#CEJ ,,BC
      ,,ON ,,Y\? ,,& ,,OLD ,,AGE1
         ,,ON ,,LIFE ,,& ,,D1?1
             ,,ON ,,BR1?+
               0,>I/OTLE
    TRANSLAT$ BY ;,G4 ,R4 ,T4 ,ROSS
    ,TRANSLAT$ 6GRADE ,,II BRL 0,MIKE
    KEI?LEY
                   #A
  ,WE M/ N[ TR1T ( Y\? & OLD AGE & LIFE
& D1?4 ,WE M/ PROBABLY AL AT ! SAME "T
/ATE ! CAUSES ( RESPIR,N Z WELL1 S9CE 9
"S CASES LIV+ &! REV]SE DEP5D ON ?4
  ,WE H ELSE": GIV5 A PRECISE A3.T (!
S\L1 & :ILE X IS CLE> T XS ESS5TIAL
R1L;Y _C 2 CORPOR1L1 YET MANIFE/LY X M/
EXI/ 9 "S BODILY "P : M/ 2 "O ( ^?
POSSESS+ 3TROL OV] ! MEMB]S4 ,LET U =!
PRES5T SET ASIDE ! O!R DIVI.NS OR
FACULTIES (! S\L 7:I*"E (! TWO 2 !
CORRECT "N74 ,B Z 62+ :AT IS CALL$ AN
ANIMAL &A LIV+ ?+1 WE F9D T 9 ALL 2+S
5D[$ ) BO? "*I/ICS 7VIZ4 2+ AN ANIMAL &
2+ ALIVE7 "! M/ 2 A S+LE ID5TICAL "P 9
VIRTUE ( : !Y LIVE & >E CALL$ ANIMALS2 =
AN ANIMAL QUA ANIMAL _C AVOID 2+ ALIVE4
,B A ?+ NE$ N1 ?\< ALIVE1 2 ANIMAL1 =
PLANTS LIVE )\T HAV+ S5S,N1 & X IS
0S5S,N T WE 4T+UI% ANIMAL F :AT IS N
ANIMAL4
  ,? ORGAN1 !N1 M/ 2 NUM]IC,Y "O &! SAME
& YET POSSESS MULTIPLE & 4P>ATE ASPECTS1
= 2+ ANIMAL & LIV+ >E N ID5TICAL4 ,S9CE
!N ! ORGANS ( SPECIAL S5S,N H "O -MON
ORGAN 9 : ! S5SES :5 FUNC;N+ M/ MEET1 &
? M/ 2 SITUAT$ MIDWAY 2T :AT IS CALL$ 2F
& 2H 7WE CALL ,82F0' ! DIREC;N F : S5S,N
-ES1 ,82H0' ! OPPOSITE71 FUR!R1 S9CE 9
ALL LIV+ ?+S ! BODY IS DIVID$ 96UPP] &
L[] 7!Y ALL H UPP] & L[] "PS1 S T ? IS
TRUE ( PLANTS Z WELL71 CLE>LY !
NUTRITIVE PR9CIPLE M/ 2 SITUAT$ MIDWAY
2T ^! REGIONS4 ,T "P ": FOOD 5T]S WE
CALL UPP]1 3SID]+ X 0XF & N RELATIVELY
6! SURR.D+ UNIV]SE1 :ILE D[NW>D IS T "P
0: ! PRIM>Y EXCRE;T IS 4*>G$4
  ,PLANTS >E ! REV]SE ( ANIMALS 9 ?
RESPECT4 ,6MAN 9 "PICUL> AM;G ! ANIMALS1
ON A3.T ( 8 ERECT /ATURE1 2L;GS ! "*I/IC
( HAV+ 8 UPP] "PS PO9T+ UPW>DS 9 ! S5SE
9 : T APPLIES 6! UNIV]SE1 :ILE 9 ! O!RS
^! >E 9 AN 9T]M$IATE POSI;N4 ,B 9
PLANTS1 [+ 6_! 2+ /,N>Y & DRAW+ _!
SU/5.E F ! GR.D1 ! UPP] "P M/ ALW 2 D[N2
= "! IS A CORRESPOND;E 2T ! ROOTS 9 A
PLANT & :AT IS CALL$ ! M\? 9 ANIMALS1
0M1NS ( : !Y TAKE 9 _! FOOD1 :E!R !
S\RCE ( SUPPLY 2 ! E>? OR EA* O!R'S
BODIES4
                   #B
  ,ALL P]FECTLY =M$ ANIMALS >E 6BE
DIVID$ 96?REE "PS1 "O T 0: FOOD IS TAK5
IN1 "O T 0: EXCRE;T IS 4*>G$1 &! ?IRD !
REGION 9T]M$IATE 2T !M4 ,9 ! L>GE/
ANIMALS ? LATT] IS CALL$ ! *E/ & 9 !
O!RS "S?+ CORRESPOND+2 9 "S AL X IS M
4T9CTLY M>K$ (F ?AN 9 O!RS4 ,ALL ^? AL T
>E CAPA# ( PROGRES.N H A4I;NAL MEMB]S
SUBS]VI5T 6? PURPOSE1 0M1NS ( : !Y BE> !
:OLE TRUNK1 6WIT LEGS & FEET & :AT"E "PS
>E POSSESS$ (! SAME P[]S4 ,N[ X IS
EVID5T BO? 0OBS]V,N & 09F];E T ! S\RCE (
! NUTRITIVE S\L IS 9 ! MID/ (! ?REE "PS4
,= _M ANIMALS1 :5 EI "P-! H1D OR !
RECEPTACLE (! FOOD-IS CUT (F1 RETA9 LIFE
9 T MEMB] 6: ! MI4LE REMA9S ATTA*$4 ,? C
2 SE5 6O3UR 9 _M 9SECTS1 E4G4 WASPS &
BEES1 & _M ANIMALS AL 2SS 9SECTS C1 ?\<
DIVID$1 3T9UE 6LIVE 0M1NS (! "P 3NECT$ )
NUTRI;N4
  ,:ILE ? MEMB] IS 9DE$ 9 ACTUAL;Y S+LE1
YET POT5TI,Y X IS MULTIPLE1 = ^! ANIMALS
H A 3/ITU;N SIMIL> 6T ( ,PLANTS2 PLANTS
:5 CUT 96SEC;NS 3T9UE 6LIVE1 &A NUMB] (
TREES C 2 DERIV$ F "O S+LE S\RCE4 ,A
SEP>ATE A3.T W 2 GIV5 (! R1SON :Y "S
PLANTS _C LIVE :5 DIVID$1 :ILE O!RS C 2
PROPAGAT$ 0! TAK+ ( SLIPS4 ,9 ? RESPECT1
H["E1 PLANTS & 9SECTS >E ALIKE4
  ,X IS TRUE T ! NUTRITIVE S\L1 9 2+S
POSSESS+ X1 :ILE ACTU,Y S+LE M/ 2
POT5TI,Y PLURAL4 ,& X IS TOO )! PR9CIPLE
( S5S,N1 = EVID5TLY ! DIVID$ SEG;TS ( ^!
ANIMALS H S5S,N4 ,!Y >E UNA#1 H["E1
6PRES]VE _! 3/ITU;N1 Z PLANTS C1 N
POSSESS+ ! ORGANS ON : ! 3T9U.E ( LIFE
DEP5DS1 = "S LACK ! M1NS = SEIZ+1 O!RS =
RCVG _! FOOD2 OR AG !Y MAY 2 DE/ITUTE (
O!R ORGANS Z WELL4
  ,DIVISI# ANIMALS >E L A NUMB] (
ANIMALS GR[N TGR1 B ANIMALS ( SUP]IOR
3/RUC;N 2HAVE DI6]5TLY 2C _! 3/ITU;N IS
A UN;Y (! HI<E/ POSSI# K9D4 ,H;E "S (!
ORGANS ON DIVI.N 4PLAY SLI<T S5SITIVE;S
2C !Y RETA9 "S PSY*ICAL SUSCEPTIBIL;Y2 !
ANIMALS 3T9UE 6MOVE AF ! VITALS H BE5
AB/RACT$3 TORTOISES1 = EXAMPLE1 D S EV5
AF ! HE>T HAS BE5 REMOV$4
                   #C
  ,! SAME PH5OM5ON IS EVID5T BO? 9
PLANTS & 9 ANIMALS1 & 9 PLANTS WE NOTE X
BO? 9 _! PROPAG,N 0SE$ & 9 GRAFTS &
CUTT+S4 ,G5ESIS F SE$S ALW />TS F !
MI4LE4 ,ALL SE$S >E BIVALVUL>1 &! PLACE
( JUNC;N IS SITUAT$ AT ! PO9T ( ATTA*;T
76! PLANT71 AN 9T]M$IATE "P 2L;G+ 6BO?
HALVES4 ,X IS F ? "P T BO? ROOT & /EM (
GR[+ ?+S EM]GE2 ! />T+-PO9T IS 9 A
C5TRAL POSI;N 2T !M4 ,9 ! CASE ( GRAFTS
& CUTT+S ? IS "PICUL>LY TRUE (! BUDS2 =!
BUD IS 9 A WAY ! />T+-PO9T (! BRAN*1 B
AT ! SAME "T X IS 9 A C5TRAL POSI;N4
,H;E X IS EI ? T IS CUT (F1 OR 96? T !
NEW %OOT IS 9S]T$1 :5 WE WI% EI A NEW
BRAN* OR A NEW ROOT 6SPR+ F X2 : PROVES
T ! PO9T ( ORIG9 9 GR[? IS 9T]M$IATE 2T
/EM & ROOT4
  ,LIKEWISE 9 SANGU9E\S ANIMALS ! HE>T
IS ! F/ ORGAN DEVELOP$2 ? IS EVID5T F
:AT HAS BE5 OBS]V$ 9 ^? CASES ": OBS]V,N
( _! GR[? IS POSSI#4 ,H;E 9 BLOOD.S
ANIMALS AL :AT CORRESPONDS 6! HE>T M/
DEVELOP F/4 ,WE H ALR ASS]T$ 9 \R
TR1TISE ON ,! ,"PS ( ,ANIMALS T X IS F !
HE>T T ! VE9S ISSUE1 & T 9 SANGU9E\S
ANIMALS ! BLOOD IS ! F9AL NUTRI;T F : !
MEMB]S >E =M$4 ,H;E X IS CLE> T "! IS "O
FUNC;N 9 NUTRI;N : ! M\? HAS ! FACULTY (
P]=M+1 &A DI6]5T "O APP]TA9+ 6! /OMA*4
,B X IS ! HE>T T HAS SUPREME 3TROL1
EX]CIS+ AN A4I;NAL & -PLET+ FUNC;N4 ,H;E
9 SANGU9E\S ANIMALS ! S\RCE BO? (!
S5SITIVE &(! NUTRITIVE S\L M/ 2 9 !
HE>T1 =! FUNC;NS RELATIVE 6NUTRI;N
EX]CIS$ 0! O!R "PS >E ANCILL>Y 6!
ACTIV;Y (! HE>T4 ,X IS ! "P (! DOM9AT+
ORGAN 6A*IEVE ! F9AL RESULT1 Z (!
PHYSICIAN'S EF=TS 6BE DIRECT$ T[>DS
H1L?1 & N 6BE O3UPI$ ) SUBORD9ATE
(FICES4
  ,C]TA9LY1 H["E1 ALL SAGU9E\S ANIMALS H
! SUPREME ORGAN (! S5SEFACULTIES 9 !
HE>T1 = X IS "H T WE M/ LOOK =! -MON
S5SORIUM 2L;G+ 6ALL ! S5SE-ORGANS4 ,^! 9
TWO CASES1 TA/E & T\*1 C 2 CLE>LY SE5
6EXT5D 6! HE>T1 & H;E ! O!RS AL M/ L1D
6X1 = 9 X ! O!R ORGANS MAY POSSIBLY
9ITIATE *ANGES1 ":AS )! UPP] REGION (!
BODY TA/E & T\* H NO 3NEXION4 ,A"P F ^!
3SID],NS1 IF ! LIFE IS ALW LOCAT$ 9 ?
"P1 EVID5TLY ! PR9CIPLE ( S5S,N M/ 2
SITUAT$ "! TOO1 = X IS QUA ANIMAL T AN
ANIMAL IS SD 6BE A LIV+ ?+1 & X IS CALL$
ANIMAL 2C 5D[$ ) S5S,N4 ,ELSE": 9 O!R
"WS WE H /AT$ ! R1SONS :Y "S (! S5SE-
ORGANS >E1 Z IS EVID5T1 3NECT$ )! HE>T1
:ILE O!RS >E SITUAT$ 9 ! H1D4 7,X IS ?
FACT T CAUSES "S P 6?9K T X IS 9 VIRTUE
(! BRA9 T ! FUNC;N ( P]CEP;N 2L;GS
6ANIMALS47
                   #D
  ,?US IF1 ON ! "O H&1 WE LOOK 6! OBS]V$
FACTS1 :AT WE H SD MAKES X CLE> T !
S\RCE (! S5SITIVE S\L1 TGR ) T 3NECT$ )
GR[? & NUTRI;N1 IS SITUAT$ 9 ? ORGAN & 9
! C5TRAL "O (! ?REE DIVI.NS (! BODY4 ,B
X FOLL[S 0DEDUC;N AL2 = WE SEE T 9 E
CASE1 :5 S"EAL RESULTS >E OP5 6H]1
,NATURE ALW BR+S 6PASS ! BE/4 ,N[ IF BO?
PR9CIPLES >E LOCAT$ 9 ! MID/ (! SUB/.E1
! TWO "PS (! BODY1 VIZ4 T : ELABORATES &
T : RCVS ! NUTRI;T 9 XS F9AL =M W BE/
P]=M _! APPROPRIATE FUNC;N2 =! S\L W !N
2 CLOSE 6EA*1 &! C5TRAL SITU,N : X W1 Z
S*1 O3UPY IS ! POSI;N (A DOM9AT+ P[]4
  ,FUR!R1 T : EMPLOYS AN 9/RU;T &!
9/RU;T X EMPLOYS M/ 2 4T9CT 7& M/ 2
SPATI,Y DIV]SE TOO1 IF POSSI#1 Z 9
CAPAC;Y71 J Z ! FLUTE & T : PLAYS X-!
H&->E DIV]SE4 ,?US IF ANIMAL IS DEF9$ 0!
POSSES.N ( S5SITIVE S\L1 ? S\L M/ 9 !
SANGU9E\S ANIMALS 2 9 ! HE>T1 &1 9 !
BLOOD.S "OS1 9 ! CORRESPOND+ "P ( _!
BODY4 ,B 9 ANIMALS ALL ! MEMB]S &! :OLE
BODY POSSESS "S 3NATE W>M? ( 3/ITU;N1 &
H;E :5 ALIVE !Y >E OBS]V$ 6BE W>M1 B :5
D1D & DEPRIV$ ( LIFE !Y >E ! OPPOSITE4
,9DE$1 ! S\RCE ( ? W>M? M/ 2 9 ! HE>T 9
SANGU9E\S ANIMALS1 & 9 ! CASE ( BLOOD.S
ANIMALS 9 ! CORRESPOND+ ORGAN1 =1 ?\<
ALL "PS (! BODY 0M1NS ( _! NATURAL H1T
ELABORATE & 3COCT ! NUTRI;T1 ! GOV]N+
ORGAN TAKES ! *IEF %>E 9 ? PROCESS4
,H;E1 ?\< ! O!R MEMB]S 2COME COLD1 LIFE
REMA9S2 B :5 ! W>M? "H IS QU5*$1 D1? ALW
5SUES1 2C ! S\RCE ( H1T 9 ALL ! O!R
MEMB]S DEP5DS ON ?1 &! S\L IS1 Z X W]E1
SET AGL[ ) FIRE 9 ? "P1 : 9 SANGU9E\S
ANIMALS IS ! HE>T & 9 ! BLOOD.S ORD] !
ANALOG\S MEMB]4 ,H;E1 ( NECESS;Y1 LIFE
M/ 2 CO9CID5T )! MA9T5.E ( H1T1 & :AT WE
CALL D1? IS XS DE/RUC;N4
                   #E
  ,H["E1 X IS 6BE NOTIC$ T "! >E TWO
WAYS 9 : FIRE C1SES 6EXI/2 X MAY G \ EI
0EXHAUS;N OR 0EXT9C;N4 ,T : IS SELF-
CAUS$ WE CALL EXHAUS;N1 T DUE 6XS
OPPOSITES EXT9C;N4 ,7,! =M] IS T DUE
6OLD AGE1 ! LATT] 6VIOL;E47' ,B EI ( ^!
WAYS 9 : FIRE C1SES 6BE MAY 2 BR"\ AB 0!
SAME CAUSE1 =1 :5 "! IS A DEFICI5CY (
NUTRI;T &! W>M? C OBTA9 NO MA9T5.E1 !
FIRE FAILS2 &! R1SON IS T ! OPPOSITE1
*ECK+ DIGES;N1 PREV5TS ! FIRE F 2+ F$4
,B 9 O!R CASES ! RESULT IS EXHAUS;N1-:5
! H1T A3UMULATES EXCESSIVELY [+ 6LACK (
RESPIR,N &( REFRIG],N4 ,= 9 ? CASE :AT
HAPP5S IS T ! H1T1 A3UMULAT+ 9 GRT
QUANT;Y1 QKLY USES UP XS NUTRI;T &
3SUMES X ALL 2F M IS S5T UP 0EVAPOR,N4
,H;E N ONLY IS A SMALL] FIRE R1DILY PUT
\ 0A L>GE "O1 B ( XF ! C&LE FLAME IS
3SUM$ :5 9S]T$ 9 A L>GE BLAZE J Z IS !
CASE ) ANY O!R -BU/I#4 ,! R1SON IS T !
NUTRI;T 9 ! FLAME IS SEIZ$ 0! L>G] "O 2F
FRE% FUEL C 2 A4$1 = FIRE IS "E -+ 962+
& RU%+ J L A RIV]1 B S SPE$ILY Z 6ELUDE
OBS]V,N4
  ,CLE>LY "!=E1 IF ! BODILY H1T M/ 2
3S]V$ 7Z IS NEC IF LIFE IS 63T9UE71 "!
M/ 2 "S WAY ( COOL+ ! H1T RESID5T 9 !
S\RCE ( W>M?4 ,TAKE Z AN ILLU/R,N :AT
O3URS :5 COALS >E 3F9$ 9 A BRAZI]4 ,IF
!Y >E KEPT COV]$ UP 3T9U\SLY 0! S-CALL$
,8*OK]0'1 !Y >E QKLY EXT+UI%$1 B1 IF !
LID IS 9 RAPID ALT]N,N LIFT$ UP & PUT ON
AG !Y REMA9 GL[+ =A L;G "T4 ,BANK+ UP A
FIRE AL KEEPS X IN1 =! A%ES1 2+ POR\S1 D
N PREV5T ! PASSAGE ( AIR1 & AG !Y 5A# X
6RESI/ EXT9C;N 0! SURR.D+ AIR 0M1NS (!
SUPPLY ( H1T : X POSSESSES4 ,H["E1 WE H
/AT$ 9 ,! ,PRO#MS ! R1SONS :Y ^! OP],NS1
"NLY BANK+ UP & COV]+ UP A FIRE1 H !
OPPOSITE E6ECTS 7IN ! "O CASE ! FIRE
GOES \1 9 ! O!R X 3T9UES ALIVE =A
3SID]A# "T74
                   #F
  ,"EY?+ LIV+ HAS S\L1 & X1 Z WE H SD1
_C EXI/ )\T ! PRES;E ( H1T 9 ! 3/ITU;N4
,9 PLANTS ! NATURAL H1T IS SU6ICI5TLY
WELL KEPT ALIVE 0! AID : _! NUTRI;T &!
SURR.D+ AIR SUPPLY4 ,=! FOOD HAS A COOL+
E6ECT ,7Z X 5T]S1 J Z X HAS 9 MAN7' :5
F/ X IS TAK5 IN1 ":AS AB/9;E F FOOD
PRODUCES H1T & ?IR/4 ,! AIR1 IF X 2
MO;N.S1 2COMES HOT1 B 0! 5TRY ( FOOD A
MO;N IS SET UP : LA/S UNTIL DIGES;N IS
-PLET$ & S COOLS X4 ,IF ! SURR.D+ AIR IS
EXCESSIVELY COLD [+ 6! "T ( YE>1 "! 2+
SEV]E FRO/1 PLANTS %RIVEL1 OR IF1 9 !
EXTREME H1TS ( SUMM] ! MOI/URE DRAWN F !
GR.D _C PRODUCE XS COOL+ E6ECT1 ! H1T
-ES 6AN 5D 0EXHAUS;N4 ,TREES SU6]+ AT S*
S1SONS >E SD 6BE BLI<T$ OR />-/RICK54
,H;E ! PRACTICE ( LAY+ 2N ! ROOTS /"OS (
C]TA9 SPECIES OR WAT] 9 POTS1 =! PURPOSE
( COOL+ ! ROOTS (! PLANTS4
  ,"S ANIMALS PASS _! LIFE 9 ! WAT]1
O!RS 9 ! AIR1 & "!=E ^! M$IA FURNI% !
S\RCE & M1NS ( REFRIG],N1 WAT] 9 ! "O
CASE1 AIR 9 ! O!R4 ,WE M/ PROCE$-& X W
REQUIRE FUR!R APPLIC,N ON \R "P-TO GIVE
AN A3.T (! WAY & MANN] 9 : ? REFRIG],N
O3URS4

                   #G
  ,A FEW (! PREVI\S PHYSICAL PHILOSOPH]S
H SPOK5 ( RESPIR,N4 ,! R1SON1 H["E1 :Y X
EXI/S 9 ANIMALS !Y H EI N DCLD OR1 :5 !Y
H1 _! /ATE;TS >E N CORRECT & %[ A
-P>ATIVE LACK ( ACQUA9T.E )! FACTS4
,MOREOV] !Y ASS]T T ALL ANIMALS RESPIRE-
: IS UNTRUE4 ,H;E ^! PO9TS M/ F/ CLAIM
\R ATT5;N1 9 ORD] T WE MAY N 2 ?"\ 6MAKE
UNSUB/ANTIAT$ *>GES AG/ AU?ORS NO L;G]
ALIVE4
  ,F/ !N1 X IS EVID5T T ALL ANIMALS )
LUNGS BR1!1 B 9 "S CASES BR1?+ ANIMALS H
A BLOOD.S & SP;GY LUNG1 & !N "! IS LESS
NE$ = RESPIR,N4 ,^! ANIMALS C REMA9 "U
WAT] =A "T1 : RELATIVELY 6_! BODILY
/R5G?1 IS 3SID]A#4 ,ALL OVIP>\S ANIMALS1
E4G4 ! FROG-TRIBE1 H A SP;GY LUNG4 ,AL
HEMYDES & TORTOISES C REMA9 =A L;G "T
IMM]S$ 9 WAT]2 = _! LUNG1 3TA9+ LL
BLOOD1 HAS N M* H1T4 ,H;E1 :5 ONCE X IS
9FLAT$1 X XF1 0M1NS ( XS MO;N1 PRODUCES
A COOL+ E6ECT & 5A#S ! ANIMAL 6REMA9
IMM]S$ =A L;G "T4 ,SU6OC,N1 H["E1 ALW
5SUES IF ! ANIMAL IS =C$ 6HOLD XS BR1? =
TOO L;G A "T1 = N"O ( ? CLASS TAKE 9
WAT] 9 ! WAY FI%ES D4 ,ON ! O!R H&1
ANIMALS : H ! LUNG *>G$ ) BLOOD H GRT]
NE$ ( RESPIR,N ON A3.T (! AM.T ( _! H1T1
:ILE N"O AT ALL (! O!RS : D N POSSESS
LUNGS BR1!4
                   #H
  ,DEMOCRITUS ( ,ABD]A & C]TA9 O!RS :O H
TR1T$ ( RESPIR,N1 :ILE SAY+ NO?+ DEF9ITE
AB ! LUNG.S ANIMALS1 N"E!.S SEEM 6SP1K Z
IF ALL BR1!D4 ,B ,ANAXAGORAS & ,DIOG5ES
BO? MA9TA9 T ALL BR1!1 & /ATE ! MANN] 9
: FI%ES & OY/]S RESPIRE4 ,ANAXAGORAS
SAYS T :5 FI%ES 4*>GE WAT] "? _! GILLS1
AIR IS =M$ 9 ! M\?1 = "! C 2 NO VACUUM1
& T X IS 0DRAW+ 9 ? T !Y RESPIRE4
,DIOG5ES' /ATE;T IS T1 :5 !Y 4*>GE WAT]
"? _! GILLS1 !Y SUCK ! AIR \ (! WAT]
SURR.D+ ! M\? 0M1NS (! VACUUM =M$ 9 !
M\?1 = HE 2LIEVES "! IS AIR 9 ! WAT]4
  ,B ^! !ORIES >E UNT5A#4 ,F/LY1 !Y /ATE
ONLY :AT IS ! -MON ELE;T 9 BO? OP],NS &
S L1VE \ ! HALF (! MATT]4 ,= :AT GOES 0!
"N ( RESPIR,N 3SI/S1 ON ! "O H&1 (
9HAL,N1 &1 ON ! O!R1 (! EXHAL,N ( BR1?2
B1 AB ! LATT] !Y SAY NO?+1 NOR D !Y
DESCRIBE H[ S* ANIMALS EMIT _! BR1?4
,9DE$1 EXPLAN,N IS = !M IMPOSSI# =1 :5 !
CR1TURES RESPIRE1 !Y M/ 4*>GE _! BR1? 0!
SAME PASSAGE Z T 0: !Y DRAW X IN1 & ? M/
HAPP5 9 ALT]N,N4 ,H;E1 Z A RESULT1 !Y M/
TAKE ! WAT] 96_! M\? AT ! SAME "T Z !Y
BR1! \4 ,B ! AIR &! WAT] M/ MEET &
OB/RUCT EA* O!R4 ,FUR!R1 :5 !Y 4*>GE !
WAT] !Y M/ EMIT _! BR1? 0! M\? OR !
GILLS1 &! RESULT W 2 T !Y W BR1! 9 &
BR1! \ AT ! SAME "T1 = X IS AT T MO;T T
RESPIR,N IS SD 6O3UR4 ,B X IS IMPOSSI# T
!Y %D D BO? AT ! SAME "T4 ,H;E1 IF
RESPIR+ CR1TURES M/ BO? EXHALE & 9HALE !
AIR1 & IF N"O ( ^! ANIMALS C BR1! \1
EVID5TLY N"O C RESPIRE AT ALL4
                   #I
  ,FUR!R1 ! ASS];N T !Y DRAW 9 AIR \ (!
M\? OR \ (! WAT] 0M1NS (! M\? IS AN
IMPOSSIBIL;Y1 =1 N HAV+ A LUNG1 !Y H NO
W9DPIPE2 R ! /OMA* IS CLOSELY JUXTAPOS$
6! M\?1 S T !Y M/ D ! SUCK+ )! /OMA*4 ,B
9 T CASE ! O!R ANIMALS WD D S AL1 : IS N
! TRU?2 &! WAT]-ANIMALS AL WD 2 SE5 6D X
:5 \ (! WAT]1 ":AS Q EVID5TLY !Y D N4
,FUR!R1 9 ALL ANIMALS T RESPIRE & DRAW
BR1? "! IS 6BE OBS]V$ A C]TA9 MO;N 9 !
"P (! BODY : DRAWS 9 ! AIR1 B 9 ! FI%ES
? DOES N O3UR4 ,FI%ES D N APPE> 6MOVE
ANY (! "PS 9 ! REGION (! /OMA*1 EXCEPT !
GILLS AL"O1 & ^! MOVE BO? :5 !Y >E 9 !
WAT] & :5 !Y >E ?R[N ON 6DRY L& & GASP4
,MOREOV]1 ALW :5 RESPIR+ ANIMALS >E
KILL$ 02+ SU6OCAT$ 9 WAT]1 BUB#S >E =M$
(! AIR : IS =CIBLY 4*>G$1 Z HAPP5S1 E4G4
:5 "O =CES A TORTOISE OR A FROG OR ANY
O!R ANIMAL (A SIMIL> CLASS 6/AY 2N WAT]4
,B ) FI%ES ? RESULT N"E O3URS1 9 :ATSO"E
WAY WE TRY 6OBTA9 X1 S9CE !Y D N 3TA9
AIR DRAWN F AN EXT]NAL S\RCE4 ,AG1 !
MANN] ( RESPIR,N SD 6EXI/ 9 !M MI<T O3UR
9 ! CASE ( M5 AL :5 !Y >E "U WAT]4 ,= IF
FI%ES DRAW 9 AIR \ (! SURR.D+ WAT] 0M1NS
( _! M\? :Y %D N M5 TOO & O!R ANIMALS D
S AL2 !Y %D AL1 9 ! SAME WAY Z FI%ES1
DRAW 9 AIR \ (! M\?4 ,IF 9 ! =M] CASE X
7 POSSI#1 S AL %D X 2 9 ! LATT]4 ,B1
S9CE 9 ! "O X IS N S1 NEI DOES X O3UR 9
! O!R4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :Y D FI%ES1 IF !Y
RESPIRE1 DIE 9 ! AIR & GASP 7Z C 2 SE57
Z 9 SU6OC,N8 ,X IS N WANT ( FOOD T
PRODUCES ? E6ECT ^U !M1 &! R1SON GIV5
0,DIOG5ES IS FOOLI%1 = HE SAYS T 9 AIR
!Y TAKE 9 TOO M* AIR & H;E DIE1 B 9 !
WAT] !Y TAKE 9 A MOD]ATE AM.T4 ,B T %D 2
A POSSI# O3URR;E ) L& ANIMALS AL2 Z
FACTS >E1 H["E1 NO L& ANIMAL SEEMS 6BE
SU6OCAT$ 0EXCESSIVE RESPIR,N4 ,AG1 IF
ALL ANIMALS BR1!1 9SECTS M/ D S AL4 _M (
!M SEEM 6LIVE ?\< DIVID$ N M]ELY 96TWO1
B 96S"EAL "PS1 E4G4 ! CLASS CALL$
,SCOLOP5DRA4 ,B H[ C !Y1 :5 ?US DIVID$1
BR1!1 & :AT IS ! ORGAN !Y EMPLOY8 ,! MA9
R1SON :Y ^! WRIT]S H N GIV5 A GD A3.T (
^! FACTS IS T !Y H NO ACQUA9T.E )!
9T]NAL ORGANS1 & T !Y DID N A3EPT !
DOCTR9E T "! IS A F9AL CAUSE = :AT"E
,NATURE DOES4 ,IF !Y _H ASK$ = :AT
PURPOSE RESPIR,N EXI/S 9 ANIMALS1 & _H
3SID]$ ? ) REF];E 6! ORGANS1 E4G4 !
GILLS &! LUNGS1 !Y WD H 4COV]$ ! R1SON M
SPE$ILY4
                  #AJ
  ,DEMOCRITUS1 H["E1 DOES T1* T 9 !
BR1?+ ANIMALS "! IS A C]TA9 RESULT
PRODUC$ 0RESPIR,N2 HE ASS]TS T X PREV5TS
! S\L F 2+ EXTRUD$ F ! BODY4 ,N"E!.S1 HE
0NO M1NS ASS]TS T X IS = ? PURPOSE T
,NATURE S 3TRIVES X1 = HE1 L ! O!R
PHYSICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 ALT FAILS 6ATTA9
6ANY S* EXPLAN,N4 ,8 /ATE;T IS T ! S\L &
! HOT ELE;T >E ID5TICAL1 2+ ! PRIM>Y =MS
AM;G ! SPH]ICAL "PICLES4 ,H;E1 :5 ^! >E
2+ CRU%$ TGR 0! SURR.D+ ATMOSPH]E ?RU/+
!M \1 RESPIR,N1 AC 6HIS A3.T1 -ES 9
6SU3\R !M4 ,= 9 ! AIR "! >E _M ( ^?
"PICLES : HE CALLS M9D & S\L4 ,H;E1 :5
WE BR1! &! AIR 5T]S1 ^! 5T] AL;G ) X1 &
0_! AC;N C.EL ! PRESSURE1 ?US PREV5T+ !
EXPUL.N (! S\L : RESIDES 9 ! ANIMAL4
  ,? EXPLA9S :Y LIFE & D1? >E B.D UP )!
TAK+ 9 & LETT+ \ (! BR1?2 = D1? O3URS :5
! -PRES.N 0! SURR.D+ AIR GA9S ! UPP] H&1
&1 ! ANIMAL 2+ UNA# 6RESPIRE1 ! AIR F
\TSIDE C NO L;G] 5T] & C.T]ACT !
-PRES.N4 ,D1? IS ! DE"PURE ( ^? =MS [+
6! EXPULSIVE PRESSURE EX]T$ 0! SURR.D+
AIR4 ,D1?1 H["E1 O3URS N 0HAPHAZ>D B1 :5
NATURAL1 [+ 6OLD AGE1 &1 :5 UNNATURAL1
6VIOL;E4
  ,B ! R1SON = ? & :Y ALL M/ DIE
,DEMOCRITUS HAS 0NO M1NS MADE CLE>4 ,&
YET1 S9CE EVID5TLY D1? O3URS AT "O "T (
LIFE & N AT ANO!R1 HE %D H SD :E!R !
CAUSE IS EXT]NAL OR 9T]NAL4 ,NEI DOES HE
ASSIGN ! CAUSE (! 2G9N+ ( RESPIR,N1 NOR
SAY :E!R X IS 9T]NAL OR EXT]NAL4 ,9DE$1
X IS N ! CASE T ! EXT]NAL M9D SUP]9T5DS
! RE9=CE;T2 R ! ORIG9 ( BR1?+ &(!
RESPIRATORY MO;N M/ 2 )93 X IS N DUE
6PRESSURE F >.D4 ,X IS ABSURD AL T :AT
SURR.DS %D -PRESS & AT ! SAME "T 05T]+
DILATE4 ,? !N IS PRACTIC,Y 8 !ORY1 & H[
HE PUTS X4
  ,B IF WE M/ 3SID] T \R PREVI\S A3.T IS
TRUE1 & T RESPIR,N DOES N O3UR 9 E
ANIMAL1 WE M/ DEEM T ? EXPLA9S D1? N
UNIV]S,Y1 B ONLY 9 RESPIR+ ANIMALS4 ,YET
NEI IS X A GD A3.T ( ^! EV51 Z MAY
CLE>LY 2 SE5 F ! FACTS & PH5OM5A ( : WE
ALL H EXP]I;E4 ,= 9 HOT W1!R WE GR[
W>M]1 &1 HAV+ M NE$ ( RESPIR,N1 WE ALW
BR1! FA/]4 ,B1 :5 ! AIR >.D IS COLD &
3TRACTS & SOLIDIFIES ! BODY1 RET>D,N (!
BR1?+ RESULTS4 ,YET ? 0 J ! "T :5 !
EXT]NAL AIR %D 5T] & ANNUL ! EXPULSIVE
MOVE;T1 ":AS X IS ! OPPOSITE T O3URS4 ,=
:5 ! BR1? IS N LET \ &! H1T A3UMULATES
TOO M* !N WE NE$ 6RESPIRE1 & 6RESPIRE WE
M/ DRAW 9 ! BR1?4 ,:5 HOT1 P BR1!
RAPIDLY1 2C !Y M/ D S 9 ORD] 6COOL !MVS1
J :5 ! !ORY ( ,DEMOCRITUS WD MAKE !M ADD
FIRE 6FIRE4
                  #AA
  ,! !ORY F.D 9 ! ,TIMAEUS1 (! PASS+ R.D
(! BR1? 0PU%+1 0NO M1NS DET]M9ES H[1 9 !
CASE (! ANIMALS O!R ?AN L&-ANIMALS1 _!
H1T IS PRES]V$1 & :E!R X IS DUE 6! SAME
OR A DI6]5T CAUSE4 ,= IF RESPIR,N O3URS
ONLY 9 L&-ANIMALS WE %D 2 TOLD :AT IS !
R1SON ( T4 ,LIKEWISE1 IF X IS F.D 9 O!RS
AL1 B 9 A DI6]5T =M1 ? =M ( RESPIR,N1 IF
!Y ALL C BR1!1 M/ AL 2 DESCRIB$4
  ,FUR!R1 ! ME?OD ( EXPLA9+ 9VOLVES A
FIC;N4 ,X IS SD T :5 ! HOT AIR ISSUES F
! M\? X PU%ES ! SURR.D+ AIR1 : 2+ C>RI$
ON 5T]S ! V PLACE :;E ! 9T]NAL W>M?
ISSU$1 "? ! 9T]/ICES (! POR\S FLE%2 & ?
RECIPROCAL REPLACE;T IS DUE 6! FACT T A
VACUUM _C EXI/4 ,B :5 X HAS 2COME HOT !
AIR PASSES \ AG 0! SAME R\TE1 & PU%ES
BACK 9W>DS "? ! M\? ! AIR T _H BE5 4*>G$
9 A W>M 3DI;N4 ,X IS SD T X IS ? AC;N :
GOES ON 3T9U\SLY :5 ! BR1? IS TAK5 9 &
LET \4
  ,B AC 6? WAY ( ?9K+ X W FOLL[ T WE
BR1! \ 2F WE BR1! IN4 ,B ! OPPOSITE IS !
CASE1 Z EVID;E %[S1 = ?\< ^! TWO FUNC;NS
G ON 9 ALT]N,N1 YET ! LA/ ACT :5 LIFE
-ES 6A CLOSE IS ! LETT+ \ (! BR1?1 & H;E
XS ADMIS.N M/ H BE5 ! 2G9N+ (! PROCESS4
  ,ONCE M1 ^? :O GIVE ? K9D ( EXPLAN,N
0NO M1NS /ATE ! F9AL CAUSE (! PRES;E 9
ANIMALS ( ? FUNC;N 76WIT ! ADMIS.N &
EMIS.N (! BR1?71 B TR1T X Z ?\< X 7 A
3T+5T A3OMPANI;T ( LIFE4 ,YET X EVID5TLY
HAS 3TROL OV] LIFE & D1?1 = X RESULTS
SYN*RON\SLY T :5 RESPIR+ ANIMALS >E UNA#
6BR1! !Y P]I%4 ,AG1 X IS ABSURD T !
PASSAGE (! HOT AIR \ "? ! M\? & BACK AG
%D 2 Q P]CEPTI#1 :ILE WE 7 N A# 6DETECT
! ?ORACIC 9FLUX &! RETURN \TW>DS ONCE M
(! H1T$ BR1?4 ,X IS AL NONS5SE T
RESPIR,N %D 3SI/ 9 ! 5TR.E ( H1T1 =!
EVID;E IS 6! 3TR>Y E6ECT2 :AT IS BR1!D \
IS HOT1 & :AT IS BR1!D 9 IS COLD4 ,:5 X
IS HOT WE PANT 9 BR1?+1 =1 2C :AT 5T]S
DOES N ADEQUATELY P]=M XS COOL+ FUNC;N1
WE H Z A 3SEQU;E 6DRAW ! BR1? FREQU5TLY4
                  #AB
  ,X IS C]TA91 H["E1 T WE M/ N 5T]TA9 !
NO;N T X IS = PURPOSES ( NUTRI;N T
RESPIR,N IS DESIGN$1 & 2LIEVE T ! 9T]NAL
FIRE IS F$ 0! BR1?2 RESPIR,N1 Z X W]E1
A4+ FUEL 6! FIRE1 :ILE ! FE$+ (! FLAME
RESULTS 9 ! \TW>D PASSAGE (! BR1?4
,6-BAT ? DOCTR9E ,I % REP1T :AT ,I SD 9
OPPOSI;N 6! PREVI\S !ORIES4 ,?1 OR "S?+
ANALOG\S 6X1 %D O3UR 9 ! O!R ANIMALS AL
7ON ? !ORY71 = ALL POSSESS VITAL H1T4
,FUR!R1 H[ >E WE 6DESCRIBE ? FICTITI\S
PROCESS (! G5],N ( H1T F ! BR1?8
,OBS]V,N %[S R T X IS A PRODUCT (! FOOD4
,A 3SEQU;E AL ( ? !ORY IS T ! NUTRI;T WD
5T] &! REFUSE 2 4*>G$ 0! SAME *ANNEL1 B
? DOES N APPE> 6O3UR 9 ! O!R 9/.ES4
                  #AC
  ,EMP$OCLES AL GIVES AN A3.T ( RESPIR,N
)\T1 H["E1 MAK+ CLE> :AT XS PURPOSE IS1
OR :E!R OR N X IS UNIV]SAL 9 ANIMALS4
,AL :5 D1L+ ) RESPIR,N 0M1NS (! NO/RILS
HE IMAG9ES HE IS D1L+ ) :AT IS ! PRIM>Y
K9D ( RESPIR,N4 ,EV5 ! BR1? : PASSES "?
! NO/RILS PASSES "? ! W9DPIPE \ (! *E/ Z
WELL1 & )\T ! LATT] ! NO/RILS _C ACT4
,AG1 :5 ANIMALS >E 2REFT ( RESPIR,N "? !
NO/RILS1 NO DETRI;TAL RESULT 5SUES1 B1
:5 PREV5T$ F BR1?+ "? ! W9DPIPE1 !Y DIE4
,NATURE EMPLOYS RESPIR,N "? ! NO/RILS Z
A SECOND>Y FUNC;N 9 C]TA9 ANIMALS 9 ORD]
65A# !M 6SMELL4 ,B ! R1SON :Y X EXI/S 9
"S ONLY IS T ?\< ALM ALL ANIMALS >E 5D[$
)! S5SE ( SMELL1 ! S5SE-ORGAN IS N !
SAME 9 ALL4
  ,A M PRECISE A3.T HAS BE5 GIV5 AB ?
ELSE":4 ,EMP$OCLES1 H["E1 EXPLA9S !
PASSAGE 9W>DS & \TW>DS (! BR1?1 0! !ORY
T "! >E C]TA9 BLOOD-VESSELS1 :1 :ILE
3TA9+ BLOOD1 >E N FILL$ 0X1 B H PASSAGES
L1D+ 6! \T] AIR1 ! CALIBRE ( : IS F9E 9
3TRA/ 6! SIZE (! SOLID "PICLES1 B L>GE
RELATIVELY 6^? 9 ! AIR4 ,H;E1 S9CE X IS
! NATURE (! BLOOD 6MOVE UPW>DS &
D[NW>DS1 :5 X MOVES D[N ! AIR RU%ES 9 &
9SPIR,N O3URS2 :5 ! BLOOD RISES1 ! AIR
IS =C$ \ &! \TW>D MO;N (! BR1? RESULTS4
,HE -P>ES ? PROCESS 6:AT O3URS 9 A
CLEPSYDRA4
,?US ALL ?+S \TW>DS BR1! & IN2- _! FLE%
    HAS TUBES
,BLOOD.S1 T /RET* T[>DS ! BODY'S \TMO/
    $GE1
,:1 AT _! M\?S1 FULL _M FREQU5T *ANNELS
    PI]CE1
,CL1V+ ! EXTREME NO/RILS "?2 ?US1 :ILE !
    GORE
,LIES HID1 = AIR IS CUT A ?OR\<F>E MO/
    PLA94
,& ?;E1 :5"E %R9KS AWAY ! T5D] BLOOD1
,5T]S ! BLU/]+ W9D ) SWELL+ BILL[ WILD4
,B :5 ! BLOOD L1PS UP1 BACKW>D X BR1!S4
    ,Z :5
,) WAT]-CLOCK ( POLI%$ BRONZE A MAID5
    SPORT+1
,SETS ON H] -ELY H& ! N>R[ (! TUBE
,& DIPS X 9 ! FRAIL-=M$ WAT]'S SILV]Y
    %E52
,N !N ! FLOOD ! VESSEL 5T]S1 B ! AIR1
,UNTIL %E FREES ! CR[D$ /R1M4 ,B !N 9DE$
,^U ! ESCAPE RUNS 9 ! WAT] MEET4
,S AL :5 )9 ! VESSEL'S DEEPS ! WAT]
,REMA9S1 ! OP5+ 0! H& ( FLE% 2+ CLOS$1
,! \T] AIR T 5TR.E CRAVES RE/RA9S !
    FLOOD
,AT ! GATES (! S.D+ N>R[1
  ^U ! SURFACE PRESS+1
,UNTIL ! MAID )DRAWS H] H&4 ,B !N 9
    3TR>IWISE
,ONCE M ! AIR -ES 9 & WAT] MEET FL[S \4
,?US 6! 6! SUBTLE BLOOD1 SURG+ "?\T !
    LIMBS1
,:5E'] X %R9KS AWAY 96! F> RECESSES
,ADMITS A /R1M ( AIR RU%+ ) SWELL+ WAVE1
,B1 :5 X BACKW>D L1PS1 9 L BULK AIR FL[S
    \4
  ,? !N IS :AT HE SAYS ( RESPIR,N4 ,B1 Z
WE SD1 ALL ANIMALS T EVID5TLY RESPIRE D
S 0M1NS (! W9DPIPE1 :5 !Y BR1! EI "? !
M\? OR "? ! NO/RILS4 ,H;E1 IF X IS ( ?
K9D ( RESPIR,N T HE IS TALK+1 WE M/ ASK
H[ X TALLIES )! EXPLAN,N GIV54 ,B !
FACTS SEEM 6BE Q OPPOS$4 ,! *E/ IS RAIS$
9 ! MANN] (A =GE-BELL[S :5 ! BR1? IS
DRAWN IN-X IS Q R1SONA# T X %D 2 H1T :
RAISES UP & T ! BLOOD %D O3UPY ! HOT
REGION-B X COLLAPSES & S9KS D[N1 L !
BELL[S ONCE M1 :5 ! BR1? IS LET \4 ,!
DI6];E IS T 9 A BELL[S X IS N 0! SAME
*ANNEL T ! AIR IS TAK5 9 & LET \1 B 9
BR1?+ X IS4
  ,B1 IF ,EMP$OCLES IS A3.T+ ONLY =
RESPIR,N "? ! NO/RILS1 HE IS M* 9 ]ROR1
= T DOES N 9VOLVE ! NO/RILS AL"O1 B
PASSES 0! *ANNEL 2S ! UVULA ": !
EXTREM;Y (! RO( (! M\? IS1 "S (! AIR GO+
? WAY "? ! AP]TURES (! NO/RILS & "S "? !
M\?1 BO? :5 X 5T]S & :5 X PASSES \4 ,S*
!N IS ! NATURE & MAGNITUDE (!
DI6ICULTIES 2SETT+ ! !ORIES ( O!R WRIT]S
3C]N+ RESPIR,N4
                  #AD
  ,WE H ALR /AT$ T LIFE &! PRES;E ( S\L
9VOLVE A C]TA9 H1T4 ,N EV5 ! DIGE/+
PROCESS 6: IS DUE ! NUTRI;N ( ANIMALS
O3URS A"P F S\L & W>M?1 = X IS 6FIRE T 9
ALL CASES ELABOR,N IS DUE4 ,X IS = ?
R1SON1 PRECISELY1 T ! PRIM>Y NUTRITIVE
S\L AL M/ 2 LOCAT$ 9 T "P (! BODY & 9 T
DIVI.N ( ? REGION : IS ! IMM VEHICLE ( ?
PR9CIPLE4 ,! REGION 9 "Q IS 9T]M$IATE 2T
T ": FOOD 5T]S & T ": EXCRE;T IS 4*>G$4
,9 BLOOD.S ANIMALS X HAS NO "N1 B 9 !
SANGU9E\S CLASS ? ORGAN IS CALL$ ! HE>T4
,! BLOOD 3/ITUTES ! NUTRI;T F : ! ORGANS
(! ANIMAL >E DIRECTLY =M$4 ,LIKEWISE !
BLOODVESSELS M/ H ! SAME ORIG9AT+ S\RCE1
S9CE ! "O EXI/S =! O!R'S 2HO(-Z A VESSEL
OR RECEPTACLE = X4 ,9 SANGU9E\S ANIMALS
! HE>T IS ! />T+-PO9T (! VE9S2 !Y D N
TRAV]SE X1 B >E F.D 6/RET* \ F X1 Z
4SEC;NS 5A# U 6SEE4
  ,N[ ! O!R PSY*ICAL FACULTIES _C EXI/
A"P F ! P[] ( NUTRI;N 7! R1SON HAS ALR
BE5 /AT$ 9 ! TR1TISE ,ON ! ,S\L71 & ?
DEP5DS ON ! NATURAL FIRE1 0! UNION ) :
,NATURE HAS SET X AGL[4 ,B FIRE1 Z WE H
ALR /AT$1 IS DE/ROY$ 9 TWO WAYS1 EI
0EXT9C;N OR 0EXHAUS;N4 ,X SU6]S EXT9C;N
F XS OPPOSITES4 ,H;E X C 2 EXT+UI%$ 0!
SURR.D+ COLD BO? :5 9 MASS & 7?\< M
SPE$ILY7 :5 SCATT]$4 ,N[ ? WAY ( P]I%+
IS DUE 6VIOL;E EQU,Y 9 LIV+ & 9 LIFE.S
OBJECTS1 =! DIVI.N ( AN ANIMAL 09/RU;TS
& 3SEQU5T 3GEL,N 0EXCESS ( COLD CAUSE
D1?4 ,B EXHAUS;N IS DUE 6EXCESS ( H1T2
IF "! IS TOO M* H1T CLOSE AT H& &! ?+
BURN+ DOES N H A FRE% SUPPLY ( FUEL A4$
6X1 X GOES \ 0EXHAUS;N1 N 0! AC;N (
COLD4 ,H;E1 IF X IS GO+ 63T9UE X M/ 2
COOL$1 = COLD IS A PREV5TIVE AG/ ? =M (
EXT9C;N4

                  #AE
  ,"S ANIMALS O3UPY ! WAT]1 O!RS LIVE ON
L&1 &1 T 2+ S1 9 ! CASE ( ^? : >E V
SMALL & BLOOD.S ! REFRIG],N DUE 6!
SURR.D+ WAT] OR AIR IS SU6ICI5T 6PREV5T
DE/RUC;N F ? CAUSE4 ,HAV+ LL H1T1 !Y
REQUIRE LL COLD 6-BAT X4 ,H;E TOO S*
ANIMALS >E ALM ALL %ORT-LIV$1 =1 2+
SMALL1 !Y H LESS SCOPE = DEFLEC;N T[>DS
EI EXTREME4 ,B "S 9SECTS >E L;G]-LIV$
?\< BLOOD.S1 L ALL ! O!RS71 & ^! H A
DEEP 9D5T,N 2N ! WAI/1 9 ORD] 6SECURE
COOL+ "? ! MEMBRANE1 : "! IS ?9N]4 ,!Y
>E W>M] ANIMALS & H;E REQUIRE M
REFRIG],N1 & S* >E BEES 7"S ( : LIVE Z
L;G Z SEV5 YE>S7 & ALL T MAKE A HUMM+
NOISE1 L WASPS1 COCK*AF]S1 & CRICKETS4
,!Y MAKE A S.D Z IF ( PANT+ 0M1NS ( AIR1
=1 9 ! MI4LE SEC;N XF1 ! AIR : EXI/S
9T]N,Y & IS 9VOLV$ 9 _! 3/RUC;N1 CAUS+ A
RIS+ & FALL+ MOVE;T1 PRODUCES FRIC;N AG/
! MEMBRANE4 ,! WAY 9 : !Y MOVE ? REGION
IS L ! MO;N DUE 6! LUNGS 9 ANIMALS T
BR1! ! \T] AIR1 OR 6! GILLS 9 FI%ES4
,:AT O3URS IS -P>A# 6! SU6OC,N (A
RESPIR+ ANIMAL 0HOLD+ XS M\?1 = !N !
LUNG CAUSES A H1V+ MO;N ( ? K9D4 ,9 !
CASE ( ^! ANIMALS ? 9T]NAL MO;N IS N
SU6ICI5T = REFRIG],N1 B 9 9SECTS X IS4
,X IS 0FRIC;N AG/ ! MEMBRANE T !Y
PRODUCE ! HUMM+ S.D1 Z WE SD1 9 ! WAY T
*N D 0BL[+ "? ! HOLES (A RE$ COV]$ 0A
F9E MEMBRANE4 ,X IS ?US T ! S++ CRICKETS
TOO PRODUCE _! S;G2 !Y POSSESS GRT] W>M?
& >E 9D5T$ AT ! WAI/1 B ! S;G.S V>IETY H
NO FISSURE "!4
  ,ANIMALS AL : >E SANGU9E\S & POSSESS A
LUNG1 ?\< T 3TA9S LL BLOOD & IS SP;GY1 C
9 "S CASES1 [+ 6! LATT] FACT1 LIVE A L;G
"T )\T BR1?+2 =! LUNG1 3TA9+ LL BLOOD OR
FLUID1 C RISE A L;G WAY3 XS [N MO;N C =A
L;G "T PRODUCE SU6ICI5T REFRIG],N4 ,B AT
LA/ X C1SES 6SU6ICE1 &! ANIMAL DIES (
SU6OC,N IF X DOES N RESPIRE-Z WE H ALR
SD4 ,=( EXHAUS;N T K9D : IS DE/RUC;N DUE
6LACK ( REFRIG],N IS CALL$ SU6OC,N1 &
:ATSO"E IS ?US DE/ROY$ IS SD 6BE
SU6OCAT$4
  ,WE H ALR /AT$ T AM;G ANIMALS 9SECTS D
N RESPIRE1 &! FACT IS OP5 6OBS]V,N 9 !
CASE ( EV5 SMALL CR1TURES L FLIES &
BEES1 = !Y C SWIM AB 9 A FLUID =A L;G "T
IF X IS N TOO HOT OR TOO COLD4 ,YET
ANIMALS ) LL /R5G? T5D 6BR1! M
FREQU5TLY4 ,^!1 H["E1 DIE ( :AT IS CALL$
SU6OC,N :5 ! /OMA* 2COMES FILL$ &! H1T 9
! C5TRAL SEG;T IS DE/ROY$4 ,? EXPLA9S AL
:Y !Y REVIVE AF 2+ AM;G A%ES =A "T4
  ,AG AM;G WAT]-ANIMALS ^? T >E BLOOD.S
REMA9 ALIVE L;G] 9 AIR ?AN ^? T H BLOOD
& ADMIT ! SEA-WAT]1 Z1 = EXAMPLE1 FI%ES4
,S9CE X IS A SMALL QUANT;Y ( H1T !Y
POSSESS1 ! AIR IS =A L;G "T ADEQUATE =!
PURPOSES ( REFRIG],N 9 S* ANIMALS Z !
CRU/ACEA &! POLYPS4 ,X DOES N H["E
SU6ICE1 [+ 6_! WANT ( H1T1 6KEEP !M F9,Y
9 LIFE1 = MO/ FI%ES AL LIVE ?\< AM;G
E>?1 YET 9 A MO;N.S /ATE1 & >E 6BE F.D
0DI7+4 ,= ALL ANIMALS T H NO LUNG AT ALL
OR H A BLOOD.S "O REQUIRE LESS
REFRIG],N4

                  #AF
  ,3C]N+ ! BLOOD.S ANIMALS WE H DCLD T 9
"S CASES X IS ! SURR.D+ AIR1 9 O!RS
FLUID1 T AIDS ! MA9T5.E ( LIFE4 ,B 9 !
CASE ( ANIMALS POSSESS+ BLOOD & HE>T1
ALL : H A LUNG ADMIT ! AIR & PRODUCE !
COOL+ E6ECT 0BR1?+ 9 & \4 ,ALL ANIMALS H
A LUNG T >E VIVIP>\S & >E S 9T]N,Y1 N
EXT]N,Y M]ELY 7! ,SELA*IA >E VIVIP>\S1 B
N 9T]N,Y71 &(! OVIP>\S CLASS ^? T H W+S1
E4G4 BIRDS1 & ^? ) SCALES1 E4G4
TORTOISES1 LIZ>DS1 & SNAKES4 ,! =M]
CLASS H A LUNG *>G$ ) BLOOD1 B 9 ! MO/
"P (! LATT] X IS SP;GY4 ,H;E !Y EMPLOY
RESPIR,N M SP>+LY Z ALR SD4 ,! FUNC;N IS
F.D AL 9 ALL T FREQU5T & PASS _! LIFE 9
! WAT]1 E4G4 ! CLASS ( WAT]-SNAKES &
FROGS & CROCODILES & HEMYDES1 BO? SEA- &
L&-TORTOISES1 & S1LS4
  ,ALL ^! & SIMIL> ANIMALS BO? BR+ =? ON
L& & SLEEP ON %ORE OR1 :5 !Y D S 9 !
WAT]1 KEEP ! H1D ABV ! SURFACE 9 ORD]
6RESPIRE4 ,B ALL ) GILLS PRODUCE
REFRIG],N 0TAK+ 9 WAT]2 ! ,SELA*IA & ALL
O!R FOOT.S ANIMALS H GILLS4 ,FI% >E
FOOT.S1 &! LIMBS !Y H GET _! "N
7PT]UGION7 F _! SIMIL>;Y 6W+S 7PT]UX74
,B ( ^? ) FEET "O ONLY1 S F> Z OBS]V$1
HAS GILLS4 ,X IS CALL$ ! TADPOLE4
  ,NO ANIMAL YET HAS BE5 SE5 6POSSESS
BO? LUNGS & GILLS1 &! R1SON = ? IS T !
LUNG IS DESIGN$ =! PURPOSE ( REFRIG],N
0M1NS (! AIR 7X SEEMS 6H DERIV$ XS "N
7PNEUMON7 F XS FUNC;N Z A RECEPTACLE (!
BR1? 7PNEUMA771 :ILE GILLS >E RELEVANT
6REFRIG],N 0WAT]4 ,N[ = "O PURPOSE "O
ORGAN IS ADAPT$ & "O S+LE M1NS (
REFRIG],N IS SU6ICI5T 9 E CASE4 ,H;E1
S9CE WE SEE T ,NATURE DOES NO?+ 9 VA91 &
IF "! 7 TWO ORGANS "O WD 2 PURPOSE.S1 ?
IS ! R1SON :Y "S ANIMALS H GILLS1 O!RS
LUNGS1 B N"O POSSESS BO?4
                  #AG
  ,E ANIMAL 9 ORD] 6EXI/ REQUIRES
NUTRI;T1 9 ORD] 6PREV5T XF F DY+1
REFRIG],N2 & S ,NATURE EMPLOYS ! SAME
ORGAN = BO? PURPOSES4 ,=1 Z 9 "S CASES !
T;GUE S]VES BO? = 4C]N+ TA/ES &= SPEE*1
S 9 ANIMALS ) LUNGS ! M\? IS EMPLOY$ BO?
9 "W+ UP ! FOOD & 9 ! PASSAGE (! BR1?
\TW>DS & 9W>DS4 ,9 LUNG.S & NON-RESPIR+
ANIMALS X IS EMPLOY$ 9 "W+ UP ! FOOD1
:ILE 9 ^? ( !M T REQUIRE REFRIG],N X IS
! GILLS T >E CR1T$ = ? PURPOSE4
  ,WE % /ATE FUR!R ON H[ X IS T ^!
ORGANS H ! FACULTY ( PRODUC+ REFRIG],N4
,B 6PREV5T _! FOOD F IMP$+ ^! OP],NS "!
IS A SIMIL> 3TRIV.E 9 ! RESPIR+ ANIMALS
& 9 ^? T ADMIT WAT]4 ,AT ! MO;T (
RESPIR,N !Y D N TAKE 9 FOOD1 = O!RWISE
SU6OC,N RESULTS [+ 6! FOOD1 :E!R LIQUID
OR DRY1 SLIPP+ 9 "? ! W9DPIPE & LY+ ON !
LUNG4 ,! W9DPIPE IS SITUAT$ 2F !
OESOPHAGUS1 "? : FOOD PASSES 96:AT IS
CALL$ ! /OMA*1 B 9 QUADRUP$S : >E
SANGU9E\S "! IS1 Z X W]E1 A LID OV] !
W9DPIPE-! EPIGLOTTIS4 ,9 BIRDS & OVIP>\S
QUADRUP$S ? COV]+ IS ABS5T1 B XS (FICE
IS 4*>G$ 0A 3TRAC;N (! W9DPIPE4 ,! LATT]
CLASS 3TRACT ! W9DPIPE :5 SWALL[+ _!
FOOD2 ! =M] CLOSE D[N ! EPIGLOTTIS4 ,:5
! FOOD HAS PASS$1 ! EPIGLOTTIS IS 9 ! "O
CASE RAIS$1 & 9 ! O!R ! W9DPIPE IS
EXP&$1 &! AIR 5T]S 6E6ECT REFRIG],N4 ,9
ANIMALS ) GILLS ! WAT] IS F/ 4*>G$ "? !M
& !N ! FOOD PASSES 9 "? ! M\?2 !Y H NO
W9DPIPE & H;E C TAKE NO H>M F LIQUID
LODG+ 9 ? ORGAN1 ONLY F XS 5T]+ ! /OMA*4
,= ^! R1SONS ! EXPUL.N ( WAT] &! SEIZ+ (
_! FOOD IS RAPID1 & _! TEE? >E %>P & 9
ALM ALL CASES >RANG$ 9 A SAW-L FA%ION1 =
!Y >E DEB>R$ F *EW+ _! FOOD4
                  #AH
  ,AM;G WAT]-ANIMALS ! CETAC1NS MAY GIVE
RISE 6"S P]PLEX;Y1 ?\< !Y TOO C 2 R,N,Y
EXPLA9$4
  ,EXAMPLES ( S* ANIMALS >E DOLPH9S &
:ALES1 & ALL O!RS T H A BL[HOLE4 ,!Y H
NO FEET1 YET POSSESS A LUNG ?\< ADMITT+
! SEA-WAT]4 ,! R1SON = POSSESS+ A LUNG
IS T : WE H N[ /AT$ ,7REFRIG],N7'2 !
ADMIS.N ( WAT] IS N =! PURPOSE (
REFRIG],N4 ,T IS E6ECT$ 0RESPIR,N1 = !Y
H A LUNG4 ,H;E !Y SLEEP ) _! H1D \ (!
WAT]1 & DOLPH9S1 AT ANY RATE1 SNORE4
,FUR!R1 IF !Y >E 5TANGL$ 9 NETS !Y SOON
DIE ( SU6OC,N [+ 6LACK ( RESPIR,N1 & H;E
!Y C 2 SE5 6-E 6! SURFACE [+ 6! NECESS;Y
( BR1?+4 ,B1 S9CE !Y H 6FE$ 9 ! WAT]1 !Y
M/ ADMIT X1 & X IS 9 ORD] 64*>GE ? T !Y
ALL H A BL[-HOLE2 AF ADMITT+ ! WAT] !Y
EXPEL X "? ! BL[-HOLE Z ! FI%ES D "? !
GILLS4 ,! POSI;N (! BL[-HOLE IS AN
9DIC,N ( ?1 = X L1DS 6N"O (! ORGANS : >E
*>G$ ) BLOOD2 B X LIES 2F ! BRA9 & ?;E
4*>GES WAT]4
  ,X IS =! V SAME R1SON T MOLLUSCS &
CRU/AC1NS ADMIT WAT]-,I M1N S* ANIMALS Z
,C>ABI & ,C>C9I4 ,= N"O ( ^! IS
REFRIG],N A NECESS;Y1 = 9 E CASE !Y H LL
H1T & >E BLOOD.S1 & H;E >E SU6ICI5TLY
COOL$ 0! SURR.D+ WAT]4 ,B 9 FE$+ !Y
ADMIT WAT]1 & H;E M/ EXPEL X 9 ORD]
6PREV5T XS 2+ SWALL[$ SIMULTANE\SLY )!
FOOD4 ,?US CRU/AC1NS1 L ! ,C>C9I &
,C>ABI1 4*>GE WAT] "? ! FOLDS 2S _! %A7Y
"PS1 :ILE CUTTLEFI% &! POLYPS EMPLOY = ?
PURPOSE ! HOLL[ ABV ! H1D4 ,"! IS1 H["E1
A M PRECISE A3.T ( ^! 9 ! ,HI/ORY (
,ANIMALS4
  ,?US X HAS BE5 EXPLA9$ T ! CAUSE (!
ADMIS.N (! WAT] IS REFRIG],N1 &! FACT T
ANIMALS 3/ITUT$ =A LIFE 9 WAT] M/ FE$ 9
X4
                  #AI
  ,AN A3.T M/ NEXT 2 GIV5 ( REFRIG],N &!
MANN] 9 : X O3URS 9 RESPIR+ ANIMALS & ^?
POSSESS$ ( GILLS4 ,WE H ALR SD T ALL
ANIMALS ) LUNGS RESPIRE4 ,! R1SON :Y "S
CR1TURES H ? ORGAN1 & :Y ^? HAV+ X NE$
RESPIR,N1 IS T ! HI<] ANIMALS H A GRT]
PROPOR;N ( H1T1 = AT ! SAME "T !Y M/ H
BE5 ASSIGN$ A HI<] S\L & !Y H A HI<]
NATURE ?AN PLANTS4 ,H;E TOO ^? ) MO/
BLOOD & MO/ W>M? 9 ! LUNG >E ( GRT]
SIZE1 & ANIMAL 9 : ! BLOOD 9 ! LUNG IS
PURE/ & MO/ PL5TI;L IS ! MO/ ERECT1 "NLY
MAN2 &! R1SON :Y HE AL"O HAS 8 UPP] "P
DIRECT$ 6! UPP] "P (! UNIV]SE IS T HE
POSSESSES S* A LUNG4 ,H;E ? ORGAN Z M* Z
ANY O!R M/ 2 ASSIGN$ 6! ESS;E (! ANIMAL
BO? 9 MAN & 9 O!R CASES4
  ,? !N IS ! PURPOSE ( REFRIG],N4 ,Z =!
3/RA9+ & E6ICI5T CAUSE1 WE M/ 2LIEVE T X
CR1T$ ANIMALS L ?1 J Z X CR1T$ _M O!RS
AL N ( ? 3/ITU;N4 ,= "S H A GRT]
PROPOR;N ( E>? 9 _! -POSI;N1 L PLANTS1 &
O!RS1 E4G4 AQUATIC ANIMALS1 3TA9 A L>G]
AM.T ( WAT]2 :ILE W+$ & T]RE/RIAL
ANIMALS H AN EXCESS ( AIR & FIRE
RESPECTIVELY4 ,X IS ALW 9 ! REGION PROP]
6! ELE;T PREPOND]AT+ 9 ! S*EME ( _!
3/ITU;N T ?+S EXI/4
                  #BJ
  ,EMP$OCLES IS !N 9 ]ROR :5 HE SAYS T
^? ANIMALS : H ! MO/ W>M? & FIRE LIVE 9
! WAT] 6C.T]BAL.E ! EXCESS ( H1T 9 _!
3/ITU;N1 9 ORD] T1 S9CE !Y >E DEFICI5T 9
COLD & FLUID1 !Y MAY 2 KEPT 9 LIFE 0!
3TR>Y "* (! REGION !Y O3UPY2 = WAT] HAS
LESS H1T ?AN AIR4 ,B X IS :OLLY ABSURD T
! WAT]-ANIMALS %D 9 E CASE ORIG9ATE ON
DRY L&1 & AFWS *ANGE _! PLACE ( ABODE 6!
WAT]2 = !Y >E ALM ALL FOOT.S4 ,HE1 H["E1
:5 DESCRIB+ _! ORIG9AL /RUCTURE SAYS T1
?\< ORIG9AT+ ON DRY L&1 !Y H AB&ON$ X &
MIGRAT$ 6! WAT]4 ,B AG X IS EVID5T T !Y
>E N W>M] ?AN L&-ANIMALS1 = 9 "S CASES
!Y H NO BLOOD AT ALL1 9 O!RS LL4
  ,! "Q1 H["E1 Z 6:AT SORTS ( ANIMALS %D
2 CALL$ W>M & :AT COLD1 HAS 9 EA*
SPECIAL CASE RCVD 3SID],N4 ,?\< 9 "O
RESPECT "! IS R1SON 9 ! EXPLAN,N :
,EMP$OCLES AIMS AT E/ABLI%+1 YET 8 A3.T
IS N CORRECT4 ,EXCESS 9 A BODILY /ATE IS
CUR$ 0A SITU,N OR S1SON ( OPPOSITE "*1 B
! 3/ITU;N IS BE/ MA9TA9$ 0AN 5VIRON;T
AK9 6X4 ,"! IS A DI6];E 2T ! MAT]IAL ( :
ANY ANIMAL IS 3/ITUT$ &! /ATES &
4POSI;NS ( T MAT]IAL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF
NATURE 7 63/ITUTE A ?+ ( WAX OR ( ICE1
%E WD N PRES]VE X 0PUTT+ X 9 A HOT
PLACE1 =! OPPOS+ QUAL;Y WD QKLY DE/ROY
X1 SEE+ T H1T 4SOLVES T : COLD 3G1LS4
,AG1 A ?+ -POS$ ( SALT OR NITRE WD N 2
TAK5 & PLAC$ 9 WAT]1 = FLUID 4SOLVES T (
: ! 3SI/5CY IS DUE 6! HOT &! DRY4
  ,H;E IF ! FLUID &! DRY SUPPLY !
MAT]IAL = ALL BODIES1 X IS R1SONA# T ?+S
! -POSI;N ( : IS DUE 6! FLUID &! COLD %D
H LIQUID = _! M$IUM ,7&1 IF !Y >E COLD1
!Y W EXI/ 9 ! COLD7'1 :ILE T : IS DUE 6!
DRY W 2 F.D 9 ! DRY4 ,?US TREES GR[ N 9
WAT] B ON DRY L&4 ,B ! SAME !ORY WD
RELEGATE !M 6! WAT]1 ON A3.T ( _! EXCESS
( DRY;S1 J Z X DOES ! ?+S T >E
EXCESSIVELY FI]Y4 ,!Y WD MIGRATE ?I!R N
ON A3.T ( XS COLD B [+ 6XS FLUID;Y4
  ,?US ! NATURAL "* (! MAT]IAL ( OBJECTS
IS (! SAME NATURE Z ! REGION 9 : !Y
EXI/2 ! LIQUID IS F.D 9 LIQUID1 ! DRY ON
L&1 ! W>M 9 AIR4 ,) REG>D1 H["E1 6/ATES
( BODY1 A COLD SITU,N HAS1 ON ! O!R H&1
A B5EFICIAL E6ECT ON EXCESS ( H1T1 &A
W>M 5VIRON;T ON EXCESS ( COLD1 =! REGION
REDUCES 6A M1N ! EXCESS 9 ! BODILY
3DI;N4 ,! REGIONS APPROPRIATE 6EA*
MAT]IAL &! REVOLU;NS (! S1SONS : ALL
EXP]I;E SUPPLY ! M1NS : M/ 2 S"\ 9 ORD]
6CORRECT S* EXCESSES2 B1 :ILE /ATES (!
BODY C 2 OPPOS$ 9 "* 6! 5VIRON;T1 !
MAT]IAL ( : X IS -POS$ C N"E 2 S4 ,?1
!N1 IS A SU6ICI5T EXPLAN,N ( :Y X IS N
[+ 6! H1T 9 _! 3/ITU;N T "S ANIMALS >E
AQUATIC1 O!RS T]RE/RIAL1 Z ,EMP$OCLES
MA9TA9S1 &( :Y "S POSSESS LUNGS & O!RS D
N4
                  #BA
  ,! EXPLAN,N (! ADMIS.N ( AIR &
RESPIR,N 9 ^? ANIMALS 9 : A LUNG IS F.D1
& ESPECI,Y 9 ^? 9 : X IS FULL ( BLOOD1
IS 6BE F.D 9 ! FACT T X IS (A SP;GY
NATURE & FULL ( TUBES1 & T X IS ! MO/
FULLY *>G$ ) BLOOD ( ALL ! VISC]AL
ORGANS4 ,ALL ANIMALS )A FULL-BLOOD$ LUNG
REQUIRE RAPID REFRIG],N 2C "! IS LL
SCOPE = DEVI,N F ! NORMAL AM.T ( _!
VITAL FIRE2 ! AIR AL M/ P5ETRATE ALL "?
X ON A3.T (! L>GE QUANT;Y ( BLOOD & H1T
X 3TA9S4 ,B BO? ^! OP],NS C 2 EASILY
P]=M$ 0AIR1 =1 2+ (A SUBTLE NATURE1 X
P5ETRATES "EY": & T RAPIDLY1 & S P]=MS
XS COOL+ FUNC;N2 B WAT] HAS ! OPPOSITE
"*I/ICS4
  ,! R1SON :Y ANIMALS )A FULL-BLOOD$
LUNG RESPIRE MO/ IS H;E MANIFE/2 ! M H1T
"! IS1 ! GRT] IS ! NE$ = REFRIG],N1 & AT
! SAME "T BR1? C EASILY PASS 6! S\RCE (
H1T 9 ! HE>T4
                  #BB
  ,9 ORD] 6"U/& ! WAY 9 : ! HE>T IS
3NECT$ )! LUNG 0M1NS ( PASSAGES1 WE M/
3SULT BO? 4SEC;NS &! A3.T 9 ! ,HI/ORY (
,ANIMALS4 ,! UNIV]SAL CAUSE (! NE$ : !
ANIMAL HAS = REFRIG],N1 IS ! UNION (!
S\L ) FIRE T TAKES PLACE 9 ! HE>T4
,RESPIR,N IS ! M1NS ( E6ECT+ REFRIG],N1
( : ^? ANIMALS MAKE USE T POSSESS A LUNG
Z WELL Z A HE>T4 ,B :5 !Y1 Z = EXAMPLE !
FI%ES1 : ON A3.T ( _! AQUATIC NATURE H
NO LUNG1 POSSESS ! LATT] ORGAN )\T !
=M]1 ! COOL+ IS E6ECT$ "? ! GILLS 0M1NS
( WAT]4 ,= OCUL> EVID;E Z 6H[ ! HE>T IS
SITUAT$ RELATIVELY 6! GILLS WE M/ EMPLOY
4SEC;NS1 &= PRECISE DETAILS WE M/ REF]
6,NATURAL ,HI/ORY4 ,Z A SUMM>IZ+ /ATE;T1
H["E1 &= PRES5T PURPOSES1 ! FOLL[+ IS !
A3.T (! MATT]4
  ,X MI<T APPE> T ! HE>T HAS N ! SAME
POSI;N 9 T]RE/RIAL ANIMALS & FI%ES1 B !
POSI;N RE,Y IS ID5TICAL1 =! APEX (! HE>T
IS 9 ! DIREC;N 9 : !Y 9CL9E _! H1DS4 ,B
X IS T[>DS ! M\? 9 FI%ES T ! APEX (!
HE>T PO9TS1 SEE+ T !Y D N 9CL9E _! H1DS
9 ! SAME DIREC;N Z L&-ANIMALS D4 ,N[ F !
EXTREM;Y (! HE>T A TUBE (A S9EWY1 >T]IAL
"* RUNS 6! C5TRE ": ! GILLS ALL JO94 ,?
!N IS ! L>GE/ ( ^? DUCTS1 B ON EI SIDE (
! HE>T O!RS AL ISSUE & RUN 6! EXTREM;Y (
EA* GILL1 & 0M1NS (! C1SE.S FL[ ( WAT]
"? ! GILLS1 E6ECT ! COOL+ : PASSES 6!
HE>T4
  ,9 SIMIL> FA%ION Z ! FI% MOVE _!
GILLS1 RESPIR+ ANIMALS ) RAPID AC;N
RAISE & LET FALL ! *E/ AC Z ! BR1? IS
ADMITT$ OR EXPELL$4 ,IF AIR IS LIMIT$ 9
AM.T & UN*ANG$ !Y >E SU6OCAT$1 = EI
M$IUM1 [+ 63TACT )! BLOOD1 RAPIDLY
2COMES HOT4 ,! H1T (! BLOOD C.T]ACTS !
REFRIG],N &1 :5 RESPIR+ ANIMALS C NO
L;G] MOVE ! LUNG AQUATIC ANIMALS _!
GILLS1 :E!R [+ 64CASE OR OLD AGE1 _! D1?
5SUES4
                  #BC
  ,6BE BORN & 6DIE >E -MON 6ALL ANIMALS1
B "! >E SPECIFIC,Y DIV]SE WAYS 9 : ^!
PH5OM5A O3UR2 ( DE/RUC;N "! >E DI6]5T
TYPES1 ?\< YET "S?+ IS -MON 6!M ALL4 ,"!
IS VIOL5T D1? & AG NATURAL D1?1 &! =M]
O3URS :5 ! CAUSE ( D1? IS EXT]NAL1 !
LATT] :5 X IS 9T]NAL1 & 9VOLV$ F ! 2G9N+
9 ! 3/ITU;N (! ORGAN1 & N AN A6EC;N
DERIV$ F A =EIGN S\RCE4 ,9 ! CASE (
PLANTS ! "N GIV5 6? IS )]+1 9 ANIMALS
S5IL;Y4 ,D1? & DECAY P]TA9 6ALL ?+S T >E
N IMP]FECTLY DEVELOP$2 6! IMP]FECT AL !Y
MAY 2 ASCRIB$ 9 NE>LY ! SAME B N AN
ID5TICAL S5SE4 ,"U ! IMP]FECT ,I CLASS
E7S & SE$S ( PLANTS Z !Y >E 2F ! ROOT
APPE>S4
  ,X IS ALW 6"S LACK ( H1T T D1? IS DUE1
& 9 P]FECT CR1TURES ! CAUSE IS XS
FAILURE 9 ! ORGAN 3TA9+ ! S\RCE (!
CR1TURE'S ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,? MEMB] IS
SITUATE1 Z HAS BE5 SD1 AT ! JUNC;N (!
UPP] & L[] "PS2 9 PLANTS X IS 9T]M$IATE
2T ! ROOT &! /EM1 9 SANGU9E\S ANIMALS X
IS ! HE>T1 & 9 ^? T >E BLOOD.S !
CORRESPOND+ "P ( _! BODY4 ,B "S ( ^!
ANIMALS H POT5TI,Y _M S\RCES ( LIFE1 ?\<
9 ACTUAL;Y !Y POSSESS ONLY "O4 ,? IS :Y
"S 9SECTS LIVE :5 DIVID$1 & :Y1 EV5 AM;G
SANGU9E\S ANIMALS1 ALL ^: VITAL;Y IS N
9T5SE LIVE =A L;G "T AF ! HE>T HAS BE5
REMOV$4 ,TORTOISES1 = EXAMPLE1 D S &
MAKE MOVE;TS ) _! FEET1 S L;G Z ! %ELL
IS LEFT1 A FACT 6BE EXPLA9$ 0! NATURAL
9F]IOR;Y ( _! 3/ITU;N1 Z X IS 9 9SECTS
AL4
  ,! S\RCE ( LIFE IS LO/ 6XS POSSESSORS
:5 ! H1T ) : X IS B.D UP IS NO L;G]
TEMP]$ 0COOL+1 =1 Z ,I H (T5 REM>K$1 X
IS 3SUM$ 0XF4 ,H;E :51 [+ 6LAPSE ( "T1 !
LUNG 9 ! "O CLASS &! GILLS 9 ! O!R GET
DRI$ UP1 ^! ORGANS 2COME H>D & E>?Y &
9CAPA# ( MOVE;T1 & _C 2 EXP&$ OR
3TRACT$4 ,F9,Y ?+S -E 6A CLIMAX1 &! FIRE
GOES \ F EXHAUS;N4
  ,H;E A SMALL 4TURB.E W SPE$ILY CAUSE
D1? 9 OLD AGE4 ,LL H1T REMA9S1 =! MO/ (
X HAS BE5 BR1!D AWAY 9 ! L;G P]IOD (
LIFE PREC$+1 & H;E ANY 9CR1SE ( /RA9 ON
! ORGAN QKLY CAUSES EXT9C;N4 ,X IS J Z
?\< ! HE>T 3TA9$ A T9Y FEE# FLAME : !
SLI<TE/ MOVE;T PUTS \4 ,H;E 9 OLD AGE
D1? IS PA9.S1 = NO VIOL5T 4TURB.E IS
REQUIR$ 6CAUSE D1?1 & "! IS AN 5TIRE
ABS;E ( FEEL+ :5 ! S\L'S 3NEXION IS
S"E$4 ,ALL 41SES : H>D5 ! LUNG 0=M+
TUM\RS OR WA/E RESIDUES1 OR 0EXCESS (
MORBID H1T1 Z HAPP5S 9 FEV]S1 A3EL]ATE !
BR1?+ [+ 6! 9ABIL;Y (! LUNG 6MOVE F> EI
UPW>DS OR D[NW>DS4 ,F9,Y1 :5 MO;N IS NO
L;G] POSSI#1 ! BR1? IS GIV5 \ & D1?
5SUES4
                  #BD
  ,G5],N IS ! 9ITIAL "PICIP,N1 M$IAT$
0W>M SUB/.E1 9 ! NUTRITIVE S\L1 & LIFE
IS ! MA9T5.E ( ? "PICIP,N4 ,Y\? IS !
P]IOD (! GR[? (! PRIM>Y ORGAN (
REFRIG],N1 OLD AGE ( XS DECAY1 :ILE !
9T]V5+ "T IS ! PRIME ( LIFE4
  ,A VIOL5T D1? OR 4SOLU;N 3SI/S 9 !
EXT9C;N OR EXHAUS;N (! VITAL H1T 7= EI (
^! MAY CAUSE 4SOLU;N71 :ILE NATURAL D1?
IS ! EXHAUS;N (! H1T [+ 6LAPSE ( "T1 &
O3URR+ AT ! 5D ( LIFE4 ,9 PLANTS ? IS
6)]1 9 ANIMALS 6DIE4 ,D1?1 9 OLD AGE1 IS
! EXHAUS;N DUE 69ABIL;Y ON ! "P (!
ORGAN1 [+ 6OLD AGE1 6PRODUCE REFRIG],N4
,? !N IS \R A3.T ( G5],N & LIFE & D1?1 &
! R1SON = _! O3URR;E 9 ANIMALS4
                  #BE
  ,X IS H;E AL CLE> :Y RESPIR+ ANIMALS
>E SU6OCAT$ 9 WAT] & FI%ES 9 AIR4 ,= X
IS 0WAT] 9 ! LATT] CLASS1 0AIR 9 ! =M] T
REFRIG],N IS E6ECT$1 & EI ( ^! M1NS (
P]=M+ ! FUNC;N IS REMOV$ 0A *ANGE (
5VIRON;T4
  ,"! IS AL 6BE EXPLA9$ 9 EI CASE !
CAUSE (! CAUSE (! MO;N (! GILLS &(!
LUNGS1 ! RISE & FALL ( : E6ECTS !
ADMIS.N & EXPUL.N (! BR1? OR ( WAT]4 ,!
FOLL[+1 MOREOV]1 IS ! MANN] (! 3/ITU;N (
! ORGAN4
                  #BF
  ,9 3NEC;N )! HE>T "! >E ?REE PH5OM5A1
:1 ?\< APP>5TLY (! SAME NATURE1 >E RE,Y
N S1 "NLY PALPIT,N1 PULS,N1 & RESPIR,N4
  ,PALPIT,N IS ! RU%+ TGR (! HOT SUB/.E
9 ! HE>T [+ 6! *ILL+ 9FLU;E ( RESIDUAL
OR WA/E PRODUCTS4 ,X O3URS1 = EXAMPLE1 9
! AIL;T "KN Z ,8SPASMS0' & 9 O!R 41SES4
,X O3URS AL 9 FE>1 = :5 "O IS AFRAID !
UPP] "PS 2COME COLD1 &! HOT SUB/.E1
FLEE+ AWAY1 0XS 3C5TR,N 9 ! HE>T
PRODUCES PALPIT,N4 ,X IS CRU%$ 96S SMALL
A SPACE T "S"TS LIFE IS EXT+UI%$1 &!
ANIMALS DIE (! F"R & MORBID 4TURB.E4
  ,! B1T+ (! HE>T1 :1 Z C 2 SE51 GOES ON
3T9U\SLY1 IS SIMIL> 6! ?RO2+ ( AN
ABSCESS4 ,T1 H["E1 IS A3OMPANI$ 0PA91 2C
! *ANGE PRODUC$ 9 ! BLOOD IS UNNATURAL1
& X GOES ON UNTIL ! MATT] =M$ 03COC;N IS
4*>G$4 ,"! IS A SIMIL>;Y 2T ? PH5OM5ON &
T ( BOIL+2 = BOIL+ IS DUE 6! VOLATILIZ,N
( FLUID 0H1T &! EXPAN.N 3SEQU5T ON
9CR1SE ( BULK4 ,B 9 AN ABSCESS1 IF "! IS
NO EVAPOR,N "? ! WALLS1 ! PROCESS
T]M9ATES 9 SUPPUR,N DUE 6! ?ICK5+ (!
LIQUID1 :ILE 9 BOIL+ X 5DS 9 ! ESCAPE (!
FLUID \ (! 3TA9+ VESSEL4
  ,9 ! HE>T ! B1T+ IS PRODUC$ 0! H1T
EXP&+ ! FLUID1 ( : ! FOOD FURNI%ES A
3/ANT SUPPLY4 ,X O3URS :5 ! FLUID RISES
6! \T] WALL (! HE>T1 & X GOES ON
3T9U\SLY2 = "! IS A 3/ANT FL[ (! FLUID T
GOES 63/ITUTE ! BLOOD1 X 2+ 9 ! HE>T T !
BLOOD RCVS XS PRIM>Y ELABOR,N4 ,T ? IS S
WE C P]CV 9 ! 9ITIAL /AGES ( G5],N1 =!
HE>T C 2 SE5 63TA9 BLOOD 2F ! VE9S 2COME
4T9CT4 ,? EXPLA9S :Y PULS,N 9 Y\? EXCE$S
T 9 OLD] P1 = 9 ! "Y ! =M,N ( VAP\R IS M
ABUNDANT4
  ,ALL ! VE9S PULSE1 & D S SIMULTANE\SLY
) EA* O!R1 [+ 6_! 3NEXION )! HE>T4 ,!
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