,,*APT] ,,XX3 ,,KEEL+ ,,ISL&3--
            ,,CORAL ,,=M,NS

    ,KEEL+ ,ISL&--,S+UL> APPE>.E--
    ,SCANTY ,FLORA--,TRANSPORT ( ,SE$S--
    ,BIRDS & ,9SECTS--,E2+ & FL[+ ,SPR+S
    --,FIELDS ( D1D ,CORAL--,/"OS
    TRANSPORT$ 9 ! ROOTS ( ,TREES--,GRT
    ,CRAB--,/++ ,CORALS--,CORAL EAT+
    ,FI%--,CORAL ,=M,NS--,LAGOON ,ISL&S1
    OR ,ATOLLS--,DEP? AT : REEF-BUILD+
    ,CORALS C LIVE--,VA/ ,>1S 9T]SP]S$ )
    L[ ,CORAL ,ISL&S--,SUBSID;E ( _!
    F.D,NS--,B>RI] ,REEFS--,FR++ ,REEFS
    --,3V].N ( ,FR++ ,REEFS 96,B>RI]
    ,REEFS1 & 96,ATOLLS--,EVID;E (
    *ANGES 9 ,LEVEL--,BR1*ES 9 ,B>RI]
    ,REEFS--,MALDIVA ,ATOLLS1 _! PECULI>
    /RUCTURE--,D1D & SUBM]G$ ,REEFS--
    ,>1S ( SUBSID;E & ELEV,N--,4TRIBU;N
    ( ,VOLCANOES--,SUBSID;E SL[1 & VA/ 9
    AM.T4
  ,APRIL #A/4-- ,WE >RIV$ 9 VIEW (!
,KEEL+ OR ,COCOS ,ISL&S1 SITUAT$ 9 !
,9DIAN ,OC1N1 & AB SIX HUNDR$ MILES
4TANT F ! COA/ ( ,SUMATRA4 ,? IS "O (!
LAGOON-ISL&S 7OR ATOLLS7 ( CORAL =M,N1
SIMIL> 6^? 9 ! ,L[ ,>*IPELAGO : WE PASS$
NE>4 ,:5 ! %IP 0 9 ! *ANNEL AT ! 5TR.E1
,MR4 ,LIESK1 AN ,5GLI% RESID5T1 CAME (F
9 8 BOAT4 ,! HI/ORY (! 9HABITANTS ( ?
PLACE1 9 Z FEW ^WS Z POSSI#1 IS Z
FOLL[S4 ,AB N9E YE>S AGO1 ,MR4 ,H>E1 A
WOR?.S "*1 BR"\ F ! ,EA/ ,9DIAN
>*IPELAGO A NUMB] ( ,MALAY SLAVES1 : N[
9CLUD+ *N1 AM.T 6M ?AN A HUNDR$4 ,%ORTLY
AFWS1 ,CAPTA9 ,ROSS1 :O _H 2F VISIT$ ^!
ISL&S 9 8 M]*ANT-%IP1 >RIV$ F ,5GL&1
BR++ ) HM 8 FAMILY & GDS = SETTLE;T AL;G
) HM CAME ,MR4 ,LIESK1 :O _H BE5 A MATE
9 8 VESSEL4 ,! ,MALAY SLAVES SOON RAN
AWAY F ! ISLET ON : ,MR4 ,H>E 0 SETTL$1
& JO9$ ,CAPTA9 ,ROSS'S "PY4 ,MR4 ,H>E ^U
? 0 ULTIMATELY OBLIG$ 6L1VE ! PLACE4
  ,! ,MALAYS >E N[ NOM9,Y 9 A /ATE (
FREEDOM1 & C]TA9LY >E S1 Z F> Z REG>DS
_! P]SONAL TR1T;T2 B 9 MO/ O!R PO9TS !Y
>E 3SID]$ Z SLAVES4 ,F _! 4CONT5T$ /ATE1
F ! REP1T$ REMOVALS F ISLET 6ISLET1 &
P]H AL F A LL MISMANAGE;T1 ?+S >E N V
PROSP]\S4 ,! ISL& HAS NO DOME/IC
QUADRUP$1 EXCEPT+ ! PIG1 &! MA9 VEGETA#
PRODUC;N IS ! COCOA-NUT4 ,! :OLE
PROSP];Y (! PLACE DEP5DS ON ? TREE3 !
ONLY EXPORTS 2+ OIL F ! NUT1 &! NUTS
!MVS1 : >E TAK5 6,S+APORE & ,MAURITIUS1
": !Y >E *IEFLY US$1 :5 GRAT$1 9 MAK+
CURRIES4 ,ON ! COCOA-NUT1 AL1 ! PIGS1 :
>E LOAD$ ) FAT1 ALM 5TIRELY SUBSI/1 Z D
! DUCKS & P\LTRY4 ,EV5 A HUGE L&-CRAB IS
FURNI%$ 0NATURE )! M1NS 6OP5 & FE$ ON ?
MO/ USE;L PRODUC;N4
  ,! R+-=M$ REEF (! LAGOON-ISL& IS
SURM.T$ 9 ! GRT] "P ( XS L5G? 0L9E>
ISLETS4 ,ON ! NOR!RN OR LEEW>D SIDE1 "!
IS AN OP5+ "? : VESSELS C PASS 6!
AN*ORAGE )94 ,ON 5T]+1 ! SC5E 0 V CURI\S
& R PRETTY2 XS B1UTY1 H["E1 5TIRELY
DEP5D$ ON ! BRILLIANCY (! SURR.D+
COL\RS4 ,! %ALL[1 CLE>1 & / WAT] (!
LAGOON1 RE/+ 9 XS GRT] "P ON :ITE S&1
IS1 :5 ILLUM9$ 0A V]TICAL SUN1 (! MO/
VIVID GRE54 ,? BRILLIANT EXPANSE1 S"EAL
MILES 9 WID?1 IS ON ALL SIDES DIVID$1 EI
0A L9E ( SN[-:ITE BR1K]S F ! D>K H1V+
WAT]S (! OC1N1 OR F ! BLUE VAULT ( H1V5
0! /RIPS ( L&1 CR[N$ 0! LEVEL TOPS (!
COCOA-NUT TREES4 ,Z A :ITE CL\D "H & "!
AF=DS A PL1S+ 3TRA/ )! AZURE SKY1 S 9 !
LAGOON1 B&S ( LIV+ CORAL D>K5 ! EM]ALD
GRE5 WAT]4
  ,! NEXT MORN+ AF AN*OR+1 ,I W5T ON
%ORE ON ,DIREC;N ,ISL&4 ,! /RIP ( DRY L&
IS ONLY A FEW HUNDR$ Y>DS 9 WID?2 ON !
LAGOON SIDE "! IS A :ITE CALC>E\S B1*1 !
RADI,N F : "U ? SULTRY CLIMATE 0 V
OPPRESSIVE2 & ON ! \T] COA/1 A SOLID
BROAD FLAT ( CORAL-ROCK S]V$ 6BR1K !
VIOL;E (! OP5 SEA4 ,EXCEPT+ NE> !
LAGOON1 ": "! IS "S S&1 ! L& IS 5TIRELY
-POS$ ( R.D$ FRAG;TS ( CORAL4 ,9 S* A
LOOSE1 DRY1 /ONY SOIL1 ! CLIMATE (!
9T]TROPICAL REGIONS AL"O CD PRODUCE A
VIGOR\S VEGET,N4 ,ON "S (! SMALL]
ISLETS1 NO?+ CD 2 M ELEGANT ?AN ! MANN]
9 : ! "Y & FULL-GR[N COCOA-NUT TREES1
)\T DE/ROY+ EA* O!R'S SYMMETRY1 7 M+L$
96"O WOOD4 ,A B1* ( GLITT]+ :ITE S& =M$
A BORD] 6^! FAIRY SPOTS4
  ,I W N[ GIVE A SKET* (! NATURAL HI/ORY
( ^! ISL&S1 :1 F XS V PAUC;Y1 POSSESSES
A PECULI> 9T]E/4 ,! COCOA-NUT TREE1 AT
F/ GL.E1 SEEMS 6-POSE ! :OLE WOOD2 "! >E
H["E1 FIVE OR SIX O!R TREES4 ,"O ( ^!
GR[S 6A V L>GE SIZE1 B F ! EXTREMES (
S(T;S ( XS WOOD1 IS USE.S2 ANO!R SORT
AF=DS EXCELL5T TIMB] = %IP-BUILD+4 ,2SS
! TREES1 ! NUMB] ( PLANTS IS EXCE$+LY
LIMIT$1 & 3SI/S ( 9SIGNIFICANT WE$S4 ,9
MY COLLEC;N1 : 9CLUDES1 ,I 2LIEVE1 NE>LY
! P]FECT ,FLORA1 "! >E TW5TY SPECIES1
)\T RECKON+ A MOSS1 LI*51 & FUNGUS4 ,6?
NUMB] TWO TREES M/ 2 A4$2 "O ( : 0 N 9
FL[]1 &! O!R ,I ONLY HE>D (4 ,! LATT] IS
A SOLIT>Y TREE ( XS K9D1 & GR[S NE> !
B1*1 ":1 )\T D\BT1 ! "O SE$ 0 ?R[N UP 0!
WAVES4 ,A ,GUIL&9A AL GR[S ON ONLY "O (!
ISLETS4 ,I D N 9CLUDE 9 ! ABV LI/ !
SUG>-CANE1 BANANA1 "S O!R VEGETA#S1
FRUIT-TREES1 & IMPORT$ GRASSES4 ,Z !
ISL&S 3SI/ 5TIRELY ( CORAL1 & AT "O "T
M/ H EXI/$ Z M]E WAT]-WA%$ REEFS1 ALL _!
T]RE/RIAL PRODUC;NS M/ H BE5 TRANSPORT$
"H 0! WAVES (! SEA4 ,9 A3ORD.E ) ?1 !
,FLORULA HAS Q ! "* (A REFUGE =!
DE/ITUTE3 ,PROFESSOR ,H5SL[ 9=MS ME T (!
TW5TY SPECIES N9ETE5 2L;G 6DI6]5T G5]A1
& ^! AG 6NO LESS ?AN SIXTE5 FAMILIES6
,7#A7'
  ,9 ,HOLMAN'S ,7#B7' ,TRAVELS AN A3.T
IS GIV51 ON ! AU?OR;Y ( ,MR4 ,A4 ,S4
,K1T+1 :O RESID$ TWELVE MON?S ON ^!
ISL&S1 (! V>I\S SE$S & O!R BODIES : H
BE5 "KN 6H BE5 WA%$ ON %ORE4 8,SE$S &
PLANTS F ,SUMATRA & ,JAVA H BE5 DRIV5 UP
0! SURF ON ! W9DW>D SIDE (! ISL&S4 ,AM;G
!M H BE5 F.D ! ,KIMIRI1 NATIVE (
,SUMATRA &! P59SULA ( ,MALA3A2 ! COCOA-
NUT ( ,BALCI1 "KN 0XS %APE & SIZE2 !
,DADASS1 : IS PLANT$ 0! ,MALAYS )!
PEPP]-V9E1 ! LATT] 9TW9+ R.D XS TRUNK1 &
SUPPORT+ XF 0! PRICKLES ON XS /EM2 !
SOAP-TREE2 ! CA/OR-OIL PLANT2 TRUNKS (!
SAGO PALM2 & V>I\S K9DS ( SE$S UN"KN 6!
,MALAYS SETTL$ ON ! ISL&S4 ,^! >E ALL
SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 DRIV5 0! ,N4 ,W4 MONSOON
6! COA/ ( ,NEW ,HOLL&1 & ?;E 6^! ISL&S
0! ,S4 ,E4 TRADE-W9D4 ,L>GE MASSES (
,JAVA T1K & ,YELL[ WOOD H AL BE5 F.D1
2SS IMM5SE TREES ( R$ & :ITE C$>1 &!
BLUE GUMWOOD ( ,NEW ,HOLL&1 9 A P]FECTLY
S.D 3DI;N4 ,ALL ! H>DY SE$S1 S* Z
CREEP]S1 RETA9 _! G]M9AT+ P[]1 B ! S(T]
K9DS1 AM;G : IS ! MANGO/91 >E DE/ROY$ 9
! PASSAGE4 ,FI%+-CANOES1 APP>5TLY F
,JAVA1 H AT "TS BE5 WA%$ ON %ORE40 ,X IS
9T]E/+ ?US 64COV] H[ NUM]\S ! SE$S >E1
:1 -+ F S"EAL C.TRIES1 >E DRIFT$ OV] !
WIDE OC1N4 ,PROFESSOR ,H5SL[ TELLS ME1
HE 2LIEVES T NE>LY ALL ! PLANTS : ,I
BR"\ F ^! ISL&S1 >E -MON LITTORAL
SPECIES 9 ! ,EA/ ,9DIAN >*IPELAGO4 ,F !
DIREC;N1 H["E1 (! W9DS & CURR5TS1 X
SEEMS SC>CELY POSSI# T !Y CD H -E "H 9 A
DIRECT L9E4 ,IF1 Z SU7E/$ ) M*
PROBABIL;Y 0,MR4 ,K1T+1 !Y 7 F/ C>RI$
T[>DS ! COA/ ( ,NEW ,HOLL&1 & ?;E DRIFT$
BACK TGR )! PRODUC;NS ( T C.TRY1 ! SE$S1
2F G]M9AT+1 M/ H TRAVELL$ 2T #AHJJ &
#BDJJ MILES4
  ,*AMISSO1 ,7#C7' :5 DESCRIB+ ! ,RADACK
,>*IPELAGO1 SITUAT$ 9 ! WE/]N "P (!
,PACIFIC1 /ATES T 8! SEA BR+S 6^! ISL&S
! SE$S & FRUITS ( _M TREES1 MO/ ( : H
YET N GR[N "H4 ,! GRT] "P ( ^! SE$S
APPE> 6H N YET LO/ ! CAPABIL;Y ( GR[+40
  ,X IS AL SD T PALMS & BAMBOOS F "S": 9
! TORRID Z"O1 & TRUNKS ( NOR!RN FIRS1 >E
WA%$ ON %ORE3 ^! FIRS M/ H -E F AN
IMM5SE 4T.E4 ,^! FACTS >E HI<LY 9T]E/+4
,X _C 2 D\BT$ T IF "! 7 L&-BIRDS 6PICK
UP ! SE$S :5 F/ CA/ ON %ORE1 &A SOIL
BETT] ADAPT$ = _! GR[? ?AN ! LOOSE
BLOCKS ( CORAL1 T ! MO/ ISOLAT$ (!
LAGOON-ISL&S WD 9 "T POSSESS A F> M
ABUNDANT ,FLORA ?AN !Y N[ H4
  ,! LI/ ( L& ANIMALS IS EV5 POOR] ?AN T
(! PLANTS4 ,"S (! ISLETS >E 9HABIT$
0RATS1 : 7 BR"\ 9 A %IP F ! ,MAURITIUS1
WRECK$ "H4 ,^! RATS >E 3SID]$ 0,MR4
,WAT]H\SE Z ID5TICAL )! ,5GLI% K9D1 B !Y
>E SMALL]1 & M B"RLY COL\R$4 ,"! >E NO
TRUE L&-BIRDS1 =A SNIPE &A RAIL 7,RALLUS
,PHILLIPP5SIS71 ?\< LIV+ 5TIRELY 9 ! DRY
H]BAGE1 2L;G 6! ORD] ( ,WAD]S4 ,BIRDS (
? ORD] >E SD 6O3UR ON S"EAL (! SMALL L[
ISL&S 9 ! ,PACIFIC4 ,AT ,ASC5.N1 ": "!
IS NO L&-BIRD1 A RAIL 7,PORPHYRIO
SIMPLEX7 0 %OT NE> ! SUMMIT (! M.TA91 &
X 0 EVID5TLY A SOLIT>Y /RA7L]4 ,AT
,TRI/AN D',ACUNHA1 ":1 AC 6,C>MI*AEL1 "!
>E ONLY TWO L&-BIRDS1 "! IS A COOT4 ,F
^! FACTS ,I 2LIEVE T ! WAD]S1 AF !
9NUM]A# WEB-FOOT$ SPECIES1 >E G5],Y ! F/
COLONI/S ( SMALL ISOLAT$ ISL&S4 ,I MAY
ADD1 T :5"E ,I NOTIC$ BIRDS1 N ( OC1NIC
SPECIES1 V F> \ AT SEA1 !Y ALW 2L;G$ 6?
ORD]2 & H;E !Y WD NATUR,Y 2COME ! E>LIE/
COLONI/S ( ANY REMOTE PO9T ( L&4
  ,( REPTILES ,I SAW ONLY "O SMALL
LIZ>D4 ,( 9SECTS ,I TOOK PA9S 6COLLECT E
K9D4 ,EXCLUSIVE ( SPID]S1 : 7 NUM]\S1 "!
7 ?IRTE5 SPECIES4 ,7#D7' ,( ^!1 "O ONLY
0 A BEETLE4 ,A SMALL ANT SW>M$ 0?\S&S "U
! LOOSE DRY BLOCKS ( CORAL1 & 0 ! ONLY
TRUE 9SECT : 0 ABUNDANT4 ,AL? !
PRODUC;NS (! L& >E ?US SCANTY1 IF WE
LOOK 6! WAT]S (! SURR.D+ SEA1 ! NUMB] (
ORGANIC 2+S IS 9DE$ 9F9ITE4 ,*AMISSO HAS
DESCRIB$ ,7#E7' ! NATURAL HI/ORY (A
LAGOON-ISL& 9 ! ,RADACK ,>*IPELAGO2 & X
IS REM>KA# H[ CLOSELY XS 9HABITANTS1 9
NUMB] & K9D1 RESEM# ^? ( ,KEEL+ ,ISL&4
,"! IS "O LIZ>D & TWO WAD]S1 "NLY1 A
SNIPE & CURLEW4 ,( PLANTS "! >E N9ETE5
SPECIES1 9CLUD+ A F]N2 & "S ( ^! >E !
SAME ) ^? GR[+ "H1 ?\< ON A SPOT S
IMM5SELY REMOTE1 & 9 A DI6]5T OC1N4
  ,! L;G /RIPS ( L&1 =M+ ! L9E> ISLETS1
H BE5 RAIS$ ONLY 6T HEI<T 6: ! SURF C
?R[ FRAG;TS ( CORAL1 &! W9D H1P UP
CALC>E\S S&4 ,! SOLID FLAT ( CORAL ROCK
ON ! \TSIDE1 0XS BR1D?1 BR1KS ! F/
VIOL;E (! WAVES1 : O!RWISE1 9 A "D1 WD
SWEEP AWAY ^! ISLETS & ALL _! PRODUC;NS4
,! OC1N &! L& SEEM "H /RU7L+ = MA/]Y3
AL? T]RA FIRMA HAS OBTA9$ A FOOT+1 !
D5IZ5S (! WAT] ?9K _! CLAIM AT L1/ EQU,Y
GD4 ,9 E "P "O MEETS H]MIT CRABS ( M ?AN
"O SPECIES1 ,7#F7' C>RY+ ON _! BACKS !
%ELLS : !Y H /OL5 F ! NEI<B\R+ B1*4
,OV]H1D1 NUM]\S GANNETS1 FRIGATE-BIRDS1
& T]NS1 RE/ ON ! TREES2 &! WOOD1 F ! _M
NE/S & F ! SMELL (! ATMOSPH]E1 MI<T 2
CALL$ A SEA-ROOK]Y4 ,! GANNETS1 SITT+ ON
_! RUDE NE/S1 GAZE AT "O )A /UPID YET
ANGRY AIR4 ,! NO4IES1 Z _! "N EXPRESSES1
>E SILLY LL CR1TURES4 ,B "! IS "O *>M+
BIRD3 X IS A SMALL1 SN[-:ITE T]N1 :
SMOO?LY HOV]S AT ! 4T.E (A FEW FEET ABV
"O'S H1D1 XS L>GE BLACK EYE SCANN+1 )
QUIET CURIOS;Y1 YR EXPRES.N4 ,LL IMAG9,N
IS REQUIR$ 6FANCY T S LI<T & DELICATE A
BODY M/ 2 T5ANT$ 0"S W&]+ FAIRY _S4
  ,SUN"D1 ,APRIL #CRD4--,AF S]VICE ,I
A3OMPANI$ ,CAPTA9 ,FITZ ,ROY 6!
SETTLE;T1 SITUAT$ AT ! 4T.E ( "S MILES1
ON ! PO9T ( AN ISLET ?ICKLY COV]$ ) TALL
COCOA-NUT TREES4 ,CAPTA9 ,ROSS & ,MR4
,LIESK LIVE 9 A L>GE B>N-L H\SE OP5 AT
BO? 5DS1 & L9$ ) MATS MADE ( WOV5 B>K4
,! H\SES (! ,MALAYS >E >RANG$ AL;G !
%ORE (! LAGOON4 ,! :OLE PLACE _H R A
DESOLATE ASPECT1 = "! 7 NO G>D5S 6%[ !
SIGNS ( C>E & CULTIV,N4 ,! NATIVES 2L;G
6DI6]5T ISL&S 9 ! ,EA/ ,9DIAN >*IPELAGO1
B ALL SP1K ! SAME LANGUAGE3 WE SAW !
9HABITANTS ( ,BORNEO1 ,CELEBES1 ,JAVA1 &
,SUMATRA4 ,9 COL\R !Y RESEM# !
,TAHITIANS1 F :OM !Y D N WIDELY DI6] 9
F1TURES4 ,"S (! WOM51 H["E1 %[ A GD D1L
(! ,*9ESE "*4 ,I LIK$ BO? _! G5]AL
EXPRES.NS &! S.D ( _! VOICES4 ,!Y APPE>$
POOR1 & _! H\SES 7 DE/ITUTE ( FURNITURE2
B X 0 EVID5T1 F ! PLUMP;S (! LL *N1 T
COCOA-NUTS & TURTLE AF=D NO BAD SU/5.E4
  ,ON ? ISL& ! WELLS >E SITUAT$1 F :
%IPS OBTA9 WAT]4 ,AT F/ SI<T X APPE>S N
A LL REM>KA# T ! FRE% WAT] %D REGUL>LY
EBB & FL[ )! TIDES2 & X HAS EV5 BE5
IMAG9$1 T S& HAS ! P[] ( FILT]+ ! SALT F
! SEA-WAT]4 ,^! E2+ WELLS >E -MON ON "S
(! L[ ISL&S 9 ! ,WE/ ,9DIES4 ,! -PRESS$
S&1 OR POR\S CORAL ROCK1 IS P]M1T$ L A
SP;GE )! SALT WAT]1 B ! RA9 : FALLS ON !
SURFACE M/ S9K 6! LEVEL (! SURR.D+ SEA1
& M/ A3UMULATE "!1 4PLAC+ AN EQUAL BULK
(! SALT WAT]4 ,Z ! WAT] 9 ! L[] "P (!
GRT SP;GELIKE CORAL MASS RISES & FALLS )
! TIDES1 S W ! WAT] NE> ! SURFACE2 & ? W
KEEP FRE%1 IF ! MASS 2 SU6ICI5TLY -PACT
6PREV5T M* ME*ANICAL ADMIXTURE2 B ": !
L& 3SI/S ( GRT LOOSE BLOCKS ( CORAL )
OP5 9T]/ICES1 IF A WELL 2 DUG1 ! WAT]1 Z
,I H SE51 IS BRACKI%4
  ,AF D9N] WE /AY$ 6SEE A CURI\S HALF
SUP]/ITI\S SC5E ACT$ 0! ,MALAY WOM54 ,A
L>GE WOOD5 SPOON DRESS$ 9 G>;TS1 & : _H
BE5 C>RI$ 6! GRAVE (A D1D MAN1 !Y PRET5D
2COMES 9SPIR$ AT ! FULL (! MOON1 & W D.E
& JUMP AB4 ,AF ! PROP] PREP>,NS1 !
SPOON1 HELD 0TWO WOM51 2CAME 3VULS$1 &
D.ED 9 GD "T 6! S;G (! SURR.D+ *N &
WOM54 ,X 0 A MO/ FOOLI% SPECTACLE2 B
,MR4 ,LIESK MA9TA9$ T _M (! ,MALAYS
2LIEV$ 9 XS _SUAL MOVE;TS4 ,! D.E DID N
-M;E TILL ! MOON _H RIS51 & X 0 WELL
WOR? REMA9+ 62HOLD H] B"R ORB S QUIETLY
%9+ "? ! L;G >MS (! COCOA-NUT TREES Z !Y
WAV$ 9 ! EV5+ BREEZE4 ,^! SC5ES (!
TROPICS >E 9 !MVS S DELICI\S1 T !Y ALM
EQUAL ^? DE>] "OS AT HOME1 6: WE >E B.D
0EA* BE/ FEEL+ (! M9D4
  ,! NEXT "D ,I EMPLOY$ MYF 9 EXAM9+ ! V
9T]E/+1 YET SIMPLE /RUCTURE & ORIG9 ( ^!
ISL&S4 ,! WAT] 2+ UNUSU,Y SMOO?1 ,I WAD$
OV] ! \T] FLAT ( D1D ROCK Z F> Z ! LIV+
M.DS ( CORAL1 ON : ! SWELL (! OP5 SEA
BR1KS4 ,9 "S (! GULLIES & HOLL[S "! 7
B1UTI;L GRE5 & O!R COL\R$ FI%ES1 &! =M &
T9TS ( _M (! ZOOPHYTES 7 ADMIRA#4 ,X IS
EXCUSA# 6GR[ 5?USIA/IC OV] ! 9F9ITE
NUMB]S ( ORGANIC 2+S ) : ! SEA (!
TROPICS1 S PRODIGAL ( LIFE1 TEEMS2 YET
,I M/ 3FESS ,I ?9K ^? NATURALI/S :O H
DESCRIB$1 9 WELL-"KN ^WS1 ! SUBM>9E
GROTTOES DECK$ )A ?\S& B1UTIES1 H 9DULG$
9 R EXUB]ANT LANGUAGE4
  ,APRIL #F?4--,I A3OMPANI$ ,CAPTA9
,FITZ ,ROY 6AN ISL& AT ! H1D (! LAGOON3
! *ANNEL 0 EXCE$+LY 9TRICATE1 W9D+ "?
FIELDS ( DELICATELY BRAN*$ CORALS4 ,WE
SAW S"EAL TURTLE & TWO BOATS 7 !N
EMPLOY$ 9 CAT*+ !M4 ,! WAT] 0 S CLE> &
%ALL[1 T AL? AT F/ A TURTLE QKLY DIVES \
( SI<T1 YET 9 A CANOE OR BOAT "U SAIL1 !
PURSU]S AF NO V L;G *ASE -E UP 6X4 ,A
MAN /&+ R1DY 9 ! B[1 AT ? MO;T DA%ES "?
! WAT] ^U ! TURTLE'S BACK2 !N CL++ ) BO?
H&S 0! %ELL ( XS NECK1 HE IS C>RI$ AWAY
TILL ! ANIMAL 2COMES EXHAU/$ & IS
SECUR$4 ,X 0 Q AN 9T]E/+ *ASE 6SEE ! TWO
BOATS ?US D\BL+ AB1 &! M5 DA%+ H1D =EMO/
96! WAT] TRY+ 6SEIZE _! PREY4 ,CAPTA9
,MORESBY 9=MS ME T 9 ! ,*AGOS >*IPELAGO
9 ? SAME OC1N1 ! NATIVES1 0A HORRI#
PROCESS1 TAKE ! %ELL F ! BACK (! LIV+
TURTLE4 8,X IS COV]$ ) BURN+ *>COAL1 :
CAUSES ! \T] %ELL 6CURL UPW>DS1 X IS !N
=C$ (F )A KNIFE1 & 2F X 2COMES COLD
FLATT5$ 2T BO>DS4 ,AF ? B>B>\S PROCESS !
ANIMAL IS SU6]$ 6REGA9 XS NATIVE ELE;T1
":1 AF A C]TA9 "T1 A NEW %ELL IS =M$2 X
IS1 H["E1 TOO ?9 6HE ( ANY S]VICE1 &!
ANIMAL ALW APPE>S LANGUI%+ & SICKLY40
  ,:5 WE >RIV$ AT ! H1D (! LAGOON1 WE
CROSS$ A N>R[ ISLET1 & F.D A GRT SURF
BR1K+ ON ! W9DW>D COA/4 ,I C H>DLY
EXPLA9 ! R1SON1 B "! IS 6MY M9D M*
GR&EUR 9 ! VIEW (! \T] %ORES ( ^!
LAGOON-ISL&S4 ,"! IS A SIMPLIC;Y 9 !
B>RI]-L B1*1 ! M>G9 ( GRE5 BU%ES & TALL
COCOA-NUTS1 ! SOLID FLAT ( D1D CORAL-
ROCK1 /REW$ "H & "! ) GRT LOOSE FRAG;TS1
&! L9E ( FURI\S BR1K]S1 ALL R.D+ AWAY
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BROAD REEF APPE>S AN 9V9CI#1 ALL-P[];L
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  ,TWO SPECIES ( FI%1 (! G5US ,SC>US1 :
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,I AM GLAD WE H VISIT$ ^! ISL&S3 S*
=M,NS SURELY RANK HI< AM;G/ ! WOND];L
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  ,7PICTURE7'
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FL\RI%4 ,MOREOV]1 ON ? VIEW1 _M SPECIES
( 4T9CT G5]A & FAMILIES >E SUPPOS$ 6-B9E
= "O 5D2 &( S* A -B9,N1 N A S+LE 9/.E C
2 F.D 9 ! :OLE ( NATURE4 ,! !ORY T HAS
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SIZE ( "S1 ! NUMB]1 PROXIM;Y1 & RELATIVE
POSI;NS ( O!RS1 ? IDEA LOSES XS PLAUSI#
"*3 ?US ,SUADIVA ATOLL IS #DD
GEOGRAPHICAL MILES 9 DIAMET] 9 "O L9E1
0#CD MILES 9 ANO!R L9E2 ,RIMSKY IS #ED
0#BJ MILES ACR1 & X HAS A /RANGELY S9U\S
M>G92 ,B[ ATOLL IS #CJ MILES L;G1 & ON
AN AV]AGE ONLY #F 9 WID?2 ,M5*IC(F ATOLL
3SI/S ( ?REE ATOLLS UNIT$ OR TI$ TGR4 ,?
!ORY1 MOREOV]1 IS TOT,Y 9APPLICA# 6!
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7"O ( : IS #HH MILES 9 L5G?1 & 2T #AJ &
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ATOLLS 0N>R[ REEFS1 B 0A VA/ NUMB] (
SEP>ATE LL ATOLLS2 O!R LL ATOLLS RIS+ \
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! REEF-BUILD+ CORALS1 : _C LIVE AT A GRT
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  ,NUM]\S S.D+S 7 C>E;LLY TAK5 0,CAPTA9
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! ADH]+ "PICLES ( S& M & M NUM]\S1 UNTIL
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"O S+LE ISL& RISES ABV ! SPECIFI$ HEI<T4
,AG1 9 ! ,9DIAN ,OC1N "! IS A SPACE (
OC1N #AEJJ MILES 9 L5G?1 9CLUD+ ?REE
>*IPELAGOES1 9 : E ISL& IS L[ &( CORAL
=M,N4 ,F ! FACT (! REEF-BUILD+ CORALS N
LIV+ AT GRT DEP?S1 X IS ABSOLUTELY C]TA9
T "?\T ^! VA/ >1S1 :]"E "! IS N[ AN
ATOLL1 A F.D,N M/ H ORIG9,Y EXI/$ )9 A
DEP? ( F #BJ 6#CJ FA?OMS F ! SURFACE4 ,X
IS IMPROBA# 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE T BROAD1
L(TY1 ISOLAT$1 /EEP-SID$ BANKS ( S$I;T1
>RANG$ 9 GR\PS & L9ES HUNDR$S ( L1GUES 9
L5G?1 CD H BE5 DEPOSIT$ 9 ! C5TRAL &
PROF.DE/ "PS (! ,PACIFIC & ,9DIAN
,OC1NS1 AT AN IMM5SE 4T.E F ANY 3T95T1 &
": ! WAT] IS P]FECTLY LIMPID4 ,X IS
EQU,Y IMPROBA# T ! ELEVATORY =CES %D H
UPLIFT$ "?\T ! ABV VA/ >1S1 9NUM]A# GRT
ROCKY BANKS )9 #BJ 6#CJ FA?OMS1 OR #ABJ
6#AHJ FEET1 (! SURFACE (! SEA1 & N "O
S+LE PO9T ABV T LEVEL2 = ": ON ! :OLE
SURFACE (! GLOBE C WE F9D A S+LE *A9 (
M.TA9S1 EV5 A FEW HUNDR$ MILES 9 L5G?1 )
_! _M SUMMITS RIS+ )9 A FEW FEET (A GIV5
LEVEL1 & N "O P9NACLE ABV X8 ,IF !N !
F.D,NS1 :;E ! ATOLL- BUILD+ CORALS
SPRANG1 7 N =M$ ( S$I;T1 & IF !Y 7 N
LIFT$ UP 6! REQUIR$ LEVEL1 !Y M/ (
NECESS;Y H SUBSID$ 96X2 & ? AT ONCE
SOLVES ! DI6ICULTY4 ,= Z M.TA9 AF M.TA91
& ISL& AF ISL&1 SL[LY SANK 2N ! WAT]1
FRE% BASES WD 2 SU3ESSIVELY AF=D$ =!
GR[? (! CORALS4 ,X IS IMPOSSI# "H 65T]
96ALL ! NEC DETAILS1 B ,I V5TURE 6DEFY
,7#AB7' ANY "O 6EXPLA9 9 ANY O!R MANN]
H[ X IS POSSI# T NUM]\S ISL&S %D 2
4TRIBUT$ "?\T VA/ >1S--ALL ! ISL&S 2+ L[
--ALL 2+ BUILT ( CORALS1 ABSOLUTELY
REQUIR+ A F.D,N )9 A LIMIT$ DEP? F !
SURFACE4
  ,2F EXPLA9+ H[ ATOLL-=M$ REEFS ACQUIRE
_! PECULI> /RUCTURE1 WE M/ TURN 6!
SECOND GRT CLASS1 "NLY1 ,B>RI]-REEFS4
,^! EI EXT5D 9 /RAI<T L9ES 9 FRONT (!
%ORES (A 3T95T OR (A L>GE ISL&1 OR !Y
5CIRCLE SMALL] ISL&S2 9 BO? CASES1 2+
SEP>AT$ F ! L& 0A BROAD & R DEEP *ANNEL
( WAT]1 ANALOG\S 6! LAGOON )9 AN ATOLL4
,X IS REM>KA# H[ LL ATT5;N HAS BE5 PD
65CIRCL+ B>RI]-REEFS2 YET !Y >E TRULY
WOND];L /RUCTURES4 ,! FOLL[+ SKET*
REPRES5TS "P (! B>RI] 5CIRCL+ ! ISL& (
,BOLABOLA 9 ! ,PACIFIC1 Z SE5 F "O (!
C5TRAL P1KS4 ,9 ? 9/.E ! :OLE L9E ( REEF
HAS BE5 3V]T$ 96L&2 B USU,Y A SN[-:ITE
L9E ( GRT BR1K]S1 ) ONLY "H & "! A S+LE
L[ ISLET CR[N$ ) COCOA-NUT TREES1
DIVIDES ! D>K H1V+ WAT]S (! OC1N F !
LI<T-GRE5 EXPANSE (! LAGOON-*ANNEL4 ,&!
QUIET WAT]S ( ? *ANNEL G5],Y BA! A FR+E
( L[ ALLUVIAL SOIL1 LOAD$ )! MO/ B1UTI;L
PRODUC;NS (! TROPICS1 & LY+ AT ! FOOT (!
WILD1 ABRUPT1 C5TRAL M.TA9S4
  ,5CIRCL+ B>RI]-REEFS >E ( ALL SIZES1 F
?REE MILES 6NO LESS ?AN =TY-F\R MILES 9
DIAMET]2 & T : FRONTS "O SIDE1 &
5CIRCLES BO? 5DS1 ( ,NEW ,CAL$ONIA1 IS
#DJJ MILES L;G4 ,EA* REEF 9CLUDES "O1
TWO1 OR S"EAL ROCKY ISL&S ( V>I\S
HEI<TS2 & 9 "O 9/.E1 EV5 Z _M Z TWELVE
SEP>ATE ISL&S4 ,! REEF RUNS AT A GRT] OR
LESS 4T.E F ! 9CLUD$ L&2 9 ! ,SOCIETY
>*IPELAGO G5],Y F "O 6?REE OR F\R MILES2
B AT ,HOGOLEU ! REEF IS #BJ MILES ON !
S\!RN SIDE1 & #AD MILES ON ! OPPOSITE OR
NOR!RN SIDE1 F ! 9CLUD$ ISL&S4 ,! DEP?
)9 ! LAGOON-*ANNEL AL V>IES M*2 F #AJ
6#CJ FA?OMS MAY 2 TAK5 Z AN AV]AGE2 B AT
,VANIKORO "! >E SPACES NO LESS ?AN #EF
FA?OMS OR #CFC FEET DEEP4 ,9T]N,Y ! REEF
EI SLOPES G5TLY 96! LAGOON-*ANNEL1 OR
5DS 9 A P]P5DICUL> WALL "S"TS 2T TWO &
?REE HUNDR$ FEET "U WAT] 9 HEI<T3
EXT]N,Y ! REEF RISES1 L AN ATOLL1 )
EXTREME ABRUPT;S \ (! PROF.D DEP?S (!
OC1N4
  ,:AT C 2 M S+UL> ?AN ^! /RUCTURES8 ,WE
SEE
  ,7PICTURE7'
  AN ISL&1 : MAY 2 -P>$ 6A CA/LE SITUAT$
ON ! SUMMIT (A L(TY SUBM>9E M.TA91
PROTECT$ 0A GRT WALL ( CORAL-ROCK1 ALW
/EEP EXT]N,Y & "S"TS 9T]N,Y1 )A BROAD
LEVEL SUMMIT1 "H & "! BR1*$ 0A N>R[
GATEWAY1 "? : ! L>GE/ %IPS C 5T] ! WIDE
& DEEP 5CIRCL+ MOAT4
  ,Z F> Z ! ACTUAL REEF ( CORAL IS
3C]N$1 "! IS N ! SMALLE/ DI6];E1 9 G5]AL
SIZE1 \TL9E1 GR\P+1 & EV5 9 Q TRIFL+
DETAILS ( /RUCTURE1 2T A B>RI] & AN
ATOLL4 ,! GEOGRAPH] ,BALBI HAS WELL
REM>K$1 T AN 5CIRCL$ ISL& IS AN ATOLL )
HI< L& RIS+ \ ( XS LAGOON2 REMOVE ! L& F
)91 &A P]FECT ATOLL IS LEFT4
  ,B :AT HAS CAUS$ ^! REEFS 6SPR+ UP AT
S* GRT 4T.ES F ! %ORES (! 9CLUD$ ISL&S8
,X _C 2 T ! CORALS W N GR[ CLOSE 6! L&2
=! %ORES )9 ! LAGOON-*ANNEL1 :5 N
SURR.D$ 0ALLUVIAL SOIL1 >E (T5 FR+$
0LIV+ REEFS2 & WE % PRES5TLY SEE T "! IS
A :OLE CLASS1 : ,I H CALL$ ,FR++ ,REEFS
F _! CLOSE ATTA*;T 6! %ORES BO? ( 3T95TS
&( ISL&S4 ,AG1 ON :AT H ! REEF-BUILD+
CORALS1 : _C LIVE AT GRT DEP?S1 BAS$ _!
5CIRCL+ /RUCTURES8 ,? IS A GRT APP>5T
DI6ICULTY1 ANALOG\S 6T 9 ! CASE (
ATOLLS1 : HAS G5],Y BE5 OV]LOOK$4 ,X W 2
P]CVD M CLE>LY 09SPECT+ ! FOLL[+ SEC;NS
: >E R1L "OS1 TAK5 9 NOR? & S\? L9ES1 "?
! ISL&S ) _! B>RI]-REEFS1 ( ,VANIKORO1
,GAMBI]1 & ,MAURUA2 & !Y >E LAID D[N1
BO? V]TIC,Y & HORIZONT,Y1 ON ! SAME
SCALE (A QU>T] ( AN 9* 6A MILE4
  ,X %D 2 OBS]V$ T ! SEC;NS MI<T H BE5
TAK5 9 ANY DIREC;N "? ^! ISL&S1 OR "?
  ,7PICTURE7'
  _M O!R 5CIRCL$ ISL&S1 &! G5]AL F1TURES
WD H BE5 ! SAME4 ,N[1 BE>+ 9 M9D T REEF-
BUILD+ CORAL _C LIVE AT A GRT] DEP? ?AN
F #BJ 6#CJ FA?OMS1 & T ! SCALE IS S
SMALL T ! PLUMMETS ON ! "R H& %[ A DEP?
( #BJJ FA?OMS1 ON :AT >E ^! B>RI]-REEFS
BAS$8 ,>E WE 6SUPPOSE T EA* ISL& IS
SURR.D$ 0A COLL>-L SUBM>9E L$GE ( ROCK1
OR 0A GRT BANK ( S$I;T1 5D+ ABRUPTLY ":
! REEF 5DS8
  ,IF ! SEA _H =M]LY EAT5 DEEPLY 96!
ISL&S1 2F !Y 7 PROTECT$ 0! REEFS1 ?US
HAV+ LEFT A %ALL[ L$GE R.D !M "U WAT]1 !
PRES5T %ORES WD H BE5 9V>IABLY B.D$ 0GRT
PRECIPICES1 B ? IS MO/ R>ELY ! CASE4
,MOREOV]1 ON ? NO;N1 X IS N POSSI#
6EXPLA9 :Y ! CORALS %D H SPRUNG UP1 L A
WALL1 F ! EXTREME \T] M>G9 (! L$GE1 (T5
L1V+ A BROAD SPACE ( WAT] )91 TOO DEEP =
! GR[? ( CORALS4 ,! A3UMUL,N (A WIDE
BANK ( S$I;T ALL R.D ^! ISL&S1 & G5],Y
WIDE/ ": ! 9CLUD$ ISL&S >E SMALLE/1 IS
HI<LY IMPROBA#1 3SID]+ _! EXPOS$ POSI;NS
9 ! C5TRAL & DEEPE/ "PS (! OC1N4 ,9 !
CASE (! B>RI]-REEF ( ,NEW ,CAL$ONIA1 :
EXT5DS = #AEJ MILES 2Y ! NOR!RN PO9T (!
ISL&S1 9 ! SAME /RAI<T L9E ) : X FRONTS
! WE/ COA/1 X IS H>DLY POSSI# 62LIEVE T
A BANK ( S$I;T CD ?US H BE5 /RAI<TLY
DEPOSIT$ 9 FRONT (A L(TY ISL&1 & S F> 2Y
XS T]M9,N 9 ! OP5 SEA4 ,F9,Y1 IF WE LOOK
6O!R OC1NIC ISL&S ( AB ! SAME HEI<T &(
SIMIL> GEOLOGICAL 3/ITU;N1 B N 5CIRCL$
0CORAL-REEFS1 WE MAY 9 VA9 SE>* = S
TRIFL+ A CIRCUMAMBI5T DEP? Z #CJ FA?OMS1
EXCEPT Q NE> 6_! %ORES2 = USU,Y L& T
RISES ABRUPTLY \ ( WAT]1 Z D MO/ (!
5CIRCL$ & NON-5CIRCL$ OC1NIC ISL&S1
PLUNGES ABRUPTLY "U X4 ,ON :AT !N1 ,I
REP1T1 >E ^! B>RI] REEFS BAS$8 ,:Y1 ) _!
WIDE & DEEP MOAT-L *ANNELS1 D !Y /& S F>
F ! 9CLUD$ L&8 ,WE % SOON SEE H[ EASILY
^! DI6ICULTIES 4APPE>4
  ,WE -E N[ 6\R ?IRD CLASS ( ,FR++-
REEFS1 : W REQUIRE A V %ORT NOTICE4 ,":
! L& SLOPES ABRUPTLY "U WAT]1 ^! REEFS
>E ONLY A FEW Y>DS 9 WID?1 =M+ A M]E
RI2ON OR FR+E R.D ! %ORES3 ": ! L&
SLOPES G5TLY "U ! WAT] ! REEF EXT5DS
FUR!R1 "S"TS EV5 Z M* Z A MILE F ! L&2 B
9 S* CASES ! S.D+S \TSIDE ! REEF ALW %[
T ! SUBM>9E PROL;G,N (! L& IS G5TLY
9CL9$4 ,9 FACT1 ! REEFS EXT5D ONLY 6T
4T.E F ! %ORE1 AT : A F.D,N )9 !
REQUISITE DEP? F #BJ 6#CJ FA?OMS IS F.D4
,Z F> Z ! ACTUAL REEF IS 3C]N$1 "! IS NO
ESS5TIAL DI6];E 2T X & T =M+ A B>RI] OR
AN ATOLL3 X IS1 H["E1 G5],Y ( LESS WID?1
& 3SEQU5TLY FEW ISLETS H BE5 =M$ ON X4
,F ! CORALS GR[+ M VIGOR\SLY ON !
\TSIDE1 & F ! NOXI\S E6ECT (! S$I;T WA%$
9W>DS1 ! \T] $GE (! REEF IS ! HI<E/ "P1
& 2T X &! L& "! IS G5],Y A %ALL[ S&Y
*ANNEL A FEW FEET 9 DEP?4 ,": BANKS OR
S$I;TS H A3UMULAT$ NE> 6! SURFACE1 Z 9
"PS (! ,WE/ ,9DIES1 !Y "S"TS 2COME FR+$
) CORALS1 & H;E 9 "S DEGREE RESEM#
LAGOON-ISL&S OR ATOLLS1 9 ! SAME MANN] Z
FR++-REEFS1 SURR.D+ G5TLY SLOP+ ISL&S1 9
"S DEGREE RESEM# B>RI]-REEFS4
  ,NO !ORY ON ! =M,N ( CORAL-REEFS C 2
3SID]$ SATISFACTORY : DOES N 9CLUDE !
?REE GRT
  ,7PICTURE7'
  CLASSES4 ,WE H SE5 T WE >E DRIV5
62LIEVE 9 ! SUBSID;E ( ^? VA/ >1S1
9T]SP]S$ ) L[ ISL&S1 ( : N "O RISES ABV
! HEI<T 6: ! W9D & WAVES C ?R[ UP MATT]1
& YET >E 3/RUCT$ 0ANIMALS REQUIR+ A
F.D,N1 & T F.D,N 6LIE AT NO GRT DEP?4
,LET U !N TAKE AN ISL& SURR.D$ 0FR++-
REEFS1 : (F] NO DI6ICULTY 9 _! /RUCTURE2
& LET ? ISL& ) XS REEFS1 REPRES5T$ 0!
UNBROK5 L9ES 9 ! WOODCUT1 SL[LY SUBSIDE4
,N[1 Z ! ISL& S9KS D[N1 EI A FEW FEET AT
A "T OR Q 9S5SIBLY1 WE MAY SAFELY 9F]1 F
:AT IS "KN (! 3DI;NS FAV\RA# 6! GR[? (
CORAL1 T ! LIV+ MASSES1 BA!D 0! SURF ON
! M>G9 (! REEF1 W SOON REGA9 ! SURFACE4
,! WAT]1 H["E1 W 5CROA* LL 0LL ON !
%ORE1 ! ISL& 2COM+ L[] & SMALL]1 &!
SPACE 2T ! 9N] $GE (! REEF &! B1*
PROPOR;NATELY BROAD]4 ,A SEC;N (! REEF &
ISL& 9 ? /ATE1 AF A SUBSID;E ( S"EAL
HUNDR$ FEET1 IS GIV5 0! DOTT$ L9ES4
,CORAL ISLETS >E SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 =M$ ON !
REEF2 &A %IP IS AN*OR$ 9 ! LAGOON-
*ANNEL4 ,? *ANNEL W 2 M OR LESS DEEP1 AC
6! RATE ( SUBSID;E1 6! AM.T ( S$I;T
A3UMULAT$ 9 X1 & 6! GR[? (! DELICATELY
BRAN*$ CORALS : C LIVE "!4 ,! SEC;N 9 ?
/ATE RESEM#S 9 E RESPECT "O DRAWN "? AN
5CIRCL$ ISL&3 9 FACT1 X IS A R1L SEC;N
7ON ! SCALE ( #.EAG ( AN 9* 6A MILE7 "?
,BOLABOLA 9 ! ,PACIFIC4 ,WE C N[ AT ONCE
SEE :Y 5CIRCL+ B>RI]-REEFS /& S F> F !
%ORES : !Y FRONT4 ,WE C AL P]CV1 T A L9E
DRAWN P]P5DICUL>LY D[N F ! \T] $GE (!
NEW REEF1 6! F.D,N ( SOLID ROCK 2N ! OLD
FR++-REEF1 W EXCE$ 0Z _M FEET Z "! H BE5
FEET ( SUBSID;E1 T SMALL LIMIT ( DEP? AT
: ! E6ECTIVE CORALS C LIVE3--! LL
>*ITECTS HAV+ BUILT UP _! GRT WALL-L
MASS1 Z ! :OLE SANK D[N1 ^U A BASIS =M$
( O!R CORALS & _! 3SOLIDAT$ FRAG;TS4
,?US ! DI6ICULTY ON ? H1D1 : APPE>$ S
GRT1 4APPE>S4
  ,IF1 9/1D ( AN ISL&1 WE _H TAK5 ! %ORE
(A 3T95T FR+$ ) REEFS1 & _H IMAG9$ X 6H
SUBSID$1 A GRT /RAI<T B>RI]1 L T (
,AU/RALIA OR ,NEW ,CAL$ONIA1 SEP>AT$ F !
L& 0A WIDE & DEEP *ANNEL1 WD EVID5TLY H
BE5 ! RESULT4
  ,LET U TAKE \R NEW 5CIRCL+ B>RI]-REEF1
( : ! SEC;N IS N[ REPRES5T$ 0UNBROK5
L9ES1 & :1 Z ,I H SD1 IS A R1L SEC;N "?
,BOLABOLA1 & LET X G ON SUBSID+4 ,Z !
B>RI]-REEF SL[LY S9KS D[N1 ! CORALS W G
ON VIGOR\SLY GR[+ UPW>DS2 B Z ! ISL&
S9KS1 ! WAT] W GA9 9* 09* ON ! %ORE--!
SEP>ATE M.TA9S F/ =M+ SEP>ATE ISL&S )9
  ,7PICTURE7'
  "O GRT REEF--& F9,Y1 ! LA/ & HI<E/
P9NACLE 4APPE>+4 ,! 9/ANT ? TAKES PLACE1
A P]FECT ATOLL IS =M$3 ,I H SD1 REMOVE !
HI< L& F )9 AN 5CIRCL+ B>RI]-REEF1 & AN
ATOLL IS LEFT1 &! L& HAS BE5 REMOV$4 ,WE
C N[ P]CV H[ X -ES T ATOLLS1 HAV+ SPRUNG
F 5CIRCL+ B>RI]-REEFS1 RESEM# !M 9 G5]AL
SIZE1 =M1 9 ! MANN] 9 : !Y >E GR\P$ TGR1
& 9 _! >RANGE;T 9 S+LE OR D\# L9ES2 = !Y
MAY 2 CALL$ RUDE \TL9E *>TS (! SUNK5
ISL&S OV] : !Y /&4 ,WE C FUR!R SEE H[ X
>ISES T ! ATOLLS 9 ! ,PACIFIC & ,9DIAN
,OC1NS EXT5D 9 L9ES P>ALLEL 6! G5],Y
PREVAIL+ /RIKE (! HI< ISL&S & GRT COA/-
L9ES ( ^? OC1NS4 ,I V5TURE1 "!=E1
6A6IRM1 T ON ! !ORY (! UPW>D GR[? (!
CORALS DUR+ ! S9K+ (! L&1 ,7#AC7' ALL !
L1D+ F1TURES 9 ^? WOND];L /RUCTURES1 !
LAGOON-ISL&S OR ATOLLS1 : H S L;G EXCIT$
! ATT5;N ( VOYAG]S1 Z WELL Z 9 ! NO LESS
WOND];L B>RI]-REEFS1 :E!R 5CIRCL+ SMALL
ISL&S OR /RET*+ = HUNDR$S ( MILES AL;G !
%ORES (A 3T95T1 >E SIMPLY EXPLA9$4
  ,X MAY 2 ASK$1 :E!R ,I C (F] ANY
DIRECT EVID;E (! SUBSID;E ( B>RI]-REEFS
OR ATOLLS2 B X M/ 2 BORNE 9 M9D H[
DI6ICULT X M/ "E 2 6DETECT A MOVE;T1 !
T5D5CY ( : IS 6HIDE "U WAT] ! "P A6ECT$4
,N"E!.S1 AT ,KEEL+ ATOLL ,I OBS]V$ ON
ALL SIDES (! LAGOON OLD COCOA-NUT TREES
"UM9$ & FALL+2 & 9 "O PLACE ! F.D,N-PO/S
(A %$1 : ! 9HABITANTS ASS]T$ _H /OOD
SEV5 YE>S 2F J ABV HI<-WAT] M>K1 B N[ 0
DAILY WA%$ 0E TIDE3 ON 9QUIRY ,I F.D T
?REE E>?QUAKES1 "O ( !M SEV]E1 _H BE5
FELT "H DUR+ ! LA/ T5 YE>S4 ,AT
,VANIKORO1 ! LAGOON-*ANNEL IS REM>KABLY
DEEP1 SC>CELY ANY ALLUVIAL SOIL HAS
A3UMULAT$ AT ! FOOT (! L(TY 9CLUD$
M.TA9S1 & REM>KABLY FEW ISLETS H BE5 =M$
0! H1P+ ( FRAG;TS & S& ON ! WALL-L B>RI]
REEF2 ^! FACTS1 & "S ANALOG\S "OS1 L$ ME
62LIEVE T ? ISL& M/ LATELY H SUBSID$ &!
REEF GR[N UPW>DS3 "H AG E>?QUAKES >E
FREQU5T & V SEV]E4 ,9 ! ,SOCIETY
>*IPELAGO1 ON ! O!R H&1 ": ! LAGOON-
*ANNELS >E ALM *OK$ UP1 ": M* L[
ALLUVIAL L& HAS A3UMULAT$1 & ": 9 "S
CASES L;G ISLETS H BE5 =M$ ON ! B>RI]-
REEFS--FACTS ALL %[+ T ! ISL&S H N V
LATELY SUBSID$--ONLY FEE# %OCKS >E MO/
R>ELY FELT4 ,9 ^! CORAL =M,NS1 ": ! L& &
WAT] SEEM /RU7L+ = MA/]Y1 X M/ 2 "E
DI6ICULT 6DECIDE 2T ! E6ECTS (A *ANGE 9
! SET (! TIDES &(A SLI<T SUBSID;E3 T _M
( ^! REEFS & ATOLLS >E SUBJECT 6*ANGES (
"S K9D IS C]TA92 ON "S ATOLLS ! ISLETS
APPE> 6H 9CR1S$ GRTLY )9 A LATE P]IOD2
ON O!RS !Y H BE5 "PI,Y OR :OLLY WA%$
AWAY4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( "PS (! ,MALDIVA
>*IPELAGO "K ! DATE (! F/ =M,N ( "S
ISLETS2 9 O!R "PS1 ! CORALS >E N[
FL\RI%+ ON WAT]-WA%$ REEFS1 ": HOLES
MADE = GRAVES ATTE/ ! =M] EXI/;E (
9HABIT$ L&4 ,X IS DI6ICULT 62LIEVE 9
FREQU5T *ANGES 9 ! TIDAL CURR5TS ( AN
OP5 OC1N2 ":AS1 WE H 9 ! E>?QUAKES
RECORD$ 0! NATIVES ON "S ATOLLS1 & 9 !
GRT FISSURES OBS]V$ ON O!R ATOLLS1 PLA9
EVID;E ( *ANGES & 4TURB.ES 9 PROGRESS 9
! SUBT]RAN1N REGIONS4
  ,X IS EVID5T1 ON \R !ORY1 T COA/S
M]ELY FR+$ 0REEFS _C H SUBSID$ 6ANY
P]CEPTI# AM.T2 & "!=E !Y M/1 S9CE ! GR[?
( _! CORALS1 EI H REMA9$ /,N>Y OR H BE5
UPH1V$4 ,N[1 X IS REM>KA# H[ G5],Y X C 2
%[N1 0! PRES;E ( UPRAIS$ ORGANIC REMA9S1
T ! FR+$ ISL&S H BE5 ELEVAT$3 & S F>1 ?
IS 9DIRECT EVID;E 9 FAV\R ( \R !ORY4 ,I
0 "PICUL>LY /RUCK ) ? FACT1 :5 ,I F.D1
6MY SURPRISE1 T ! DESCRIP;NS GIV5 0,,MM4
,QUOY & ,GAIM>D 7 APPLICA#1 N 6REEFS 9
G5]AL Z IMPLI$ 0!M1 B ONLY 6^? (! FR++
CLASS2 MY SURPRISE1 H["E1 C1S$ :5 ,I
AFWS F.D T1 0A /RANGE *.E1 ALL ! S"EAL
ISL&S VISIT$ 0^! EM95T NATURALI/S1 CD 2
%[N 0_! [N /ATE;TS 6H BE5 ELEVAT$ )9 A
REC5T GEOLOGICAL ]A4
  ,N ONLY ! GR& F1TURES 9 ! /RUCTURE (
B>RI]-REEFS &( ATOLLS1 & 6_! LIKE;S 6EA*
O!R 9 =M1 SIZE1 & O!R "*S1 >E EXPLA9$ ON
! !ORY ( SUBSID;E--: !ORY WE >E
9DEP5D5TLY =C$ 6ADMIT 9 ! V >1S 9 "Q1 F
! NECESS;Y ( F9D+ BASES =! CORALS )9 !
REQUISITE DEP?--B _M DETAILS 9 /RUCTURE
& EXCEP;NAL CASES C ?US AL 2 SIMPLY
EXPLA9$4 ,I W GIVE ONLY A FEW 9/.ES4 ,9
B>RI]-REEFS X HAS L;G BE5 REM>K$ )
SURPRISE1 T ! PASSAGES "? ! REEF EXACTLY
FACE VALLEYS 9 ! 9CLUD$ L&1 EV5 9 CASES
": ! REEF IS SEP>AT$ F ! L& 0A LAGOON-
*ANNEL S WIDE & S M* DEEP] ?AN ! ACTUAL
PASSAGE XF1 T X SEEMS H>DLY POSSI# T ! V
SMALL QUANT;Y ( WAT] OR S$I;T BR"\ D[N
CD 9JURE ! CORALS ON ! REEF4 ,N[1 E REEF
(! FR++ CLASS IS BR1*$ 0A N>R[ GATEWAY 9
FRONT (! SMALLE/ RIVULET1 EV5 IF DRY
DUR+ ! GRT] "P (! YE>1 =! MUD1 S&1 OR
GRAVEL1 O3A.N,Y WA%$ D[N KILLS ! CORALS
ON : X IS DEPOSIT$4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 :5 AN
ISL& ?US FR+$ SUBSIDES1 ?\< MO/ (! N>R[
GATEWAYS W PROBABLY 2COME CLOS$ 0! \TW>D
& UPW>D GR[? (! CORALS1 YET ANY T >E N
CLOS$ 7& "S M/ ALW 2 KEPT OP5 0! S$I;T &
IMPURE WAT] FL[+ \ (! LAGOON-*ANNEL7 W /
3T9UE 6FRONT EXACTLY ! UPP] "PS ( ^?
VALLEYS1 AT ! M\?S ( : ! ORIG9AL BASAL
FR++-REEF 0 BR1*$4
  ,WE C EASILY SEE H[ AN ISL& FRONT$
ONLY ON "O SIDE1 OR ON "O SIDE ) "O 5D
OR BO? 5DS 5CIRCL$ 0B>RI]-REEFS1 MI<T AF
L;G-3T9U$ SUBSID;E 2 3V]T$ EI 96A S+LE
WALL-L REEF1 OR 96AN ATOLL )A GRT /RAI<T
SPUR PROJECT+ F X1 OR 96TWO OR ?REE
ATOLLS TI$ TGR 0/RAI<T REEFS--ALL ( :
EXCEP;NAL CASES ACTU,Y O3UR4 ,Z ! REEF-
BUILD+ CORALS REQUIRE FOOD1 >E PREY$ ^U
0O!R ANIMALS1 >E KILL$ 0S$I;T1 _C AD"H
6A LOOSE BOTTOM1 & MAY 2 EASILY C>RI$
D[N 6A DEP? :;E !Y _C SPR+ UP AG1 WE NE$
FEEL NO SURPRISE AT ! REEFS BO? ( ATOLLS
& B>RI]S 2COM+ 9 "PS IMP]FECT4 ,! GRT
B>RI] ( ,NEW ,CAL$ONIA IS ?US IMP]FECT &
BROK5 9 _M "PS2 H;E1 AF L;G SUBSID;E1 ?
GRT REEF WD N PRODUCE "O GRT ATOLL #DJJ
MILES 9 L5G?1 B A *A9 OR >*IPELAGO (
ATOLLS1 ( V NE>LY ! SAME DIM5.N ) ^? 9 !
,MALDIVA >*IPELAGO4 ,MOREOV]1 9 AN ATOLL
ONCE BR1*$ ON OPPOSITE SIDES1 F !
LIKELIHOOD (! OC1NIC & TIDAL CURR5TS
PASS+ /RAI<T "? ! BR1*ES1 X IS EXTREMELY
IMPROBA# T ! CORALS1 ESPECI,Y DUR+ 3T9U$
SUBSID;E1 WD "E 2 A# AG 6UNITE ! RIM2 IF
!Y DID N1 Z ! :OLE SANK D[NW>DS1 "O
ATOLL WD 2 DIVID$ 96TWO OR M4 ,9 !
,MALDIVA >*IPELAGO "! >E 4T9CT ATOLLS S
RELAT$ 6EA* O!R 9 POSI;N1 & SEP>AT$
0*ANNELS EI UNFA?OMA# OR V DEEP 7!
*ANNEL 2T ,ROSS & ,>I ATOLLS IS #AEJ
FA?OMS1 & T 2T ! NOR? & S\? ,NILL&OO
ATOLLS IS #BJJ FA?OMS 9 DEP?71 T X IS
IMPOSSI# 6LOOK AT A MAP ( !M )\T 2LIEV+
T !Y 7 ONCE M 9TIMATELY RELAT$4 ,& 9 ?
SAME >*IPELAGO1 ,MAHLOS-,MAHDOO ATOLL IS
DIVID$ 0A BIFURCAT+ *ANNEL F #AJJ 6#ACB
FA?OMS 9 DEP?1 9 S* A MANN]1 T X IS
SC>CELY POSSI# 6SAY :E!R X "\ /RICTLY
6BE CALL$ ?REE SEP>ATE ATOLLS1 OR "O GRT
ATOLL N YET F9,Y DIVID$4
  ,I W N 5T] ON _M M DETAILS2 B ,I M/
REM>K T ! CURI\S /RUCTURE (! NOR!RN
,MALDIVA ATOLLS RCVS 7TAK+ 963SID],N !
FREE 5TR.E (! SEA "? _! BROK5 M>G9S7 A
SIMPLE EXPLAN,N 9 ! UPW>D & \TW>D GR[? (
! CORALS1 ORIG9,Y BAS$ BO? ON SMALL
DETA*$ REEFS 9 _! LAGOONS1 S* Z O3UR 9
-MON ATOLLS1 & ON BROK5 POR;NS (! L9E>
M>G9AL REEF1 S* Z B.DS E ATOLL (! ORD9>Y
=M4 ,I _C REFRA9 F ONCE AG REM>K+ ON !
S+UL>;Y ( ^! -PLEX /RUCTURES--A GRT S&Y
& G5],Y 3CAVE DISK RISES ABRUPTLY F !
UNFA?OMA# OC1N1 ) XS C5TRAL EXPANSE
/U4$1 & XS $GE SYMMETRIC,Y BORD]$ ) OVAL
BAS9S ( CORAL-ROCK J LIPP+ ! SURFACE (!
SEA1 "S"TS CLO!D ) VEGET,N1 & EA* 3TA9+
A LAKE ( CLE> WAT]6
  ,"O M PO9T 9 DETAIL3 Z 9 ! TWO
NEI<B\R+ >*IPELAGOES CORALS FL\RI% 9 "O
& N 9 ! O!R1 & Z S _M 3DI;NS 2F ENUM]AT$
M/ A6ECT _! EXI/;E1 X WD 2 AN 9EXPLICA#
FACT IF1 DUR+ ! *ANGES 6: E>?1 AIR1 &
WAT] >E SUBJECT$1 ! REEF-BUILD+ CORALS 7
6KEEP ALIVE = P]PETU;Y ON ANY "O SPOT OR
>EA4 ,& Z 0\R !ORY ! >1S 9CLUD+ ATOLLS &
B>RI]-REEFS >E SUBSID+1 WE "\ O3A.N,Y
6F9D REEFS BO? D1D & SUBM]G$4 ,9 ALL
REEFS1 [+ 6! S$I;T 2+ WA%$ \ (! LAGOON-
*ANNEL 6LEEW>D1 T SIDE IS L1/ FAV\RA# 6!
L;G-3T9U$ VIGOR\S GR[? (! CORALS2 H;E
D1D POR;NS ( REEF N UNFREQU5TLY O3UR ON
! LEEW>D SIDE2 & ^!1 ?\< / RETA9+ _!
PROP] WALL-L =M1 >E N[ 9 S"EAL 9/.ES
SUNK S"EAL FA?OMS 2N ! SURFACE4 ,!
,*AGOS GR\P APPE>S F "S CAUSE1 POSSIBLY
F ! SUBSID;E HAV+ BE5 TOO RAPID1 AT
PRES5T 6BE M* LESS FAV\RABLY CIRCUM/.ED
=! GR[? ( REEFS ?AN =M]LY3 "O ATOLL HAS
A POR;N ( XS M>G9AL REEF1 N9E MILES 9
L5G?1 D1D & SUBM]G$2 A SECOND HAS ONLY A
FEW Q SMALL LIV+ PO9TS : RISE 6!
SURFACE1 A ?IRD & F\R? >E 5TIRELY D1D &
SUBM]G$2 A FIF? IS A M]E WRECK1 ) XS
/RUCTURE ALM OBLIT]AT$4 ,X IS REM>KA# T
9 ALL ^! CASES1 ! D1D REEFS & POR;NS (
REEF LIE AT NE>LY ! SAME DEP?1 "NLY1 F
SIX 6EI<T FA?OMS 2N ! SURFACE1 Z IF !Y
_H BE5 C>RI$ D[N 0"O UNI=M MOVE;T4 ,"O (
^! 8HALF-DR[N$ ATOLLS10 S CALL$ 0,CAPT4
,MORESBY 76:OM ,I AM 9DEBT$ = M* 9VALUA#
9=M,N71 IS ( VA/ SIZE1 "NLY1 N9ETY
NAUTICAL MILES ACR 9 "O DIREC;N1 &
SEV5TY MILES 9 ANO!R L9E2 & IS 9 _M
RESPECTS EM95TLY CURI\S4 ,Z 0\R !ORY X
FOLL[S T NEW ATOLLS W G5],Y 2 =M$ 9 EA*
NEW >EA ( SUBSID;E1 TWO WEI<TY OBJEC;NS
MI<T H BE5 RAIS$1 "NLY1 T ATOLLS M/ 2
9CR1S+ 9DEF9ITELY 9 NUMB]2 & SECONDLY1 T
9 OLD >1S ( SUBSID;E EA* SEP>ATE ATOLL
M/ 2 9CR1S+ 9DEF9ITELY 9 ?ICK;S1 IF
PRO(S ( _! O3A.NAL DE/RUC;N CD N H BE5
A4UC$4 ,?US H WE TRAC$ ! HI/ORY ( ^! GRT
R+S ( CORAL-ROCK1 F _! F/ ORIG9 "? _!
NORMAL *ANGES1 & "? ! O3A.NAL A3ID5TS (
_! EXI/;E1 6_! D1? & F9AL OBLIT],N4
  ,9 MY VOLUME ON 8,CORAL ,=M,NS0 ,I H
PUBLI%$ A MAP1 9 : ,I H COL\R$ ALL !
ATOLLS D>K-BLUE1 ! B>RI]-REEFS PALE-
BLUE1 &! FR++ REEFS R$4 ,^! LATT] REEFS
H BE5 =M$ :IL/ ! L& HAS BE5 /,N>Y1 OR1 Z
APPE>S F ! FREQU5T PRES;E ( UPRAIS$
ORGANIC REMA9S1 :IL/ X HAS BE5 SL[LY
RIS+3 ATOLLS & B>RI]-REEFS1 ON ! O!R H&1
H GR[N UP DUR+ ! DIRECTLY OPPOSITE
MOVE;T ( SUBSID;E1 : MOVE;T M/ H BE5 V
GRADUAL1 & 9 ! CASE ( ATOLLS S VA/ 9
AM.T Z 6H BURI$ E M.TA9-SUMMIT OV] WIDE
OC1N-SPACES4 ,N[ 9 ? MAP WE SEE T !
REEFS T9T$ PALE & D>K-BLUE1 : H BE5
PRODUC$ 0! SAME ORD] ( MOVE;T1 Z A G5]AL
RULE MANIFE/LY /& NE> EA* O!R4 ,AG WE
SEE1 T ! >1S )! TWO BLUE T9TS >E ( WIDE
EXT5T2 & T !Y LIE SEP>ATE F EXT5SIVE
L9ES ( COA/ COL\R$ R$1 BO? ( :
CIRCUM/.ES MI<T NATUR,Y H BE5 9F]R$1 ON
! !ORY (! NATURE (! REEFS HAV+ BE5
GOV]N$ 0! NATURE (! E>?'S MOVE;T4 ,X
DES]VES NOTICE T 9 M ?AN "O 9/.E ": S+LE
R$ & BLUE CIRCLES APPROA* NE> EA* O!R1
,I C %[ T "! H BE5 OSCILL,NS ( LEVEL2 =
9 S* CASES ! R$ OR FR+$ CIRCLES 3SI/ (
ATOLLS1 ORIG9,Y 0\R !ORY =M$ DUR+
SUBSID;E1 B SUBSEQU5TLY UPH1V$2 & ON !
O!R H&1 "S (! PALE-BLUE OR 5CIRCL$ ISL&S
>E -POS$ ( CORAL-ROCK1 : M/ H BE5
UPLIFT$ 6XS PRES5T HEI<T 2F T SUBSID;E
TOOK PLACE1 DUR+ : ! EXI/+ B>RI]-REEFS
GREW UPW>DS4
  ,AU?ORS H NOTIC$ ) SURPRISE1 T AL?
ATOLLS >E ! -MONE/ CORAL-/RUCTURES "?\T
"S ENORM\S OC1NIC TRACTS1 !Y >E 5TIRELY
ABS5T 9 O!R S1S1 Z 9 ! ,WE/ ,9DIES3 WE C
N[ AT ONCE P]CV ! CAUSE1 = ": "! HAS N
BE5 SUBSID;E1 ATOLLS _C H BE5 =M$2 & 9 !
CASE (! ,WE/ ,9DIES & "PS (! ,EA/
,9DIES1 ^! TRACTS >E "KN 6H BE5 RIS+ )9
! REC5T P]IOD4 ,! L>G] >1S1 COL\R$ R$ &
BLUE1 >E ALL EL;GAT$2 & 2T ! TWO COL\RS
"! IS A DEGREE ( RUDE ALT]N,N1 Z IF !
RIS+ ( "O _H BAL.ED ! S9K+ (! O!R4 ,TAK+
963SID],N ! PRO(S ( REC5T ELEV,N BO? ON
! FR+$ COA/S & ON "S O!RS 7= 9/.E1 9
,S\? ,AM]ICA7 ": "! >E NO REEFS1 WE >E
L$ 63CLUDE T ! GRT 3T95TS >E =! MO/ "P
RIS+ >1S3 & F ! NATURE (! CORAL-REEFS1 T
! C5TRAL "PS (! GRT OC1NS >E S9K+ >1S4
,! ,EA/ ,9DIAN >*IPELAGO1 ! MO/ BROK5 L&
9 ! _W1 IS 9 MO/ "PS AN >EA ( ELEV,N1 B
SURR.D$ & P5ETRAT$1 PROBABLY 9 M L9ES
?AN "O1 0N>R[ >1S ( SUBSID;E4
  ,I H M>K$ ) V]MILION SPOTS ALL ! _M
"KN ACTIVE VOLCANOS )9 ! LIMITS ( ? SAME
MAP4 ,_! 5TIRE ABS;E F E "O (! GRT
SUBSID+ >1S1 COL\R$ EI PALE OR D>K BLUE1
IS MO/ /RIK+ & N LESS S IS ! CO9CID;E (!
*IEF VOLCANIC *A9S )! "PS COL\R$ R$1 :
WE >E L$ 63CLUDE H EI L;G REMA9$ /,N>Y1
OR M G5],Y H BE5 REC5TLY UPRAIS$4 ,AL? A
FEW (! V]MILION SPOTS O3UR )9 NO GRT
4T.E ( S+LE CIRCLES T9T$ BLUE1 YET N "O
S+LE ACTIVE VOLCANO IS SITUAT$ )9 S"EAL
HUNDR$ MILES ( AN >*IPELAGO1 OR EV5
SMALL GR\P ( ATOLLS4 ,X IS1 "!=E1 A
/RIK+ FACT T 9 ! ,FRLY >*IPELAGO1 :
3SI/S (A GR\P ( ATOLLS UPH1V$ & S9CE
"PI,Y WORN D[N1 TWO VOLCANOS1 & P]H M1
>E HI/ORIC,Y "KN 6H BE5 9 AC;N4 ,ON !
O!R H&1 AL? MO/ (! ISL&S 9 ! ,PACIFIC :
>E 5CIRCL$ 0B>RI]-REEFS1 >E ( VOLCANIC
ORIG91 (T5 )! REMNANTS ( CRAT]S /
4T+UI%A#1 N "O ( !M IS "KN 6H "E BE5 9
ERUP;N4 ,H;E 9 ^! CASES X WD APPE>1 T
VOLCANOS BUR/ =? 96AC;N & 2COME EXT+UI%$
ON ! SAME SPOTS1 ACLY Z ELEVATORY OR
SUBSID+ MOVE;TS PREVAIL "!4 ,NUMB].S
FACTS CD 2 A4UC$ 6PROVE T UPRAIS$
ORGANIC REMA9S >E -MON :]"E "! >E ACTIVE
VOLCANOS2 B UNTIL X CD 2 %[N T 9 >1S (
SUBSID;E1 VOLCANOS 7 EI ABS5T OR
9ACTIVE1 ! 9F];E1 H["E PROBA# 9 XF1 T _!
4TRIBU;N DEP5D$ ON ! RIS+ OR FALL+ (!
E>?'S SURFACE1 WD H BE5 HAZ>D\S4 ,B N[1
,I ?9K1 WE MAY FREELY ADMIT ? IMPORTANT
DEDUC;N4
  ,TAK+ A F9AL VIEW (! MAP1 & BE>+ 9 M9D
! /ATE;TS MADE ) RESPECT 6! UPRAIS$
ORGANIC REMA9S1 WE M/ FEEL A/ONI%$ AT !
VA/;S (! >1S1 : H SU6]$ *ANGES 9 LEVEL
EI D[NW>DS OR UPW>DS1 )9 A P]IOD N
GEOLOGIC,Y REMOTE4 ,X WD APPE> AL1 T !
ELEVATORY & SUBSID+ MOVE;TS FOLL[ NE>LY
! SAME LAWS4 ,"?\T ! SPACES 9T]SP]S$ )
ATOLLS1 ": N A S+LE P1K ( HI< L& HAS BE5
LEFT ABV ! LEVEL (! SEA1 ! S9K+ M/ H BE5
IMM5SE 9 AM.T4 ,! S9K+1 MOREOV]1 :E!R
3T9U\S1 OR RECURR5T ) 9T]VALS SU6ICI5TLY
L;G =! CORALS AG 6BR+ UP _! LIV+ $IFICES
6! SURFACE1 M/ NECESS>ILY H BE5
EXTREMELY SL[4 ,? 3CLU.N IS PROBABLY !
MO/ IMPORTANT "O : C 2 DEDUC$ F ! /UDY (
CORAL =M,NS2--& X IS "O : X IS DI6ICULT
6IMAG9E H[ O!RWISE CD "E H BE5 >RIV$ AT4
,NOR C ,I Q PASS OV] ! PROBABIL;Y (! =M]
EXI/;E ( L>GE >*IPELAGOES ( L(TY ISL&S1
": N[ ONLY R+S ( CORAL-ROCK SC>CELY BR1K
! OP5 EXPANSE (! SEA1 ?R[+ "S LI<T ON !
4TRIBU;N (! 9HABITANTS (! O!R HI< ISL&S1
N[ LEFT /&+ S IMM5SELY REMOTE F EA* O!R
9 ! MID/ (! GRT OC1NS4 ,! REEF-3/RUCT+
CORALS H 9DE$ RE>$ & PRES]V$ WOND];L
MEMORIALS (! SUBT]RAN1N OSCILL,NS (
LEVEL2 WE SEE 9 EA* B>RI]-REEF A PRO( T
! L& HAS "! SUBSID$1 & 9 EA* ATOLL A
MONU;T OV] AN ISL& N[ LO/4 ,WE MAY ?US1
L UNTO A GEOLOGI/ :O _H LIV$ 8 T5 ?\S&
YE>S & KEPT A RECORD (! PASS+ *ANGES1
GA9 "S 9SI<T 96! GRT SY/EM 0: ! SURFACE
( ? GLOBE HAS BE5 BROK5 UP1 & L& & WAT]
9T]*ANG$4

    ,FOOTNOTES
  ,7#A7' ,^! ,PLANTS >E DESCRIB$ 9 !
,ANNALS ( ,NAT4 ,HI/41 VOL4 I41 #AHCH1
P4 #CCG4
  ,7#B7' ,HOLMAN'S ,TRAVELS1 VOL4 ;IV4
P4 #CGH4
  ,7#C7' ,KOTZEBUE'S ,F/ ,VOYAGE1 VOL4
;III4 P4 #AEE4
  ,7#D7' ,! ?IRTE5 SPECIES 2L;G 6!
FOLL[+ ORD]S3--,IN ! ,COLEOPT]A1 A M9UTE
,ELAT]2 ,OR?OPT]A1 A ,GRYLLUS &A
,BLATTA2 ,HEMIPT]A1 "O SPECIES2
,HOMOPT]A1 TWO2 ,NEUROPT]A A ,*RYSOPA2
,HYM5OPT]A1 TWO ANTS2 ,LEPIDOPT]A
NOCTURNA1 A ,DIOPAEA1 &A ,PT]OPHORUS
7@872 ,DIPT]A1 TWO SPECIES4
  ,7#E7' ,KOTZEBUE'S ,F/ ,VOYAGE1 VOL4
;III4 P4 #BBB4
  ,7#F7' ,! L>GE CLAWS OR P9C]S ( "S (
^! CRABS >E MO/ B1UTI;LLY ADAPT$1 :5
DRAWN BACK1 6=M AN OP]CULUM 6! %ELL1
NE>LY Z P]FECT Z ! PROP] "O ORIG9,Y
2L;G+ 6! MOLLUSC\S ANIMAL4 ,I 0 ASSUR$1
& Z F> Z MY OBS]V,NS W5T ,I F.D X S1 T
C]TA9 SPECIES (! H]MIT-CRAB ALW USE
C]TA9 SPECIES ( %ELLS4
  ,7#G7' ,"S NATIVES C>RI$ 0,KOTZEBUE
6,KAMTS*ATKA COLLECT$ /"OS 6TAKE BACK
6_! C.TRY4
  ,7#H7' ,SEE ,PROCE$+S ( ,ZOOLOGICAL
,SOCIETY1 #AHCB1 P4 #AG4
  ,7#I7' ,TY]MAN & ,B5NETT4 ,VOYAGE1
ETC4 VOL4 ;II4 P4 #CC4
  ,7#AJ7' ,I EXCLUDE1 ( C\RSE1 "S SOIL :
HAS BE5 IMPORT$ "H 9 VESSELS F ,MALA3A &
,JAVA1 & LIKEWISE1 "S SMALL FRAG;TS (
PUMICE1 DRIFT$ "H 0! WAVES4 ,! "O BLOCK
( GRE5/"O1 MOREOV]1 ON ! NOR!RN ISL& M/
2 EXCEPT$4
  ,7#AA7' ,^! 7 F/ R1D 2F ! ,GEOLOGICAL
,SOCIETY 9 ,MAY1 #AHCG1 & H S9CE BE5
DEVELOP$ 9 A SEP>ATE VOLUME ON !
8,/RUCTURE & ,4TRIBU;N ( ,CORAL ,REEFS40
  ,7#AB7' ,X IS REM>KA# T ,MR4 ,LYELL1
EV5 9 ! F/ EDI;N ( 8 8,PR9CIPLES (
,GEOLOGY10 9F]R$ T ! AM.T ( SUBSID;E 9 !
,PACIFIC M/ H EXCE$$ T ( ELEV,N1 F ! >EA
( L& 2+ V SMALL RELATIVELY 6! AG5TS "!
T5D+ 6=M X1 "NLY1 ! GR[? ( CORAL &
VOLCANIC AC;N4
  ,7#AC7' ,X HAS BE5 HI<LY SATISFACTORY
6ME 6F9D ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE 9 A PAMPHLET
0,MR4 ,C\?\Y1 "O (! NATURALI/S 9 ! GRT
,ANT>CTIC ,EXP$I;N (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3--
8,HAV+ P]SON,Y EXAM9$ A L>GE NUMB] (
CORAL-ISL&S & RESID$ EI<T MON?S AM;G !
VOLCANIC CLASS HAV+ %ORE & "PI,Y 5CIRCL+
REEFS4 ,I MAY 2 P]MITT$ 6/ATE T MY [N
OBS]V,NS H IMPRESS$ A 3VIC;N (!
CORRECT;S (! !ORY ( ,MR4 ,D>W940--,!
NATURALI/S1 H["E1 ( ? EXP$I;N DI6] ) ME
ON "S PO9TS RESPECT+ CORAL =M,NS4