,BOOK ,,VIII #A ,NEXT "! FALL 6BE 4CUSS$ ! PRO#MS ( >RANGE;T & ME?OD 9 PITT+ "QS4 ,ANY "O :O 9T5DS 6FRAME "QS M/1 F/ ( ALL1 SELECT ! GR.D F : HE %D MAKE 8 ATTACK2 SECONDLY1 HE M/ FRAME !M & >RANGE !M "O 0"O 6HMF2 ?IRDLY & LA/LY1 HE M/ PROCE$ ACTU,Y 6PUT !M 6! O!R "PY4 ,N[ S F> Z ! SELEC;N ( 8 GR.D IS 3C]N$ ! PRO#M IS "O ALIKE =! PHILOSOPH] &! DIALECTICIAN2 B H[ 6G ON 6>RANGE 8 PO9TS & FRAME 8 "QS 3C]NS ! DIALECTICIAN ONLY3 = 9 E PRO#M ( T K9D A REF];E 6ANO!R "PY IS 9VOLV$4 ,N S )! PHILOSOPH]1 &! MAN :O IS 9VE/IGAT+ 0HMF3 ! PREMISSES ( 8 R1SON+1 AL? TRUE & FAMILI>1 MAY 2 REFUS$ 0! ANSW]] 2C !Y LIE TOO NE> ! ORIG9AL /ATE;T & S HE =ESEES :AT W FOLL[ IF HE GRANTS !M3 B = ? ! PHILOSOPH] DOES N C>E4 ,NAY1 HE MAY POSSIBLY 2 EV5 ANXI\S 6SECURE AXIOMS Z FAMILI> & Z NE> 6! "Q 9 H& Z POSSI#3 = ^! >E ! BASES ON : SCI5TIFIC R1SON+S >E BUILT UP4 ,! S\RCES F : "O'S -MONPLACE >GU;TS %D 2 DRAWN H ALR BE5 DESCRIB$30' WE H N[ 64CUSS ! >RANGE;T & =M,N ( "QS & F/ 64T+UI% ! PREMISSES1 O!R ?AN ! NEC PREMISSES1 : H 6BE ADOPT$4 ,0NEC PREMISSES >E M1NT ^? "? : ! ACTUAL R1SON+ IS 3/RUCT$4 ,^? : >E SECUR$ O!R ?AN ^! >E ( F\R K9DS2 !Y S]VE EI 9DUCTIVELY 6SECURE ! UNIV]SAL PREMISS 2+ GRANT$1 OR 6L5D WEIGU;T1 OR 63C1L ! 3CLU.N1 OR 6R5D] ! >GU;T M CLE>4 ,2S ^! "! IS NO O!R PREMISS : NE$ 2 SECUR$3 ^! >E ! "OS ":BY Y %D TRY 6MULTIPLY & =MULATE YR "QS4 ,^? : >E US$ 63C1L ! 3CLU.N S]VE A 3TROV]SIAL PURPOSE ONLY2 B 9ASM* Z AN "UTAK+ ( ? SORT IS ALW 3DUCT$ AG/ ANO!R P]SON1 WE >E OBLIG$ 6EMPLOY !M Z WELL4 ,! NEC PREMISSES "? : ! R1SON+ IS E6ECT$1 "\ N 6BE PROP.D$ DIRECTLY 9 S _M ^WS4 ,R "O %D SO> Z F> ALO( F !M Z POSSI#4 ,?US IF "O DESIRES 6SECURE AN ADMIS.N T ! K ( 3TR>IES IS "O1 "O %D ASK HM 6ADMIT X N ( 3TR>IES1 B ( OPPOSITES3 =1 IF HE GRANTS ?1 "O W !N >GUE T ! K ( 3TR>IES IS AL ! SAME1 SEE+ T 3TR>IES >E OPPOSITES2 IF HE DOES N1 "O %D SECURE ! ADMIS.N 09DUC;N1 0=MULAT+ A PROPOSI;N 6T E6ECT 9 ! CASE ( "S "PICUL> PAIR ( 3TR>IES4 ,= "O M/ SECURE ! NEC PREMISSES EI 0R1SON+ OR 09DUC;N1 OR ELSE "PLY 0"O & "PLY 0! O!R1 AL? ANY PROPOSI;NS : >E TOO OBVI\S 6BE D5I$ MAY 2 =MULAT$ 9 S _M ^WS4 ,? IS 2C ! -+ 3CLU.N IS LESS EASILY 4C]N$ AT ! GRT] 4T.E & 9 ! PROCESS ( 9DUC;N1 :ILE AT ! SAME "T1 EV5 IF "O _C R1* ! REQUIR$ PREMISSES 9 ? WAY1 X IS / OP5 6"O 6=MULATE !M 9 S _M ^WS4 ,! PREMISSES1 O!R ?AN ^!1 T 7 M5;N$ ABV1 M/ 2 SECUR$ )A VIEW 6! LATT]4 ,! WAY 6EMPLOY !M RESPECTIVELY IS Z FOLL[S3 ,9DUC;N %D PROCE$ F 9DIVIDUAL CASES 6! UNIV]SAL & F ! "KN 6! UN"KN2 &! OBJECTS ( P]CEP;N >E BETT] "KN1 6MO/ P IF N 9V>IABLY4 ,3C1L;T ( "O'S PLAN IS OBTA9$ 0SECUR+ "? PROSYLLOGISMS ! PREMISSES "? : ! PRO( (! ORIG9AL PROPOSI;N IS GO+ 6BE 3/RUCT$-& Z _M ( !M Z POSSI#4 ,? IS LIKELY 6BE E6ECT$ 0MAK+ SYLLOGISMS 6PROVE N ONLY ! NEC PREMISSES B AL "S ( ^? : >E REQUIR$ 6E/ABLI% !M4 ,MOREOV]1 D N /ATE ! 3CLU.NS ( ^! PREMISSES B DRAW !M LAT] "O AF ANO!R2 = ? IS LIKELY 6KEEP ! ANSW]] AT ! GRTE/ POSSI# 4T.E F ! ORIG9AL PROPOSI;N4 ,SP1K+ G5],Y1 A MAN :O DESIRES 6GET 9=M,N 0A 3C1L$ ME?OD %D S PUT 8 "QS T :5 HE HAS PUT 8 :OLE >GU;T & HAS /AT$ ! 3CLU.N1 P / ASK ,8,WELL1 B :Y IS T80' ,? RESULT W 2 SECUR$ BE/ ( ALL 0! ME?OD ABV DESCRIB$3 = IF "O /ATES ONLY ! F9AL 3CLU.N1 X IS UNCLE> H[ X -ES AB2 =! ANSW]] DOES N =ESEE ON :AT GR.DS X IS BAS$1 2C ! PREVI\S SYLLOGISMS H N BE5 MADE >TICULATE 6HM3 :ILE ! F9AL SYLLOGISM1 %[+ ! 3CLU.N1 IS LIKELY 6BE KEPT L1/ >TICULATE IF WE LAY D[N N ! SECUR$ PROPOSI;NS ON : X IS BAS$1 B ONLY ! GR.DS ON : WE R1SON 6!M4 ,X IS A USE;L RULE1 TOO1 N 6SECURE ! ADMIS.NS CLAIM$ Z ! BASES (! SYLLOGISMS 9 _! PROP] ORD]1 B ALT]NATELY ^? T 3DUCE 6"O 3CLU.N & ^? T 3DUCE 6ANO!R2 =1 IF ^? : G TGR >E SET SIDE 0SIDE1 ! 3CLU.N T W RESULT F !M IS M OBVI\S 9 ADV.E4 ,"O %D AL1 :]"E POSSI#1 SECURE ! UNIV]SAL PREMISS 0A DEF9I;N RELAT+ N 6! PRECISE T]MS !MVS B 6_! CO-ORD9ATES2 = P DCV !MVS1 :5"E ! DEF9I;N IS TAK5 9 REG>D 6A CO-ORD9ATE1 96?9K+ T !Y >E N MAK+ ! ADMIS.N UNIV]S,Y4 ,AN 9/.E WD BE1 SUPPOS+ "O _H 6SECURE ! ADMIS.N T ! ANGRY MAN DESIRES V5GE.E ON A3.T ( AN APP>5T SLI5T SLILY1 IF ? 7 SECUR$1 WE %D H UNIV]S,Y :AT WE 9T5D4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 P =MULATE PROPOSI;NS RELAT+ 6! ACTUAL T]MS !MVS1 !Y (T5 F9D T ! ANSW]] REFUSES 6GRANT !M 2C ON ! ACTUAL T]M XF HE IS R1DI] ) 8 OBJEC;N1 E4G4 T ! ,8ANGRY MAN0' DOES N DESIRE V5GE.E1 2C WE 2COME ANGRY ) \R P>5TS1 B WE D N DESIRE V5GE.E ON !M4 ,V LIKELY ! OBJEC;N IS N VALID2 = ^U "S P X IS V5GE.E 5 6CAUSE !M PA9 & MAKE !M SORRY2 B / X GIVES A C]TA9 PLAUSIBIL;Y & AIR ( R1SONA#;S 6! D5IAL ( ! PROPOSI;N4 ,9 ! CASE1 H["E1 (! DEF9I;N ( ,8ANG]0' X IS N S EASY 6F9D AN OBJEC;N4 ,MOREOV]1 =MULATE YR PROPOSI;N Z ?\< Y DID S N = XS [N SAKE1 B 9 ORD] 6GET AT "S?+ ELSE3 = P >E %Y ( GRANT+ :AT AN OPPON5T'S CASE RE,Y REQUIRES4 ,SP1K+ G5],Y1 A "Q] %D L1VE X Z F> Z POSSI# D\BT;L :E!R HE WI%ES 6SECURE AN ADMIS.N ( 8 PROPOSI;N OR ( XS OPPOSITE3 = IF X 2 UNC]TA9 :AT _! OPPON5T'S >GU;T REQUIRES1 P >E M R1DY 6SAY :AT !Y !MVS ?9K4 ,MOREOV]1 TRY 6SECURE ADMIS.NS 0M1NS ( LIKE;S3 = S* ADMIS.NS >E PLAUSI#1 &! UNIV]SAL 9VOLV$ IS LESS PAT5T2 E4G4 MAKE ! O!R P]SON ADMIT T Z K & IGNOR.E ( 3TR>IES IS ! SAME1 S TOO P]CEP;N ( 3TR>IES IS ! SAME2 OR VICE V]SA1 T S9CE ! P]CEP;N IS ! SAME1 S IS ! K AL4 ,? >GU;T RESEM#S 9DUC;N1 B IS N ! SAME ?+2 = 9 9DUC;N X IS ! UNIV]SAL ^: ADMIS.N IS SECUR$ F ! "PICUL>S1 ":AS 9 >GU;TS F LIKE;S1 :AT IS SECUR$ IS N ! UNIV]SAL "U : ALL ! L CASES FALL4 ,X IS A GD RULE AL1 O3A.N,Y 6BR+ AN OBJEC;N AG/ "OF3 = ANSW]]S >E PUT (F _! GU>D AG/ ^? :O APPE> 6BE >GU+ IM"PI,Y4 ,X IS USE;L TOO1 6ADD T ,8,S & S IS G5],Y HELD OR -MONLY SD0'2 = P >E %Y ( UPSETT+ ! RCVD OP9ION UN.S !Y H "S POSITIVE OBJEC;N 6URGE3 & AT ! SAME "T !Y >E CAUTI\S AB UPSETT+ S* ?+S 2C !Y !MVS TOO F9D !M USE;L4 ,MOREOV]1 D N 2 9SI/5T1 EV5 ?\< Y RE,Y REQUIRE ! PO9T3 = 9SI/;E ALW >\SES ! M OPPOSI;N4 ,FUR!R1 =MULATE YR PREMISS Z ?\< X 7 A M]E ILLU/R,N3 = P ADMIT ! M R1DILY A PROPOSI;N MADE 6S]VE "S O!R PURPOSE1 & N REQUIR$ ON XS [N A3.T4 ,MOREOV]1 D N =MULATE ! V PROPOSI;N Y NE$ 6SECURE1 B R "S?+ F : T NECESS>ILY FOLL[S3 = P >E M WILL+ 6ADMIT ! LATT]1 2C X IS N S CLE> F ? :AT ! RESULT W BE1 & IF ! "O HAS BE5 SECUR$1 ! O!R HAS BE5 SECUR$ AL4 ,AG1 "O %D PUT LA/ ! PO9T : "O MO/ WI%ES 6H 3C$$2 = P >E SPECI,Y 9CL9$ 6D5Y ! F/ "QS PUT 6!M1 2C MO/ P 9 ASK+ "QS PUT F/ ! PO9TS : !Y >E MO/ EAG] 6SECURE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 D1L+ ) "S P PROPOSI;NS ( ? SORT %D 2 PUT =W>D F/3 = ILL-TEMP]$ M5 ADMIT MO/ R1DILY :AT -ES F/1 UN.S ! 3CLU.N T W RESULT ACTU,Y />ES !M 9 ! FACE1 :ILE AT ! CLOSE ( AN >GU;T !Y %[ _! ILL-TEMP]4 ,LIKEWISE AL ) ^? :O 3SID] !MVS SM>T AT ANSW]+3 = :5 !Y H ADMITT$ MO/ ( :AT Y WANT !Y F9,Y TALK CLAP-TRAP 6! E6ECT T ! 3CLU.N DOES N FOLL[ F _! ADMIS.NS3 YET !Y SAY ,8,YES0' R1DILY1 3FID5T 9 _! [N "*1 & IMAG9+ T !Y _C SU6] ANY REV]SE4 ,MOREOV]1 X IS WELL 6EXP& ! >GU;T & 9S]T ?+S T X DOES N REQUIRE AT ALL1 Z D ^? :O DRAW FALSE GEOMETRICAL FIGURES3 = 9 ! MULTITUDE ( DETAILS ! ":ABS (! FALLACY IS OBSCUR$4 ,= ? R1SON AL A "Q] "S"TS EVADES OBS]V,N Z HE A4S 9 A CORN] :AT1 IF HE =MULAT$ X 0XF1 WD N 2 GRANT$4 ,= 3C1L;T1 !N1 ! RULES : %D 2 FOLL[$ >E ! ABV4 ,ORNA;T IS ATTA9$ 09DUC;N & 4T9C;N ( ?+S CLOSELY AK94 ,:AT SORT ( PROCESS 9DUC;N IS OBVI\S3 Z = 4T9C;N1 AN 9/.E (! K9D ( ?+ M1NT IS ! 4T9C;N ( "O =M ( K Z BETT] ?AN ANO!R 02+ EI M A3URATE1 OR 3C]N$ ) BETT] OBJECTS2 OR ! 4T9C;N ( SCI;ES 96SPECULATIVE1 PRACTICAL1 & PRODUCTIVE4 ,= "EY?+ ( ? K9D L5DS A4I;NAL ORNA;T 6! >GU;T1 ?\< "! IS NO NECESS;Y 6SAY !M1 S F> Z ! 3CLU.N GOES4 ,= CLE>;S1 EXAMPLES & -P>ISONS %D 2 A4UC$1 & LET ! ILLU/R,NS 2 RELEVANT & DRAWN F ?+S T WE "K1 Z 9 ,HOM] & N Z 9 ,*O]ILUS2 = !N ! PROPOSI;N IS LIKELY 62COME CLE>]4 #B ,9 DIALECTICS1 SYLLOGISM %D 2 EMPLOY$ 9 R1SON+ AG/ DIALECTICIANS R ?AN AG/ ! CR[D3 9DUC;N1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS MO/ USE;L AG/ ! CR[D4 ,? PO9T HAS BE5 TR1T$ PREVI\SLY Z WELL40' ,9 9DUC;N1 X IS POSSI# 9 "S CASES 6ASK ! "Q 9 XS UNIV]SAL =M1 B 9 O!RS ? IS N EASY1 2C "! IS NO E/ABLI%$ G5]AL T]M T COV]S ALL ! RESEMBL.ES3 9 ? CASE1 :5 P NE$ 6SECURE ! UNIV]SAL1 !Y USE ! PHRASE ,8IN ALL CASES ( ? SORT0'4 ,B X IS "O (! V H>DE/ ?+S 64T+UI% : (! ?+S A4UC$ >E ,8( ? SORT0'1 & : >E N3 & 9 ? 3NEXION P (T5 ?R[ DU/ 9 EA* O!RS0' EYES 9 _! 4CUS.N1 ! "O "PY ASS]T+ ! LIKE;S ( ?+S T >E N ALIKE1 &! O!R 4PUT+ ! LIKE;S ( ?+S T >E4 ,"O "\1 "!=E1 6TRY "OF 6CO9 A ^W 6COV] ALL ?+S ( ! GIV5 SORT1 S Z 6L1VE NO OPPORTUN;Y EI 6! ANSW]] 64PUTE1 & SAY T ! ?+ ADV.ED DOES N ANSW] 6A L DESCRIP;N1 OR 6! "Q] 6SU7E/ FALSELY T X DOES ANSW] 6A L DESCRIP;N1 = _M ?+S APPE> 6ANSW] 6L DESCRIP;NS T D N RE,Y D S4 ,IF "O HAS MADE AN 9DUC;N ON ! /R5G? ( S"EAL CASES & YET ! ANSW]] REFUSES 6GRANT ! UNIV]SAL PROPOSI;N1 !N X IS FAIR 6DEM& 8 OBJEC;N4 ,B UNTIL "O HAS "OF /AT$ 9 :AT CASES X IS S1 X IS N FAIR 6DEM& T HE % SAY 9 :AT CASES X IS N S3 = "O %D MAKE ! 9DUC;N F/1 & !N DEM& ! OBJEC;N4 ,"O "\1 MOREOV]1 6CLAIM T ! OBJEC;NS %D N 2 BR"\ 9 REF];E 6! ACTUAL SUBJECT (! PROPOSI;N1 UN.S T SUBJECT HAPP5 6BE ! "O & ONLY ?+ (! K9D1 Z = 9/.E TWO IS ! "O PRIME NUMB] AM;G ! EV5 NUMB]S3 =1 UN.S HE C SAY T ? SUBJECT IS UNIQUE ( XS K9D1 ! OBJECTOR "\ 6MAKE 8 OBJEC;N 9 REG>D 6"S O!R4 ,P "S"TS OBJECT 6A UNIV]SAL PROPOSI;N1 & BR+ _! OBJEC;N N 9 REG>D 6! ?+ XF1 B 9 REG>D 6"S HOMONYM ( X3 ?US !Y >GUE T A MAN C V WELL H A COL\R OR A FOOT OR A H& O!R ?AN 8 [N1 =A PA9T] MAY H A COL\R T IS N 8 [N1 &A COOK MAY H A FOOT T IS N 8 [N4 ,6MEET !M1 "!=E1 Y %D DRAW ! 4T9C;N 2F PUTT+ YR "Q 9 S* CASES3 = S L;G Z ! AMBIGU;Y REMA9S UNDETECT$1 S L;G W ! OBJEC;N 6! PROPOSI;N 2 DEEM$ VALID4 ,IF1 H["E1 HE *ECKS ! S]IES ( "QS 0AN OBJEC;N 9 REG>D N 6"S HOMONYM1 B 6! ACTUAL ?+ ASS]T$1 ! "Q] %D )DRAW ! PO9T OBJECT$ TO1 & =M ! REMA9D] 96A UNIV]SAL PROPOSI;N1 UNTIL HE SECURES :AT HE REQUIRES2 E4G4 9 ! CASE ( =GET;L;S & HAV+ =GOTT53 = P REFUSE 6ADMIT T ! MAN :O HAS LO/ 8 K (A ?+ HAS =GOTT5 X1 2C IF ! ?+ ALT]S1 HE HAS LO/ K ( X1 B HE HAS N =GOTT5 X4 ,ACLY ! ?+ 6D IS 6)DRAW ! "P OBJECT$ TO1 & ASS]T ! REMA9D]1 E4G4 T IF A P]SON H LO/ K (A ?+ :ILE X / REMA9S1 HE !N HAS =GOTT5 X4 ,"O %D SIMIL>LY TR1T ^? :O OBJECT 6! /ATE;T T ,8! GRT] ! GD1 ! GRT] ! EVIL T IS XS OPPOSITE0'3 = !Y ALLEGE T H1L?1 : IS A LESS GD ?+ ?AN VIG\R1 HAS A GRT] EVIL Z XS OPPOSITE3 = 41SE IS A GRT] EVIL ?AN DEBIL;Y4 ,9 ? CASE TOO1 "!=E1 WE H 6)DRAW ! PO9T OBJECT$ TO2 = :5 X HAS BE5 )DRAWN1 ! MAN IS M LIKELY 6ADMIT ! PROPOSI;N1 E4G4 T ,8! GRT] GD HAS ! GRT] EVIL Z XS OPPOSITE1 UN.S ! "O GD 9VOLVES ! O!R Z WELL0'1 Z VIG\R 9VOLVES H1L?4 ,? %D 2 D"O N ONLY :5 HE =MULATES AN OBJEC;N1 B AL IF1 )\T S DO+1 HE REFUSES 6ADMIT ! PO9T 2C HE =ESEES "S?+ (! K9D3 = IF ! PO9T OBJECT$ 6BE )DRAWN1 HE W 2 =C$ 6ADMIT ! PROPOSI;N 2C HE _C =ESEE 9 ! RE/ ( X ANY CASE ": X DOES N HOLD TRUE3 IF HE REFUSE 6ADMIT X1 !N :5 ASK$ = AN OBJEC;N HE C]TA9LY W 2 UNA# 6R5D] "O4 ,PROPOSI;NS T >E "PLY FALSE & "PLY TRUE >E ( ? TYPE3 = 9 ! CASE ( ^! X IS POSSI# 0)DRAW+ A "P 6L1VE ! RE/ TRUE4 ,IF1 H["E1 Y =MULATE ! PROPOSI;N ON ! /R5G? ( _M CASES & HE HAS NO OBJEC;N 6BR+1 Y MAY CLAIM T HE % ADMIT X3 =A PREMISS IS VALID 9 DIALECTICS : ?US HOLDS 9 S"EAL 9/.ES & 6: NO OBJEC;N IS =?COM+4 ,:5"E X IS POSSI# 6R1SON 6! SAME 3CLU.N EI "? OR )\T A REDUC;N P] IMPOSSIBILE1 IF "O IS DEMON/RAT+ & N >GU+ DIALECTIC,Y X MAKES NO DI6];E : ME?OD ( R1SON+ 2 ADOPT$1 B 9 >GU;T ) ANO!R R1SON+ P] IMPOSSIBILE %D 2 AVOID$4 ,= ": "O HAS R1SON$ )\T ! REDUC;N P] IMPOSSIBILE1 NO 4PUTE C >ISE2 IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 "O DOES R1SON 6AN IMPOSSI# 3CLU.N1 UN.S XS FALSEHOOD IS TOO PLA9LY MANIFE/1 P D5Y T X IS IMPOSSI#1 S T ! "Q]S D N GET :AT !Y WANT4 ,"O %D PUT =W>D ALL PROPOSI;NS T HOLD TRUE ( S"EAL CASES1 & 6: EI NO OBJEC;N :AT"E APPE>S OR AT L1/ N ANY ON ! SURFACE3 = :5 P _C SEE ANY CASE 9 : X IS N S1 !Y ADMIT X = TRUE4 ,! 3CLU.N %D N 2 PUT 9 ! =M (A "Q2 IF X BE1 &! MAN %AKES 8 H1D1 X LOOKS Z IF ! R1SON+ _H FAIL$4 ,= (T51 EV5 IF X 2 N PUT Z A "Q B ADV.ED Z A 3SEQU;E1 P D5Y X1 & !N ^? :O D N SEE T X FOLL[S ^U ! PREVI\S ADMIS.NS D N R1LIZE T ^? :O D5Y X H BE5 REFUT$3 :51 !N1 ! "O MAN M]ELY ASKS X Z A "Q )\T EV5 SAY+ T X S FOLL[S1 &! O!R D5IES X1 X LOOKS ALT Z IF ! R1SON+ _H FAIL$4 ,N E UNIV]SAL "Q C =M A DIALECTICAL PROPOSI;N Z ORD9>ILY "U/OOD1 E4G4 ,8,:AT IS MAN80' OR ,8,H[ _M M1N+S HAS 8! GD080' ,=A DIALECTICAL PREMISS M/ 2 (A =M 6: X IS POSSI# 6REPLY ,8,YES0' OR ,8,NO0'1 ":AS 6! A=ESD X IS N POSSI#4 ,= ? R1SON "QS ( ? K9D >E N DIALECTICAL UN.S ! "Q] HMF DRAWS 4T9C;NS OR DIVI.NS 2F EXPRESS+ !M1 E4G4 ,8,GD M1NS ?1 OR ?1 DOES X N80' ,= "QS ( ? SORT >E EASILY ANSW]$ 0A ,YES OR A ,NO4 ,H;E "O %D 5D1V\R 6=MULATE PROPOSI;NS ( ? K9D 9 ? =M4 ,X IS AT ! SAME "T AL P]H FAIR 6ASK ! O!R MAN H[ _M M1N+S ( ,8! GD0' "! >E1 :5"E Y H YRF 4T+UI%$ & =MULAT$ !M1 & HE W N ADMIT !M AT ALL4 ,ANY "O :O KEEPS ON ASK+ "O ?+ =A L;G "T IS A BAD 9QUIR]4 ,= IF HE DOES S ?\< ! P]SON "Q$ KEEPS ON ANSW]+ ! "QS1 CLE>LY HE ASKS A L>GE NUMB] ( "QS1 OR ELSE ASKS ! SAME "Q A L>GE NUMB] ( "TS3 9 ! "O CASE HE M]ELY BAB#S1 9 ! O!R HE FAILS 6R1SON3 = R1SON+ ALW 3SI/S (A SMALL NUMB] ( PREMISSES4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 HE DOES X 2C ! P]SON "Q$ DOES N ANSW] ! "QS1 HE IS AT FAULT 9 N TAK+ HM 6TASK OR BR1K+ (F ! 4CUS.N4 #C ,"! >E C]TA9 HYPO!SES ^U : X IS AT ONCE DI6ICULT 6BR+1 & EASY 6/& UP TO1 AN >GU;T4 ,S* 7E4G47 >E ^? ?+S : /& F/ & ^? : /& LA/ 9 ! ORD] ( NATURE4 ,=! =M] REQUIRE DEF9I;N1 :ILE ! LATT] H 6BE >RIV$ AT "? _M /EPS IF "O WI%ES 6SECURE A 3T9U\S PRO( F F/ PR9CIPLES1 OR ELSE ALL 4CUS.N AB !M WE>S ! AIR ( M]E SOPHI/RY3 = 6PROVE ANY?+ IS IMPOSSI# UN.S "O 2G9S )! APPROPRIATE PR9CIPLES1 & 3NECTS 9F];E ) 9F];E TILL ! LA/ >E R1*$4 ,N[ 6DEF9E F/ PR9CIPLES IS J :AT ANSW]]S D N C>E 6D1 NOR D !Y PAY ANY ATT5;N IF ! "Q] MAKES A DEF9I;N3 & YET UNTIL X IS CLE> :AT X IS T IS PROPOS$1 X IS N EASY 64CUSS X4 ,? SORT ( ?+ HAPP5S "PICUL>LY 9 ! CASE (! F/ PR9CIPLES3 = :ILE ! O!R PROPOSI;NS >E %[N "? ^!1 ^! _C 2 %[N "? ANY?+ ELSE3 WE >E OBLIG$ 6"U/& E ITEM ( T SORT 0A DEF9I;N4 ,! 9F];ES1 TOO1 T LIE TOO CLOSE 6! F/ PR9CIPLE >E H>D 6TR1T 9 >GU;T3 = X IS N POSSI# 6BR+ _M >GU;TS 9 REG>D 6!M1 2C (! SMALL NUMB] ( ^? /EPS1 2T ! 3CLU.N &! PR9CIPLE1 ":BY ! SU3E$+ PROPOSI;NS H 6BE %[N4 ,! H>DE/1 H["E1 ( ALL DEF9I;NS 6TR1T 9 >GU;T >E ^? T EMPLOY T]MS AB :1 9 ! F/ PLACE1 X IS UNC]TA9 :E!R !Y >E US$ 9 "O S5SE OR S"EAL1 &1 FUR!R1 :E!R !Y >E US$ LIT],Y OR METAPHORIC,Y 0! DEF9]4 ,= 2C ( _! OBSCUR;Y1 X IS IMPOSSI# 6>GUE ^U S* T]MS2 & 2C (! IMPOSSIBIL;Y ( SAY+ :E!R ? OBSCUR;Y IS DUE 6_! 2+ US$ METAPHORIC,Y1 X IS IMPOSSI# 6REFUTE !M4 ,9 G5]AL1 X IS SAFE 6SUPPOSE T1 :5"E ANY PRO#M PROVES 9TRACTA#1 X EI NE$S DEF9I;N OR ELSE BE>S EI S"EAL S5SES1 OR A METAPHORICAL S5SE1 OR X IS N F> REMOV$ F ! F/ PR9CIPLES2 OR ELSE ! R1SON IS T WE H YET 64COV] 9 ! F/ PLACE J ?-IN : (! A=ESD DIREC;NS ! S\RCE ( \R DI6ICULTY LIES3 :5 WE H MADE ? CLE>1 !N OBVI\SLY \R BUSI;S M/ 2 EI 6DEF9E OR 64T+UI%1 OR 6SUPPLY ! 9T]M$IATE PREMISSES3 = X IS "? ^! T ! F9AL 3CLU.NS >E %[N4 ,X (T5 HAPP5S T A DI6ICULTY IS F.D 9 4CUSS+ OR >GU+ A GIV5 POSI;N 2C ! DEF9I;N HAS N BE5 CORRECTLY R5D]$3 E4G4 ,8,HAS "O ?+ "O 3TR>Y OR _M80'3 "H :5 ! T]M ,83TR>IES0' HAS BE5 PROP]LY DEF9$1 X IS EASY 6BR+ P 6SEE :E!R X IS POSSI# =! SAME ?+ 6H S"EAL 3TR>IES OR N3 9 ! SAME WAY AL ) O!R T]MS REQUIR+ DEF9I;N4 ,X APPE>S AL 9 MA!MATICS T ! DI6ICULTY 9 US+ A FIGURE IS "S"TS DUE 6A DEFECT 9 DEF9I;N2 E4G4 9 PROV+ T ! L9E : CUTS ! PLANE P>ALLEL 6"O SIDE DIVIDES SIMIL>LY BO? ! L9E : X CUTS &! >EA2 ":AS IF ! DEF9I;N 2 GIV51 ! FACT ASS]T$ 2COMES IMMLY CLE>3 =! >1S H ! SAME FRAC;N SUBTRACT$ F !M Z H ! SIDES3 & ? IS ! DEF9I;N ( ,8! SAME RATIO0'4 ,! MO/ PRIM>Y (! ELE;T>Y PR9CIPLES >E )\T EXCEP;N V EASY 6%[1 IF ! DEF9I;NS 9VOLV$1 E4G4 ! NATURE (A L9E OR (A CIRCLE1 2 LAID D[N2 ONLY ! >GU;TS T C 2 BR"\ 9 REG>D 6EA* ( !M >E N _M1 2C "! >E N _M 9T]M$IATE /EPS4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! DEF9I;N (! />T+-PO9TS 2 N LAID D[N1 6%[ !M IS DI6ICULT & MAY EV5 PROVE Q IMPOSSI#4 ,! CASE (! SIGNIFIC.E ( V]BAL EXPRES.NS IS L T ( ^! MA!MATICAL 3CEP;NS4 ,"O MAY 2 SURE !N1 :5"E A POSI;N IS H>D 64CUSS1 T "O OR O!R (! A=ESD ?+S HAS HAPP5$ 6X4 ,:5"E1 ON ! O!R H&1 X IS A H>D] TASK 6>GUE 6! PO9T CLAIM$1 I4E4 ! PREMISS1 ?AN 6! RESULT+ POSI;N1 A D\BT MAY >ISE :E!R S* CLAIMS %D 2 ADMITT$ OR N3 = IF A MAN IS GO+ 6REFUSE 6ADMIT X & CLAIM T Y % >GUE 6X Z WELL1 HE W 2 GIV+ ! SIGNAL =A H>D] "UTAK+ ?AN 0 ORIG9,Y PROPOS$3 IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 HE GRANTS X1 HE W 2 GIV+ ! ORIG9AL !SIS CR$;E ON ! /R5G? ( :AT IS LESS CR$I# ?AN XF4 ,IF1 !N1 X IS ESS5TIAL N 65H.E ! DI6ICULTY (! PRO#M1 HE _H BETT] GRANT X2 IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 X 2 ESS5TIAL 6R1SON "? PREMISSES T >E BETT] ASSUR$1 HE _H BETT] REFUSE4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 9 S]I\S 9QUIRY HE "\ N 6GRANT X1 UN.S HE 2 M SURE AB X ?AN AB ! 3CLU.N2 ":AS 9 A DIALECTICAL EX]CISE HE MAY D S IF HE IS M]ELY SATISFI$ ( XS TRU?4 ,CLE>LY1 !N1 ! CIRCUM/.ES "U : S* ADMIS.NS %D 2 CLAIM$ >E DI6]5T =A M]E "Q] &=A S]I\S T1*]4 #D ,Z 6! =MUL,N1 !N1 & >RANGE;T ( "O'S "QS1 AB 5 HAS BE5 SD4 ,) REG>D 6! GIV+ ( ANSW]S1 WE M/ F/ DEF9E :AT IS ! BUSI;S (A GD ANSW]]1 Z (A GD "Q]4 ,! BUSI;S (! "Q] IS S 6DEVELOP ! >GU;T Z 6MAKE ! ANSW]] UTT] ! MO/ EXTRVAGANT P>ADOXES T NECESS>ILY FOLL[ 2C ( 8 POSI;N3 :ILE T (! ANSW]] IS 6MAKE X APPE> T X IS N HE :O IS RESPONSI# =! ABSURD;Y OR P>ADOX1 B ONLY 8 POSI;N3 = "O MAY1 P]H1 4T+UI% 2T ! MISTAKE ( TAK+ UP A WR;G POSI;N 6/>T )1 & T ( N MA9TA9+ X PROP]LY1 :5 ONCE TAK5 UP4 #E ,9ASM* Z NO RULES >E LAID D[N = ^? :O >GUE =! SAKE ( TRA9+ &( EXAM9,N3-&! AIM ( ^? 5GAG$ 9 T1*+ OR LE>N+ IS Q DI6]5T F T ( ^? 5GAG$ 9 A -PETI;N2 Z IS ! LATT] F T ( ^? :O 4CUSS ?+S TGR 9 ! _S ( 9QUIRY3 =A LE>N] %D ALW /ATE :AT HE ?9KS3 = NO "O IS EV5 TRY+ 6T1* HM :AT IS FALSE2 ":AS 9 A -PETI;N ! BUSI;S (! "Q] IS 6APPE> 0ALL M1NS 6PRODUCE AN E6ECT ^U ! O!R1 :ILE T (! ANSW]] IS 6APPE> UNA6ECT$ 0HM2 ON ! O!R H&1 9 AN ASSEMBLY ( 4PUTANTS 4CUSS+ 9 ! _S N (A -PETI;N B ( AN EXAM9,N & 9QUIRY1 "! >E Z YET NO >TICULATE RULES AB :AT ! ANSW]] %D AIM AT1 & :AT K9D ( ?+S HE %D & %D N GRANT = ! CORRECT OR 9CORRECT DEF;E ( 8 POSI;N3- 9ASM*1 !N1 Z WE H NO TRADI;N 2QU1!D 6U 0O!RS1 LET U TRY 6SAY "S?+ ^U ! MATT] = \RVS4 ,! !SIS LAID D[N 0! ANSW]] 2F FAC+ ! "Q]'S >GU;T IS B.D ( NECESS;Y 6BE "O T IS EI G5],Y A3EPT$ OR G5],Y REJECT$ OR ELSE IS NEI3 & MOREOV] IS S A3EPT$ OR REJECT$ EI ABSOLUTELY OR ELSE )A RE/RIC;N1 E4G4 0"S GIV5 P]SON1 0! SP1K] OR 0"S "O ELSE4 ,! MANN]1 H["E1 ( XS A3EPT.E OR REJEC;N1 :AT"E X BE1 MAKES NO DI6];E3 =! "R WAY 6ANSW]1 I4E4 6ADMIT OR 6REFUSE 6ADMIT :AT HAS BE5 ASK$1 W 2 ! SAME 9 EI CASE4 ,IF1 !N1 ! /ATE;T LAID D[N 0! ANSW]] 2 G5],Y REJECT$1 ! 3CLU.N AIM$ AT 0! "Q] IS B.D 6BE "O G5],Y A3EPT$1 ":AS IF ! =M] 2 G5],Y A3EPT$1 ! LATT] IS G5],Y REJECT$3 =! 3CLU.N : ! "Q] TRIES 6DRAW IS ALW ! OPPOSITE (! /ATE;T LAID D[N4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 :AT IS LAID D[N IS G5],Y NEI REJECT$ NOR A3EPT$1 ! 3CLU.N W 2 (! SAME TYPE Z WELL4 ,N[ S9CE A MAN :O R1SONS CORRECTLY DEMON/RATES 8 PROPOS$ 3CLU.N F PREMISSES T >E M G5],Y A3EPT$1 & M FAMILI>1 X IS CLE> T 7#A7 ": ! VIEW LAID D[N 0HM IS "O T G5],Y IS ABSOLUTELY REJECT$1 ! ANSW]] "\ N 6GRANT EI :AT IS ?US ABSOLUTELY N A3EPT$ AT ALL1 OR :AT IS A3EPT$ 9DE$1 B A3EPT$ LESS G5],Y ?AN ! "Q]'S 3CLU.N4 ,= IF ! /ATE;T LAID D[N 0! ANSW]] 2 G5],Y REJECT$1 ! 3CLU.N AIM$ AT 0! "Q] W 2 "O T IS G5],Y A3EPT$1 S T ! PREMISSES SECUR$ 0! "Q] %D ALL 2 VIEWS G5],Y A3EPT$1 & M G5],Y A3EPT$ ?AN 8 PROPOS$ 3CLU.N1 IF ! LESS FAMILI> IS 6BE 9F]R$ "? ! M FAMILI>4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 IF ANY (! "QS PUT 6HM 2 N ( ? "*1 ! ANSW]] %D N GRANT !M4 7#B7 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! /ATE;T LAID D[N 0! ANSW]] 2 G5],Y A3EPT$ )\T QUALIFIC,N1 CLE>LY ! 3CLU.N S"\ 0! "Q] W 2 "O G5],Y REJECT$ )\T QUALIFIC,N4 ,ACLY1 ! ANSW]] %D ADMIT ALL VIEWS T >E G5],Y A3EPT$ &1 ( ^? T >E N G5],Y A3EPT$1 ALL T >E LESS G5],Y REJECT$ ?AN ! 3CLU.N S"\ 0! "Q]4 ,= !N HE W PROBABLY 2 ?"\ 6H >GU$ SU6ICI5TLY WELL4 7#C7 ,LIKEWISE1 TOO1 IF ! /ATE;T LAID D[N 0! ANSW]] 2 NEI REJECT$ G5],Y NOR G5],Y A3EPT$2 = !N1 TOO1 ANY?+ T APPE>S 6BE TRUE %D 2 GRANT$1 &1 (! VIEWS N G5],Y A3EPT$1 ANY T >E M G5],Y A3EPT$ ?AN ! "Q]'S 3CLU.N2 = 9 T CASE ! RESULT W 2 T ! >GU;TS W 2 M G5],Y A3EPT$4 ,IF1 !N1 ! VIEW LAID D[N 0! ANSW]] 2 "O T IS G5],Y A3EPT$ OR REJECT$ )\T QUALIFIC,N1 !N ! VIEWS T >E A3EPT$ ABSOLUTELY M/ 2 TAK5 Z ! /&>D ( -P>ISON3 ":AS IF ! VIEW LAID D[N 2 "O T IS N G5],Y A3EPT$ OR REJECT$1 B ONLY 0! ANSW]]1 !N ! /&>D ":BY ! LATT] M/ JUDGE :AT IS G5],Y A3EPT$ OR N1 & M/ GRANT OR REFUSE 6GRANT ! PO9T ASK$1 IS HMF4 ,IF1 AG1 ! ANSW]] 2 DEF5D+ "S "O ELSE'S OP9ION1 !N CLE>LY X W 2 ! LATT]'S JUDGE;T 6: HE M/ H REG>D 9 GRANT+ OR D5Y+ ! V>I\S PO9TS4 ,? IS :Y ^?1 TOO1 :O 9TRODUCE O!R'S OP9IONS1 E4G4 T ,8GD & EVIL >E ! SAME ?+1 Z ,H]ACLITUS SAYS10' REFUSE 6ADMIT ! IMPOSSIBIL;Y ( 3TR>IES 2L;G+ AT ! SAME "T 6! SAME ?+2 N 2C !Y D N !MVS 2LIEVE ?1 B 2C ON ,H]ACLITUS' PR9CIPLES "O HAS 6SAY S4 ,! SAME ?+ IS D"O AL 0^? :O TAKE ON ! DEF;E ( "O ANO!R'S POSI;NS2 _! AIM 2+ 6SP1K Z WD ! MAN :O /AT$ ! POSI;N4 #F ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 :AT ! AIMS (! ANSW]] %D BE1 :E!R ! POSI;N HE LAYS D[N 2 A VIEW G5],Y A3EPT$ )\T QUALIFIC,N OR A3EPT$ 0"S DEF9ITE P]SON4 ,N[ E "Q ASK$ IS B.D 69VOLVE "S VIEW T IS EI G5],Y HELD OR G5],Y REJECT$ OR NEI1 & IS AL B.D 6BE EI RELEVANT 6! >GU;T OR IRRELEVANT3 IF !N X 2 A VIEW G5],Y A3EPT$ & IRRELEVANT1 ! ANSW]] %D GRANT X & REM>K T X IS ! A3EPT$ VIEW3 IF X 2 A VIEW N G5],Y A3EPT$ & IRRELEVANT1 HE %D GRANT X B ADD A -;T T X IS N G5],Y A3EPT$1 9 ORD] 6AVOID ! APPE>.E ( 2+ A SIMPLETON4 ,IF X 2 RELEVANT & AL 2 G5],Y A3EPT$1 HE %D ADMIT T X IS ! VIEW G5],Y A3EPT$ B SAY T X LIES TOO CLOSE 6! ORIG9AL PROPOSI;N1 & T IF X 2 GRANT$ ! PRO#M PROPOS$ COLLAPSES4 ,IF :AT IS CLAIM$ 0! "Q] 2 RELEVANT B TOO G5],Y REJECT$1 ! ANSW]]1 :ILE ADMITT+ T IF X 2 GRANT$ ! 3CLU.N S"\ FOLL[S1 %D YET PROTE/ T ! PROPOSI;N IS TOO ABSURD 6BE ADMITT$4 ,SUPPOSE1 AG1 X 2 A VIEW T IS NEI REJECT$ G5],Y NOR G5],Y A3EPT$1 !N1 IF X 2 IRRELEVANT 6! >GU;T1 X MAY 2 GRANT$ )\T RE/RIC;N2 IF1 H["E1 X 2 RELEVANT1 ! ANSW]] %D ADD ! -;T T1 IF X 2 GRANT$1 ! ORIG9AL PRO#M COLLAPSES4 ,= !N ! ANSW]] W N 2 HELD 6BE P]SON,Y A3.TA# = :AT HAPP5S 6HM1 IF HE GRANTS ! S"EAL PO9TS ) 8 EYES OP51 & AL ! "Q] W 2 A# 6DRAW 8 9F];E1 SEE+ T ALL ! PREMISSES T >E M G5],Y A3EPT$ ?AN ! 3CLU.N >E GRANT$ HM4 ,^? :O TRY 6DRAW AN 9F];E F PREMISSES M G5],Y REJECT$ ?AN ! 3CLU.N CLE>LY D N R1SON CORRECTLY3 H;E1 :5 M5 ASK ^! ?+S1 !Y "\ N 6BE GRANT$4 #G ,! "Q] %D 2 MET 9 A L MANN] AL 9 ! CASE ( T]MS US$ OBSCURELY1 I4E4 9 S"EAL S5SES4 ,=! ANSW]]1 IF HE DOES N "U/&1 IS ALW P]MITT$ 6SAY ,8,I D N "U/&0'3 HE IS N -PELL$ 6REPLY ,8,YES0' OR ,8,NO0' 6A "Q : MAY M1N DI6]5T ?+S4 ,CLE>LY1 !N1 9 ! F/ PLACE1 IF :AT IS SD 2 N CLE>1 HE "\ N 6HESITATE 6SAY T HE DOES N "U/& X2 = (T5 P 5C.T] "S DI6ICULTY F ASS5T+ 6"QS T >E N CLE>LY PUT4 ,IF HE "U/&S ! "Q & YET X COV]S _M S5SES1 !N SUPPOS+ :AT X SAYS 6BE UNIV]S,Y TRUE OR FALSE1 HE %D GIVE X AN UNQUALIFI$ ASS5T OR D5IAL3 IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 X 2 "PLY TRUE & "PLY FALSE1 HE %D ADD A -;T T X BE>S DI6]5T S5SES1 & AL T 9 "O X IS TRUE1 9 ! O!R FALSE3 = IF HE L1VE ? 4T9C;N TILL LAT]1 X 2COMES UNC]TA9 :E!R ORIG9,Y Z WELL HE P]CVD ! AMBIGU;Y OR N4 ,IF HE DOES N =ESEE ! AMBIGU;Y1 B ASS5TS 6! "Q HAV+ 9 VIEW ! "O S5SE (! ^WS1 !N1 IF ! "Q] TAKES X 9 ! O!R S5SE1 HE %D SAY1 ,8,T 0 N :AT ,I _H 9 VIEW :5 ,I ADMITT$ X2 ,I M1NT ! O!R S5SE0'3 = IF A T]M OR EXPRES.N COV]S M ?AN "O ?+1 X IS EASY 64AGREE4 ,IF1 H["E1 ! "Q IS BO? CLE> & SIMPLE1 HE %D ANSW] EI ,8,YES0' OR ,8,NO0'4 #H ,A PREMISS 9 R1SON+ ALW EI IS "O (! 3/ITU5T ELE;TS 9 ! R1SON+1 OR ELSE GOES 6E/ABLI% "O ( ^!3 7& Y C ALW TELL :5 X IS SECUR$ 9 ORD] 6E/ABLI% "S?+ ELSE 0! FACT (A NUMB] ( SIMIL> "QS 2+ PUT3 = Z A RULE P SECURE _! UNIV]SAL 0M1NS EI ( 9DUC;N OR ( LIKE;S73-ACLY ! "PICUL> PROPOSI;NS %D ALL 2 ADMITT$1 IF !Y >E TRUE & G5],Y HELD4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AG/ ! UNIV]SAL "O %D TRY 6BR+ "S NEGATIVE 9/.E2 = 6BR+ ! >GU;T 6A /&/ILL )\T A NEGATIVE 9/.E1 EI R1L OR APP>5T1 %[S ILL-TEMP]4 ,IF1 !N1 A MAN REFUSES 6GRANT ! UNIV]SAL :5 SUPPORT$ 0_M 9/.ES1 AL? HE HAS NO NEGATIVE 9/.E 6%[1 HE OBVI\SLY %[S ILL-TEMP]4 ,IF1 MOREOV]1 HE _C EV5 ATTEMPT A C.T]-PRO( T X IS N TRUE1 F> M LIKELY IS HE 6BE ?"\ ILL-TEMP]$-AL? EV5 C.T]-PRO( IS N 5\<3 = WE (T5 HE> >GU;TS T >E 3TR>Y 6-MON OP9IONS1 ^: SOLU;N IS YET DI6ICULT1 E4G4 ! >GU;T ( ,Z5O T X IS IMPOSSI# 6MOVE OR 6TRAV]SE ! /ADIUM2-B /1 ? IS NO R1SON = OMITT+ 6ASS]T ! OPPOSITES ( ^! VIEWS4 ,IF1 !N1 A MAN REFUSES 6ADMIT ! PROPOSI;N )\T HAV+ EI A NEGATIVE 9/.E OR "S C.T]->GU;T 6BR+ AG/ X1 CLE>LY HE IS ILL-TEMP]$3 = ILL-TEMP] 9 >GU;T 3SI/S 9 ANSW]+ 9 WAYS O!R ?AN ! ABV1 S Z 6WRECK ! R1SON+4 #I ,2F MA9TA9+ EI A !SIS OR A DEF9I;N ! ANSW]] %D TRY 8 H& AT ATTACK+ X 0HMF2 = CLE>LY 8 BUSI;S IS 6OPPOSE ^? POSI;NS F : "Q]S DEMOLI% :AT HE HAS LAID D[N4 ,HE %D 2W>E ( MA9TA9+ A HYPO!SIS T IS G5],Y REJECT$3 & ? X MAY 2 9 TWO WAYS3 = X MAY 2 "O : RESULTS 9 ABSURD /ATE;TS1 E4G4 SUPPOSE ANY "O 7 6SAY T "EY?+ IS 9 MO;N OR T NO?+ IS2 & AL "! >E ALL ^? : ONLY A BAD "* WD *OOSE1 & : >E IMPLICITLY OPPOS$ 6M5'S WI%ES1 E4G4 T PL1SURE IS ! GD1 & T 6D 9JU/ICE IS BETT] ?AN 6SU6] X4 ,= P !N HATE HM1 SUPPOS+ HM 6MA9TA9 !M N =! SAKE ( >GU;T B 2C HE RE,Y ?9KS !M4 #AJ ,( ALL >GU;TS T R1SON 6A FALSE 3CLU.N ! "R SOLU;N IS 6DEMOLI% ! PO9T ON : ! FALLACY T O3URS DEP5DS3 =! DEMOLI;N ( ANY R&OM PO9T IS NO SOLU;N1 EV5 ?\< ! PO9T DEMOLI%$ 2 FALSE4 ,=! >GU;T MAY 3TA9 _M FALSEHOODS1 E4G4 SUPPOSE "S "O 6SECURE ! PREMISSES1 ,8,HE :O SITS1 WRITES0' & ,8,SOCRATES IS SITT+0'3 = F ^! X FOLL[S T ,8,SOCRATES IS WRIT+0'4 ,N[ WE MAY DEMOLI% ! PROPOSI;N ,8,SOCRATES IS SITT+0'1 & / 2 NO NE>] A SOLU;N (! >GU;T2 X MAY 2 TRUE T ! PO9T CLAIM$ IS FALSE2 B X IS N ON T T FALLACY (! >GU;T DEP5DS3 = SUPPOS+ T ANY "O %D HAPP5 6BE SITT+ & N WRIT+1 X WD 2 IMPOSSI# 9 S* A CASE 6APPLY ! SAME SOLU;N4 ,ACLY1 X IS N ? T NE$S 6BE DEMOLI%$1 B R T ,8,HE :O SITS1 WRITES0'3 = HE :O SITS DOES N ALW WRITE4 ,HE1 !N1 :O HAS DEMOLI%$ ! PO9T ON : ! FALLACY DEP5DS1 HAS GIV5 ! SOLU;N (! >GU;T -PLETELY4 ,ANY "O :O "KS T X IS ON S* & S* A PO9T T ! >GU;T DEP5DS1 "KS ! SOLU;N ( X1 J Z 9 ! CASE (A FIGURE FALSELY DRAWN4 ,= X IS N 5 6OBJECT1 EV5 IF ! PO9T DEMOLI%$ 2 A FALSEHOOD1 B ! R1SON ( ! FALLACY %D AL 2 PROV$3 = !N X WD 2 CLE> :E!R ! MAN MAKES 8 OBJEC;N ) 8 EYES OP5 OR N4 ,"! >E F\R POSSI# WAYS ( PREV5T+ A MAN F "W+ 8 >GU;T 6A 3CLU.N4 ,X C 2 D"O EI 0DEMOLI%+ ! PO9T ON : ! FALSEHOOD T -ES AB DEP5DS1 OR 0/AT+ AN OBJEC;N DIRECT$ AG/ ! "Q]3 = (T5 :5 A SOLU;N HAS N Z A MATT] ( FACT BE5 BR"\1 YET ! "Q] IS R5D]$ "!BY UNA# 6PURSUE ! >GU;T ANY F>!R4 ,?IRDLY1 "O MAY OBJECT 6! "QS ASK$3 = X MAY HAPP5 T :AT ! "Q] WANTS DOES N FOLL[ F ! "QS HE HAS ASK$ 2C HE HAS ASK$ !M BADLY1 ":AS IF "S?+ A4I;NAL 2 GRANT$ ! 3CLU.N -ES AB4 ,IF1 !N1 ! "Q] 2 UNA# 6PURSUE 8 >GU;T F>!R1 ! OBJEC;N WD PROP]LY 2 DIRECT$ AG/ ! "Q]2 IF HE C D S1 !N X WD 2 AG/ 8 "QS4 ,! F\R? & WOR/ K9D ( OBJEC;N IS T : IS DIRECT$ 6! "T ALL[$ = 4CUS.N3 = "S P BR+ OBJEC;NS (A K9D : WD TAKE L;G] 6ANSW] ?AN ! L5G? (! 4CUS.N 9 H&4 ,"! >E !N1 Z WE SD1 F\R WAYS ( MAK+ OBJEC;NS3 B ( !M ! F/ AL"O IS A SOLU;N3 ! O!RS >E J H9DR.ES & /UMBL+-BLOCKS 6PREV5T ! 3CLU.NS4 #AA ,ADV]SE CRITICISM ( AN >GU;T ON XS [N M]ITS1 &( X :5 PRES5T$ 9 ! =M ( "QS1 >E TWO DI6]5T ?+S4 ,= (T5 ! FAILURE 6C>RY "? ! >GU;T CORRECTLY 9 4CUS.N IS DUE 6! P]SON "Q$1 2C HE W N GRANT ! /EPS ( : A CORRECT >GU;T MIE 3TR>Y 6! "Q] & 2COMES ABUSIVE Z WELL3 :5 P LOSE _! TEMP]S 9 ? WAY1 _! >GU;T 2COMES A 3TE/1 N A 4CUS.N4 ,MOREOV]1 S9CE >GU;TS ( ? K9D >E HELD N =! SAKE ( 9/RUC;N B = PURPOSES ( PRACTICE & EXAM9,N1 CLE>LY "O HAS 6R1SON N ONLY 6TRUE 3CLU.NS1 B AL 6FALSE "OS1 & N ALW "? TRUE PREMISSES1 B "S"TS "? FALSE Z WELL4 ,= (T51 :5 A TRUE PROPOSI;N IS PUT =W>D1 ! DIALECTICIAN IS -PELL$ 6DEMOLI% X3 & !N FALSE PROPOSI;NS H 6BE =MULAT$4 ,"S"TS AL :5 A FALSE PROPOSI;N IS PUT =W>D1 X HAS 6BE DEMOLI%$ 0M1NS ( FALSE PROPOSI;NS3 = X IS POSSI# =A GIV5 MAN 62LIEVE :AT IS N ! FACT M FIRMLY ?AN ! TRU?4 ,ACLY1 IF ! >GU;T 2 MADE 6DEP5D ON "S?+ T HE HOLDS1 X W 2 EASI] 6P]SUADE OR HELP HM4 ,HE1 H["E1 :O WD "RLY 3V]T ANY "O 6A DI6]5T OP9ION %D D S 9 A DIALECTICAL & N 9 A 3T5TI\S MANN]1 J Z A GEOMETRICIAN %D R1SON GEOMETRIC,Y1 :E!R 8 3CLU.N 2 FALSE OR TRUE3 :AT K9D ( SYLLOGISMS >E DIALECTICAL HAS ALR BE5 SD4 ,! PR9CIPLE T A MAN :O H9D]S ! -MON BUSI;S IS A BAD "PN]1 CLE>LY APPLIES 6AN >GU;T Z WELL2 = 9 >GU;TS Z WELL "! IS A -MON AIM 9 VIEW1 EXCEPT ) M]E 3TE/ANTS1 = ^! _C BO? R1* ! SAME GOAL2 = M ?AN "O _C POSSIBLY W94 ,X MAKES NO DI6];E :E!R HE E6ECTS ? Z ANSW]] OR Z "Q]3 = BO? HE :O ASKS 3T5TI\S "QS IS A BAD DIALECTICIAN1 & AL HE :O 9 ANSW]+ FAILS 6GRANT ! OBVI\S ANSW] OR 6"U/& ! PO9T (! "Q]'S 9QUIRY4 ,:AT HAS BE5 SD1 !N1 MAKES X CLE> T ADV]SE CRITICISM IS N 6BE PASS$ 9 A L /RA9 ^U ! >GU;T ON XS [N M]ITS1 & ^U ! "Q]3 = X MAY V WELL 2 T ! >GU;T IS BAD1 B T ! "Q] HAS >GU$ )! ANSW]] 9 ! BE/ POSSI# WAY3 = :5 M5 LOSE _! TEMP]S1 X MAY P]H 2 IMPOSSI# 6MAKE "O'S 9F];ES /RAIDLY Z "O WD WI%3 WE H 6D Z WE C4 ,9ASM* Z X IS 9DET]M9ATE :5 P >E CLAIM+ ! ADMIS.N ( 3TR>Y ?+S1 & :5 !Y >E CLAIM+ :AT ORIG9,Y !Y SET \ 6PROVE-= (T5 :5 !Y >E TALK+ 0!MVS !Y SAY 3TR>Y ?+S1 & ADMIT AFWS :AT !Y H PREVI\SLY D5I$2 = : R1SON !Y (T5 ASS5T1 :5 "Q$1 63TR>Y ?+S & 6:AT ORIG9,Y _H 6BE PROV$-! >GU;T IS SURE 62COME VITIAT$4 ,! RESPONSIBIL;Y1 H["E1 = ? RE/S )! ANSW]]1 2C :ILE REFUS+ 6GRANT O!R PO9TS1 HE DOES GRANT PO9TS ( T K9D4 ,X IS1 !N1 CLE> T ADV]SE CRITICISM IS N 6BE PASS$ 9 A L MANN] ^U "Q]S & ^U _! >GU;TS4 ,9 XF AN >GU;T IS LIA# 6FIVE K9DS ( ADV]SE CRITICISM3 7#A7 ,! F/ IS :5 NEI ! PROPOS$ 3CLU.N NOR 9DE$ ANY 3CLU.N AT ALL IS DRAWN F ! "QS ASK$1 & :5 MO/1 IF N ALL1 (! PREMISSES ON : ! 3CLU.N RE/S >E FALSE OR G5],Y REJECT$1 :51 MOREOV]1 NEI ANY )DRAWALS NOR A4I;NS NOR BO? TGR C BR+ ! 3CLU.NS AB4 7#B7 ,! SECOND IS1 SUPPOS+ ! R1SON+1 ?\< 3/RUCT$ F ! PREMISSES1 & 9 ! MANN]1 DESCRIB$ ABV1 7 6BE IRRELEVANT 6! ORIG9AL POSI;N4 7#C7 ,! ?IRD IS1 SUPPOS+ C]TA9 A4I;NS WD BR+ AN 9F];E AB B YET ^! A4I;NS 7 6BE W1K] ?AN ^? T 7 PUT Z "QS & LESS G5],Y HELD ?AN ! 3CLU.N4 7#D7 ,AG1 SUPPOS+ C]TA9 )DRAWALS CD E6ECT ! SAME3 = "S"TS P SECURE M PREMISSES ?AN >E NEC1 S T X IS N "? !M T ! 9F];E -ES AB4 7#E7 ,MOREOV]1 SUPPOSE ! PREMISSES 2 LESS G5],Y HELD & LESS CR$I# ?AN ! 3CLU.N1 OR IF1 ?\< TRUE1 !Y REQUIRE M TR\# 6PROVE ?AN ! PROPOS$ VIEW4 ,"O M/ N CLAIM T ! R1SON+ 6A PROPOS$ VIEW % 9 E CASE EQU,Y 2 A VIEW G5],Y A3EPT$ & 3V9C+3 = X IS A DIRECT RESULT ( ! NATURE ( ?+S T "S SUBJECTS ( 9QUIRY % 2 EASI] & "S H>D]1 S T IF A MAN BR+S P 6A3EPT 8 PO9T F OP9IONS T >E Z G5],Y RCVD Z ! CASE ADMITS1 HE HAS >GU$ 8 CASE CORRECTLY4 ,CLE>LY1 !N1 N EV5 ! >GU;T XF IS OP5 6! SAME ADV]SE CRITICISM :5 TAK5 9 REL,N 6! PROPOS$ 3CLU.N & :5 TAK5 0XF4 ,= "! IS NO?+ 6PREV5T ! >GU;T 2+ OP5 6REPROA* 9 XF1 & YET -M5DA# 9 REL,N 6! PROPOS$ 3CLU.N1 OR AG1 VICE V]SA1 2+ -M5DA# 9 XF1 & YET OP5 6REPROA* 9 REL,N 6! PROPOS$ 3CLU.N1 :5"E "! >E _M PROPOSI;NS BO? G5],Y HELD & AL TRUE ":BY X CD EASILY 2 PROV$4 ,X IS POSSI# AL T AN >GU;T1 EV5 ?\< BR"\ 6A 3CLU.N1 MAY "S"TS 2 WORSE ?AN "O : IS N S 3CLUD$1 :5"E ! PREMISSES (! =M] >E SILLY1 :ILE XS 3CLU.N IS N S2 ":AS ! LATT]1 ?\< REQUIR+ C]TA9 A4I;NS1 REQUIRES ONLY S* Z >E G5],Y HELD & TRUE1 & MOREOV] DOES N RE/ Z AN >GU;T ON ^! A4I;NS4 ,) ^? : BR+ AB A TRUE 3CLU.N 0M1NS ( FALSE PREMISSES1 X IS N FAIR 6F9D FAULT3 =A FALSE 3CLU.N M/ ( NECESS;Y ALW 2 R1*$ F A FALSE PREMISS1 B A TRUE 3CLU.N MAY "S"TS 2 DRAWN EV5 F FALSE PREMISSES2 Z IS CLE> F ! ,ANALYTICS4 ,:5"E 0! >GU;T /AT$ "S?+ IS DEMON/RAT$1 B T "S?+ IS O!R ?AN :AT IS WANT$ & HAS NO BE>+ :AT"E ON ! 3CLU.N1 !N NO 9F];E Z 6! LATT] C 2 DRAWN F X3 & IF "! APPE>S 6BE1 X W 2 A SOPHISM1 N A PRO(4 ,A PHILOSOPHEME IS A DEMON/RATIVE 9F];E3 AN EPI*IREME IS A DIALECTICAL 9F];E3 A SOPHISM IS A 3T5TI\S 9F];E3 AN APOREME IS AN 9F];E T R1SONS DIALECTIC,Y 6A 3TRADIC;N4 ,IF "S?+ 7 6BE %[N F PREMISSES1 BO? ( : >E VIEWS G5],Y A3EPT$1 B N A3EPT$ ) L 3VIC;N1 X MAY V WELL 2 T ! 3CLU.N %[N IS "S?+ HELD M /R;GLY ?AN EI4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 G5]AL OP9ION 2 =! "O & NEI = NOR AG/ ! O!R1 OR IF X 2 =! "O & AG/ ! O!R1 !N1 IF ! PRO & CON 2 ALIKE 9 ! CASE (! PREMISSES1 !Y W 2 ALIKE =! 3CLU.N AL3 IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! "O PREPOND]ATES1 ! 3CLU.N TOO W FOLL[ SUIT4 ,X IS AL A FAULT 9 R1SON+ :5 A MAN %[S "S?+ "? A L;G *A9 ( /EPS1 :5 HE MIGU;T3 SUPPOSE HM 6BE %[+ 7E4G47 T "O OP9ION IS M PROP]LY S CALL$ ?AN ANO!R1 & SUPPOSE HM 6MAKE 8 PO/ULATES Z FOLL[S3 'X-IN-XF IS M FULLY ;X ?AN ANY?+ ELSE0'3 ,8"! G5U9ELY EXI/S AN OBJECT ( OP9ION 9 XF0'3 "!=E ,8! OBJECT-(-OP9ION-IN-XF IS M FULLY AN OBJECT ( OP9ION ?AN ! "PICUL> OBJECTS ( OP9ION0'4 ,N[ 'A RELATIVE T]M IS M FULLY XF :5 XS CORRELATE IS M FULLY XF0'3 & ,8"! EXI/S A G5U9E OP9ION-IN-XF1 : W 2 8OP9ION0 9 A M A3URATE S5SE ?AN ! "PICUL> OP9IONS0'3 & X HAS BE5 PO/ULAT$ BO? T 'A G5U9E OP9ION-IN-XF EXI/S0'1 & T 'X-IN-XF IS M FULLY ;X ?AN ANY?+ ELSE0'3 "!=E ,8? W 2 OP9ION 9 A M A3URATE S5SE0'4 ,":9 LIES ! VICI\S;S (! R1SON+8 ,SIMPLY 9 T X 3C1LS ! GR.D ON : ! >GU;T DEP5DS4 #AB ,AN >GU;T IS CLE> 9 "O1 & T ! MO/ ORD9>Y1 S5SE1 IF X 2 S BR"\ 6A 3CLU.N Z 6MAKE NO FUR!R "QS NEC3 9 ANO!R S5SE1 & ? IS ! TYPE MO/ USU,Y ADV.ED1 :5 ! PROPOSI;NS SECUR$ >E S* Z -PEL ! 3CLU.N1 &! >GU;T IS 3CLUD$ "? PREMISSES T >E !MVS 3CLU.NS3 MOREOV]1 X IS S AL IF "S /EP IS OMITT$ T G5],Y IS FIRMLY A3EPT$4 ,AN >GU;T IS CALL$ FALLACI\S 9 F\R S5SES3 7#A7 :5 X APPE>S 6BE BR"\ 6A 3CLU.N1 & IS N RE,Y S-:AT IS CALL$ ,83T5TI\S0' R1SON+3 7#B7 :5 X -ES 6A 3CLU.N B N 6! 3CLU.N PROPOS$-: HAPP5S PR9CIP,Y 9 ! CASE ( REDUC;NES AD IMPOSSIBILE3 7#C7 :5 X -ES 6! PROPOS$ 3CLU.N B N AC 6! MODE ( 9QUIRY APPROPRIATE 6! CASE1 Z HAPP5S :5 A NON-M$ICAL >GU;T IS TAK5 6BE A M$ICAL "O1 OR "O : IS N GEOMETRICAL =A GEOMETRICAL >GU;T1 OR "O : IS N DIALECTICAL = DIALECTICAL1 :E!R ! RESULT R1*$ 2 TRUE OR FALSE3 7#D7 IF ! 3CLU.N 2 R1*$ "? FALSE PREMISSES3 ( ? TYPE ! 3CLU.N IS "S"TS FALSE1 "S"TS TRUE3 = :ILE A FALSE 3CLU.N IS ALW ! RESULT ( FALSE PREMISSES1 A TRUE 3CLU.N MAY 2 DRAWN EV5 F PREMISSES T >E N TRUE1 Z 0 SD ABV Z WELL4 ,FALLACY 9 >GU;T IS DUE 6A MISTAKE (! >GU] R ?AN (! >GU;T3 YET X IS N ALW ! FAULT (! >GU] EI1 B ONLY :5 HE IS N AW>E ( X3 = WE (T5 A3EPT ON XS M]ITS 9 PREF];E 6_M TRUE "OS AN >GU;T : DEMOLI%ES "S TRUE PROPOSI;N IF X DOES S F PREMISSES Z F> Z POSSI# G5],Y A3EPT$4 ,= AN >GU;T ( T K9D DOES DEMON/RATE O!R ?+S T >E TRUE3 = "O (! PREMISSES LAID D[N "\ N"E 6BE "! AT ALL1 & ? W !N 2 DEMON/RAT$4 ,IF1 H["E1 A TRUE 3CLU.N 7 6BE R1*$ "? PREMISSES T >E FALSE & UTT]LY *ILDI%1 ! >GU;T IS WORSE ?AN _M >GU;TS T L1D 6A FALSE 3CLU.N1 ?\< AN >GU;T : L1DS 6A FALSE 3CLU.N MAY AL 2 ( ? TYPE4 ,CLE>LY !N ! F/ ?+ 6ASK 9 REG>D 6! >GU;T 9 XF IS1 ,8,HAS X A 3CLU.N80'2 ! SECOND1 ,8,IS ! 3CLU.N TRUE OR FALSE80'2 ! ?IRD1 ,8,( :AT K9D ( PREMISSES DOES X 3SI/80'3 = IF ! LATT]1 ?\< FALSE1 2 G5],Y A3EPT$1 ! >GU;T IS DIALECTICAL1 ":AS IF1 ?\< TRUE1 !Y 2 G5],Y REJECT$1 X IS BAD3 IF !Y 2 BO? FALSE & AL 5TIRELY 3TR>Y 6G5]AL OP9ION1 CLE>LY X IS BAD1 EI ALT OR ELSE 9 REL,N 6! "PICUL> MATT] 9 H&4 #AC ,(! WAYS 9 : A "Q] MAY BEG ! ORIG9AL "Q & AL BEG 3TR>IES ! TRUE A3.T HAS BE5 GIV5 9 ! ,ANALYTICS30' B AN A3.T ON ! LEVEL ( G5]AL OP9ION M/ 2 GIV5 N[4 ,P APPE> 6BEG _! ORIG9AL "Q 9 FIVE WAYS3 ! F/ & MO/ OBVI\S 2+ IF ANY "O BEGS ! ACTUAL PO9T REQUIR+ 6BE %[N3 ? IS EASILY DETECT$ :5 PUT 9 S _M ^WS2 B X IS M APT 6ESCAPE DETEC;N 9 ! CASE ( DI6]5T T]MS1 OR A T]M & AN EXPRES.N1 T M1N ! SAME ?+4 ,A SECOND WAY O3URS :5"E ANY "O BEGS UNIV]S,Y "S?+ : HE HAS 6DEMON/RATE 9 A "PICUL> CASE3 SUPPOSE 7E4G47 HE 7 TRY+ 6PROVE T ! K ( 3TR>IES IS "O & 7 6CLAIM T ! K ( OPPOSITES 9 G5]AL IS "O3 = !N HE IS G5],Y ?"\ 6BE BE7+1 AL;G )A NUMB] ( O!R ?+S1 T : HE "\ 6H %[N 0XF4 ,A ?IRD WAY IS IF ANY "O 7 6BEG 9 "PICUL> CASES :AT HE "UTAKES 6%[ UNIV]S,Y3 E4G4 IF HE "UTOOK 6%[ T ! K ( 3TR>IES IS ALW "O1 & BE7$ X ( C]TA9 PAIRS ( 3TR>IES3 = HE AL IS G5],Y 3SID]$ 6BE BE7+ 9DEP5D5TLY & 0XF :AT1 TGR )A NUMB] ( O!R ?+S1 HE "\ 6H %[N4 ,AG1 A MAN BEGS ! "Q IF HE BEGS 8 3CLU.N PIECEM1L3 SUPPOS+ E4G4 T HE _H 6%[ T M$IC9E IS A SCI;E ( :AT L1DS 6H1L? & 641SE1 & 7 6CLAIM F/ ! "O1 !N ! O!R2 OR1 FIF?LY1 IF HE 7 6BEG ! "O OR ! O!R (A PAIR ( /ATE;TS T NECESS>ILY 9VOLVE "O O!R2 E4G4 IF HE _H 6%[ T ! DIAGONAL IS 9COMM5SURA# )! SIDE1 & 7 6BEG T ! SIDE IS 9COMM5SURA# )! DIAGONAL4 ,! WAYS 9 : P ASSUME 3TR>IES >E EQUAL 9 NUMB] 6^? 9 : !Y BEG _! ORIG9AL "Q4 ,= X WD HAPP51 F/LY1 IF ANY "O 7 6BEG AN OPPOSITE A6IRM,N & NEG,N2 SECONDLY1 IF HE 7 6BEG ! 3TR>Y T]MS ( AN ANTI!SIS1 E4G4 T ! SAME ?+ IS GD & EVIL2 ?IRDLY1 SUPPOSE ANY "O 7 6CLAIM "S?+ UNIV]S,Y & !N PROCE$ 6BEG XS 3TRADICTORY 9 "S "PICUL> CASE1 E4G4 IF HAV+ SECUR$ T ! K ( 3TR>IES IS "O1 HE 7 6CLAIM T ! K ( :AT MAKES = H1L? OR = 41SE IS DI6]5T2 OR1 F\R?LY1 SUPPOSE HM1 AF PO/ULAT+ ! LATT] VIEW1 6TRY 6SECURE UNIV]S,Y ! 3TRADICTORY /ATE;T4 ,AG1 FIF?LY1 SUPPOSE A MAN BEGS ! 3TR>Y (! 3CLU.N : NECESS>ILY -ES AB "? ! PREMISSES LAID D[N2 & ? WD HAPP5 SUPPOSE1 EV5 )\T BE7+ ! OPPOSITES 9 S _M ^WS1 HE 7 6BEG TWO PREMISSES S* T ? 3TRADICTORY /ATE;T T IS OPPOSITE 6! F/ 3CLU.N W FOLL[ F !M4 ,! SECUR+ ( 3TR>IES DI6]S F BE7+ ! ORIG9AL "Q 9 ? WAY3 9 ! LATT] CASE ! MISTAKE LIES 9 REG>D 6! 3CLU.N2 = X IS 0A GL.E AT ! 3CLU.N T WE TELL T ! ORIG9AL "Q HAS BE5 BE7$3 ":AS 3TR>Y VIEWS LIE 9 ! PREMISSES1 VIZ4 9 A C]TA9 REL,N : !Y BE> 6"O ANO!R4 #AD ,! BE/ WAY 6SECURE TRA9+ & PRACTICE 9 >GU;TS ( ? K9D IS 9 ! F/ PLACE 6GET 96! HABIT ( 3V]T+ ! >GU;TS4 ,= 9 ? WAY WE % 2 BETT] EQUIPP$ = D1L+ )! PROPOSI;N /AT$1 & AF A FEW ATTEMPTS WE % "K S"EAL >GU;TS 0HE>T4 ,= BY ,83V].N0' ( AN >GU;T IS M1NT ! TAK+ ! REV]SE (! 3CLU.N TGR )! REMA9+ PROPOSI;NS ASK$ & S DEMOLI%+ "O ( ^? T 7 3C$$3 = X FOLL[S NECESS>ILY T IF ! 3CLU.N 2 UNTRUE1 "S "O (! PREMISSES IS DEMOLI%$1 SEE+ T1 GIV5 ALL ! PREMISSES1 ! 3CLU.N 0 B.D 6FOLL[4 ,ALW1 9 D1L+ ) ANY PROPOSI;N1 2 ON ! LOOK-\ =A L9E ( >GU;T BO? PRO & CON3 & ON 4COV]+ X AT ONCE SET AB LOOK+ =! SOLU;N ( X3 = 9 ? WAY Y W SOON F9D T Y H TRA9$ YRF AT ! SAME "T 9 BO? ASK+ "QS & ANSW]+ !M4 ,IF WE _C F9D ANY "O ELSE 6>GUE )1 WE %D >GUE ) \RVS4 ,SELECT1 MOREOV]1 >GU;TS RELAT+ 6! SAME !SIS & RANGE !M SIDE 0SIDE3 = ? PRODUCES A PL5TI;L SUPPLY ( >GU;TS = C>RY+ A PO9T 0%E] =CE1 & 9 REFUT,N AL X IS ( GRT S]VICE1 :5"E "O IS WELL /OCK$ ) >GU;TS PRO & CON3 = !N Y F9D YRF ON YR GU>D AG/ 3TR>Y /ATE;TS 6! "O Y WI% 6SECURE4 ,MOREOV]1 Z 3TRIBUT+ 6K & 6PHILOSOPHIC WISDOM ! P[] ( 4C]N+ & HOLD+ 9 "O VIEW ! RESULTS ( EI ( TWO HYPO!SES IS NO M1N 9/RU;T2 = X !N ONLY REMA9S 6MAKE A "R *OICE ( "O ( !M4 ,=A TASK ( ? K9D A C]TA9 NATURAL ABIL;Y IS REQUIR$3 9 FACT R1L NATURAL ABIL;Y J IS ! P[] "R 6*OOSE ! TRUE & %UN ! FALSE4 ,M5 ( NATURAL ABIL;Y C D ?2 = 0A "R LIK+ OR 4LIK+ = :AT"E IS PROPOS$ 6!M !Y "RLY SELECT :AT IS BE/4 ,X IS BE/ 6"K 0HE>T >GU;TS ^U ^? "QS : >E ( MO/ FREQU5T O3URR;E1 & "PICUL>LY 9 REG>D 6^? PROPOSI;NS : >E ULTIMATE3 = 9 4CUSS+ ^! ANSW]]S FREQU5TLY GIVE UP 9 DESPAIR4 ,MOREOV]1 GET A GD /OCK ( DEF9I;NS3 & H ^? ( FAMILI> & PRIM>Y ID1S AT YR F+]S' 5DS3 = X IS "? ^! T R1SON+S >E E6ECT$4 ,Y %D TRY1 MOREOV]1 6MA/] ! H1DS "U : O!R >GU;TS MO/LY T5D 6FALL4 ,= J Z 9 GEOMETRY X IS USE;L 6BE PRACTIS$ 9 ! ELE;TS1 & 9 >I?METIC 6H ! MULTIPLIC,N TA# UP 6T5 AT "O'S F+]S' 5DS-& 9DE$ X MAKES A GRT DI6];E 9 "O'S K (! MULTIPLES ( O!R NUMB]S TOO-LIKEWISE AL 9 >GU;TS X IS A GRT ADVANTAGE 6BE WELL UP 9 REG>D 6F/ PR9CIPLES1 & 6H A ?OR\< K ( PREMISSES AT ! TIP ( "O'S T;GUE4 ,= J Z 9 A P]SON )A TRA9$ MEMORY1 A MEMORY ( ?+S !MVS IS IMMLY CAUS$ 0! M]E M5;N ( _! LOCI1 S ^! HABITS TOO W MAKE A MAN R1DI] 9 R1SON+1 2C HE HAS 8 PREMISSES CLASSIFI$ 2F 8 M9D'S EYE1 EA* "U XS NUMB]4 ,X IS BETT] 6-MIT 6MEMORY A PREMISS ( G5]AL APPLIC,N ?AN AN >GU;T3 = X IS DI6ICULT 6BE EV5 MOD]ATELY R1DY )A F/ PR9CIPLE1 OR HYPO!SIS4 ,MOREOV]1 Y %D GET 96! HABIT ( TURN+ "O >GU;T 96S"EAL1 & 3C1L YR PROC$URE Z D>KLY Z Y C3 ? K9D ( E6ECT IS BE/ PRODUC$ 0KEEP+ Z F> Z POSSI# AWAY F TOPICS AK9 6! SUBJECT (! >GU;T4 ,? C 2 D"O ) >GU;TS T >E 5TIRELY UNIV]SAL1 E4G4 ! /ATE;T T ,8"! _C 2 "O K ( M ?AN "O ?+0'3 = T IS ! CASE ) BO? RELATIVE T]MS & 3TR>IES & CO-ORD9ATES4 ,RECORDS ( 4CUS.NS %D 2 MADE 9 A UNIV]SAL =M1 EV5 ?\< "O HAS >GU$ ONLY "S "PICUL> CASE3 = ? W 5A# "O 6TURN A S+LE RULE 96S"EAL4 ,A L RULE APPLIES 9 ,RHETORIC Z WELL 65?YMEMES4 ,= YRF1 H["E1 Y %D Z F> Z POSSI# AVOID UNIV]SALIZ+ YR R1SON+S4 ,Y %D1 MOREOV]1 ALW EXAM9E >GU;TS 6SEE :E!R !Y RE/ ON PR9CIPLES ( G5]AL APPLIC,N3 = ALL "PICUL> >GU;TS RE,Y R1SON UNIV]S,Y1 Z WELL1 I4E4 A "PICUL> DEMON/R,N ALW 3TA9S A UNIV]SAL DEMON/R,N1 2C X IS IMPOSSI# 6R1SON AT ALL )\T US+ UNIV]SALS4 ,Y %D 4PLAY YR TRA9+ 9 9DUCTIVE R1SON+ AG/ A "Y MAN1 9 DEDUCTIVE AG/ AN EXP]T4 ,Y %D TRY1 MOREOV]1 6SECURE F ^? SKILL$ 9 DEDUC;N _! PREMISSES1 F 9DUCTIVE R1SON]S _! P>ALLEL CASES2 = ? IS ! ?+ 9 : !Y >E RESPECTIVELY TRA9$4 ,9 G5]AL1 TOO1 F YR EX]CISES 9 >GU;T,N Y %D TRY 6C>RY AWAY EI A SYLLOGISM ON "S SUBJECT OR A REFUT,N OR A PROPOSI;N OR AN OBJEC;N1 OR :E!R "S "O PUT 8 "Q PROP]LY OR IMPROP]LY 7:E!R X 0 YRF OR "S "O ELSE7 &! PO9T : MADE X ! "O OR ! O!R4 ,= ? IS :AT GIVES "O ABIL;Y1 &! :OLE OBJECT ( TRA9+ IS 6ACQUIRE ABIL;Y1 ESPECI,Y 9 REG>D 6PROPOSI;NS & OBJEC;NS4 ,= X IS ! SKILL$ PROP.D] & OBJECTOR :O IS1 SP1K+ G5],Y1 A DIALECTICIAN4 ,6=MULATE A PROPOSI;N IS 6=M A NUMB] ( ?+S 96"O-=! 3CLU.N 6: ! >GU;T L1DS M/ 2 TAK5 G5],Y1 Z A S+LE ?+-":AS 6=MULATE AN OBJEC;N IS 6MAKE "O ?+ 96_M2 =! OBJECTOR EI 4T+UI%ES OR DEMOLI%ES1 "PLY GRANT+1 "PLY D5Y+ ! /ATE;TS PROPOS$4 ,D N >GUE ) E "O1 NOR PRACTISE ^U ! MAN 9 ! /REET3 = "! >E "S P ) :OM ANY >GU;T IS B.D 6DEG5]ATE4 ,= AG/ ANY "O :O IS R1DY 6TRY ALL M1NS 9 ORD] 6SEEM N 6BE B1T51 X IS 9DE$ FAIR 6TRY ALL M1NS ( BR++ AB "O'S 3CLU.N3 B X IS N GD =M4 ,":=E ! BE/ RULE IS1 N LIGU;T IS SURE 6RESULT4 ,= Y SEE H[ 9 PRACTIS+ TGR P _C REFRA9 F 3T5TI\S >GU;T4 ,X IS BE/ AL 6H R1DY-MADE >GU;TS RELAT+ 6^? "QS 9 : A V SMALL /OCK W FURNI% U ) >GU;TS S]VICEA# ON A V L>GE NUMB] ( O3A.NS4 ,^! >E ^? T >E UNIV]SAL1 & ^? 9 REG>D 6: X IS R DI6ICULT 6PRODUCE PO9TS = \RVS F MATT]S ( "EY"D EXP]I;E4