,,*APT] ;,,VI4 ,,ON ,,! ,,A69ITIES ,,& ,,G5EALOGY ,,( ,,MAN4 ,EV5 IF X 2 GRANT$ T ! DI6];E 2T MAN & 8 NE>E/ ALLIES IS Z GRT 9 CORPOR1L /RUCTURE Z "S NATURALI/S MA9TA91 & AL? WE M/ GRANT T ! DI6];E 2T !M IS IMM5SE 9 M5TAL P[]1 YET ! FACTS GIV5 9 ! E>LI] *APT]S APPE> 6DCL1 9 ! PLA9E/ MANN]1 T MAN IS DESC5D$ F "S L[] =M1 NOT)/&+ T 3NECT+-L9KS H N HI!RTO BE5 4COV]$4 ,MAN IS LIA# 6NUM]\S1 SLII,NS1 : >E 9DUC$ 0! SAME G5]AL CAUSES1 >E GOV]N$ & TRANSMITT$ 9 A3ORD.E )! SAME G5]AL LAWS1 Z 9 ! L[] ANIMALS4 ,MAN HAS MULTIPLI$ S RAPIDLY1 T HE HAS NECESS>ILY BE5 EXPOS$ 6/RU7LE = EXI/;E1 & 3SEQU5TLY 6NATURAL SELEC;N4 ,HE HAS GIV5 RISE 6_M RACES1 "S ( : DI6] S M* F EA* O!R1 T !Y H (T5 BE5 RANK$ 0NATURALI/S Z 4T9CT SPECIES4 ,8 BODY IS 3/RUCT$ ON ! SAME HOMOLOGICAL PLAN Z T ( O!R MAMMALS4 ,HE PASSES "? ! SAME PHASES ( EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOP;T4 ,HE RETA9S _M RUDI;T>Y & USE.S /RUCTURES1 : NO D\BT 7 ONCE S]VICEA#4 ,"*S O3A.N,Y MAKE _! RE- APPE>.E 9 HM1 : WE H R1SON 62LIEVE 7 POSSESS$ 0HIS E>LY PROG5ITORS4 ,IF ! ORIG9 ( MAN _H BE5 :OLLY DI6]5T F T ( ALL O!R ANIMALS1 ^! V>I\S APPE>.ES WD 2 M]E EMPTY DECEP;NS2 B S* AN ADMIS.N IS 9CR$I#4 ,^! APPE>.ES1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E 9TELLIGI#1 AT L1/ 6A L>GE EXT5T1 IF MAN IS ! CO-DESC5DANT ) O!R MAMMALS ( "S UN"KN & L[] =M4 ,"S NATURALI/S1 F 2+ DEEPLY IMPRESS$ ) ! M5TAL & _SUAL P[]S ( MAN1 H DIVID$ ! :OLE ORGANIC _W 96?REE K+DOMS1 ! ,HUMAN1 ! ,ANIMAL1 &! ,VEGETA#1 ?US GIV+ 6MAN A SEP>ATE K+DOM4 99 ,_SUAL P[]S _C 2 -P>$ OR CLASS$ 0! NATURALI/3 B HE MAY 5D1V\R 6%EW1 Z ,I H D"O1 T ! M5TAL FACULTIES ( MAN &! L[] ANIMALS D N DI6] 9 K9D1 AL? IMM5SELY 9 DEGREE4 ,A DI6];E 9 DEGREE1 H["E GRT1 DOES N JU/IFY U 9 PLAC+ MAN 9 A 4T9CT K+DOM1 Z W P]H 2 BE/ ILLU/RAT$ 0-P>+ ! M5TAL P[]S ( TWO 9SECTS1 "NLY1 A CO3US OR SCALE-9SECT & AN ANT1 : UND\BT$LY 2L;G 6! SAME CLASS4 ,! DI6];E IS "H GRT] ?AN1 ?\< (A "S:AT DI6]5T K9D F1 T 2T MAN &! HIGE VOLUME2 ,I MAY1 H["E1 BRIEFLY SPECIFY A FEW PO9TS4 ,ANTS C]TA9LY -MUNICATE 9=M,N 6EA* O!R1 & S"EAL UNITE =! SAME "W1 OR = GAMES ( PLAY4 ,!Y RECOGNISE _! FELL[-ANTS AF MON?S ( ABS;E1 & FEEL SYMPA?Y = EA* O!R4 ,!Y BUILD GRT $IFICES1 KEEP !M CL1N1 CLOSE ! DOORS 9 ! EV5+1 & PO/ S5TRIES4 ,!Y MAKE ROADS Z WELL Z TUNNELS "U RIV]S1 & TEMPOR>Y BRIDGES OV] !M1 0CL++ TGR4 ,!Y COLLECT FOOD =! -MUN;Y1 & :5 AN OBJECT1 TOO L>GE = 5TR.E1 IS BR"\ 6! NE/1 !Y 5L>GE ! DOOR1 & AFWS BUILD X UP AG4 ,!Y /ORE UP SE$S1 ( : !Y PREV5T ! G]M9,N1 & :1 IF DAMP1 >E BR"\ UP 6! SURFACE 6DRY4 ,!Y KEEP APHIDES & O!R 9SECTS Z MIL*-C[S4 ,!Y G \ 6BATTLE 9 REGUL> B&S1 & FREELY SACRIFICE _! LIVES =! -MON W1L4 ,!Y EMIGRATE AC 6A PRECONC]T$ PLAN4 ,!Y CAPTURE SLAVES4 ,!Y MOVE ! E7S ( _! APHIDES1 Z WELL Z _! [N E7S & COCOONS1 96W>M "PS (! NE/1 9 ORD] T !Y MAY 2 QKLY HAT*$2 & 5D.S SIMIL> FACTS CD 2 GIV54 99 7#B7 ,ON ! :OLE1 ! DI6];E 9 M5TAL P[] 2T AN ANT &A CO3US IS IMM5SE2 YET NO "O HAS "E DR1M$ ( PLAC+ ^! 9SECTS 9 4T9CT CLASSES1 M* LESS 9 4T9CT K+DOMS4 ,NO D\BT ! DI6];E IS BRIDG$ OV] 0O!R 9SECTS2 & ? IS N ! CASE ) MAN &! HI<] APES4 ,B WE H E R1SON 62LIEVE T ! BR1KS 9 ! S]IES >E SIMPLY ! RESULTS ( _M =MS HAV+ 2COME EXT9CT4 --,ISIDORE ,GE(FROY ,/-,HILAIRE GIVES A DETAIL$ A3.T (! POSI;N ASSIGN$ 6MAN 0V>I\S NATURALI/S 9 _! CLASSIFIC,NS3 ,HI/4 ,NAT4 ,G54 TOM4 ;II41 #AHEI1 PP4 #AGJ-AHI4 997#B7 ,"S (! MO/ 9T]E/+ FACTS "E PUBLI%$ ON ! HABITS ( ANTS >E GIV5 0,MR4 ,BELT1 9 8 ,! ,NATURALI/ 9 ,NIC>AGUA1 #AHGD4 ,SEE AL ,MR4 ,MO7RIDGE'S ADMIRA# "W1 ,H>VE/+ ,ANTS1 &C41 #AHGC1 AL 8,L',9/9CT *EZ LES 9SECTES10 BY ;,M4 ,GEORGE ,P\*ET1 ,REVUE DES ,DEUX ,MONDES1 ,FEB41 #AHGJ1 P4 #FHB4 ,PROFESSOR ,[51 RELY+ *IEFLY ON ! /RUCTURE (! BRA91 HAS DIVID$ ! MAMMALIAN S]IES 96F\R SUB-CLASSES4 ,"O ( ^! HE DEVOTES 6MAN2 9 ANO!R HE PLACES BO? ! M>SUPIALS &! ,MONOTREMATA2 S T HE MAKES MAN Z 4T9CT F ALL O!R MAMMALS Z >E ^! TWO LATT] GR\PS 3JO9$4 ,? VIEW HAS N BE5 A3EPT$1 Z F> Z ,I AM AW>E1 0ANY NATURALI/ CAPA# ( =M+ AN 9DEP5D5T JUDG;T1 & "!=E NE$ N "H 2 FUR!R 3SID]$4 ,WE C "U/& :Y A CLASSIFIC,N F.D$ ON ANY S+LE "* OR ORGAN- EV5 AN ORGAN S WOND];LLY -PLEX & IMPORTANT Z ! BRA9- OR ON ! HI< DEVELOP;T (! M5TAL FACULTIES1 IS ALM SURE 6PROVE UNSATISFACTORY4 ,? PR9CIPLE HAS 9DE$ BE5 TRI$ ) HYM5OPT]\S 9SECTS2 B :5 ?US CLASS$ 0_! HABITS OR 9/9CTS1 ! >RANGE;T PROV$ ?OR\TIFICIAL4 99 ,CLASSIFIC,NS MAY1 ( C\RSE1 2 BAS$ ON ANY "* :AT"E1 Z ON SIZE1 COL\R1 OR ! ELE;T 9HABIT$2 B NATURALI/S H L;G FELT A PROF.D 3VIC;N T "! IS A NATURAL SY/EM4 ,? SY/EM1 X IS N[ G5],Y ADMITT$1 M/ BE1 Z F> Z POSSI#1 G5EALOGICAL 9 >RANGE;T1- T IS1 ! CO- DESC5DANTS (! SAME =M M/ 2 KEPT TGR 9 "O GR\P1 A"P F ! CO-DESC5DANTS ( ANY O!R =M2 B IF ! P>5T-=MS >E RELAT$1 S W 2 _! DESC5DANTS1 &! TWO GR\PS TGR W =M A L>G] GR\P4 ,! AM.T ( DI6];E 2T ! S"EAL GR\PS- T IS ! AM.T ( MODIFIC,N : EA* HAS "UG"O- IS EXPRESS$ 0S* T]MS Z G5]A1 FAMILIES1 ORD]S1 & CLASSES4 ,Z WE H NO RECORD (! L9ES ( DESC5T1 ! P$IGREE C 2 4COV]$ ONLY 0OBS]V+ ! DEGREES ( RESEMBL.E 2T ! 2+S : >E 6BE CLASS$4 ,= ? OBJECT NUM]\S PO9TS ( RESEMBL.E >E ( M* M IMPORT.E ?AN ! AM.T ( SIMIL>;Y OR 4SIMIL>;Y 9 A FEW PO9TS4 ,IF TWO LANGUAGES 7 F.D 6RESEM# EA* O!R 9 A MULTITUDE ( ^WS & PO9TS ( 3/RUC;N1 !Y WD 2 UNIV]S,Y RECOGNIS$ Z HAV+ SPRUNG F A -MON S\RCE1 NOT)/&+ T !Y DI6]$ GRTLY 9 "S FEW ^WS OR PO9TS ( 3/RUC;N4 ,B ) ORGANIC 2+S ! PO9TS ( RESEMBL.E M/ N 3SI/ ( ADAPT,NS 6SIMIL> HABITS ( LIFE3 TWO ANIMALS MAY1 = 9/.E1 H _H _! :OLE FRAMES MODIFI$ = LIV+ 9 ! WAT]1 & YET !Y W N 2 BR"\ ANY NE>] 6EA* O!R 9 ! NATURAL SY/EM4 ,H;E WE C SEE H[ X IS T RESEMBL.ES 9 S"EAL UNIMPORTANT /RUCTURES1 9 USE.S & RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 OR N N[ FUNC;N,Y ACTIVE1 OR 9 AN EMBRYOLOGICAL 3DI;N1 >E 0F> ! MO/ S]VICEA# = CLASSIFIC,N2 = !Y C H>DLY 2 DUE 6ADAPT,NS )9 A LATE P]IOD2 & ?US !Y REV1L ! OLD L9ES ( DESC5T OR ( TRUE A69;Y4 --,WE/WOOD1 ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N ( ,9SECTS1 VOL4 ;II41 #AHDJ1 P4 #HG4 ,WE C FUR!R SEE :Y A GRT AM.T ( MODIFIC,N 9 "S "O "* "\ N 6L1D U 6SEP>ATE WIDELY ANY TWO ORGANISMS4 ,A "P : ALR DI6]S M* F ! SAME "P 9 O!R ALLI$ =MS HAS ALR1 AC 6! !ORY ( EVOLU;N1 V>I$ M*2 3SEQU5TLY X WD 7Z L;G Z ! ORGANISM REMA9$ EXPOS$ 6! SAME EXCIT+ 3DI;NS7 2 LIA# 6FUR!R V>I,NS (! SAME K9D2 & ^!1 IF B5EFICIAL1 WD 2 PRES]V$1 & ?US 2 3T9U,Y AUG;T$4 ,9 _M CASES ! 3T9U$ DEVELOP;T (A "P1 = 9/.E1 (! B1K (A BIRD1 OR (! TEE? ( A MAMMAL1 WD N AID ! SPECIES 9 GA9+ XS FOOD1 OR = ANY O!R OBJECT2 B ) MAN WE C SEE NO DEF9ITE LIMIT 6! 3T9U$ DEVELOP;T (! BRA9 & M5TAL FACULTIES1 Z F> Z ADVANTAGE IS 3C]N$4 ,"!=E 9 DET]M9+ ! POSI;N ( MAN 9 ! NATURAL OR G5EALOGICAL SY/EM1 ! EXTREME DEVELOP;T ( 8 BRA9 "\ N 6\TWEI< A MULTITUDE ( RESEMBL.ES 9 O!R LESS IMPORTANT OR Q UNIMPORTANT PO9TS4 ,! GRT] NUMB] ( NATURALI/S :O H TAK5 963SID],N ! :OLE /RUCTURE ( MAN1 9CLUD+ 8 M5TAL FACULTIES1 H FOLL[$ ,BLUM5BA* & ,CUVI]1 & H PLAC$ MAN 9 A SEP>ATE ,ORD]1 "U ! TITLE (! ,BIMANA1 & "!=E ON AN EQUAL;Y )! ORD]S (! ,QUADRUMANA1 ,C>NIVORA1 &C4 ,REC5TLY _M ( \R BE/ NATURALI/S H RECURR$ 6! VIEW F/ PROP.D$ 0,L9NAEUS1 S REM>KA# = 8 SAGAC;Y1 & H PLAC$ MAN 9 ! SAME ,ORD] )! ,QUADRUMANA1 "U ! TITLE (! PRIMATES4 ,! JU/ICE ( ? 3CLU.N W 2 ADMITT$3 = 9 ! F/ PLACE1 WE M/ BE> 9 M9D ! -P>ATIVE 9SIGNIFIC.E = CLASSIFIC,N (! GRT DEVELOP;T (! BRA9 9 MAN1 & T ! /R;GLY-M>K$ DI6];ES 2T ! SKULLS ( MAN &! ,QUADRUMANA 7LATELY 9SI/$ ^U 0,BIS*(F1 ,AEBY1 & O!RS7 APP>5TLY FOLL[ F _! DI6]5TLY DEVELOP$ BRA9S4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 WE M/ REMEMB] T NE>LY ALL ! O!R & M IMPORTANT DI6];ES 2T MAN &! ,QUADRUMANA >E MANIFE/LY ADAPTIVE 9 _! NATURE1 & RELATE *IEFLY 6! ERECT POSI;N ( MAN2 S* Z ! /RUCTURE ( 8 H&1 FOOT1 & PELVIS1 ! CURVATURE ( 8 SP9E1 &! POSI;N ( 8 H1D4 ,! FAMILY ( S1LS (F]S A GD ILLU/R,N (! SMALL IMPORT.E ( ADAPTIVE "*S = CLASSIFIC,N4 ,^! ANIMALS DI6] F ALL O!R ,C>NIVORA 9 ! =M ( _! BODIES & 9 ! /RUCTURE ( _! LIMBS1 F> M ?AN DOES MAN F ! HI<] APES2 YET 9 MO/ SY/EMS1 F T ( ,CUVI] 6! MO/ REC5T "O 0,MR4 ,FL[]1 99 S1LS >E RANK$ Z A M]E FAMILY 9 ! ,ORD] (! ,C>NIVORA4 ,IF MAN _H N BE5 8 [N CLASSIFI]1 HE WD N"E H ?"\ ( F.D+ A SEP>ATE ORD] = 8 [N RECEP;N4 --,PROCE$+S ,ZOOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 #AHFC1 P4 #D4 ,X WD 2 2Y MY LIMITS1 & Q 2Y MY K1 EV5 6"N ! 9NUM]A# PO9TS ( /RUCTURE 9 : MAN AGREES )! O!R PRIMATES4 ,\R GRT ANATOMI/ & PHILOSOPH]1 ,PR(4 ,HUXLEY1 HAS FULLY 4CUSS$ ? SUBJECT1 99 & 3CLUDES T MAN 9 ALL "PS ( 8 ORGANIZ,N DI6]S LESS F ! HI<] APES1 ?AN ^! D F ! L[] MEMB]S (! SAME GR\P4 ,3SEQU5TLY "! 8IS NO JU/IFIC,N = PLAC+ MAN 9 A 4T9CT ORD]40 --,EVID;E Z 6,MAN'S ,PLACE 9 ,NATURE1 #AHFC1 P4 #GJ1 ET PASSIM ,9 AN E>LY "P ( ? "W ,I BR"\ =W>D V>I\S FACTS1 %EW+ H[ CLOSELY MAN AGREES 9 3/ITU;N )! HI<] MAMMALS2 & ? AGREE;T M/ DEP5D ON \R CLOSE SIMIL>;Y 9 M9UTE /RUCTURE & *EMICAL -POSI;N4 ,I GAVE1 Z 9/.ES1 \R LIABIL;Y 6! SAME 41SES1 & 6! ATTACKS ( ALLI$ P>ASITES2 \R TA/ES 9 -MON =! SAME /IMULANTS1 &! SIMIL> E6ECTS PRODUC$ 0!M1 Z WELL Z 0V>I\S DRUGS1 & O!R S* FACTS4 ,Z SMALL UNIMPORTANT PO9TS ( RESEMBL.E 2T MAN &! ,QUADRUMANA >E N -MONLY NOTIC$ 9 SY/EMATIC "WS1 & Z1 :5 NUM]\S1 !Y CLE>LY REV1L \R REL,N%IP1 ,I W SPECIFY A FEW S* PO9TS4 ,! RELATIVE POSI;N ( \R F1TURES IS MANIFE/LY ! SAME2 &! V>I\S EMO;NS >E 4PLAY$ 0NE>LY SIMIL>1 MOVE;TS (! MUSCLES & SK91 *IEFLY ABV ! EYEBR[S & R.D ! M\?4 ,"S FEW EXPRES.NS >E1 9DE$1 ALM ! SAME1 Z 9 ! WEEP+ ( C]TA9 K9DS ( MONKEYS & 9 ! LAU<+ NOISE MADE 0O!RS1 DUR+ : ! CORN]S (! M\? >E DRAWN BACKW>DS1 &! L[] EYELIDS WR9KL$4 ,! EXT]NAL E>S >E CURI\SLY ALIKE4 ,9 MAN ! NOSE IS M* M PROM95T ?AN 9 MO/ MONKEYS2 B WE MAY TRACE ! -M;E;T ( AN AQUIL9E CURVATURE 9 ! NOSE (! ,HOOLOCK GI2ON2 & ? 9 ! ,SEMNOPI!CUS NASICA IS C>RI$ 6A RIDICUL\S EXTREME4 ,! FACES ( _M MONKEYS >E ORNA;T$ ) BE>DS1 :ISK]S1 OR M\/A*ES4 ,! HAIR ON ! H1D GR[S 6A GRT L5G? 9 "S SPECIES ( ,SEMNOPI!CUS2 99 & 9 ! BONNET MONKEY 7,MACACUS RADIATUS7 X RADIATES F A PO9T ON ! CR[N1 )A "P+ D[N ! MI4LE4 ,X IS -MONLY SD T ! =EH1D GIVES 6MAN 8 NO# & 9TELLECTUAL APPE>.E2 B ! ?ICK HAIR ON ! H1D (! BONNET MONKEY T]M9ATES D[NW>DS ABRUPTLY1 & IS SU3E$$ 0HAIR S %ORT & F9E T AT A LL 4T.E ! =EH1D1 )! EXCEP;N (! EYEBR[S1 APPE>S Q NAK$4 ,X HAS BE5 ]RONE\SLY ASS]T$ T EYEBR[S >E N PRES5T 9 ANY MONKEY4 ,9 ! SPECIES J "ND ! DEGREE ( NAK$;S (! =EH1D DI6]S 9 DI6]5T 9DIVIDUALS2 & ,ES*RI*T /ATES 99 7#B7 T 9 \R *N ! LIMIT 2T ! HAIRY SCALP &! NAK$ =EH1D IS "S"TS N WELL DEF9$2 S T "H WE SEEM 6H A TRIFL+ CASE ( REV].N 6A PROG5ITOR1 9 :OM ! =EH1D _H N Z YET 2COME Q NAK$4 --,ISIDORE ,GE(FROY ,/-,HILAIRE1 ,HI/4 ,NAT4 ,G541 TOM4 ;II41 #AHEI1 P4 #BAG4 997#B7 8,UB] DIE ,RI*TUNG D] ,HA>E1 &C410 ,MULL]'S ,>*IV FUR ,ANAT4 UND ,PHYS41 #AHCG1 S4 #EA4 ,X IS WELL "KN T ! HAIR ON \R >MS T5DS 63V]GE F ABV & 2L 6A PO9T AT ! ELB[4 ,? CURI\S >RANGE;T1 S UNLIKE T 9 MO/ (! L[] MAMMALS1 IS -MON 6! GORILLA1 *IMPANZEE1 ORANG1 "S SPECIES ( ,HYLOBATES1 & EV5 6"S FEW ,AM]ICAN MONKEYS4 ,B 9 ,HYLOBATES AGILIS ! HAIR ON ! =E>M IS DIRECT$ D[NW>DS OR T[>DS ! WRI/ 9 ! ORD9>Y MANN]2 & 9 ,H4 L> X IS NE>LY ERECT1 ) ONLY A V SLID 9CL9,N2 S T 9 ? LATT] SPECIES X IS 9 A TRANSI;NAL /ATE4 ,X C H>DLY 2 D\BT$ T ) MO/ MAMMALS ! ?ICK;S (! HAIR ON ! BACK & XS DIREC;N1 IS ADAPT$ 6?R[ (F ! RA92 EV5 ! TRANSV]SE HAIRS ON ! =E-LEGS (A DOG MAY S]VE = ? 5D :5 HE IS COIL$ UP ASLEEP4 ,MR4 ,WALLACE1 :O HAS C>E;LLY /UDI$ ! HABITS (! ORANG1 REM>KS T ! 3V]G;E (! HAIR T[>DS ! ELB[ ON ! >MS (! ORANG MAY 2 EXPLA9$ Z S]V+ 6?R[ (F ! RA91 = ? ANIMAL DUR+ RA9Y W1!R SITS ) XS >MS B5T1 &)! H&S CLASP$ R.D A BRAN* OR OV] XS H1D4 ,AC 6,LIV+/"O1 ! GORILLA AL 8SITS 9 PELT+ RA9 ) 8 H&S OV] 8 H1D48 99 ,IF ! ABV EXPLAN,N IS CORRECT1 Z SEEMS PROBA#1 ! DIREC;N (! HAIR ON \R [N >MS (F]S A CURI\S RECORD ( \R =M] /ATE2 = NO "O SUPPOSES T X IS N[ ( ANY USE 9 ?R[+ (F ! RA92 NOR1 9 \R PRES5T ERECT 3DI;N1 IS X PROP]LY DIRECT$ = ? PURPOSE4 --,QUOT$ 0,R1DE1 ,AFRICAN ,SKET* ,BOOK1 VOL I41 #AHGC1 P4 #AEB4 ,X WD1 H["E1 2 RA% 6TRU/ TOO M* 6! PR9CIPLE ( ADAPT,N 9 REG>D 6! DIREC;N (! HAIR 9 MAN OR 8 E>LY PROG5ITORS2 = X IS IMPOSSI# 6/UDY ! FIGURES GIV5 0,ES*RI*T (! >RANGE;T (! HAIR ON ! HUMAN FOETUS 7? 2+ ! SAME Z 9 ! ADULT7 & N AGREE ) ? EXCELL5T OBS]V] T O!R & M -PLEX CAUSES H 9T]V5$4 ,! PO9TS ( 3V]G;E SEEM 6/& 9 "S REL,N 6^? PO9TS 9 ! EMBRYO : >E LA/ CLOS$ 9 DUR+ DEVELOP;T4 ,"! APPE>S1 AL1 6EXI/ "S REL,N 2T ! >RANGE;T (! HAIR ON ! LIMBS1 &! C\RSE (! M$ULL>Y >T]IES4 99 --,ON ! HAIR 9 ,HYLOBATES1 SEE ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY ( ,MAMMALS1 BY ;,C4 ,L4 ,M>T91 #AHDA1 P4 #DAE4 ,AL1 ,ISIDORE ,GE(FROY ON ! ,AM]ICAN MONKEYS & O!R K9DS1 ,HI/4 ,NAT4 ,G541 VOL4 ;II41 #AHEI1 PP4 #BAF1 #BDC4 ,ES*RI*T1 IBID41 SS4 #DF1 #EE1 #FA4 ,[51 ,ANATOMY ( ,V]TEBRATES1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #FAI4 ,WALLACE1 ,3TRIBU;NS 6! ,!ORY ( ,NATURAL ,SELEC;N1 #AHGJ1 P4 #CDD4 ,X M/ N 2 SUPPOS$ T ! RESEMBL.ES 2T MAN & C]TA9 APES 9 ! ABV & 9 _M O!R PO9TS- S* Z 9 HAV+ A NAK$ =EH1D1 L;G TRESSES ON ! H1D1 &C41- >E ALL NECESS>ILY ! RESULT ( UNBROK5 9H]IT.E F A -MON PROG5ITOR1 OR ( SUBSEQU5T REV].N4 ,_M ( ^! RESEMBL.ES >E M PROBABLY DUE 6ANALOG\S V>I,N1 : FOLL[S1 Z ,I H ELSE": ATTEMPT$ 6%EW1 99 F CO-DESC5D$ ORGANISMS HAV+ A SIMIL> 3/ITU;N1 & HAV+ BE5 ACT$ ON 0L CAUSES 9DUC+ SIMIL> MODIFIC,NS4 ,) RESPECT 6! SIMIL> DIREC;N (! HAIR ON ! =E->MS ( MAN & C]TA9 MONKEYS1 Z ? "* IS -MON 6ALM ALL ! AN?ROPOMORPH\S APES1 X MAY PROBABLY 2 ATTRIBUT$ 69H]IT.E2 B ? IS N C]TA91 Z "S V 4T9CT ,AM]ICAN MONKEYS >E ?US "*IS$4 --,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES4 ,! ,V>I,N ( ,ANIMALS & ,PLANTS "U ,DOME/IC,N1 VOL4 ;II41 #AHFH1 P4 #CDH4 ,AL?1 Z WE H N[ SE51 MAN HAS NO J "R 6=M A SEP>ATE ,ORD] = 8 [N RECEP;N1 HE MAY P]H CLAIM A 4T9CT SUB-ORD] OR FAMILY4 ,PR(4 ,HUXLEY1 9 8 LA/ "W1 99 DIVIDES ! PRIMATES 96?REE SUBORD]S2 "NLY1 ! ,AN?ROPIDAE ) MAN AL"O1 ! ,SIMIADAE 9CLUD+ MONKEYS ( ALL K9DS1 &! ,LEMURIDAE )! DIV]SIFI$ G5]A ( LEMURS4 ,Z F> Z DI6];ES 9 C]TA9 IMPORTANT PO9TS ( /RUCTURE >E 3C]N$1 MAN MAY NO D\BT "RLY CLAIM ! RANK (A SUB-ORD]2 & ? RANK IS TOO L[1 IF WE LOOK *IEFLY 6HIS M5TAL FACULTIES4 ,N"E!.S1 F A G5EALOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW X APPE>S T ? RANK IS TOO HI<1 & T MAN "\ 6=M M]ELY A FAMILY1 OR POSSIBLY EV5 ONLY A SUB-FAMILY4 ,IF WE IMAG9E ?REE L9ES ( DESC5T PROCE$+ F A -MON /OCK1 X IS Q 3CEIVA# T TWO ( !M MIK$ DI6];ES 9 "S FEW PO9TS1- T IS1 6! AM.T ( MODIFIC,N "UG"O2 & H[ M* 6CLOSE RESEMBL.E 9 NUM]\S UNIMPORTANT PO9TS1 Z 9DICAT+ ! L9ES ( DESC5T OR G5EALOGY4 ,6ATTA* M* WEIS M CORRECT 6PAY GRT ATT5;N 6! _M SMALL RESEMBL.ES1 Z GIV+ A TRULY NATURAL CLASSIFIC,N4 --,AN ,9TRODUC;N 6! ,CLASSIFIC,N ( ,ANIMALS1 #AHFI1 P4 #II4 ,9 =M+ A JUDG;T ON ? H1D ) REF];E 6MAN1 WE M/ GL.E AT ! CLASSIFIC,N (! ,SIMIADAE4 ,? FAMILY IS DIVID$ 0ALM ALL NATURALI/S 96! CAT>H9E GR\P1 OR ,OLD ,_W MONKEYS1 ALL ( : >E "*IS$ 7Z _! "N EXPRESSES7 0! PECULI> /RUCTURE ( _! NO/RILS1 & 0HAV+ F\R PREMOL>S 9 EA* JAW2 & 96! PLATYRH9E GR\P OR ,NEW ,_W MONKEYS 79CLUD+ TWO V 4T9CT SUB-GR\PS71 ALL ( : >E "*IS$ 0DI6]5TLY 3/RUCT$ NO/RILS1 & 0HAV+ SIX PREMOL>S 9 EA* JAW4 ,"S O!R SMALL DI6];ES MIH9E OR ,OLD ,_W DIVI.N2 NOR DOES HE RESEM# ! PLATYRH9ES M CLOSELY ?AN ! CAT>H9ES 9 ANY "*S1 EXCEPT+ 9 A FEW ( N M* IMPORT.E & APP>5TLY ( AN ADAPTIVE NATURE4 ,X IS "!=E AG/ ALL PROBABIL;Y T "S ,NEW ,_W SPECIES %D H =M]LY V>I$ & PRODUC$ A MAN-L CR1TURE1 ) ALL ! 4T9CTIVE "*S PROP] 6! ,OLD ,_W DIVI.N2 LOS+ AT ! SAME "T ALL XS [N 4T9CTIVE "*S4 ,"! C1 3SEQU5TLY1 H>DLY 2 A D\BT T MAN IS AN (F-%OOT F ! ,OLD ,_W SIMIAN /EM2 & T "U A G5EALOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW HE M/ 2 CLASS$ )! CAT>H9E DIVI.N4 99 --,? IS NE>LY ! SAME CLASSIFIC,N Z T PROVI.N,Y ADOPT$ 0,MR4 ,/4 ,G4 ,MIV>T1 ,TRANSAC;NS1 ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,SOCIETY1 #AHFG1 P4 #CJJ1 :O1 AF SEP>AT+ ! ,LEMURIDAE1 DIVIDES ! REMA9D] (! ,PRIMATES 96! ,HOM9IDAE1 ! ,SIMIADAE : ANSW] 6! CAT>H9ES1 ! ,CEBIDAE1 &! ,HAPALIDAE1- ^! TWO LATT] GR\PS ANSW]+ 6! PLATYRH9ES4 ,MR4 ,MIV>T / ABIDES 0! SAME VIEW2 SEE ,NATURE1 #AHGA1 P4 #DHA4 ,! AN?ROPOMORPH\S APES1 "NLY ! GORILLA1 *IMPANZEE1 ORANG1 & ,HYLOBATES1 >E 0MO/ NATURALI/S SEP>AT$ F ! O!R ,OLD ,_W MONKEYS1 Z A 4T9CT SUB-GR\P4 ,I AM AW>E T ,GRATIOLET1 RELY+ ON ! /RUCTURE ( ! BRA91 DOES N ADMIT ! EXI/;E ( ? SUB- GR\P1 & NO D\BT X IS A BROK5 "O4 ,?US ! ORANG1 Z ,MR4 ,/4 ,G4 ,MIV>T REM>KS1 8IS "O (! MO/ PECULI> & AB]RANT =MS 6BE F.D 9 ! ,ORD]48 99 ,! REMA9+ NON- AN?ROPOMORPH\S ,OLD ,_W MONKEYS1 >E AG DIVID$ 0"S NATURALI/S 96TWO OR ?REE SMALL] SUBGR\PS2 ! G5US ,SEMNOPI!CUS1 ) XS PECULI> SA3ULAT$ /OMA*1 2+ ! TYPE ( "O SUB-GR\P4 ,B X APPE>S F ,M4 ,GAUDRY'S WOND];L 4COV]IES 9 ,ATTICA1 T DUR+ ! ,MIOC5E P]IOD A =M EXI/$ "!1 : 3NECT$ ,SEMNOPI!CUS & ,MACACUS2 & ? PROBABLY ILLU/RATES ! MANN] 9 : ! O!R & HI<] GR\PS 7 ONCE BL5D$ TGR4 --,TRANSAC;NS1 ,ZOOLOG4 ,SOC41 VOL4 ;VI41 #AHFG1 P4 #BAD4 ,IF ! AN?ROPOMORPH\S APES 2 ADMITT$ 6=M A NATURAL SUB-GR\P1 !N Z MAN AGREES ) !M1 N ONLY 9 ALL ^? "*S : HE POSSESSES 9 -MON )! :OLE CAT>H9E GR\P1 B 9 O!R PECULI> "*S1 S* Z ! ABS;E (A TAIL &( CALLOSITIES1 & 9 G5]AL APPE>.E1 WE MAY 9F] T "S ANCI5T MEMB] (! AN?ROPOMORPH\S SUB-GR\P GAVE BIR? 6MAN4 ,X IS N PROBA# T1 "? ! LAW ( ANALOG\S V>I,N1 A MEMB] ( "O (! O!R L[] SUB-GR\PS %D H GIV5 RISE 6A MAN-L CR1TURE1 RESEMBL+ ! HI<] AN?ROPOMORPH\S APES 9 S _M RESPECTS4 ,NO D\BT MAN1 9 -P>ISON ) MO/ ( 8 ALLIES1 HAS "UG"O AN EXTRAORD9>Y AM.T ( MODIFIC,N1 *IEFLY 9 3SEQU;E (! 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SAME =M DUR+ AN ENORM\S LAPSE ( "T4 ,F :AT WE SEE GO+ ON "U DOME/IC,N1 WE LE>N T "S (! CO-DESC5DANTS (! SAME SPECIES MAY 2 N AT ALL1 "S A LL1 & "S GRTLY *ANG$1 ALL )9 ! SAME P]IOD4 ,?US X MAY H BE5 ) MAN1 :O HAS "UG"O A GRT AM.T ( MODIFIC,N 9 C]TA9 "*S 9 -P>ISON )! HI<] APES4 ,! GRT BR1K 9 ! ORGANIC *A9 2T MAN & 8 NE>E/ ALLIES1 : _C 2 BRIDG$ OV] 0ANY EXT9CT OR LIV+ SPECIES1 HAS (T5 BE5 ADV.ED Z A GRAVE OBJEC;N 6! 2LIEF T MAN IS DESC5D$ F "S L[] =M2 B ? OBJEC;N W N APPE> ( M* WEIP & DEF9$1 O!RS LESS S 9 V>I\S DEGREES2 Z 2T ! ORANG & XS NE>E/ ALLIES- 2T ! ,T>SIUS &! O!R ,LEMURIDAE- 2T ! ELEPHANT1 & 9 A M /RIK+ MANN] 2T ! ,ORNI?ORHYN*US OR ,E*IDNA1 & ALL O!R MAMMALS4 ,B ^! BR1KS DEP5D M]ELY ON ! NUMB] ( RELAT$ =MS : H 2COME EXT9CT4 ,AT "S FUTURE P]IOD1 N V 4TANT Z M1SUR$ 0C5TURIES1 ! CIVILIS$ RACES ( MAN W ALM C]TA9LY EXT]M9ATE1 & REPLACE1 ! SAVAGE RACES "?\T ! _W4 ,AT ! SAME "T ! AN?ROPOMORPH\S APES1 Z ,PROFESSOR ,S*AA6HAUS5 HAS REM>K$1 99 W NO D\BT 2 EXT]M9AT$4 ,! BR1K 2T MAN & 8 NE>E/ ALLIES W !N 2 WID]1 = X W 9T]V5E 2T MAN 9 A M CIVILIS$ /ATE1 Z WE MAY HOPE1 EV5 ?AN ! ,CAUCASIAN1 & "S APE Z L[ Z A BABOON1 9/1D ( Z N[ 2T ! NEGRO OR ,AU/RALIAN &! GORILLA4 99 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,REVIEW1 ,APRIL1 #AHFG1 P4 #BCF ,) RESPECT 6! ABS;E ( FOSSIL REMA9S1 S]V+ 63NECT MAN ) 8 APE-L PROG5ITORS1 NO "O W LAY M* /RESS ON ? FACT :O R1DS ,SIR ,C4 ,LYELL'S 4CUS.N1 99 ": HE %EWS T 9 ALL ! V]TEBRATE CLASSES ! 4COV]Y ( FOSSIL REMA9S HAS BE5 A V SL[ & =TUIT\S PROCESS4 ,NOR %D X 2 =GOTT5 T ^? REGIONS : >E ! MO/ LIKELY 6AF=D REMA9S 3NECT+ MAN ) "S EXT9CT APE-L CR1TURE1 H N Z YET BE5 SE>*$ 0GEOLOGI/S4 --,ELE;TS ( ,GEOLOGY1 #AHFE1 PP4 #EHC-EHE4 ,ANTIQU;Y ( ,MAN1 #AHFC1 P4 #ADE4 ,L[] ,/AGES 9 ! ,G5EALOGY ( ,MAN4- ,WE H SE5 T MAN APPE>S 6H DIV]G$ F ! CAT>H9E OR ,OLD ,_W DIVI.N (! ,SIMIADAE1 AF ^! _H DIV]G$ F ! ,NEW ,_W DIVI.N4 ,WE W N[ 5D1V\R 6FOLL[ ! REMOTE TRACES ( 8 G5EALOGY1 TRU/+ PR9CIP,Y 6! MUTUAL A69ITIES 2T ! V>I\S CLASSES & ORD]S1 ) "S SLI Z ASC]TA9$1 ( _! SU3ESSIVE APPE>.E ON ! E>?4 ,! ,LEMURIDAE /& 2L & NE> 6! ,SIMIADAE1 & 3/ITUTE A V 4T9CT FAMILY (! PRIMATES1 OR1 AC 6,HAECKEL & O!RS1 A 4T9CT ,ORD]4 ,? GR\P IS DIV]SIFI$ & BROK5 6AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE1 & 9CLUDES _M AB]RANT =MS4 ,X HAS1 "!=E1 PROBABLY SU6]$ M* EXT9C;N4 ,MO/ (! REMNANTS SURVIVE ON ISL&S1 S* Z ,MADAGASC> &! ,MALAYAN >*IPELAGO1 ": !Y H N BE5 EXPOS$ 6S SEV]E A -PETI;N Z !Y WD H BE5 ON WELL-/OCK$ 3T95TS4 ,? GR\P LIKEWISE PRES5TS _M GRAD,NS1 L1D+1 Z ,HUXLEY REM>KS1 99 89S5SIBLY F ! CR[N & SUMMIT ( ! ANIMAL CRE,N D[N 6CR1TURES F : "! IS B A /EP1 Z X SEEMS1 6! L[E/1 SMALLE/1 & L1/ 9TELLIG5T (! PLAC5TAL MAMMALIA40 ,F ^! V>I\S 3SID],NS X IS PROBA# T ! ,SIMIADAE 7 ORIG9,Y DEVELOP$ F ! PROG5ITORS (! EXI/+ ,LEMURIDAE2 & ^! 9 _! TURN F =MS /&+ V L[ 9 ! MAMMALIAN S]IES4 --,MAN'S ,PLACE 9 ,NATURE1 P4 #AJE4 ,! M>SUPIALS /& 9 _M IMPORTANT "*S 2L ! PLAC5TAL MAMMALS4 ,!Y APPE>$ AT AN E>LI] GEOLOGICAL P]IOD1 & _! RANGE 0 =M]LY M* M EXT5SIVE ?AN AT PRES5T4 ,H;E ! ,PLAC5TATA >E G5],Y SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 DERIV$ F ! ,IMPLAC5TATA OR M>SUPIALS2 N1 H["E1 F =MS CLOSELY RESEMBL+ ! EXI/+ M>SUPIALS1 B F _! E>LY PROG5ITORS4 ,! ,MONOTREMATA >E PLA9LY ALLI$ 6! M>SUPIALS1 =M+ A ?IRD & / L[] DIVI.N 9 ! GRT MAMMALIAN S]IES4 ,!Y >E REPRES5T$ AT ! PRES5T "D SOLELY 0! ,ORNI?ORHYN*US & ,E*IDNA2 & ^! TWO =MS MAY 2 SAFELY 3SID]$ Z RELICS (A M* L>G] GR\P1 REPRES5TATIVES ( : H BE5 PRES]V$ 9 ,AU/RALIA "? "S FAV\RA# 3CURR;E ( CIRCUM/.ES4 ,! ,MONOTREMATA >E EM95TLY 9T]E/+1 Z L1D+ 9 S"EAL IMPORTANT PO9TS ( /RUCTURE T[>DS ! CLASS ( REPTILES4 ,9 ATTEMPT+ 6TRACE ! G5EALOGY (! ,MAMMALIA1 & "!=E ( MAN1 L[] D[N 9 ! S]IES1 WE 2COME 9VOLV$ 9 GRT] & GRT] OBSCUR;Y2 B Z A MO/ CAPA# JUDGE1 ,MR4 ,P>K]1 HAS REM>K$1 WE H GD R1SON 62LIEVE1 T NO TRUE BIRD OR REPTILE 9T]V5ES 9 ! DIRECT L9E ( DESC5T4 ,HE :O WI%ES 6SEE :AT 9G5U;Y & K C E6ECT1 MAY 3SULT ,PR(4 ,HAECKEL'S "WS4 99 ,I W 3T5T MYF )A FEW G5]AL REM>KS4 ,E EVOLU;NI/ W ADMIT T ! FIVE GRT V]TEBRATE CLASSES1 "NLY1 MAMMALS1 BIRDS1 REPTILES1 AMPHIBIANS1 & FI%ES1 >E DESC5D$ F "S "O PROTOTYPE2 = !Y H M* 9 -MON1 ESPECI,Y DUR+ _! EMBRYONIC /ATE4 ,Z ! CLASS ( FI%ES IS ! MO/ L[LY ORGANIS$1 & APPE>$ 2F ! O!RS1 WE MAY 3CLUDE T ALL ! MEMB]S (! V]TEBRATE K+DOM >E DERIV$ F "S FI%LIKE ANIMAL4 ,! 2LIEF T ANIMALS S 4T9CT Z A MONKEY1 AN ELEPHANT1 A HUMM+- BIRD1 A SNAKE1 A FROG1 &A FI%1 &C41 CD ALL H SPRUNG F ! SAME P>5TS1 W APPE> MON/R\S 6^? :O H N ATT5D$ 6! REC5T PROGRESS ( NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,= ? 2LIEF IMPLIES ! =M] EXI/;E ( L9KS B9D+ CLOSELY TGR ALL ^! =MS1 N[ S UTT]LY UNLIKE4 --,ELABORATE TA#S >E GIV5 9 8 ,G5]ELLE ,MORPHOLOGIE 7,B4 ;II41 S4 CLIII4 & S4 #DBE72 &) M ESPECIAL REF];E 6MAN 9 8 ,NATURLI*E ,S*OPFUNGSGES*I*TE1 #AHFH4 ,PR(4 ,HUXLEY1 9 REVIEW+ ? LATT] "W 7,! ,ACADEMY1 #AHFI1 P4 #DB71 SAYS T HE 3SID]S ! PHYLUM OR L9ES ( DESC5T (! ,V]TEBRATA 6BE ADMIRABLY 4CUSS$ 0,HAECKEL1 AL? HE DI6]S ON "S PO9TS4 ,HE EXPRESSES1 AL1 8 HI< E/IMATE (! G5]AL T5OR & _S (! :OLE "W4 ,N"E!.S1 X IS C]TA9 T GR\PS ( ANIMALS H EXI/$1 OR D N[ EXI/1 : S]VE 63NECT S"EAL (! GRT V]TEBRATE CLASSES M OR LESS CLOSELY4 ,WE H SE5 T ! ,ORNI?ORHYN*US GRADUATES T[>DS REPTILES2 & ,PR(4 ,HUXLEY HAS 4COV]$1 & IS 3FIRM$ 0,MR4 ,COPE & O!RS1 T ! D9OSAURIANS >E 9 _M IMPORTANT "*S 9T]M$IATE 2T C]TA9 REPTILES & C]TA9 BIRDS- ! BIRDS REF]R$ 62+ ! O/RI*-TRIBE 7XF A WIDELY-DI6US$ REMNANT (A L>G] GR\P7 &! ,>*EOPT]YX1 T /RANGE SECOND>Y BIRD1 )A L;G LIZ>D-L TAIL4 ,AG1 AC 6,PR(4 ,[51 99 ! I*?YOSAURIANS- GRT SEA-LIZ>DS FURNI%$ ) PA4LES- PRES5T _M A69ITIES ) FI%ES1 OR R1 AC 6,HUXLEY1 ) AMPHIBIANS2 A CLASS :1 9CLUD+ 9 XS HIM$ DUR+ ! E>LI] GEOLOGICAL P]IODS1 & 7 3/RUCT$ ON :AT IS CALL$ A G5]ALIS$ TYPE1 T IS1 !Y PRES5T$ DIV]SIFI$ A69ITIES ) O!R GR\PS ( ORGANISMS4 ,! ,LEPIDOSIR5 IS AL S CLOSELY ALLI$ 6AMPHIBIANS & FI%ES1 T NATURALI/S L;G 4PUT$ 9 : ( ^! TWO CLASSES 6RANK X2 X1 & AL "S FEW GANOID FI%ES1 H BE5 PRES]V$ F UTT] EXT9C;N 09HABIT+ RIV]S1 : >E H>B\RS ( REFUGE1 & >E RELAT$ 6! GRT WAT]S (! OC1N 9 ! SAME WAY T ISL&S >E 63T95TS4 --,PALAEONTOLOGY #AHFJ1 P4 #AII4 ,LA/LY1 "O S+LE MEMB] (! IMM5SE & DIV]SIFI$ CLASS ( FI%ES1 "NLY1 ! L.ELET OR AMPHIOXUS1 IS S DI6]5T F ALL O!R FI%ES1 T ,HAECKEL MA9TA9S T X "\ 6=M A 4T9CT CLASS 9 ! V]TEBRATE K+DOM4 ,? FI% IS REM>KA# = XS NEGATIVE "*S2 X C H>DLY 2 SD 6POSSESS A BRA91 V]TEBRAL COLUMN1 OR HE>T1 &C42 S T X 0 CLASS$ 0! OLD] NATURALI/S AM;G/ ! WORMS4 ,_M YE>S AGO ,PR(4 ,GD SIR P]CVD T ! L.ELET PRES5T$ "S A69ITIES )! ASCIDIANS1 : >E 9V]TEBRATE1 H]MAPHRODITE1 M>9E CR1TURES P]MAN5TLY ATTA*$ 6A SUPPORT4 ,!Y H>DLY APPE> L ANIMALS1 & 3SI/ (A SIMPLE1 T\<1 L1!RY SACK1 ) TWO SMALL PROJECT+ ORIFICES4 ,!Y 2L;G 6! ,MULLUSCOIDA ( ,HUXLEY- A L[] DIVI.N (! GRT K+DOM (! ,MOLLUSCA2 B !Y H REC5TLY BE5 PLAC$ 0"S NATURALI/S AM;G/ ! ,V]MES OR WORMS4 ,_! L>VAE "S:AT RESEM# TADPOLES 9 %APE1 99 & H ! 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HE>T EXI/$ Z A SIMPLE PULSAT+ VESSEL2 &! *ORDA DORSALIS TOOK ! PLACE (A V]TEBRAL COLUMN4 ,^! E>LY ANCE/ORS ( MAN1 ?US SE5 9 ! DIM RECESSES ( "T1 M/ H BE5 Z SIMPLY1 OR EV5 / M SIMPLY ORGANIS$ ?AN ! L.ELET OR AMPHIOXUS4 ,"! IS "O O!R PO9T DES]V+ A FULL] NOTICE4 ,X HAS L;G BE5 "KN T 9 ! V]TEBRATE K+DOM "O SEX BE>S RUDI;TS ( V>I\S A3ESSORY "PS1 APP]TA9+ 6! REPRODUCTIVE SY/EM1 : PROP]LY 2L;G 6! OPPOSITE SEX2 & X HAS N[ BE5 ASC]TA9$ T AT A V E>LY EMBRYONIC P]IOD BO? SEXES POSSESS TRUE MALE & FEMALE GL&S4 ,H;E "S REMOTE PROG5ITOR (! :OLE V]TEBRATE K+DOM APPE>S 6H BE5 H]MAPHRODITE OR &ROGYN\S4 99 ,B "H WE 5C.T] A S+UL> DI6ICULTY4 ,9 ! MAMMALIAN CLASS ! MALES POSSESS RUDI;TS (A UT]US )! ADJAC5T PASSAGE1 9 _! VESICULAE PRO/ATICAE2 !Y BE> AL RUDI;TS ( MAMMAE1 & "S MALE M>SUPIALS H TRACES (A M>SUPIAL SACK4 99 7#B7 ,O!R ANALOG\S FACTS CD 2 A4$4 ,>E WE1 !N1 6SUPPOSE T "S EXTREMELY ANCI5T MAMMAL 3T9U$ &ROGYN\S1 AF X _H ACQUIR$ ! *IEF 4T9C;NS ( XS CLASS1 & "!=E AF X _H DIV]G$ F ! L[] CLASSES (! 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MANN] ( DEVELOP;T2 = ,PROFESSOR ,TURN] 9=MS ME1 ON ! AU?OR;Y ( ,KOLLIK] & ,LANG]1 T 9 ! EMBRYO ! MAMM>Y GL&S C 2 4T9CTLY TRAC$ 2F ! NIPPLES >E 9 ! L1/ VISI#2 &! DEVELOP;T ( SU3ESSIVE "PS 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL G5],Y REPRES5TS & A3ORDS )! DEVELOP;T ( SU3ESSIVE 2+S 9 ! SAME L9E ( DESC5T4 ,! M>SUPIALS DI6] F ! ,MONOTREMATA 0POSSESS+ NIPPLES2 S T PROBABLY ^! ORGANS 7 F/ ACQUIR$ 0! M>SUPIALS1 AF !Y _H DIV]G$ F1 & RIS5 ABV1 ! ,MONOTREMATA1 & 7 !N TRANSMITT$ 6! PLAC5TAL MAMMALS4 99 ,NO "O W SUPPOSE T ! M>SUPIALS / REMA9$ &ROGYN\S1 AF !Y _H APPROXIMATELY ACQUIR$ _! PRES5T /RUCTURE4 ,H[ !N >E WE 6A3.T = MALE MAMMALS POSSESS+ MAMMAE8 ,X IS POSSI# T !Y 7 F/ DEVELOP$ 9 ! FEMALES & !N TRANSF]R$ 6! MALES1 B F :AT FOLL[S ? IS H>DLY PROBA#4 --,PR(4 ,GEG5BAUR HAS %EWN 7,J5AIS*E ,ZEITS*RIFT1 ,BD4 ;VII41 P4 #BAB7 T TWO 4T9CT TYPES ( NIPPLES PREVAIL "?\T ! S"EAL MAMMALIAN ORD]S1 B T X IS Q 9TELLIGI# H[ BO? CD H BE5 DERIV$ F ! NIPPLES (! M>SUPIALS1 &! LATT] F ^? (! ,MONOTREMATA4 ,SEE1 AL1 A MEMOIR 0,DR4 ,MAX ,HUSS1 ON ! MAMM>Y GL&S1 IBID41 ,B4 ;VIII41 P4 #AGF4 ,X MAY 2 SU7E/$1 Z ANO!R VIEW1 T L;G AF ! PROG5ITORS (! :OLE MAMMALIAN CLASS _H C1S$ 6BE &ROGYN\S1 BO? SEXES YIELD$ MILK1 & ?US N\RI%$ _! "Y2 & 9 ! CASE (! M>SUPIALS1 T BO? SEXES C>RI$ _! "Y 9 M>SUPIAL SACKS4 ,? W N APPE> ALT IMPROBA#1 IF WE REFLECT T ! MALES ( EXI/+ SYNGNA?\S FI%ES RCV ! E7S (! FEMALES 9 _! ABDOM9AL P\*ES1 HAT* !M1 & AFWS1 Z "S 2LIEVE1 N\RI% ! "Y2 99--T C]TA9 O!R MALE FI%ES HAT* ! E7S )9 _! M\?S OR BRAN*IAL CAVITIES2- T C]TA9 MALE TOADS TAKE ! *APLETS ( E7S F ! FEMALES1 & W9D !M R.D _! [N ?IE BORN2- T C]TA9 MALE BIRDS "UTAKE ! :OLE DUTY ( 9CUB,N1 & T MALE PIGEONS1 Z WELL Z ! FEMALES1 FE$ _! NE/L+S )A SECRE;N F _! CROPS4 ,B ! ABV SU7ES;N F/ O3URR$ 6ME F MAMM>Y GL&S ( MALE MAMMALS 2+ S M* M P]FECTLY DEVELOP$ ?AN ! RUDI;TS (! O!R A3ESSORY REPRODUCTIVE "PS1 : >E F.D 9 ! "O SEX ?\< PROP] 6! O!R4 ,! MAMM>Y GL&S & NIPPLES1 Z !Y EXI/ 9 MALE MAMMALS1 C 9DE$ H>DLY 2 CALL$ RUDI;T>Y2 !Y >E M]ELY N FULLY DEVELOP$1 & N FUNC;N,Y ACTIVE4 ,!Y >E SYMPA!TIC,Y A6ECT$ "U ! 9FLU;E ( C]TA9 41SES1 L ! SAME ORGANS 9 ! FEMALE4 ,!Y (T5 SECRETE A FEW DROPS ( MILK AT BIR? & AT PUB]TY3 ? LATT] FACT O3URR$ 9 ! CURI\S CASE 2F REF]R$ TO1 ": A "Y MAN POSSESS$ TWO PAIRS ( MAMMEE4 ,9 MAN & "S O!R MALE MAMMALS ^! ORGANS H BE5 "KN O3A.N,Y 62COME S WELL DEVELOP$ DUR+ MATUR;Y Z 6YIELD A FAIR SUPPLY ( MILK4 ,N[ IF WE SUPPOSE T DUR+ A =M] PROL;G$ P]IOD MALE MAMMALS AID$ ! FEMALES 9 NURS+ _! (FSPR+1 99 7#B7 & T AFWS F "S CAUSE 7Z F ! PRODUC;N (A SMALL] NUMB] ( "Y7 ! MALES C1S$ 6GIVE ? AID1 4USE (! ORGANS DUR+ MATUR;Y WD L1D 6_! 2COM+ 9ACTIVE2 & F TWO WELL- "KN PR9CIPLES ( 9H]IT.E1 ? /ATE ( 9ACTIV;Y WD PROBABLY 2 TRANSMITT$ 6! MALES AT ! CORRESPOND+ AGE ( MATUR;Y4 ,B AT AN E>LI] AGE ^! ORGANS WD 2 LEFT UNA6ECT$1 S T !Y WD 2 ALM EQU,Y WELL DEVELOP$ 9 ! "Y ( BO? 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SAME "P APPE>S (T5 6H BE5 MODIFI$ F/ = "O PURPOSE1 & !N L;G AFWS = "S O!R & Q 4T9CT PURPOSE2 & ?US ALL ! "PS >E R5D]$ M & M -PLEX4 ,B EA* ORGANISM / RETA9S ! G5]AL TYPE ( /RUCTURE (! PROG5ITOR F : X 0 ABORIG9,Y DERIV$4 ,9 A3ORD.E ) ? VIEW X SEEMS1 IF WE TURN 6GEOLOGICAL EVID;E1 T ORGANIS,N ON ! :OLE HAS ADV.ED "?\T ! _W 0SL[ & 9T]RUPT$ /EPS4 ,9 ! GRT K+DOM (! ,V]TEBRATA X HAS CULM9AT$ 9 MAN4 ,X M/ N1 H["E1 2 SUPPOS$ T GR\PS ( ORGANIC 2+S >E ALW SUPPLANT$1 & 4APPE> Z SOON Z !Y H GIV5 BIR? 6O!R & M P]FECT GR\PS4 ,! LATT]1 ?\< VICTORI\S OV] _! PR$ECESSORS1 MAY N H 2COME BETT] ADAPT$ = ALL PLACES 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATURE4 ,"S OLD =MS APPE> 6H SURVIV$ F 9HABIT+ PROTECT$ SITES1 ": !Y H N BE5 EXPOS$ 6V SEV]E -PETI;N2 & ^! (T5 AID U 9 3/RUCT+ \R G5EALOGIES1 0GIV+ U A FAIR IDEA ( =M] & LO/ POPUL,NS4 ,B WE M/ N FALL 96! ]ROR ( LOOK+ AT ! EXI/+ MEMB]S ( ANY L[LY-ORGANIS$ GR\P Z P]FECT REPRES5TATIVES ( _! ANCI5T PR$ECESSORS4 ,! MO/ ANCI5T PROG5ITORS 9 ! 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