ON ! SAME FOOD1 & FOLL[ EXACTLY ! SAME
  HABITS ( LIFE4 ,EV5 :5 ! SEXES RESEM#
  EA* O!R1 WE C H>DLY 2LIEVE T _!
  BRILLIANT & B1UTI;LLY >RANG$ COL\RS >E
  ! PURPOSE.S RESULT (! NATURE (!
  TISSUES &(! AC;N (! SURR.D+ 3DI;NS4

      --,! ,NATURALI/ ON ! ,AMAZONS1
    VOL4 I41 #AHFC1 P4 #AI4
  ,) ANIMALS ( ALL K9DS1 :5"E COL\R HAS
BE5 MODIFI$ = "S SPECIAL PURPOSE1 ? HAS
BE51 Z F> Z WE C JUDGE1 EI = DIRECT OR
9DIRECT PROTEC;N1 OR Z AN ATTRAC;N 2T !
SEXES4 ,) _M SPECIES ( BUTT]FLIES ! UPP]
SURFACES (! W+S >E OBSCURE2 & ? 9 ALL
PROBABIL;Y L1DS 6_! ESCAP+ OBS]V,N &
DANG]4 ,B BUTT]FLIES WD 2 "PICUL>LY LIA#
6BE ATTACK$ 0_! 5EMIES :5 AT RE/2 & MO/
K9DS :IL/ RE/+ RAISE _! W+S V]TIC,Y OV]
_! BACKS1 S T ! L[] SURFACE AL"O IS
EXPOS$ 6VIEW4 ,H;E X IS ? SIDE : IS (T5
COL\R$ S Z 6IMITATE ! OBJECTS ON : ^!
9SECTS -MONLY RE/4 ,DR4 ,ROSSL]1 ,I
2LIEVE1 F/ NOTIC$ ! SIMIL>;Y (! CLOS$
W+S ( C]TA9 ,VA;SAE & O!R BUTT]FLIES 6!
B>K ( TREES4 ,_M ANALOG\S & /RIK+ FACTS
CD 2 GIV54 ,! MO/ 9T]E/+ "O IS T RECORD$
0,MR4 ,WALLACE 99 (A -MON ,9DIAN &
,SUMATRAN BUTT]FLY 7,KALLIMA7 : 4APPE>S
L MAGIC :5 X SETTLES ON A BU%2 = X HIDES
XS H1D & ANT5NAE 2T XS CLOS$ W+S1 :1 9
=M1 COL\R & VE9+1 _C 2 4T+UI%$ F A )]$
L1F ) XS FOOT/ALK4 ,9 "S O!R CASES ! L[]
SURFACES (! W+S >E BRILLIANTLY COL\R$1 &
YET >E PROTECTIVE2 ?US 9 ,!CLA RUBI !
W+S :5 CLOS$ >E ( AN EM]ALD GRE51 &
RESEM# ! "Y L1VES (! BRAM#1 ON : 9 SPR+
? BUTT]FLY MAY (T5 2 SE5 S1T$4 ,X IS AL
REM>KA# T 9 V _M SPECIES 9 : ! SEXES
DI6] GRTLY 9 COL\R ON _! UPP] SURFACE1 !
L[] SURFACE IS CLOSELY SIMIL> OR
ID5TICAL 9 BO? SEXES1 & S]VES Z A
PROTEC;N4 99 7#B7
      --,SEE ! 9T]E/+ >TICLE 9 !
    ,WE/M9/] ,REVIEW1 ,JULY1 #AHFG1 P4
    #AJ4 ,A WOODCUT (! ,KALLIMA IS GIV5
    0,MR4 ,WALLACE 9 ,H>DWICKE'S ,SCI;E
    ,GOSSIP1 ,SEPTEMB] #AHFG1 P4 #AIF4
      997#B7 ,MR4 ,G4 ,FRAS]1 9 ,NATURE1
    ,APRIL1 #AHGA1 P4 #DHI4
  ,AL? ! OBSCURE T9TS BO? (! UPP] & "U
SIDES ( _M BUTT]FLIES NO D\BT S]VE 63C1L
!M1 YET WE _C EXT5D ? VIEW 6! BRILLIANT
& 3SPICU\S COL\RS ON ! UPP] SURFACE ( S*
SPECIES Z \R ADMIRAL & P1COCK ,VA;SAE1
\R :ITE CA2AGE-BUTT]FLIES 7,PI]IS71 OR !
GRT SWALL[TAIL ,PAPILIO : HAUNTS ! OP5
F5S- = ^! BUTT]FLIES >E ?US R5D]$ VISI#
6E LIV+ CR1TURE4 ,9 ^! SPECIES BO? SEXES
>E ALIKE2 B 9 ! -MON BRIM/"O BUTT]FLY
7,GONEPT]YX RHAMNI71 ! MALE IS ( AN
9T5SE YELL[1 :IL/ ! FEMALE IS M* PAL]2 &
9 ! ORANGE-TIP 7,AN?O*>IS C>DAM9ES7 !
MALES AL"O H _! W+S TIPP$ ) B"R ORANGE4
,BO? ! MALES & FEMALES 9 ^! CASES >E
3SPICU\S1 & X IS N CR$I# T _! DI6];E 9
COL\R %D /& 9 ANY REL,N 6ORD9>Y
PROTEC;N4 ,PR(4 ,WEISMANN REM>KS1 99 T !
FEMALE ( "O (! ,LYCAENAE EXP&S H] BR[
W+S :5 %E SETTLES ON ! GR.D1 & IS !N ALM
9VISI#2 ! MALE1 ON ! O!R H&1 Z IF AW>E (
! DANG] 9CURR$ F ! B"R BLUE (! UPP]
SURFACE ( 8 W+S1 RE/S ) !M CLOS$2 & ?
%[S T ! BLUE COL\R _C 2 9 ANY WAY
PROTECTIVE4 ,N"E!.S1 X IS PROBA# T
3SPICU\S COL\RS >E 9DIRECTLY B5EFICIAL
6_M SPECIES1 Z A W>N+ T !Y >E UNPALATA#4
,= 9 C]TA9 O!R CASES1 B1UTY HAS BE5 GA9$
"? ! IMIT,N ( O!R B1UTI;L SPECIES1 :
9HABIT ! SAME 4TRICT & 5JOY AN IMMUN;Y F
ATTACK 02+ 9 "S WAY (F5SIVE 6_! 5EMIES2
B !N WE H 6A3.T =! B1UTY (! IMITAT$
SPECIES4
      --,E9FLUSS D] ,ISOLIRUNG AUF DIE
    ,>TBILDUNG1 #AHGB1 P4 #EH4
  ,Z ,MR4 ,WAL% HAS REM>K$ 6ME1 !
FEMALES ( \R ORANGE-TIP BUTT]FLY1 ABV
REF]R$ TO1 &( AN ,AM]ICAN SPECIES 7,AN?4
G5UTIA7 PROBABLY %[ U ! PRIMORDIAL
COL\RS (! P>5T-SPECIES (! G5US2 = BO?
SEXES ( F\R OR FIVE WIDELY-4TRIBUT$
SPECIES >E COL\R$ 9 NE>LY ! SAME MANN]4
,Z 9 S"EAL PREVI\S CASES1 WE MAY "H 9F]
T X IS ! MALES ( ,AN?4 C>DAM9ES & G5UTIA
: H DE"P$ F ! USUAL TYPE (! G5US4 ,9 !
,AN?4 S>A F ,CALI=NIA1 ! ORANGE-TIPS 6!
W+S H BE5 "PI,Y DEVELOP$ 9 ! FEMALE2 B
!Y >E PAL] ?AN 9 ! MALE1 & SLI<TLY
DI6]5T 9 "S O!R RESPECTS4 ,9 AN ALLI$
,9DIAN =M1 ! ,IPHIAS GLAUCIPPE1 !
ORANGE-TIPS >E FULLY DEVELOP$ 9 BO?
SEXES4 ,9 ? ,IPHIAS1 Z PO9T$ \ 6ME 0,MR4
,A4 ,BUTL]1 ! "U SURFACE (! W+S
M>VELL\SLY RESEM#S A PALE-COL\R$ L1F2 &
9 \R ,5GLI% ORANGE-TIP1 ! "U SURFACE
RESEM#S ! FL[]-H1D (! WILD P>SLEY1 ON :
! BUTT]FLY (T5 RE/S AT NI<T4 99 ,! SAME
R1SON : -PELS U 62LIEVE T ! L[] SURFACES
H "H BE5 COL\R$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N1 L1DS
U 6D5Y T ! W+S H BE5 TIPP$ ) B"R ORANGE
=! SAME PURPOSE1 ESPECI,Y :5 ? "* IS
3F9$ 6! MALES4
      --,SEE ! 9T]E/+ OBS]V,NS BY ;,T4
    ,W4 ,WOOD1 ! ,/UD5T1 ,SEPT41 #AHFH1
    P4 #HA4
  ,MO/ MO?S RE/ MO;N.S DUR+ ! :OLE OR
GRT] "P (! "D ) _! W+S DEPRESS$2 &! :OLE
UPP] SURFACE %AD$ & COL\R$ 9 AN ADMIRA#
MANN]1 Z ,MR4 ,WALLACE HAS REM>K$1 =
ESCAP+ DETEC;N4 ,! FRONT-W+S (!
,BOMBYCIDAE1 99 :5 AT RE/1 G5],Y OV]LAP
& 3C1L ! H9D-W+S2 S T ! LATT] MI<T 2
B"RLY COL\R$ )\T M* RISK2 & !Y >E 9 FACT
(T5 ?US COL\R$4 ,DUR+ FLI<T1 MO?S WD (T5
2 A# 6ESCAPE F _! 5EMIES2 N"E!.S1 Z !
H9D-W+S >E !N FULLY EXPOS$ 6VIEW1 _! B"R
M/ G5],Y H BE5 ACQUIR$ AT "S LL RISK4 ,B
! FOLL[+ FACT %EWS H[ CAUTI\S WE "\ 6BE
9 DRAW+ 3CLU.NS ON ? H1D4 ,! -MON YELL[
"U-W+S 7,TRIPHOENA7 (T5 FLY AB DUR+ ! "D
OR E>LY EV5+1 & >E !N 3SPICU\S F ! COL\R
( _! H9D-W+S4 ,X WD NATUR,Y 2 ?"\ T ? WD
2 A S\RCE ( DANG]2 B ,MR4 ,J4 ,J5N]
,WEIR 2LIEVES T X ACTU,Y S]VES !M Z A
M1NS ( ESCAPE1 = BIRDS /RIKE AT ^! B"RLY
COL\R$ & FRAGILE SURFACES1 9/1D ( AT !
BODY4 ,= 9/.E1 ,MR4 ,WEIR TURN$ 96HIS
AVI>Y A VIGOR\S SPECIM5 ( ,TRIPHOENA
PRONUBA1 : 0 9/ANTLY PURSU$ 0A ROB92 B !
BIRD'S ATT5;N 2+ CAU<T 0! COL\R$ W+S1 !
MO? 0 N CAPTUR$ UNTIL AF AB FIFTY
ATTEMPTS1 & SMALL POR;NS (! W+S 7
REP1T$LY BROK5 (F4 ,HE TRI$ ! SAME
EXP]I;T1 9 ! OP5 AIR1 )A SWALL[ & ,T4
FIMBRIA2 B ! L>GE SIZE ( ? MO? PROBABLY
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9DIRECTLY B5EFICIAL40
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    #AIC4 997#B7 ,SEE AL1 ON ? SUBJECT1
    ,MR4 ,WEIR'S PAP] 9 ,TRANSAC;NS1
    ,5TOMOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 #AHFI1 P4
    #BC4
      997#C7 ,WE/M9/] ,REVIEW1 ,JULY1
    #AHFG1 P4 #AF4
  ,4PLAY4- ,! B"R COL\RS ( _M BUTT]FLIES
&( "S MO?S >E SPECI,Y >RANG$ = 4PLAY1 S
T !Y MAY 2 R1DILY SE54 ,DUR+ ! NI<T
COL\RS >E N VISI#1 & "! C 2 NO D\BT T !
NOCTURNAL MO?S1 TAK5 Z A BODY1 >E M*
LESS GAILY DECORAT$ ?AN BUTT]FLIES1 ALL
( : >E DIURNAL 9 _! HABITS4 ,B ! MO?S (
C]TA9 FAMILIES1 S* Z ! ,ZYGAENIDAE1
S"EAL ,SPH+IDAE1 ,URANIIDAE1 "S
,>CTIIDAE & ,SATURNIIDAE1 FLY AB DUR+ !
"D OR E>LY EV5+1 & _M ( ^! >E EXTREMELY
B1UTI;L1 2+ F> B"R] COL\R$ ?AN ! /RICTLY
NOCTURNAL K9DS4 ,A FEW EXCEP;NAL CASES1
H["E1 ( B"R-COL\R$ NOCTURNAL SPECIES H
BE5 RECORD$4 99
      --,= 9/.E1 ,LI?OSIA2 B ,PR(4
    ,WE/WOOD 7,MOD]N ,CLASS4 ( ,9SECTS1
    VOL4 ;II41 P4 #CIJ7 SEEMS SURPRIS$
    AT ? CASE4 ,ON ! RELATIVE COL\RS (
    DIURNAL & NOCTURNAL ,LEPIDOPT]A1 SEE
    IBID41 PP4 #CCC & #CIB2 AL ,H>RIS1
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    #AHDB1 P4 #CAE4
  ,"! IS EVID;E ( ANO!R K9D 9 REG>D
64PLAY4 ,BUTT]FLIES1 Z 2F REM>K$1
ELEVATE _! W+S :5 AT RE/1 B :IL/ BASK+ 9
! SUN%9E (T5 ALT]NATELY RAISE & DEPRESS
!M1 ?US EXPOS+ BO? SURFACES 6FULL VIEW2
& AL? ! L[] SURFACE IS (T5 COL\R$ 9 AN
OBSCURE MANN] Z A PROTEC;N1 YET 9 _M
SPECIES X IS Z HI<LY DECORAT$ Z ! UPP]
SURFACE1 & "S"TS 9 A V DI6]5T MANN]4 ,9
"S TROPICAL SPECIES ! L[] SURFACE IS EV5
M BRILLIANTLY COL\R$ ?AN ! UPP]4 99 ,9 !
,5GLI% FRITILL>IES 7,>GYNNIS7 ! L[]
SURFACE AL"O IS ORNA;T$ ) %9+ SILV]4
,N"E!.S1 Z A G5]AL RULE1 ! UPP] SURFACE1
: IS PROBABLY M FULLY EXPOS$1 IS COL\R$
M B"RLY & DIV]SELY ?AN ! L[]4 ,H;E ! L[]
SURFACE G5],Y AF=DS 65TOMOLOGI/S ! M
USE;L "* = DETECT+ ! A69ITIES (! V>I\S
SPECIES4 ,FRITZ ,MULL] 9=MS ME T ?REE
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,S4 ,BRAZIL3 ( TWO ( !M ! H9D-W+S >E
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^! BUTT]FLIES >E AT RE/2 B ! ?IRD
SPECIES HAS BLACK H9D-W+S1 B1UTI;LLY
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CASES CD 2 A4$4
      --,S* DI6];ES 2T ! UPP] & L[]
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    ,PAPILIO MAY 2 SE5 9 ! B1UTI;L
    PLATES 6,MR4 ,WALLACE'S 8,MEMOIR ON
    ! ,PAPILIONIDAE (! ,MALAYAN
    ,REGION10 9 ,TRANSAC;NS (! ,L9N1N
    ,SOCIETY1 VOL4 ;XXV41 "P I41 #AHFE4
  ,IF WE N[ TURN 6! ENORM\S GR\P ( MO?S1
:1 Z ,I HE> F ,MR4 ,/A9TON1 D N HABITU,Y
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WE F9D ? SIDE V R>ELY COL\R$ )A B"R;S
GRT] ?AN1 OR EV5 EQUAL TO1 T (! UPP]
SIDE4 ,"S EXCEP;NS 6! RULE1 EI R1L OR
APP>5T1 M/ 2 NOTIC$1 Z ! CASE (
,HYPOPYRA4 99 ,MR4 ,TRIM5 9=MS ME T 9
,GU5EE'S GRT "W1 ?REE MO?S >E FIGUR$1 9
: ! "U SURFACE IS M* ! M BRILLIANT4 ,=
9/.E1 9 ! ,AU/RALIAN ,GA/ROPHORA ! UPP]
SURFACE (! =E -W+ IS PALE GREYI%-O*RE\S1
:ILE ! L[] SURFACE IS MAGNIFIC5TLY
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9 ! MID/ (A BLACK M>K1 SURR.D$ 0ORANGE-
YELL[1 & ? 0BLUI%-:ITE4 ,B ! HABITS ( ^!
?REE MO?S >E UN"KN2 S T NO EXPLAN,N C 2
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,TRIM5 AL 9=MS ME T ! L[] SURFACE (! W+S
9 C]TA9 O!R ,GEOMETRAE 99 7#B7 &
QUADRIFID ,NOCTUAE >E EI M V>IEGAT$ OR M
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^! SPECIES H ! HABIT ( 8HOLD+ _! W+S Q
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=A 3SID]A# "T10 & ?US EXPOS+ ! "U
SURFACE 6VIEW4 ,O!R SPECIES1 :5 SETTL$
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SURFACE 9 C]TA9 MO?S IS N S ANOMAL\S Z X
AT F/ APPE>S4 ,! ,SATURNIIDAE 9CLUDE "S
(! MO/ B1UTI;L ( ALL MO?S1 _! W+S 2+
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MOVE;TS2 8= 9/.E1 9 ! G5TLE WAV+ UP &
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    ,PROCE$+S (! ,5TOMOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1
    ,M>* #B1 #AHFH4
      997#B7 ,SEE AL AN A3.T (! ,S4
    ,AM]ICAN G5US ,ERATE9A 7"O (!
    ,GEOMETRAE7 9 ,TRANSAC;NS1 ,5T41
    ,SOC41 NEW S]IES1 VOL4 V41 PLS4 ;XV4
    & ;XVI4
      997#C7 ,PROC ,5T4 ,SOC4 ( ,LONDON1
    ,JULY #F1 #AHFH1 P4 ;XXVII4
  ,X IS A S+UL> FACT T NO ,BRITI% MO?S :
>E BRILLIANTLY COL\R$1 &1 Z F> Z ,I C
4COV]1 H>DLY ANY =EIGN SPECIES1 DI6] M*
9 COL\R AC 6SEX2 ?\< ? IS ! CASE ) _M
BRILLIANT BUTT]FLIES4 ,! MALE1 H["E1 (
"O ,AM]ICAN MO?1 ! ,SATURNIA IO1 IS
DESCRIB$ Z HAV+ XS =EW+S DEEP YELL[1
CURI\SLY M>K$ ) PURPLI%-R$ SPOTS2 :IL/ !
W+S (! FEMALE >E PURPLE-BR[N1 M>K$ )
GREY L9ES4 99 ,! ,BRITI% MO?S : DI6]
SEXU,Y 9 COL\R >E ALL BR[N1 OR ( V>I\S
DULL YELL[ T9TS1 OR NE>LY :ITE4 ,9 S"EAL
SPECIES ! MALES >E M* D>K] ?AN !
FEMALES1 99 7#B7 & ^! 2L;G 6GR\PS :
G5],Y FLY AB DUR+ ! AFN4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9
_M G5]A1 Z ,MR4 ,/A9TON 9=MS ME1 ! MALES
H ! H9D-W+S :IT] ?AN ^? (! FEMALE- ( :
FACT ,AGROTIS EXCLAM,NIS (F]S A GD 9/.E4
,9 ! <O/-MO? 7,HEPIALUS HUMULI7 ! DI6];E
IS M /R;GLY M>K$2 ! MALES 2+ :ITE1 &!
FEMALES YELL[ ) D>K] M>K+S4 99 7#C7 ,X
IS PROBA# T 9 ^! CASES ! MALES >E ?US
R5D]$ M 3SPICU\S1 & M EASILY SE5 0!
FEMALES :IL/ FLY+ AB 9 ! DUSK4
      --,H>RIS1 ,TR1TISE1 &C41 $IT$
    0,FL9T1 #AHFB1 P4 #CIE4
      997#B7 ,= 9/.E1 ,I OBS]VE 9 MY
    SON'S CAB9ET T ! MALES >E D>K] ?AN !
    FEMALES 9 ! ,LASIOCAMPA QU]CUS
    ,OD"O/IS POTATORIA1 ,HYPOGYMNA 4P>1
    ,DASY*IRA PUDIBUNDA1 & ,CYCNIA
    M5DICA4 ,9 ? LATT] SPECIES ! DI6];E
    9 COL\R 2T ! TWO SEXES IS /R;GLY
    M>K$2 & ,MR4 ,WALLACE 9=MS ME T WE
    "H H1 Z HE 2LIEVES1 AN 9/.E (
    PROTECTIVE MIMICRY 3F9$ 6"O SEX1 Z W
    "HAF 2 M FULLY EXPLA9$4 ,! :ITE
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    :OLE BROOD ( "Y TURKEYS1 : 7 FOND (
    EAT+ O!R MO?S2 S T IF ! ,CYCNIA 0
    -MONLY MISTAK5 0,BRITI% BIRDS =!
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      997#C7 ,X IS REM>KA#1 T 9 ! ,%ETL&
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    WIDELY F ! FEMALE1 FREQU5TLY RESEM#S
    H] CLOSELY 9 COL\R 7SEE ,MR4
    ,MAC,LA*LAN1 ,TRANSAC;NS1
    ,5TOMOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 VOL4 ;II41
    #AHFF1 P4 #DEI74 ,MR4 ,G4 ,FRAS]
    SU7E/S 7,NATURE1 ,APRIL1 #AHGA1 P4
    #DHI7 T AT ! S1SON (! YE> :5 ! <O/-
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    VISI# 6! FEMALES 9 ! TWILI<T NI<T4
  ,F ! S"EAL =EGO+ FACTS X IS IMPOSSI#
6ADMIT T ! BRILLIANT COL\RS (
BUTT]FLIES1 &( "S FEW MO?S1 H -MONLY BE5
ACQUIR$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,WE H SE5 T
_! COL\RS & ELEGANT PATT]NS >E >RANG$ &
EXHIBIT$ Z IF = 4PLAY4 ,H;E ,I AM L$
62LIEVE T ! FEMALES PREF] OR >E MO/
EXCIT$ 0! M BRILLIANT MALES2 = ON ANY
O!R SUPPOSI;N ! MALES WD1 Z F> Z WE C
SEE1 2 ORNA;T$ 6NO PURPOSE4 ,WE "K T
ANTS & C]TA9 LAMELLICORN BEETLES >E
CAPA# ( FEEL+ AN ATTA*;T = EA* O!R1 & T
ANTS RECOGNISE _! FELL[S AF AN 9T]VAL (
S"EAL MON?S4 ,H;E "! IS NO AB/RACT
IMPROBABIL;Y 9 ! ,LEPIDOPT]A1 : PROBABLY
/& NE>LY OR Q Z HI< 9 ! SCALE Z ^!
9SECTS1 HAV+ SU6ICI5T M5TAL CAPAC;Y
6ADMIRE B"R COL\RS4 ,!Y C]TA9LY 4COV]
FL[]S 0COL\R4 ,! HUMM+-BIRD SPH9X MAY
(T5 2 SE5 6SWOOP D[N F A 4T.E ON A BUN*
( FL[]S 9 ! MID/ ( GRE5 FOLIAGE2 & ,I H
BE5 ASSUR$ 0TWO P]SONS ABROAD1 T ^! MO?S
REP1T$LY VISIT FL[]S PA9T$ ON ! WALLS (A
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96!M4 ,FRITZ ,MULL] 9=MS ME T S"EAL K9DS
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UNMISTAKA# PREF];E = C]TA9 COL\RS OV]
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XS [N SPECIES4 ,MR4 ,COLL+WOOD 99 9
SP1K+ (! DI6ICULTY 9 COLLECT+ C]TA9
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T 8A D1D SPECIM5 P9N$ ^U A 3SPICU\S TWIG
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      --,RAM#S (A ,NATURALI/ 9 ! ,*9ESE
    ,S1S1 #AHFH1 P4 #AHB4
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PURSU+ OR CR[D+ R.D ! SAME FEMALE4
,UN.S1 !N1 ! FEMALES PREF] "O MALE
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! M B1UTI;L MALES1 ! COL\RS (! LATT] W H
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LAW ( 9H]IT.E : HAS PREVAIL$4 ,! PROCESS
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"NLY1 T ! MALES ( _M ,LEPIDOPT]A1 AT L1/
9 ! IMAGO /ATE1 GRTLY EXCE$ ! FEMALES 9
NUMB]4
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SE5 PAIR$ ) BATT]$1 FAD$1 OR D+Y MALES2
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! ,BOMBYCIDAE1 ! SEXES PAIR IMMLY AF
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-MON SILK-MO? 7,B4 MORI71 Z ,I H BE5
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,BOMBYX CYN?IA1 IS 3V9C$ T ! FEMALES
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ABV #CJJ ( ^! MO?S TGR1 & HAS (T5 F.D !
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: ! FEMALES >E M BRILLIANT ?AN ! MALES2
& "H1 Z ,I 2LIEVE1 ! MALES H SELECT$ ! M
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B1UTY4 ,WE D N "K :Y 9 V>I\S CLASSES (
ANIMALS ! MALES ( "S FEW SPECIES H
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GLADLY A3EPT$ ANY FEMALE1 Z SEEMS 6BE !
G5]AL RULE 9 ! ANIMAL K+DOM3 B IF1 3TR>Y
6:AT G5],Y O3URS )! ,LEPIDOPT]A1 !
FEMALES 7 M* M NUM]\S ?AN ! MALES1 !
LATT] WD 2 LIKELY 6PICK \ ! M B1UTI;L
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! M ORNATE1 X IS ^! : H BE5 MODIFI$1 !
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S M>K$4 ,! FEMALES AL"O ( TWO SPECIES (
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9 ! MALES ONLY 0?9 /R1KS02 & 9 ,PI]IS X
IS ! FEMALES : 8>E ORNA;T$ ) BLACK SPOTS
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! MALES40 ,N[ ! MALES ( _M BUTT]FLIES >E
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TAKE ! M ACTIVE "P 9 ! F9AL M>RIAGE
C]EMONY1 S T WE MAY SUPPOSE T !Y
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,D>W9'S VIEWS48 99
      --,NATURE1 ,APRIL #BG1 #AHGA1 P4
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    ON ! SEXUAL DI6];ES ( S"EAL ,BRITI%
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  ,Z SEXUAL SELEC;N PRIM>ILY DEP5DS ON
V>IABIL;Y1 A FEW ^WS M/ 2 A4$ ON ?
SUBJECT4 ,9 RESPECT 6COL\R "! IS NO
DI6ICULTY1 = ANY NUMB] ( HI<LY V>IA#
,LEPIDOPT]A CD 2 "ND4 ,"O GD 9/.E W
SU6ICE4 ,MR4 ,BATES %EW$ ME A :OLE S]IES
( SPECIM5S ( ,PAPILIO SESO/RIS & ,P4
*NAE2 9 ! LATT] ! MALES V>I$ M* 9 !
EXT5T (! B1UTI;LLY 5AMELL$ GRE5 PAT* ON
! =E-W+S1 & 9 ! SIZE (! :ITE M>K1 &(!
SPL5DID CRIMSON /RIPE ON ! H9D-W+S2 S T
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&! L1/ GAUDY4 ,! MALE ( ,PAPILIO
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! GRE5 PAT* ON ! =E-W+S1 & 9 ! O3A.NAL
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W+S1 BORR[$1 Z X WD SEEM1 F XS [N
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9 ! ,AEN1S GR\P POSSESS ? CRIMSON /RIPE4
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&! DULLE/ ( ,P4 *NAE1 "! 0 B A SMALL
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3F9$ 6! MALE SEX2 B ,MR4 ,WALLACE & ,MR4
,BATES H %EWN 99 T ! FEMALES ( "S
SPECIES >E EXTREMELY V>IA#1 ! MALES 2+
NE>LY 3/ANT4 ,9 A FUTURE *APT] ,I % H
O3A.N 6%EW T ! B1UTI;L EYE-L SPOTS1 OR
OCELLI1 F.D ON ! W+S ( _M ,LEPIDOPT]A1
>E EM95TLY V>IA#4 ,I MAY "H ADD T ^!
OCELLI (F] A DI6ICULTY ON ! !ORY (
SEXUAL SELEC;N2 = ?\< APPE>+ 6U S
ORNA;TAL1 !Y >E N"E PRES5T 9 "O SEX &
ABS5T 9 ! O!R1 NOR D !Y "E DI6] M* 9 !
TWO SEXES4 99 7#B7 ,? FACT IS AT PRES5T
9EXPLICA#2 B IF X %D "HAF 2 F.D T ! =M,N
( AN OCELLUS IS DUE 6"S *ANGE 9 !
TISSUES (! W+S1 = 9/.E1 O3URR+ AT A V
E>LY P]IOD ( DEVELOP;T1 WE MI<T EXPECT1
F :AT WE "K (! LAWS ( 9H]IT.E1 T X WD 2
TRANSMITT$ 6BO? SEXES1 ?\< >IS+ &
P]FECT$ 9 "O SEX AL"O4
      --,WALLACE ON ! 8,PAPILIONIDAE (!
    ,MALAYAN ,REGION10 9 ,TRANSACT4
    ,L9N4 ,SOC41 VOL4 ;XXV41 #AHFE1 PP4
    #H1 #CF4 ,A /RIK+ CASE (A R>E
    V>IETY1 /RICTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T TWO O!R
    WELL-M>K$ FEMALE V>IETIES1 IS GIV5
    0,MR4 ,WALLACE4 ,SEE AL ,MR4 ,BATES1
    9 ,PROC4 ,5TOMOLOG4 ,SOC41 ,NOV4
    #AI1 #AHFF1 P4 ;XL4
      997#B7 ,MR4 ,BATES 0 S K9D Z 6LAY
    ? SUBJECT 2F ! ,5TOMOLOGICAL
    ,SOCIETY1 & ,I H RCVD ANSW]S 6?
    E6ECT F S"EAL 5TOMOLOGI/S4
  ,ON ! :OLE1 AL? _M S]I\S OBJEC;NS MAY
2 URG$1 X SEEMS PROBA# T MO/ (!
BRILLIANTLY-COL\R$ SPECIES ( ,LEPIDOPT]A
[E _! COL\RS 6SEXUAL SELEC;N1 EXCEPT+ 9
C]TA9 CASES1 PRES5TLY 6BE M5;N$1 9 :
3SPICU\S COL\RS H BE5 GA9$ "? MIMICRY Z
A PROTEC;N4 ,F ! >D\R (! MALE "?\T !
ANIMAL K+DOM1 HE IS G5],Y WILL+ 6A3EPT
ANY FEMALE2 & X IS ! FEMALE : USU,Y
EX]TS A *OICE4 ,H;E1 IF SEXUAL SELEC;N
HAS BE5 E6ICI5T )! ,LEPIDOPT]A1 ! MALE1
:5 ! SEXES DI6]1 "\ 6BE ! M BRILLIANTLY
COL\R$1 & ? UND\BT$LY IS ! CASE4 ,:5 BO?
SEXES >E BRILLIANTLY COL\R$ & RESEM# EA*
O!R1 ! "*S ACQUIR$ 0! MALES APPE> 6H BE5
TRANSMITT$ 6BO?4 ,WE >E L$ 6? 3CLU.N
0CASES1 EV5 )9 ! SAME G5US1 ( GRAD,N F
AN EXTRAORD9>Y AM.T ( DI6];E 6ID5T;Y 9
COL\R 2T ! TWO SEXES4
  ,B X MAY 2 ASK$ :E!R ! DI6];E 9 COL\R
2T ! SEXES MAY N 2 A3.T$ = 0O!R M1NS 2SS
SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,?US ! MALES & FEMALES (
! SAME SPECIES ( BUTT]FLY >E 9 S"EAL
CASES "KN 99 69HABIT DI6]5T /,NS1 ! =M]
-MONLY BASK+ 9 ! SUN%9E1 ! LATT] HAUNT+
GLOOMY =E/S4 ,X IS "!=E POSSI# T DI6]5T
3DI;NS ( LIFE MAY H ACT$ DIRECTLY ON !
TWO SEXES2 B ? IS N PROBA# 99 7#B7 Z 9 !
ADULT /ATE !Y >E EXPOS$ 6DI6]5T 3DI;NS
DUR+ A V %ORT P]IOD2 &! L>VAE ( BO? >E
EXPOS$ 6! SAME 3DI;NS4 ,MR4 ,WALLACE
2LIEVES T ! DI6];E 2T ! SEXES IS DUE N S
M* 6! MALES HAV+ BE5 MODIFI$1 Z 6!
FEMALES HAV+ 9 ALL OR ALM ALL CASES
ACQUIR$ DULL COL\RS =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4
,X SEEMS 6ME1 ON ! 3TR>Y1 F> M PROBA# T
X IS ! MALES : H BE5 *IEFLY MODIFI$ "?
SEXUAL SELEC;N1 ! FEMALES HAV+ BE5
-P>ATIVELY LL *ANG$4 ,WE C ?US "U/& H[ X
IS T ! FEMALES ( ALLI$ SPECIES G5],Y
RESEM# "O ANO!R S M* M CLOSELY ?AN D !
MALES4 ,!Y ?US %EW U APPROXIMATELY !
PRIMORDIAL COL\R+ (! P>5T-SPECIES (!
GR\P 6: !Y 2L;G4 ,!Y H1 H["E1 ALM ALW
BE5 "S:AT MODIFI$ 0! TRANSF] 6!M ( "S (!
SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS1 "? ! A3UMUL,N ( : !
MALES 7 R5D]$ B1UTI;L4 ,B ,I D N WI%
6D5Y T ! FEMALES AL"O ( "S SPECIES MAY H
BE5 SPECI,Y MODIFI$ = PROTEC;N4 ,9 MO/
CASES ! MALES & FEMALES ( 4T9CT SPECIES
W H BE5 EXPOS$ DUR+ _! PROL;G$ L>VAL
/ATE 6DI6]5T 3DI;NS1 & MAY H BE5 ?US
A6ECT$2 ?\< )! MALES ANY SLI<T *ANGE (
COL\R ?US CAUS$ W G5],Y H BE5 MASK$ 0!
BRILLIANT T9TS GA9$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N4
,:5 WE TR1T ( BIRDS1 ,I % H 64CUSS !
:OLE "Q1 Z 6H[ F> ! DI6];ES 9 COL\R 2T !
SEXES >E DUE 6! MALES HAV+ BE5 MODIFI$
"? SEXUAL SELEC;N = ORNA;TAL PURPOSES1
OR 6! FEMALES HAV+ BE5 MODIFI$ "?
NATURAL SELEC;N =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N1 S T
,I W "H SAY B LL ON ! SUBJECT4
      --,H4 ,W4 ,BATES1 ,! ,NATURALI/ ON
    ! ,AMAZONS1 VOL4 ;II41 #AHFC1 P4
    #BBH4 ,A4 ,R4 ,WALLACE1 9
    ,TRANSAC;NS1 ,L9N1N ,SOCIETY1 VOL4
    ;XXV41 #AHFE1 P4 #AJ4
      997#B7 ,ON ? :OLE SUBJECT SEE ,!
    ,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS "U
    ,DOME/IC,N1 #AHFH1 VOL4 ;II41 *AP4
    ;XXIII4
  ,9 ALL ! CASES 9 : ! M -MON =M ( EQUAL
9H]IT.E 0BO? SEXES HAS PREVAIL$1 !
SELEC;N ( B"R-COL\R$ MALES WD T5D 6MAKE
! FEMALES B"R-COL\R$2 &! SELEC;N ( DULL-
COL\R$ FEMALES WD T5D 6MAKE ! MALES
DULL4 ,IF BO? PROCESSES 7 C>RI$ ON
SIMULTANE\SLY1 !Y WD T5D 6C.T]ACT EA*
O!R2 &! F9AL RESULT WD DEP5D ON :E!R A
GRT] NUMB] ( FEMALES F 2+ WELL PROTECT$
0OBSCURE COL\RS1 OR A GRT] NUMB] ( MALES
02+ B"RLY-COL\R$ & ?US F9D+ "PN]S1
SU3E$$ 9 L1V+ M NUM]\S (FSPR+4
  ,9 ORD] 6A3.T =! FREQU5T TRANSMIS.N (
"*S 6"O SEX AL"O1 ,MR4 ,WALLACE
EXPRESSES 8 2LIEF T ! M -MON =M ( EQUAL
9H]IT.E 0BO? SEXES C 2 *ANG$ "? NATURAL
SELEC;N 969H]IT.E 0"O SEX AL"O1 B 9
FAV\R ( ? VIEW ,I C 4COV] NO EVID;E4 ,WE
"K F :AT O3URS "U DOME/IC,N T NEW "*S
(T5 APPE>1 : F ! F/ >E TRANSMITT$ 6"O
SEX AL"O2 & 0! SELEC;N ( S* V>I,NS "! WD
N 2 ! SLI<TE/ DI6ICULTY 9 GIV+ B"R
COL\RS 6! MALES AL"O1 & AT ! SAME "T OR
SUBSEQU5TLY1 DULL COL\RS 6! FEMALES
AL"O4 ,9 ? MANN] ! FEMALES ( "S
BUTT]FLIES & MO?S H1 X IS PROBA#1 BE5
R5D]$ 9CONSPICU\S =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N1 &
WIDELY DI6]5T F _! MALES4
  ,I AM1 H["E1 UNWILL+ )\T 4T9CT EVID;E
6ADMIT T TWO -PLEX PROCESSES ( SELEC;N1
EA* REQUIR+ ! TRANSF];E ( NEW "*S 6"O
SEX AL"O1 H BE5 C>RI$ ON )A MULTITUDE (
SPECIES1- T ! MALES H BE5 R5D]$ M
BRILLIANT 0B1T+ _! RIVALS1 &! FEMALES M
DULL-COL\R$ 0HAV+ ESCAP$ F _! 5EMIES4 ,!
MALE1 = 9/.E1 (! -MON BRIM/"O BUTT]FLY
7,GONEPT]YX71 IS (A F> M 9T5SE YELL[ ?AN
! FEMALE1 ?\< %E IS EQU,Y 3SPICU\S2 & X
DOES N SEEM PROBA# T %E SPECI,Y ACQUIR$
H] PALE T9TS Z A PROTEC;N1 ?\< X IS
PROBA# T ! MALE ACQUIR$ 8 B"R COL\RS Z A
SEXUAL ATTRAC;N4 ,! FEMALE ( ,AN?O*>IS
C>DAM9ES DOES N POSSESS ! B1UTI;L ORANGE
W+-TIPS (! MALE2 3SEQU5TLY %E CLOSELY
RESEM#S ! :ITE BUTT]FLIES 7,PI]IS7 S
-MON 9 \R G>D5S2 B WE H NO EVID;E T ?
RESEMBL.E IS B5EFICIAL 6H]4 ,Z1 ON ! O!R
H&1 %E RESEM#S BO? SEXES ( S"EAL O!R
SPECIES (! G5US 9HABIT+ V>I\S QU>T]S (!
_W1 X IS PROBA# T %E HAS SIMPLY RETA9$
6A L>GE EXT5T H] PRIMORDIAL COL\RS4
  ,F9,Y1 Z WE H SE51 V>I\S 3SID],NS L1D
6! 3CLU.N T )! GRT] NUMB] ( BRILLIANTLY-
COL\R$ ,LEPIDOPT]A X IS ! MALE : HAS BE5
*IEFLY MODIFI$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N2 ! AM.T
( DI6];E 2T ! SEXES MO/LY DEP5D+ ON ! =M
( 9H]IT.E : HAS PREVAIL$4 ,9H]IT.E IS
GOVEM$ 0S _M UN"KN LAWS OR 3DI;NS1 T X
SEEMS 6U 6ACT 9 A CAPRICI\S MANN]2 99 &
WE C ?US1 6A C]TA9 EXT5T1 "U/& H[ X IS T
) CLOSELY ALLI$ SPECIES ! SEXES EI DI6]
6AN A/ONI%+ DEGREE1 OR >E ID5TICAL 9
COL\R4 ,Z ALL ! SU3ESSIVE /EPS 9 !
PROCESS ( V>I,N >E NECESS>ILY TRANSMITT$
"? ! FEMALE1 A GRT] OR LESS NUMB] ( S*
/EPS MI<T R1DILY 2COME DEVELOP$ 9 H]2 &
?US WE C "U/& ! FREQU5T GRAD,NS F AN
EXTREME DI6];E 6N"O AT ALL 2T ! SEXES (
ALLI$ SPECIES4 ,^! CASES ( GRAD,N1 X MAY
2 A4$1 >E M* TOO -MON 6FAV\R ! SUPPOSI;N
T WE "H SEE FEMALES ACTU,Y "UGO+ !
PROCESS ( TRANSI;N & LOS+ _! B"R;S =!
SAKE ( PROTEC;N2 = WE H E R1SON 63CLUDE
T AT ANY "O "T ! GRT] NUMB] ( SPECIES >E
9 A FIX$ 3DI;N4
      --,! ,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS
    "U ,DOME/IC,N1 VOL4 ;II41 *AP4
    ;XII41 P4 #AG4
  ,MIMICRY4- ,? PR9CIPLE 0 F/ MADE CLE>
9 AN ADMIRA# PAP] 0,MR4 ,BATES1 99 :O
?US ?REW A FLOOD ( LI<T ON _M OBSCURE
PRO#MS4 ,X _H PREVI\SLY BE5 OBS]V$ T
C]TA9 BUTT]FLIES 9 ,S4 ,AM]ICA 2L;G+ 6Q
4T9CT FAMILIES1 RESEM#D ! ,HELICONIDAE S
CLOSELY 9 E /RIPE & %ADE ( COL\R1 T !Y
CD N 2 4T+UI%$ SAVE 0AN EXP]I;ED
5TOMOLOGI/4 ,Z ! ,HELICONIDAE >E COL\R$
9 _! USUAL MANN]1 :IL/ ! O!RS DE"P F !
USUAL COL\R+ (! GR\PS 6: !Y 2L;G1 X IS
CLE> T ! LATT] >E ! IMITATORS1 &!
,HELICONIDAE ! IMITAT$4 ,MR4 ,BATES
FUR!R OBS]V$ T ! IMITAT+ SPECIES >E
-P>ATIVELY R>E1 :IL/ ! IMITAT$ AB.D1 & T
! TWO SETS LIVE M+L$ TGR4 ,F ! FACT (!
,HELICONIDAE 2+ 3SPICU\S & B1UTI;L
9SECTS1 YET S NUM]\S 9 9DIVIDUALS &
SPECIES1 HE 3CLUD$ T !Y M/ 2 PROTECT$ F
! ATTACKS ( 5EMIES 0"S SECRE;N OR OD\R2
& ? 3CLU.N HAS N[ BE5 AMPLY 3FIRM$1 99
7#B7 ESPECI,Y 0,MR4 ,BELT4 ,H;E ,MR4
,BATES 9F]R$ T ! BUTT]FLIES : IMITATE !
PROTECT$ SPECIES H ACQUIR$ _! PRES5T
M>VELL\SLY DECEPTIVE APPE>.E "? V>I,N &
NATURAL SELEC;N1 9 ORD] 6BE MISTAK5 =!
PROTECT$ K9DS1 & ?US 6ESCAPE 2+ DEV\R$4
,NO EXPLAN,N IS "H ATTEMPT$ (! BRILLIANT
COL\RS (! IMITAT$1 B ONLY (! IMITAT+
BUTT]FLIES4 ,WE M/ A3.T =! COL\RS (! =M]
9 ! SAME G5]AL MANN]1 Z 9 ! CASES
PREVI\SLY 4CUSS$ 9 ? *APT]4 ,S9CE !
PUBLIC,N ( ,MR4 ,BATES'S PAP]1 SIMIL> &
EQU,Y /RIK+ FACTS H BE5 OBS]V$ 0,MR4
,WALLACE 9 ! ,MALAYAN REGION1 0,MR4
,TRIM5 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & 0,MR4 ,RILEY 9
! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 99 7#C7
      --,TRANSACT4 ,L9N4 ,SOC41 VOL4
    ;XXIII41 #AHFB1 P4 #DIE4
      997#B7 ,PROC4 ,5TOMOLOGICAL ,SOC41
    ,DEC4 #C1 #AHFF1 P4 ;XLV4
      997#C7 ,WALLACE1 ,TRANSACT4 ,L9N4
    ,SOC41 VOL4 ;XXV41 #AHFE P4 I42 AL1
    ,TRANSACT4 ,5T4 ,SOC41 VOL4 ;IV41
    #CRD S]IES3 #AHFG1 P4 #CJA4 ,TRIM51
    ,L9N4 ,TRANSACT41 VOL4 ;XXVI41
    #AHFI1 P4 #DIG4 ,RILEY1 ,?IRD
    ,ANNUAL ,REPORT ON ! ,NOXI\S ,9SECTS
    ( ,MISS\RI1 #AHGA1 PP4 #AFC-AFH4 ,?
    LATT] ESSAY IS VALUA#1 Z ,MR4 ,RILEY
    "H 4CUSSES ALL ! OBJEC;NS : H BE5
    RAIS$ AG/ ,MR4 ,BATES'S !ORY4
  ,Z "S WRIT]S H FELT M* DI6ICULTY 9
"U/&+ H[ ! F/ /EPS 9 ! PROCESS ( MIMICRY
CD H BE5 E6ECT$ "? NATURAL SELEC;N1 X
MAY 2 WELL 6REM>K T ! PROCESS PROBABLY
-M;ED L;G AGO 2T =MS N WIDELY 4SIMIL> 9
COL\R4 ,9 ? CASE EV5 A SLI<T V>I,N WD 2
B5EFICIAL1 IF X R5D]$ ! "O SPECIES M L !
O!R2 & AFWS ! IMITAT$ SPECIES MI<T 2
MODIFI$ 6AN EXTREME DEGREE "? SEXUAL
SELEC;N OR O!R M1NS1 & IF ! *ANGES 7
GRADUAL1 ! IMITATORS MI<T EASILY 2 L$
AL;G ! SAME TRACK1 UNTIL !Y DI6]$ 6AN
EQU,Y EXTREME DEGREE F _! ORIG9AL 3DI;N2
& !Y WD ?US ULTIMATELY ASSUME AN APPE>.E
OR COL\R+ :OLLY UNLIKE T (! O!R MEMB]S (
! GR\P 6: !Y 2L;G$4 ,X %D AL 2 REMEMB]$
T _M SPECIES ( ,LEPIDOPT]A >E LIA#
63SID]A# & ABRUPT V>I,NS 9 COL\R4 ,A FEW
9/.ES H BE5 GIV5 9 ? *APT]2 & _M M MAY 2
F.D 9 ! PAP]S ( ,MR4 ,BATES & ,MR4
,WALLACE4
  ,) S"EAL SPECIES ! SEXES >E ALIKE1 &
IMITATE ! TWO SEXES ( ANO!R SPECIES4 ,B
,MR4 ,TRIM5 GIVES1 9 ! PAP] ALR REF]R$
TO1 ?REE CASES 9 : ! SEXES (! IMITAT$ =M
DI6] F EA* O!R 9 COL\R1 &! SEXES (!
IMITAT+ =M DI6] 9 A L MANN]4 ,S"EAL
CASES H AL BE5 RECORD$ ": ! FEMALES AL"O
IMITATE BRILLIANTLY-COL\R$ & PROTECT$
SPECIES1 ! MALES RETA9+ 8! NORMAL ASPECT
( _! IMM 3G5]S40 ,X IS "H OBVI\S T !
SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS 0: ! FEMALE HAS BE5
MODIFI$ H BE5 TRANSMITT$ 6H] AL"O4 ,X
IS1 H["E1 PROBA# T "S (! _M SU3ESSIVE
V>I,NS WD H BE5 TRANSMITT$ TO1 &
DEVELOP$ IN1 ! MALES _H N S* MALES BE5
ELIM9AT$ 02+ ?US R5D]$ LESS ATTRACTIVE
6! FEMALES2 S T ONLY ^? V>I,NS 7 PRES]V$
: 7 F ! F/ /RICTLY LIMIT$ 9 _!
TRANSMIS.N 6! FEMALE SEX4 ,WE H A "PIAL
ILLU/R,N ( ^! REM>KS 9 A /ATE;T 0,MR4
,BELT2 99 T ! MALES ( "S (! ,LEPTALIDES1
: IMITATE PROTECT$ SPECIES1 / RETA9 9 A
3C1L$ MANN] "S ( _! ORIG9AL "*S4 ,?US 9
! MALES 8! UPP] HALF (! L[] W+ IS (A
PURE :ITE1 :IL/ ALL ! RE/ (! W+S IS B>R$
& SPOTT$ ) BLACK1 R$ & YELL[1 L !
SPECIES !Y MIMIC4 ,! FEMALES H N ? :ITE
PAT*1 &! MALES USU,Y 3C1L X 0COV]+ X )!
UPP] W+1 S T ,I _C IMAG9E XS 2+ ( ANY
O!R USE 6!M ?AN Z AN ATTRAC;N 9 C\RT%IP1
:5 !Y EXHIBIT X 6! FEMALES1 & ?US
GRATIFY _! DEEP-S1T$ PREF];E =! NORMAL
COL\R (! ,ORD] 6: ! ,LEPTALIDES 2L;G40
      --,! ,NATURALI/ 9 ,NIC>AGUA1
    #AHGD1 P4 #CHE4
  ,B"R ,COL\RS ( ,CAT]PILL>S4- ,:IL/
REFLECT+ ON ! B1UTY ( _M BUTT]FLIES1 X
O3URR$ 6ME T "S CAT]PILL>S 7 SPL5DIDLY
COL\R$2 & Z SEXUAL SELEC;N CD N POSSIBLY
H "H ACT$1 X APPE>$ RA% 6ATTRIBUTE !
B1UTY (! MATURE 9SECT 6? AG5CY1 UN.S !
B"R COL\RS ( _! L>VAE CD 2 "SH[ EXPLA9$4
,9 ! F/ PLACE1 X MAY 2 OBS]V$ T ! COL\RS
( CAT]PILL>S D N /& 9 ANY CLOSE CORREL,N
) ^? (! MATURE 9SECT4 ,SECONDLY1 _! B"R
COL\RS D N S]VE 9 ANY ORD9>Y MANN] Z A
PROTEC;N4 ,MR4 ,BATES 9=MS ME1 Z AN 9/.E
( ?1 T ! MO/ 3SPICU\S CAT]PILL> : HE "E
2HELD 7T (A SPH9X7 LIV$ ON ! L>GE GRE5
L1VES (A TREE ON ! OP5 LLANOS ( ,S\?
,AM]ICA2 X 0 AB F\R 9*ES 9 L5G?1
TRANSV]SELY B&$ ) BLACK & YELL[1 &) XS
H1D1 LEGS1 & TAIL (A B"R R$4 ,H;E X
CAU<T ! EYE ( ANY "O :O PASS$ BY1 EV5 AT
! 4T.E ( _M Y>DS1 & NO D\BT T ( E PASS+
BIRD4
  ,I !N APPLI$ 6,MR4 ,WALLACE1 :O HAS AN
9NATE G5IUS = SOLV+ DI6ICULTIES4 ,AF "S
3SID],N HE REPLI$3 8,MO/ CAT]PILL>S
REQUIRE PROTEC;N1 Z MAY 2 9F]R$ F "S
K9DS 2+ FURNI%$ ) SP9ES OR IRRITAT+
HAIRS1 & F _M 2+ COL\R$ GRE5 L ! L1VES
ON : !Y FE$1 OR 2+ CURI\SLY L ! TWIGS (!
TREES ON : !Y LIVE40 ,ANO!R 9/.E (
PROTEC;N1 FURNI%$ ME 0,MR4 ,J4 ,MANSEL
,W1LE1 MAY 2 A4$1 "NLY1 T "! IS A
CAT]PILL> (A MO? : LIVES ON ! MIMOSAS 9
,S\? ,AFRICA1 & FABRICATES = XF A CASE Q
9DIST+UI%A# F ! SURR.D+ ?ORNS4 ,F S*
3SID],NS ,MR4 ,WALLACE ?"\ X PROBA# T
3SPICU\SLY COL\R$ CAT]PILL>S 7 PROTECT$
0HAV+ A NAUSE\S TA/E2 B Z _! SK9 IS
EXTREMELY T5D]1 & Z _! 9TE/9ES R1DILY
PROTRUDE F A W.D1 A SLI<T PECK F ! B1K (
A BIRD WD 2 Z FATAL 6!M Z IF !Y _H BE5
DEV\R$4 ,H;E1 Z ,MR4 ,WALLACE REM>KS1
84TA/E;L;S AL"O WD 2 9SU6ICI5T 6PROTECT
A CAT]PILL> UN.S "S \TW>D SIGN 9DICAT$
6XS WD-BE DE/ROY] T XS PREY 0 A 4GU/+
MORSEL40 ,"U ^! CIRCUM/.ES X WD 2 HI<LY
ADVANTAGE\S 6A CAT]PILL> 6BE
9/ANTANE\SLY & C]TA9LY RECOGNIS$ Z
UNPALATA# 0ALL BIRDS & O!R ANIMALS4 ,?US
! MO/ GAUDY COL\RS WD 2 S]VICEA#1 & MI<T
H BE5 GA9$ 0V>I,N &! SURVIVAL (! MO/
EASILY-RECOGNIS$ 9DIVIDUALS4
  ,? HYPO!SIS APPE>S AT F/ SI<T V BOLD1
B :5 X 0 BR"\ 2F ! ,5TOMOLOGICAL
,SOCIETY 99 X 0 SUPPORT$ 0V>I\S /ATE;TS2
& ,MR4 ,J4 ,J5N] ,WEIR1 :O KEEPS A L>GE
NUMB] ( BIRDS 9 AN AVI>Y1 9=MS ME T HE
HAS MADE _M TRIALS1 & F9DS NO EXCEP;N 6!
RULE1 T ALL CAT]PILL>S ( NOCTURNAL &
RETIR+ HABITS ) SMOO? SK9S1 ALL (A GRE5
COL\R1 & ALL : IMITATE TWIGS1 >E GRE$ILY
DEV\R$ 0HIS BIRDS4 ,! HAIRY & SP9OSE
K9DS >E 9V>IABLY REJECT$1 Z 7 F\R
3SPICU\SLY-COL\R$ SPECIES4 ,:5 ! BIRDS
REJECT$ A CAT]PILL>1 !Y PLA9LY %EW$1
0%AK+ _! H1DS1 & CL1NS+ _! B1KS1 T !Y 7
4GU/$ 0! TA/E4 99 7#B7 ,?REE 3SPICU\S
K9DS ( CAT]PILL>S & MO?S 7 AL GIV5 6"S
LIZ>DS & FROGS1 0,MR4 ,A4 ,BUTL]1 & 7
REJECT$1 ?\< O!R K9DS 7 EAG]LY EAT54
,?US ! PROBABIL;Y ( ,MR4 ,WALLACE'S VIEW
IS 3FIRM$1 "NLY1 T C]TA9 CAT]PILL>S H
BE5 MADE 3SPICU\S = _! [N GD1 S Z 6BE
EASILY RECOGNIS$ 0_! 5EMIES1 ON NE>LY !
SAME PR9CIPLE T POISONS >E SOLD 9 COL\R$
BOTTLES 0DRU7I/S =! GD ( MAN4 ,WE _C1
H["E1 AT PRES5T ?US EXPLA9 ! ELEGANT
DIV]S;Y 9 ! COL\RS ( _M CAT]PILL>S2 B
ANY SPECIES : _H AT "S =M] P]IOD ACQUIR$
A DULL1 MOTTL$1 OR /RIP$ APPE>.E1 EI 9
IMIT,N ( SURR.D+ OBJECTS1 OR F ! DIRECT
AC;N ( CLIMATE1 &C41 ALM C]TA9LY WD N
2COME UNI=M 9 COL\R :5 XS T9TS 7 R5D]$
9T5SE & B"R2 = 9 ORD] 6MAKE A CAT]PILL>
M]ELY 3SPICU\S1 "! WD 2 NO SELEC;N 9 ANY
DEF9ITE DIREC;N4
      --,PROCE$+S1 ,5TOMOLOGICAL
    ,SOCIETY1 ,DEC4 #C1 #AHFF1 P4 ;XLV41
    & ,M>* #D1 #AHFG1 P4 ;LXXX4
      997#B7 ,SEE ,MR4 ,J4 ,J5N] ,WEIR'S
    ,PAP] ON 8,9SECTS & ,9SECTIVORUS
    ,BIRDS10 9 ,TRANSACT4 ,5T4 ,SOC41
    #AHFI1 P4 #BA2 AL ,MR4 ,BUTL]'S
    PAP]1 IBID41 P4 #BG4 ,MR4 ,RILEY HAS
    GIV5 ANALOG\S FACTS 9 ! ,?IRD
    ,ANNUAL ,REPORT ON ! ,NOXI\S ,9SECTS
    ( ,MISS\RI1 #AHGA1 P4 #ADH4 ,"S
    OPPOS$ CASES >E1 H["E1 GIV5 0,DR4
    ,WALLACE & ,M4 ,H4 D',ORVILLE2 SEE
    ,ZOOLOGICAL ,RECORD1 #AHFI1 P4 #CDI4
  ,SUMM>Y & ,3CLUD+ ,REM>KS ON ,9SECTS4-
,LOOK+ BACK 6! S"EAL ,ORD]S1 WE SEE T !
SEXES (T5 DI6] 9 V>I\S "*S1 ! M1N+ ( :
IS N 9 ! L1/ "U/OOD4 ,! SEXES1 AL1 (T5
DI6] 9 _! ORGANS ( S5SE & M1NS (
LOCOMO;N1 S T ! MALES MAY QKLY 4COV] &
R1* ! FEMALES4 ,!Y DI6] / (T5] 9 ! MALES
POSSESS+ DIV]SIFI$ 3TRIV.ES = RETA9+ !
FEMALES :5 F.D4 ,WE >E1 H["E1 "H 3C]N$
ONLY 9 A SECOND>Y DEGREE ) SEXUAL
DI6];ES ( ^! K9DS4
  ,9 ALM ALL ! ,ORD]S1 ! MALES ( "S
SPECIES1 EV5 ( W1K & DELICATE K9DS1 >E
"KN 6BE HI<LY PUGNACI\S2 & "S FEW >E
FURNI%$ ) SPECIAL W1PONS = FI<T+ ) _!
RIVALS4 ,B ! LAW ( BATTLE DOES N PREVAIL
NE>LY S WIDELY ) 9SECTS Z )! HI<]
ANIMALS4 ,H;E X PROBABLY >ISES1 T X IS 9
ONLY A FEW CASES T ! MALES H BE5 R5D]$
L>G] & /R;G] ?AN ! FEMALES4 ,ON ! 3TR>Y1
!Y >E USU,Y SMALL]1 S T !Y MAY 2
DEVELOP$ )9 A %ORT] "T1 6BE R1DY 9 L>GE
NUMB]S =! EM]G;E (! FEMALES4
  ,9 TWO FAMILIES (! ,HOMOPT]A & 9 ?REE
(! ,OR?OPT]A1 ! MALES AL"O POSSESS S.D-
PRODUC+ ORGANS 9 AN E6ICI5T /ATE4 ,^! >E
US$ 9CESSANTLY DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON1 N
ONLY = CALL+ ! FEMALES1 B APP>5TLY =
*>M+ OR EXCIT+ !M 9 RIVALRY ) O!R MALES4
,NO "O :O ADMITS ! AG5CY ( SELEC;N ( ANY
K9D1 W1 AF R1D+ ! ABV 4CUS.N1 4PUTE T ^!
MUSICAL 9/RU;TS H BE5 ACQUIR$ "? SEXUAL
SELEC;N4 ,9 F\R O!R ,ORD]S ! MEMB]S ( "O
SEX1 OR M -MONLY ( BO? SEXES1 >E PROVID$
) ORGANS = PRODUC+ V>I\S S.DS1 :
APP>5TLY S]VE M]ELY Z CALL-NOTES4 ,:5
BO? SEXES >E ?US PROVID$1 ! 9DIVIDUALS :
7 A# 6MAKE ! L\DE/ OR MO/ 3T9U\S NOISE
WD GA9 "PN]S 2F ^? : 7 LESS NOISY1 S T
_! ORGANS H PROBABLY BE5 GA9$ "? SEXUAL
SELEC;N4 ,X IS 9/RUCTIVE 6REFLECT ON !
WOND];L DIV]S;Y (! M1NS = PRODUC+ S.D1
POSSESS$ 0! MALES AL"O1 OR 0BO? SEXES1 9
NO LESS ?AN SIX ,ORD]S4 ,WE ?US LE>N H[
E6ECTUAL SEXUAL SELEC;N HAS BE5 9 L1D+
6MODIFIC,NS : "S"TS1 Z )! ,HOMOPT]A1
RELATE 6IMPORTANT "PS (! ORGANIS,N4
  ,F ! R1SONS ASSIGN$ 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 X
IS PROBA# T ! GRT HORNS POSSESS$ 0!
MALES ( _M LAMELLICORN1 & "S O!R
BEETLES1 H BE5 ACQUIR$ Z ORNA;TS4 ,F !
SMALL SIZE ( 9SECTS1 WE >E APT 6"UVALUE
_! APPE>.E4 ,IF WE CD IMAG9E A MALE
,*ALCOSOMA 7SEE FIG4 #AF71 ) XS POLI%$
BRONZ$ COAT ( MAIL1 & XS VA/ -PLEX
HORNS1 MAGNIFI$ 6! SIZE (A HORSE1 OR EV5
(A DOG1 X WD 2 "O (! MO/ IMPOS+ ANIMALS
9 ! _W4
  ,! COL\R+ ( 9SECTS IS A -PLEX &
OBSCURE SUBJECT4 ,:5 ! MALE DI6]S
SLI<TLY F ! FEMALE1 & NEI >E
BRILLIANTLY-COL\R$1 X IS PROBA# T !
SEXES H V>I$ 9 A SLI<TLY DI6]5T MANN]1 &
T ! V>I,NS H BE5 TRANSMITT$ 0EA* SEX 6!
SAME )\T ANY B5EFIT OR EVIL ?US A3RU+4
,:5 ! MALE IS BRILLIANTLY-COL\R$ & DI6]S
3SPICU\SLY F ! FEMALE1 Z ) "S
DRAGONFLIES & _M BUTT]FLIES1 X IS PROBA#
T HE [ES 8 COL\RS 6SEXUAL SELEC;N2 :IL/
! FEMALE HAS RETA9$ A PRIMORDIAL OR V
ANCI5T TYPE ( COL\R+1 SLI<TLY MODIFI$ 0!
AG5CIES 2F EXPLA9$4 ,B 9 "S CASES !
FEMALE HAS APP>5TLY BE5 MADE OBSCURE
0V>I,NS TRANSMITT$ 6H] AL"O1 Z A M1NS (
DIRECT PROTEC;N2 & X IS ALM C]TA9 T %E
HAS "S"TS BE5 MADE BRILLIANT1 S Z
6IMITATE O!R PROTECT$ SPECIES 9HABIT+ !
SAME 4TRICT4 ,:5 ! SEXES RESEM# EA* O!R
& BO? >E OBSCURELY COL\R$1 "! IS NO D\BT
T !Y H BE5 9 A MULTITUDE ( CASES S
COL\R$ =! SAKE ( PROTEC;N4 ,S X IS 9 "S
9/.ES :5 BO? >E B"RLY-COL\R$1 = !Y ?US
IMITATE PROTECT$ SPECIES1 OR RESEM#
SURR.D+ OBJECTS S* Z FL[]S2 OR !Y GIVE
NOTICE 6_! 5EMIES T !Y >E UNPALATA#4 ,9
O!R CASES 9 : ! SEXES RESEM# EA* O!R &
>E BO? BRILLIANT1 ESPECI,Y :5 ! COL\RS
>E >RANG$ = 4PLAY1 WE MAY 3CLUDE T !Y H
BE5 GA9$ 0! MALE SEX Z AN ATTRAC;N1 & H
BE5 TRANSF]R$ 6! FEMALE4 ,WE >E M
ESPECI,Y L$ 6? 3CLU.N :5"E ! SAME TYPE (
COLOR,N PREVAILS "?\T A :OLE GR\P1 & WE
F9D T ! MALES ( "S SPECIES DI6] WIDELY 9
COL\R F ! FEMALES1 :IL/ O!RS DI6]
SLI<TLY OR N AT ALL ) 9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS
3NECT+ ^! EXTREME /ATES4
  ,9 ! SAME MANN] Z B"R COL\RS H (T5 BE5
"PI,Y TRANSF]R$ F ! MALES 6! FEMALES1 S
X HAS BE5 )! EXTRAORD9>Y HORNS ( _M
LAMELLICORN & "S O!R BEETLES4 ,S AG1 !
S.D-PRODUC+ ORGANS PROP] 6! MALES (!
,HOMOPT]A & ,OR?OPT]A H G5],Y BE5
TRANSF]R$ 9 A RUDI;T>Y1 OR EV5 9 A NE>LY
P]FECT 3DI;N1 6! FEMALES2 YET N
SU6ICI5TLY P]FECT 6BE ( ANY USE4 ,X IS
AL AN 9T]E/+ FACT1 Z BE>+ ON SEXUAL
SELEC;N1 T ! /RIDULAT+ ORGANS ( C]TA9
MALE ,OR?OPT]A >E N FULLY DEVELOP$ UNTIL
! LA/ M\LT2 & T ! COL\RS ( C]TA9 MALE
DRAGON-FLIES >E N FULLY DEVELOP$ UNTIL
"S LL "T AF _! EM]G;E F ! PUPAL /ATE1 &
:5 !Y >E R1DY 6BRE$4
  ,SEXUAL SELEC;N IMPLIES T ! M
ATTRACTIVE 9DIVIDUALS >E PREF]R$ 0!
OPPOSITE SEX2 & Z ) 9SECTS1 :5 ! SEXES
DI6]1 X IS ! MALE :1 ) "S R>E EXCEP;NS1
IS ! M ORNA;T$1 & DE"PS M F ! TYPE 6: !
SPECIES 2L;GS2- & Z X IS ! MALE : SE>*ES
EAG]LY =! FEMALE1 WE M/ SUPPOSE T !
FEMALES HABITU,Y OR O3A.N,Y PREF] ! M
B1UTI;L MALES1 & T ^! H ?US ACQUIR$ _!
B1UTY4 ,T ! FEMALES 9 MO/ OR ALL !
,ORD]S WD H ! P[] ( REJECT+ ANY "PICUL>
MALE1 IS PROBA# F ! _M S+UL> 3TRIV.ES
POSSESS$ 0! MALES1 S* Z GRT JAWS1
ADHESIVE CU%IONS1 SP9ES1 EL;GAT$ LEGS1
&C41 = SEIZ+ ! FEMALE2 = ^! 3TRIV.ES %EW
T "! IS "S DI6ICULTY 9 ! ACT1 S T H]
3CURR;E WD SEEM NEC4 ,JUDG+ F :AT WE "K
(! P]CEPTIVE P[]S & A6EC;NS ( V>I\S
9SECTS1 "! IS NO ANTEC$5T IMPROBABIL;Y 9
SEXUAL SELEC;N HAV+ -E L>GELY 96PLAY2 B
WE H Z YET NO DIRECT EVID;E ON ? H1D1 &
"S FACTS >E OPPOS$ 6! 2LIEF4 ,N"E!.S1 :5
WE SEE _M MALES PURSU+ ! SAME FEMALE1 WE
C H>DLY 2LIEVE T ! PAIR+ IS LEFT 6BL
*.E- T ! FEMALE EX]TS NO *OICE1 & IS N
9FLU;ED 0! GORGE\S COL\RS OR O!R ORNA;TS
) : ! MALE IS DECORAT$4
  ,IF WE ADMIT T ! FEMALES (! ,HOMOPT]A
& ,OR?OPT]A APPRECIATE ! MUSICAL T"OS (
_! MALE "PN]S1 & T ! V>I\S 9/RU;TS H BE5
P]FECT$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 "! IS LL
IMPROBABIL;Y 9 ! FEMALES ( O!R 9SECTS
APPRECIAT+ B1UTY 9 =M OR COL\R1 &
3SEQU5TLY 9 S* "*S HAV+ BE5 ?US GA9$ 0!
MALES4 ,B F ! CIRCUM/.E ( COL\R 2+ S
V>IA#1 & F XS HAV+ BE5 S (T5 MODIFI$ =!
SAKE ( PROTEC;N1 X IS DI6ICULT 6DECIDE 9
H[ L>GE A PROPOR;N ( CASES SEXUAL
SELEC;N HAS PLAY$ A "P4 ,? IS M ESPECI,Y
DI6ICULT 9 ^? ,ORD]S1 S* Z ,OR?OPT]A1
,HYM5OPT]A1 & ,COLEOPT]A1 9 : ! TWO
SEXES R>ELY DI6] M* 9 COL\R2 = WE >E !N
LEFT 6M]E ANALOGY4 ,)! ,COLEOPT]A1 H["E1
Z 2F REM>K$1 X IS 9 ! GRT LAMELLICORN
GR\P1 PLAC$ 0"S AU?ORS AT ! H1D (!
,ORD]1 & 9 : WE "S"TS SEE A MUTUAL
ATTA*;T 2T ! SEXES1 T WE F9D ! MALES (
"S SPECIES POSSESS+ W1PONS = SEXUAL
/RIFE1 O!RS FURNI%$ ) WOND];L HORNS1 _M
) /RIDULAT+ ORGANS1 & O!RS ORNA;T$ )
SPL5DID METALLIC T9TS4 ,H;E X SEEMS
PROBA# T ALL ^! "*S H BE5 GA9$ "? ! SAME
M1NS1 "NLY SEXUAL SELEC;N4 ,) BUTT]FLIES
WE H ! BE/ EVID;E1 Z ! MALES "S"TS TAKE
PA9S 64PLAY _! B1UTI;L COL\RS2 & WE _C
2LIEVE T !Y WD ACT ?US1 UN.S ! 4PLAY 0 (
USE 6!M 9 _! C\RT%IP4
  ,:5 WE TR1T ( BIRDS1 WE % SEE T !Y
PRES5T 9 _! SECOND>Y SEXUAL "*S ! CLOSE/
ANALOGY ) 9SECTS4 ,?US1 _M MALE BIRDS >E
HI<LY PUGNACI\S1 & "S >E FURNI%$ )
SPECIAL W1PONS = FI<T+ ) _! RIVALS4 ,!Y
POSSESS ORGANS : >E US$ DUR+ ! BRE$+-
S1SON = PRODUC+ VOCAL & 9/RU;TAL MUSIC4
,!Y >E FREQU5TLY ORNA;T$ ) -BS1 HORNS1
WATTLES & PLUMES (! MO/ DIV]SIFI$ K9DS1
& >E DECORAT$ ) B1UTI;L COL\RS1 ALL
EVID5TLY =! SAKE ( 4PLAY4 ,WE % F9D T1 Z
) 9SECTS1 BO? SEXES 9 C]TA9 GR\PS >E
EQU,Y B1UTI;L1 & >E EQU,Y PROVID$ )
ORNA;TS : >E USU,Y 3F9$ 6! MALE SEX4 ,9
O!R GR\PS BO? SEXES >E EQU,Y PLA9-COL\R$
& UNORNA;T$4 ,LA/LY1 9 "S FEW ANOMAL\S
CASES1 ! FEMALES >E M B1UTI;L ?AN !
MALES4 ,WE % (T5 F9D1 9 ! SAME GR\P (
BIRDS1 E GRAD,N F NO DI6];E 2T ! SEXES1
6AN EXTREME DI6];E4 ,WE % SEE T FEMALE
BIRDS1 L FEMALE 9SECTS1 (T5 POSSESS M OR
LESS PLA9 TRACES OR RUDI;TS ( "*S :
PROP]LY 2L;G 6! MALES & >E ( USE ONLY
6!M4 ,! ANALOGY1 9DE$1 9 ALL ^! RESPECTS
2T BIRDS & 9SECTS IS CURI\SLY CLOSE4
,:AT"E EXPLAN,N APPLIES 6! "O CLASS
PROBABLY APPLIES 6! O!R2 & ? EXPLAN,N1 Z
WE % "HAF ATTEMPT 6%EW 9 FUR!R DETAIL1
IS SEXUAL SELEC;N4