,,BOOK ,,SIX
                   ,I

  ,WE H N[ 3SID]$ ! V>IETIES (!
DELIB]ATIVE OR SUPREME P[] 9 /ATES1 &!
V>I\S >RANGE;TS ( LAW-C\RTS & /ATE
(FICES1 & : ( !M >E ADAPT$ 6DI6]5T =MS (
GOV]N;T4 ,WE H AL SPOK5 (! DE/RUC;N &
PRES]V,N ( 3/ITU;NS1 H[ & F :AT CAUSES
!Y >ISE4
  ,( DEMOCRACY & ALL O!R =MS ( GOV]N;T
"! >E _M K9DS2 & X W 2 WELL 6ASSIGN 6!M
S"E,Y ! MODES ( ORGANIZ,N : >E PROP] &
ADVANTAGE\S 6EA*1 A4+ :AT REMA9S 6BE SD
AB !M4 ,MOREOV]1 WE "\ 63SID] ! V>I\S
-B9,NS ( ^! MODES !MVS2 = S* -B9,NS MAKE
3/ITU;NS OV]LAP "O ANO!R1 S T
>I/OCRACIES H AN OLIG>*ICAL "*1 &
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS 9CL9E 6DEMOCRACIES4
  ,:5 ,I SP1K (! -B9,NS : REMA9 6BE
3SID]$1 & ?US F> H N BE5 3SID]$ 0U1 ,I
M1N S* Z ^!3 :5 ! DELIB]ATIVE "P (!
GOV]N;T &! ELEC;N ( (FIC]S IS 3/ITUT$
OLIG>*IC,Y1 &! LAW-C\RTS >I/OCRATIC,Y1
OR :5 ! C\RTS &! DELIB]ATIVE "P (! /ATE
>E OLIG>*ICAL1 &! ELEC;N 6(FICE
>I/OCRATICAL1 OR :5 9 ANY O!R WAY "! IS
A WANT ( H>MONY 9 ! -POSI;N (A /ATE4
  ,I H %[N ALR :AT =MS ( DEMOCRACY >E
SUIT$ 6"PICUL> CITIES1 & :AT ( OLIG>*Y
6"PICUL> PEOPLES1 & 6:OM EA* (! O!R =MS
( GOV]N;T IS SUIT$4 ,FUR!R1 WE M/ N ONLY
%[ : ( ^! GOV]N;TS IS ! BE/ = EA* /ATE1
B AL BRIEFLY PROCE$ 63SID] H[ ^! & O!R
=MS ( GOV]N;T >E 6BE E/ABLI%$4
  ,F/ ( ALL LET U SP1K ( DEMOCRACY1 : W
AL BR+ 6LI<T ! OPPOSITE =M ( GOV]N;T
-MONLY CALL$ OLIG>*Y4 ,=! PURPOSES ( ?
9QUIRY WE NE$ 6ASC]TA9 ALL ! ELE;TS &
"*I/ICS ( DEMOCRACY1 S9CE F ! -B9,NS (
^! ! V>IETIES ( DEMOCRATIC GOV]N;T >ISE4
,"! >E S"EAL ( ^! DI6]+ F EA* O!R1 &!
DI6];E IS DUE 6TWO CAUSES4 ,"O 7#A7 HAS
BE5 ALR M5;N$- DI6];ES ( POPUL,N2 =!
POPUL> ELE;T MAY 3SI/ ( HUSB&M51 OR (
ME*ANICS1 OR ( LABOR]S1 & IF ! F/ ( ^! 2
A4$ 6! SECOND1 OR ! ?IRD 6! TWO O!RS1 N
ONLY DOES ! DEMOCRACY 2COME BETT] OR
WORSE1 B XS V NATURE IS *ANG$4 ,A SECOND
CAUSE 7#B7 REMA9S 6BE M5;N$3 ! V>I\S
PROP]TIES & "*I/ICS ( DEMOCRACY1 :5
V>I\SLY -B9$1 MAKE A DI6];E4 ,= "O
DEMOCRACY W H LESS & ANO!R W H M1 &
ANO!R W H ALL ( ^! "*I/ICS4 ,"! IS AN
ADVANTAGE 9 "K+ !M ALL1 :E!R A MAN WI%ES
6E/ABLI% "S NEW =M ( DEMOCRACY1 OR ONLY
6REMODEL AN EXI/+ "O4 ,F.D]S ( /ATES TRY
6BR+ TGR ALL ! ELE;TS : A3ORD )! ID1S (!
S"EAL 3/ITU;NS2 B ? IS A MISTAKE ( _!S1
Z ,I H ALR REM>K$ :5 SP1K+ (! DE/RUC;N &
PRES]V,N ( /ATES4 ,WE W N[ SET =? !
PR9CIPLES1 "*I/ICS1 & AIMS ( S* /ATES4

                  ,,II

  ,! BASIS (A DEMOCRATIC /ATE IS LIB]TY2
:1 AC 6! -MON OP9ION ( M51 C ONLY 2
5JOY$ 9 S* A /ATE2 ? !Y A6IRM 6BE ! GRT
5D ( E DEMOCRACY4 ,"O PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY
IS = ALL 6RULE & 2 RUL$ 9 TURN1 & 9DE$
DEMOCRATIC JU/ICE IS ! APPLIC,N (
NUM]ICAL N PROPOR;NATE EQUAL;Y2 :;E X
FOLL[S T ! MAJOR;Y M/ 2 SUPREME1 & T
:AT"E ! MAJOR;Y APPROVE M/ 2 ! 5D &! J4
,E CITIZ51 X IS SD1 M/ H EQUAL;Y1 & "!=E
9 A DEMOCRACY ! POOR H M P[] ?AN ! RI*1
2C "! >E M ( !M1 &! W (! MAJOR;Y IS
SUPREME4 ,?1 !N1 IS "O NOTE ( LIB]TY :
ALL DEMOCRATS A6IRM 6BE ! PR9CIPLE ( _!
/ATE4 ,ANO!R IS T A MAN %D LIVE Z HE
LIKES4 ,?1 !Y SAY1 IS ! PRIVILEGE (A
FREEMAN1 S9CE1 ON ! O!R H&1 N 6LIVE Z A
MAN LIKES IS ! M>K (A SLAVE4 ,? IS !
SECOND "*I/IC ( DEMOCRACY1 :;E HAS >IS5
! CLAIM ( M5 6BE RUL$ 0N"O1 IF POSSI#1
OR1 IF ? IS IMPOSSI#1 6RULE & 2 RUL$ 9
TURNS2 & S X 3TRIBUTES 6! FREEDOM BAS$
^U EQUAL;Y4
  ,S* 2+ \R F.D,N & S* ! PR9CIPLE F : WE
/>T1 ! "*I/ICS ( DEMOCRACY >E Z FOLL[S !
ELEC;N ( (FIC]S 0ALL \ ( ALL2 & T ALL %D
RULE OV] EA*1 & EA* 9 8 TURN OV] ALL2 T
! APPO9T;T 6ALL (FICES1 OR 6ALL B ^? :
REQUIRE EXP]I;E & SKILL1 %D 2 MADE 0LOT2
T NO PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N %D 2 REQUIR$ =
(FICES1 OR ONLY A V L[ "O2 T A MAN %D N
HOLD ! SAME (FICE TWICE1 OR N (T51 OR 9
! CASE ( FEW EXCEPT MILIT>Y (FICES3 T !
T5URE ( ALL (FICES1 OR ( Z _M Z POSSI#1
%D 2 BRIEF1 T ALL M5 %D SIT 9 JUDG;T1 OR
T JUDGES SELECT$ \ ( ALL %D JUDGE1 9 ALL
MATT]S1 OR 9 MO/ & 9 ! GRTE/ & MO/
IMPORTANT- S* Z ! SCRUT9Y ( A3.TS1 !
3/ITU;N1 & PRIVATE 3TRACTS2 T ! ASSEMBLY
%D 2 SUPREME OV] ALL CAUSES1 OR AT ANY
RATE OV] ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 &! MAGI/RATES
OV] N"O OR ONLY OV] A V FEW4 ,( ALL
MAGI/RACIES1 A C\NCIL IS ! MO/
DEMOCRATIC :5 "! IS N ! M1NS ( PAY+ ALL
! CITIZ5S1 B :5 !Y >E PD EV5 ? IS RO2$ (
XS P[]2 =! P !N DRAW ALL CASES 6!MVS1 Z
,I SD 9 ! PREVI\S 4CUS.N4 ,! NEXT "*I/IC
( DEMOCRACY IS PAY;T = S]VICES2
ASSEMBLY1 LAW C\RTS1 MAGI/RATES1 "EYBODY
RCVS PAY1 :5 X IS 6BE _H2 OR :5 X IS N
6BE _H = ALL1 !N X IS GIV5 6! LAW-C\RTS
& 6! /AT$ ASSEMBLIES1 6! C\NCIL & 6!
MAGI/RATES1 OR AT L1/ 6ANY ( !M :O >E
-PELL$ 6H _! M1LS TGR4 ,& ":AS OLIG>*Y
IS "*IZ$ 0BIR?1 W1L?1 & $UC,N1 ! NOTES (
DEMOCRACY APPE> 6BE ! OPPOSITE ( ^!- L[
BIR?1 POV]TY1 M1N EMPLOY;T4 ,ANO!R NOTE
IS T NO MAGI/RACY IS P]PETUAL1 B IF ANY
S* H SURVIV$ "S ANCI5T *ANGE 9 ! 3/ITU;N
X %D 2 /RIPP$ ( XS P[]1 &! HOLD]S %D 2
ELECT$ 0LOT & NO L;G] 0VOTE4 ,^! >E !
PO9TS -MON 6ALL DEMOCRACIES2 B DEMOCRACY
& DEMOS 9 _! TRUE/ =M >E BAS$ ^U !
RECOGNIZ$ PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRATIC JU/ICE1
T ALL %D C.T EQU,Y2 = EQUAL;Y IMPLIES T
! POOR %D H NO M %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T ?AN !
RI*1 & %D N 2 ! ONLY RUL]S1 B T ALL %D
RULE EQU,Y AC 6_! NUMB]S4 ,& 9 ? WAY M5
?9K T !Y W SECURE EQUAL;Y & FREEDOM 9 _!
/ATE4

                 ,,III

  ,NEXT -ES ! "Q1 H[ IS ? EQUAL;Y 6BE
OBTA9$8 ,>E WE 6ASSIGN 6A ?\S& POOR M5 !
PROP]TY QUALIFIC,NS ( FIVE HUNDR$ RI*
M58 & % WE GIVE ! ?\S& A P[] EQUAL 6T (!
FIVE HUNDR$8 OR1 IF ? IS N 6BE ! MODE1
"\ WE1 / RETA9+ ! SAME RATIO1 6TAKE
EQUAL NUMB]S F EA* & GIVE !M ! 3TROL (!
ELEC;NS &(! C\RTS8- ,:1 AC 6!
DEMOCRATICAL NO;N1 IS ! JU/] =M (!
3/ITU;N- ? OR "O BAS$ ON NUMB]S ONLY8
,DEMOCRATS SAY T JU/ICE IS T 6: !
MAJOR;Y AGREE1 OLIG>*S T 6: ! W1L?I]
CLASS2 9 _! OP9ION ! DECI.N %D 2 GIV5 AC
6! AM.T ( PROP]TY4 ,9 BO? PR9CIPLES "!
IS "S 9EQUAL;Y & 9JU/ICE4 ,= IF JU/ICE
IS ! W (! FEW1 ANY "O P]SON :O HAS M
W1L? ?AN ALL ! RE/ (! RI* PUT TGR1 "\1
^U ! OLIG>*ICAL PR9CIPLE1 6H ! SOLE P[]-
B ? WD 2 TYRANNY2 OR IF JU/ICE IS ! W (!
MAJOR;Y1 Z ,I 0 2F SAY+1 !Y W UNJU/LY
3FISCATE ! PROP]TY (! W1L?Y M9OR;Y4
,6F9D A PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL;Y : !Y BO?
AGREE WE M/ 9QUIRE 96_! RESPECTIVE ID1S
( JU/ICE4
  ,N[ !Y AGREE 9 SAY+ T :AT"E IS DECID$
0! MAJOR;Y (! CITIZ5S IS 6BE DEEM$ LAW4
,GRANT$3 B N )\T "S RES]VE2 S9CE "! >E
TWO CLASSES \ ( : A /ATE IS -POS$- !
POOR &! RI*- T IS 6BE DEEM$ LAW1 ON :
BO? OR ! GRT] "P ( BO? AGREE2 & IF !Y
4AGREE1 T : IS APPROV$ 0! GRT] NUMB]1 &
0^? :O H ! HI<] QUALIFIC,N4 ,= EXAMPLE1
SUPPOSE T "! >E T5 RI* & TW5TY POOR1 &
"S M1SURE IS APPROV$ 0SIX (! RI* & IS
4APPROV$ 0FIFTE5 (! POOR1 &! REMA9+ F\R
(! RI* JO9 )! "PY (! POOR1 &! REMA9+
FIVE (! POOR ) T (! RI*2 9 S* A CASE ! W
( ^? ^: QUALIFIC,NS1 :5 BO? SIDES >E A4$
UP1 >E ! GRTE/1 %D PREVAIL4 ,IF !Y TURN
\ 6BE EQUAL1 "! IS NO GRT] DI6ICULTY ?AN
AT PRES5T1 :51 IF ! ASSEMBLY OR ! C\RTS
>E DIVID$1 REC\RSE IS _H 6! LOT1 OR 6"S
SIMIL> EXP$I5T4 ,B1 AL? X MAY 2 DI6ICULT
9 !ORY 6"K :AT IS J & EQUAL1 ! PRACTICAL
DI6ICULTY ( 9DUC+ ^? 6=BE> :O C1 IF !Y
L1 5CROA*1 IS F> GRT]1 =! W1K] >E ALW
ASK+ = EQUAL;Y & JU/ICE1 B ! /R;G] C>E =
N"O ( ^! ?+S4

                  ,,IV

  ,(! F\R K9DS ( DEMOCRACY1 Z 0 SD 9 ! 9
! PREVI\S 4CUS.N1 ! BE/ IS T : -ES F/ 9
ORD]2 X IS AL ! OLDE/ ( !M ALL4 ,I AM
SP1K+ ( !M AC 6! NATURAL CLASSIFIC,N (
_! 9HABITANTS4 ,=! BE/ MAT]IAL (
DEMOCRACY IS AN AGRICULTURAL POPUL,N2 "!
IS NO DI6ICULTY 9 =M+ A DEMOCRACY ": !
MASS (! P LIVE 0AGRICULTURE OR T5D+ (
CATTLE4 ,2+ POOR1 !Y H NO LEISURE1 &
"!=E D N (T5 ATT5D ! ASSEMBLY1 & N HAV+
! NECESS>IES ( LIFE !Y >E ALW AT "W1 & D
N COVET ! PROP]TY ( O!RS4 ,9DE$1 !Y F9D
_! EMPLOY;T PL1SANT] ?AN ! C>ES (
GOV]N;T OR (FICE ": NO GRT GA9S C 2 MADE
\ ( !M1 =! _M >E M DESIR\S ( GA9 ?AN (
HONOR4 ,A PRO( IS T EV5 ! ANCI5T
TYRANNIES 7 PATI5TLY 5DUR$ 0!M1 Z !Y /
5DURE OLIG>*IES1 IF !Y >E ALL[$ 6"W & >E
N DEPRIV$ ( _! PROP]TY2 = "S ( !M GR[
QKLY RI* &! O!RS >E WELL 5 (F4 ,MOREOV]1
!Y H ! P[] ( ELECT+ ! MAGI/RATES & CALL+
!M 6A3.T2 _! AMBI;N1 IF !Y H ANY1 IS ?US
SATISFI$2 & 9 "S DEMOCRACIES1 AL? !Y D N
ALL %>E 9 ! APPO9T;T ( (FICES1 EXCEPT "?
REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ 9 TURN \ (! :OLE
P1 Z AT ,MANT9EA2 YET1 IF !Y H ! P[] (
DELIB]AT+1 ! _M >E 3T5T$4 ,EV5 ? =M (
GOV]N;T MAY 2 REG>D$ Z A DEMOCRACY1 & 0
S* AT ,MANT9EA4 ,H;E X IS BO? EXP$I5T &
CU/OM>Y 9 ! A=EM5;N$ TYPE ( DEMOCRACY T
ALL %D ELECT 6(FICES1 & 3DUCT SCRUT9IES1
& SIT 9 ! LAW-C\RTS1 B T ! GRT (FICES %D
2 FILL$ UP 0ELEC;N & F P]SONS HAV+ A
QUALIFIC,N2 ! GRT] REQUIR+ A GRT]
QUALIFIC,N1 OR1 IF "! 2 NO (FICES = : A
QUALIFIC,N IS REQUIR$1 !N ^? :O >E M>K$
\ 0SPECIAL ABIL;Y %D 2 APPO9T$4 ,"U S* A
=M ( GOV]N;T ! CITIZ5S >E SURE 6BE
GOV]N$ WELL 7=! (FICES W ALW 2 HELD 0!
BE/ P]SONS2 ! P >E WILL+ 5 6ELECT !M &
>E N J1L\S (! GD74 ,! GD &! NOTA#S W !N
2 SATISFI$1 = !Y W N 2 GOV]N$ 0M5 :O >E
_! 9F]IORS1 &! P]SONS ELECT$ W RULE
JU/LY1 2C O!RS W CALL !M 6A3.T4 ,E MAN
%D 2 RESPONSI# 6O!RS1 NOR %D ANY "O 2
ALL[$ 6D J Z HE PL1SES2 = ": ABSOLUTE
FREEDOM IS ALL[$1 "! IS NO?+ 6RE/RA9 !
EVIL : IS 9H]5T 9 E MAN4 ,B ! PR9CIPLE (
RESPONSIBIL;Y SECURES T : IS ! GRTE/ GD
9 /ATES2 ! "R P]SONS RULE & >E PREV5T$ F
DO+ WR;G1 &! P H _! DUE4 ,X IS EVID5T T
? IS ! BE/ K9D ( DEMOCRACY1 & :Y8 ,2C !
P >E DRAWN F A C]TA9 CLASS4 ,"S (!
ANCI5T LAWS ( MO/ /ATES W]E1 ALL ( !M1
USE;L )A VIEW 6MAK+ ! P HUSB&M54 ,!Y
PROVID$ EI T NO "O %D POSSESS M ?AN A
C]TA9 QUANT;Y ( L&1 OR T1 IF HE DID1 !
L& %D N 2 )9 A C]TA9 4T.E F ! T[N OR !
ACROPOLIS4 ,=M]LY 9 _M /ATES "! 0 A LAW
=BI4+ ANY "O 6SELL 8 ORIG9AL ALLOT;T (
L&4 ,"! IS A SIMIL> LAW ATTRIBUT$
6,OXYLUS1 : IS 6! E6ECT T "! %D 2 A
C]TA9 POR;N ( E MAN'S L& ON : HE CD N
BORR[ M"OY4 ,A USE;L CORRECTIVE 6! EVIL
( : ,I AM SP1K+ WD 2 ! LAW (!
,APHYTAEANS1 :O1 AL? !Y >E NUM]\S1 & D N
POSSESS M* L&1 >E ALL ( !M HUSB&M54 ,=
_! PROP]TIES >E RECKON$ 9 ! C5SUS2 N
5TIRE1 B ONLY 9 S* SMALL POR;NS T EV5 !
POOR MAY H M ?AN ! AM.T REQUIR$4
  ,NEXT BE/ 6AN AGRICULTURAL1 & 9 _M
RESPECTS SIMIL>1 >E A PA/ORAL P1 :O LIVE
0_! FLOCKS2 !Y >E ! BE/ TRA9$ ( ANY =
W>1 ROBU/ 9 BODY & A# 6CAMP \4 ,! P (
:OM O!R DEMOCRACIES 3SI/ >E F> 9F]IOR
6!M1 = _! LIFE IS 9F]IOR2 "! IS NO ROOM
= MORAL EXCELL;E 9 ANY ( _! EMPLOY;TS1
:E!R !Y 2 ME*ANICS OR TRAD]S OR LABOR]S4
,2SS1 P ( ? CLASS C R1DILY -E 6!
ASSEMBLY1 2C !Y >E 3T9U,Y MOV+ AB 9 !
C;Y & 9 ! AGORA2 ":AS HUSB&M5 >E SCATT]$
OV] ! C.TRY & D N MEET1 OR EQU,Y FEEL !
WANT ( ASSEMBL+ TGR4 ,": ! T]RITORY AL
HAPP5S 6EXT5D 6A 4T.E F ! C;Y1 "! IS NO
DI6ICULTY 9 MAK+ AN EXCELL5T DEMOCRACY
OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 =! P >E -PELL$
6SETTLE 9 ! C.TRY1 & EV5 IF "! IS A T[N
POPUL,N ! ASSEMBLY "\ N 6MEET1 9
DEMOCRACIES1 :5 ! C.TRY P _C -E4 ,WE H
?US EXPLA9$ H[ ! F/ & BE/ =M ( DEMOCRACY
%D 2 3/ITUT$2 X IS CLE> T ! O!R OR
9F]IOR SORTS W DEVIATE 9 A REGUL> ORD]1
&! POPUL,N : IS EXCLUD$ W AT EA* /AGE 2
(A L[] K9D4
  ,! LA/ =M ( DEMOCRACY1 T 9 : ALL %>E
ALIKE1 IS "O : _C 2 BORNE 0ALL /ATES1 &
W N LA/ L;G UN.S WELL REGULAT$ 0LAWS &
CU/OMS4 ,! M G5]AL CAUSES : T5D 6DE/ROY
? OR O!R K9DS ( GOV]N;T H BE5 PRETTY
FULLY 3SID]$4 ,9 ORD] 63/ITUTE S* A
DEMOCRACY & /R5G!N ! P1 ! L1D]S H BE5 9
! HABIT 9CLUD+ Z _M Z !Y C1 & MAK+
CITIZ5S N ONLY ( ^? :O >E LEGITIMATE1 B
EV5 (! ILLEGITIMATE1 &( ^? :O H ONLY "O
P>5T A CITIZ51 :E!R "F OR "M2 = NO?+ ( ?
SORT -ES AMISS 6S* A DEMOCRACY4 ,? IS !
WAY 9 : DEMAGOGUES PROCE$4 ,":AS ! "R ?+
WD 2 6MAKE NO M A4I;NS :5 ! NUMB] (!
-MONALTY EXCE$S T (! NOTA#S &(! MI4LE
CLASS- 2Y ? N 6G4 ,:5 9 EXCESS ( ? PO9T1
! 3/ITU;N 2COMES 4ORD]LY1 &! NOTA#S GR[
EXCIT$ & IMPATI5T (! DEMOCRACY1 Z 9 !
9SURREC;N AT ,CYR5E2 = NO NOTICE IS TAK5
(A LL EVIL1 B :5 X 9CR1SES X /RIKES !
EYE4 ,M1SURES L ^? : ,CLEIS!NES PASS$ :5
HE WANT$ 69CR1SE ! P[] (! DEMOCRACY AT
,A!NS1 OR S* Z 7 TAK5 0! F.D]S ( POPUL>
GOV]N;T AT ,CYR5E1 >E USE;L 9 ! EXTREME
=M ( DEMOCRACY4 ,FRE% TRIBES &
BRO!RHOODS %D 2 E/ABLI%$2 ! PRIVATE
RITES ( FAMILIES %D 2 RE/RICT$ & 3V]T$
96PUBLIC "OS2 9 %ORT1 E 3TRIV.E %D 2
ADOPT$ : W M+LE ! CITIZ5S ) "O ANO!R &
GET RID ( OLD 3NEC;NS4 ,AG1 ! M1SURES :
>E TAK5 0TYRANTS APPE> ALL ( !M 6BE
DEMOCRATIC2 S*1 = 9/.E1 Z ! LIC5SE
P]MITT$ 6SLAVES 7: MAY 2 6A C]TA9 EXT5T
ADVANTAGE\S7 & AL T ( WOM5 & *N1 &!
AFL[+ "EYBODY 6LIVE Z HE LIKES4 ,S* A
GOV]N;T W H _M SUPPORT]S1 = MO/ P]SONS
WD R LIVE 9 A 4ORD]LY ?AN 9 A SOB]
MANN]4


                  ;,V

  ,! M]E E/ABLI%;T (A DEMOCRACY IS N !
ONLY OR PR9CIPAL BUSI;S (! LEGISLATOR1
OR ( ^? :O WI% 6CR1TE S* A /ATE1 = ANY
/ATE1 H["E BADLY 3/ITUT$1 MAY LA/ "O1
TWO1 OR ?REE "DS2 A F> GRT] DI6ICULTY IS
! PRES]V,N ( X4 ,! LEGISLATOR %D "!=E
5D1VOR 6H A FIRM F.D,N AC 6! PR9CIPLES
ALR LAID D[N 3C]N+ ! PRES]V,N & DE/RUC;N
( /ATES2 HE %D GU>D AG/ ! DE/RUCTIVE
ELE;TS1 & %D MAKE LAWS1 :E!R WRITT5 OR
UNWRITT51 : W 3TA9 ALL ! PRES]VATIVES (
/ATES4 ,HE M/ N ?9K ! TRULY DEMOCRATICAL
OR OLIG>*ICAL M1SURE 6BE T : W GIVE !
GRTE/ AM.T ( DEMOCRACY OR OLIG>*Y1 B T :
W MAKE !M LA/ L;GE/4 ,! DEMAGOGUES ( \R
[N "D (T5 GET PROP]TY 3FISCAT$ 9 ! LAW-
C\RTS 9 ORD] 6PL1SE ! P4 ,B ^? :O H !
WELF>E (! /ATE AT HE>T %D C.T]ACT !M1 &
MAKE A LAW T ! PROP]TY (! 3DEMN$ %D N 2
PUBLIC & G 96! TR1SURY B 2 SACR$4 ,?US
(F5D]S W 2 Z M* AFRAID1 = !Y W 2 PUNI%$
ALL ! SAME1 &! P1 HAV+ NO?+ 6GA91 W N 2
S R1DY 63DEMN ! A3US$4 ,C>E %D AL 2 TAK5
T /ATE TRIALS >E Z FEW Z POSSI#1 & H1VY
P5ALTIES %D 2 9FLICT$ ON ^? :O BR+
GR.D.S A3US,NS2 = X IS ! PRACTICE
69DICT1 N MEMB]S (! POPUL> "PY1 B !
NOTA#S1 AL? ! CITIZ5S "\ 6BE ALL ATTA*$
6! 3/ITU;N Z WELL1 OR AT ANY RATE %D N
REG>D _! RUL]S Z 5EMIES4
  ,N[1 S9CE 9 ! LA/ & WOR/ =M (
DEMOCRACY ! CITIZ5S >E V NUM]\S1 & C
H>DLY 2 MADE 6ASSEM# UN.S !Y >E PD1 &
6PAY !M :5 "! >E NO REV5UES PRESSES
H>DLY ^U ! NOTA#S 7=! M"OY M/ 2 OBTA9$
0A PROP]TY TAX & 3FISC,NS & CORRUPT
PRACTICES (! C\RTS1 ?+S : H 2F N[
OV]?R[N _M DEMOCRACIES72 ":1 ,I SAY1 "!
>E NO REV5UES1 ! GOV]N;T %D HOLD FEW
ASSEMBLIES1 &! LAW-C\RTS %D 3SI/ ( _M
P]SONS1 B SIT =A FEW "DS ONLY4 ,? SY/EM
HAS TWO ADVANTAGES3 F/1 ! RI* D N FE> !
EXP5SE1 EV5 AL? !Y >E UNPD !MVS :5 !
POOR >E PD2 & SECONDLY1 CAUSES >E BETT]
TRI$1 = W1L?Y P]SONS1 AL? !Y D N L 6BE
L;G ABS5T F _! [N A6AIRS1 D N M9D GO+ =A
FEW "DS 6! LAW-C\RTS4 ,": "! >E REV5UES
! DEMAGOGUES %D N 2 ALL[$ AF _! MANN]
64TRIBUTE ! SURPLUS2 ! POOR >E ALW RCVG
& ALW WANT+ M & M1 = S* HELP IS L WAT]
P\R$ 96A L1KY CASK4 ,YET ! TRUE FR (! P
%D SEE T !Y 2 N TOO POOR1 = EXTREME
POV]TY L[]S ! "* (! DEMOCRACY2 M1SURES
"!=E %D 2 TAK5 : W GIVE !M LA/+
PROSP];Y2 & Z ? IS EQU,Y ! 9T]E/ ( ALL
CLASSES1 ! PROCE$S (! PUBLIC REV5UES %D
2 A3UMULAT$ & 4TRIBUT$ AM;G XS POOR1 IF
POSSI#1 9 S* QUANTITIES Z MAY 5A# !M
6PUR*ASE A LL F>M1 OR1 AT ANY RATE1 MAKE
A 2G9N+ 9 TRADE OR HUSB&RY4 ,& IF ?
2NEVOL;E _C 2 EXT5D$ 6ALL1 M"OY %D 2
4TRIBUT$ 9 TURN AC 6TRIBES OR O!R
DIVI.NS1 & 9 ! M1N"T ! RI* %D PAY ! FEE
=! ATT5D.E (! POOR AT ! NEC ASSEMBLIES2
& %D 9 RETURN 2 EXCUS$ F USE.S PUBLIC
S]VICES4 ,0ADM9I/]+ ! /ATE 9 ? _S !
,C>?AG9IANS RETA9 ! A6EC;NS (! P2 _!
POLICY IS F "T 6"T 6S5D "S ( !M 96_!
DEP5D5T T[NS1 ": !Y GR[ RI*4 ,X IS AL
WOR?Y (A G5]\S & S5SI# NOBIL;Y 6DIVIDE !
POOR AM;G/ !M1 & GIVE !M ! M1NS ( GO+
6"W4 ,! EXAMPLE (! P ( ,T>5TUM IS AL
WELL DES]V+ ( IMIT,N1 =1 0%>+ ! USE ( _!
[N PROP]TY )! POOR1 !Y GA9 _! GD W4
,MOREOV]1 !Y DIVIDE ALL _! (FICES 96TWO
CLASSES1 "S ( !M 2+ ELECT$ 0VOTE1 ! O!RS
0LOT2 ! LATT]1 T ! P MAY "PICIPATE 9 !M1
&! =M]1 T ! /ATE MAY 2 BETT] ADM9I/]$4
,A L RESULT MAY 2 GA9$ 0DIVID+ ! SAME
(FICES1 S Z 6H TWO CLASSES ( MAGI/RATES1
"O *OS5 0VOTE1 ! O!R 0LOT4
  ,5 HAS BE5 SD (! MANN] 9 : DEMOCRACIES
"\ 6BE 3/ITUT$4

                  ,,VI

  ,F ^! 3SID],NS "! W 2 NO DI6ICULTY 9
SEE+ :AT %D 2 ! 3/ITU;N ( OLIG>*IES4 ,WE
H ONLY 6R1SON F OPPOSITES & -P>E EA* =M
( OLIG>*Y )! CORRESPOND+ =M ( DEMOCRACY4
  ,! F/ & BE/ ATTEMP]$ ( OLIG>*IES IS
AK9 6A 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T4 ,9 ? "! "\ 6BE
TWO /&>DS ( QUALIFIC,N2 ! "O HI<1 ! O!R
L[- ! L[] QUALIFY+ =! HUM#R YET
9DISP5SA# (FICES &! HI<] =! SUP]IOR "OS4
,HE :O ACQUIRES ! PRESCRIB$ QUALIFIC,N
%D H ! "RS ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,! NUMB] ( ^?
ADMITT$ %D 2 S* Z W MAKE ! 5TIRE GOV]N+
BODY /R;G] ?AN ^? :O >E EXCLUD$1 &! NEW
CITIZ5 %D 2 ALW TAK5 \ (! BETT] CLASS (!
P4 ,! PR9CIPLE1 N>R[$ A LL1 GIVES ANO!R
=M ( OLIG>*Y2 UNTIL AT L5G? WE R1* ! MO/
CLIQUI% & TYRANNICAL ( !M ALL1 ANSW]+ 6!
EXTREME DEMOCRACY1 :1 2+ ! WOR/1
REQUIRES VIGIL.E 9 PROPOR;N 6XS BAD;S4
,= Z H1L?Y BODIES & %IPS WELL PROVID$ )
SAILORS MAY "UGO _M MISHAPS & SURVIVE
!M1 ":AS SICKLY 3/ITU;NS & ROTT5 ILL-
MANN$ %IPS >E RU9$ 0! V L1/ MISTAKE1 S D
! WOR/ =MS ( GOV]N;T REQUIRE ! GRTE/
C>E4 ,! POPUL\S;S ( DEMOCRACIES G5],Y
PRES]VES !M 7= ;E /ATE NE$ N 2 M*
9CR1S$1S9CE "! IS NO NECESS;Y ?A NUMB]
IS 6DEMOCRACY 9 ! PLACE ( JU/ICE BAS$ ON
PROPOR;N72 ":AS ! PRES]V,N ( AN OLIG>*Y
CLE>LY DEP5DS ON AN OPPOSITE PR9CIPLE1
VIZ41 GD ORD]4

                 ,,VII

  ,Z "! >E F\R *IEF DIVI.NS (! -MON P-
HUSB&M51 ME*ANICS1 RETAIL TRAD]S1
LABOR]S2 S AL "! >E F\R K9DS ( MILIT>Y
=CES- ! CAVALRY1 ! H1VY 9FANTRY1 ! LI<T
>M$ TROOPS1 ! NAVY4 ,:5 ! C.TRY IS
ADAPT$ = CAVALRY1 !N A /R;G OLIG>*Y IS
LIKELY 6BE E/ABLI%$4 ,=! SECUR;Y (!
9HABITANTS DEP5DS ^U A =CE ( ? SORT1 &
ONLY RI* M5 C AF=D 6KEEP HORSES4 ,!
SECOND =M ( OLIG>*Y PREVAILS :5 ! C.TRY
IS ADAPT$ 6H1VY 9FANTRY2 = ? S]VICE IS
BETT] SUIT$ 6! RI* ?AN 6! POOR4 ,B !
LI<T->M$ &! NAVAL ELE;T >E :OLLY
DEMOCRATIC2 & N[A"DS1 ": !Y >E NUM]\S1
IF ! TWO "PIES QU>REL1 ! OLIG>*Y >E (T5
WOR/$ 0!M 9 ! /RU7LE4 ,A REM$Y = ? /ATE
( ?+S MAY 2 F.D 9 ! PRACTICE ( G5]ALS :O
-B9E A PROP] 3T+5T ( LI<T->M$ TROOPS )
CAVALRY & H1VY->M$4 ,& ? IS ! WAY 9 : !
POOR GET ! BETT] (! RI* 9 CIVIL 3TE/S2
2+ LI<TLY >M$1 !Y FI<T ) ADVANTAGE AG/
CAVALRY & H1VY 2+ LI<TLY >M$1 !Y FI<T )
ADVANTAGE AG/ CAVALRY & H1VY 9FANTRY4
,AN OLIG>*Y : RAISES S* A =CE \ (! L[]
CLASSES RAISES A P[] AG/ XF4 ,& "!=E1
S9CE ! AGES (! CITIZ5S V>Y & "S >E OLD]
& "S "Y]1 ! "FS %D H _! [N SONS1 :ILE !Y
>E / "Y1 TAU<T ! AGILE MOVE;TS ( LI<T-
>M$ TROOPS2 & ^!1 :5 !Y H BE5 TAK5 \ (!
RANKS (! Y\?1 %D 2COME LI<T->M$ W>RIORS
9 R1L;Y4 ,! OLIG>*Y %D AL YIELD A %>E 9
! GOV]N;T 6! P1 EI1 Z ,I SD 2F1 6^? :O H
A PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 OR1 Z 9 ! CASE (
,!BES1 6^? :O H AB/A9$ =A C]TA9 NUMB] (
YE>S F M1N EMPLOY;TS1 OR1 Z AT
,MASSALIA1 6M5 ( M]IT :O >E SELECT$ = _!
WOR?I;S1 :E!R PREVI\SLY CITIZ5S OR N4 ,!
MAGI/RACIES (! HI<E/ RANK1 : "\ 6BE 9 !
H&S (! GOV]N+ BODY1 %D H EXP5SIVE DUTIES
ATTA*$ 6!M1 & !N ! P W N DESIRE !M & W
TAKE NO (F5SE AT ! PRIVILEGES ( _! RUL]S
:5 !Y SEE T !Y PAY A H1VY F9E = _!
DIGN;Y4 ,X IS FITT+ AL T ! MAGI/RATES ON
5T]+ (FICE %D (F] MAGNIFIC5T SACRIFICES
OR ERECT "S PUBLIC $IFICE1 & !N ! P :O
"PICIPATE 9 ! 5T]TA9;TS1 & SEE ! C;Y
DECORAT$ ) VOTIVE (F]+S & BUILD+S1 W N
DESIRE AN ALT],N 9 ! GOV]N;T1 &! NOTA#S
W H MEMORIALS ( _! MUNIFIC;E4 ,?1 H["E1
IS ANY?+ B ! FA%ION ( \R MOD]N OLIG>*S1
:O >E Z COVET\S ( GA9 Z !Y >E ( HONOR2
OLIG>*IES L _!S MAY 2 WELL DESCRIB$ Z
PETTY DEMOCRACIES4 ,5 (! MANN] 9 :
DEMOCRACIES & OLIG>*IES %D 2 ORGANIZ$4

                 ,,VIII

  ,NEXT 9 ORD] FOLL[S ! "R 4TRIBU;N (
(FICES1 _! NUMB]1 _! NATURE1 _! DUTIES1
( : 9DE$ WE H ALR SPOK54 ,NO /ATE C EXI/
N HAV+ ! NEC (FICES1 & NO /ATE C 2 WELL
ADM9I/]$ N HAV+ ! (FICES : T5D 6PRES]VE
H>MONY & GD ORD]4 ,9 SMALL /ATES1 Z WE H
ALR REM>K$1 "! M/ N 2 _M ( !M1 B 9 L>G]
"! M/ 2 A L>G] NUMB]1 & WE %D C>E;LLY
3SID] : (FICES MAY PROP]LY 2 UNIT$ & :
SEP>AT$4
  ,F/ AM;G NEC (FICES IS T : HAS ! C>E (
! M>KET2 A MAGI/RATE %D 2 APPO9T$
69SPECT 3TRACTS & 6MA9TA9 ORD]4 ,= 9 E
/ATE "! M/ 9EVITABLY 2 BUY]S & SELL]S :O
W SUPPLY "O ANO!R'S WANTS2 ? IS ! R1DIE/
WAY 6MAKE A /ATE SELF-SU6IC+ & S FULFILL
! PURPOSE = : M5 -E TGR 96"O /ATE4 ,A
SECOND (FICE (A SIMIL> K9D "UTAKES !
SUP]VI.N & EMBELLI%;T ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE
BUILD+S1 ! MA9TA9+ & REPAIR+ ( H\SES &
ROADS1 ! PREV5;N ( 4PUTES AB B.D>IES1 &
O!R 3C]NS (A L NATURE4 ,? IS -MONLY
CALL$ ! (FICE ( ,C;Y ,W>D51 & HAS V>I\S
DE"P;TS1 :1 9 M POPUL\S T[NS1 >E %>$
AM;G DI6]5T P]SONS1 "O1 = EXAMPLE1 TAK+
*>GE (! WALLS1 ANO!R (! F.TA9S1 A ?IRD (
H>BORS4 ,"! IS ANO!R EQU,Y NEC (FICE1 &(
A SIMIL> K9D1 HAV+ 6D )! SAME MATT]S )\T
! WALLS & 9 ! C.TRY- ! MAGI/RATES :O
HOLD ? (FICE >E CALL$ ,W>D5S (! C.TRY1
OR ,9SPECTORS (! WOODS4 ,2SS ^! ?REE "!
IS A F\R? (FICE ( RCVRS ( TAXES1 :O H "U
_! *>GE ! REV5UE : IS 4TRIBUT$ AM;G !
V>I\S DE"P;TS2 ^! >E CALL$ ,RCVRS OR
,TR1SUR]S4 ,ANO!R (FIC] REGI/]S ALL
PRIVATE 3TRACTS1 & DECI.NS (! C\RTS1 ALL
PUBLIC 9DICT;TS1 & AL ALL PRELIM9>Y
PROCE$+S4 ,? (FICE AG IS "S"TS
SUBDIVID$1 9 : CASE "O (FIC] IS APPO9T$
OV] ALL ! RE/4 ,^! (FIC]S >E CALL$
,RECORD]S OR ,SACR$ ,RECORD]S1
,PRESID5TS1 &! L4
  ,NEXT 6^! -ES AN (FICE ( : ! DUTIES >E
! MO/ NEC & AL ! MO/ DI6ICULT1 VIZ41 T
6: IS -MITT$ ! EXECU;N ( PUNI%;TS1 OR !
EXAC;N ( F9ES F ^? :O >E PO/$ UP AC 6!
REGI/]S2 & AL ! CU/ODY ( PRISON]S4 ,!
DI6ICULTY ( ? (FICE >ISES \ (! ODIUM :
IS ATTA*$ 6X2 NO "O W "UTAKE X UN.S GRT
PR(ITS >E 6BE MADE1 & ANY "O :O DOES IS
LOA? 6EXECUTE ! LAW4 ,/ ! (FICE IS NEC2
= JUDICIAL DECI.NS >E USE.S IF !Y TAKE
NO E6ECT2 & IF SOCIETY _C EXI/ )\T !M1
NEI C X EXI/ )\T ! EXECU;N ( !M4 ,X IS
AN (FICE :1 2+ S UNPOPUL>1 %D N 2 5TRU/$
6"O P]SON1 B DIVID$ AM;G S"EAL TAK5 F
DI6]5T C\RTS4 ,9 L MANN] AN EF=T %D 2
MADE 64TRIBUTE AM;G DI6]5T P]SONS !
WRIT+ UP ( ^? :O >E ON ! REGI/] ( PUBLIC
DEBTORS4 ,"S S5T;ES %D 2 EXECUT$ 0!
MAGI/RATES AL1 & 9 "PICUL> P5ALTIES DUE
6! \TGO+ MAGI/RATES %D 2 EXACT$ 0! 9COM+
"OS2 & Z REG>DS ^? DUE 6MAGI/RATES ALR 9
(FICE1 :5 "O C\RT HAS GIV5 JUDGE;T1
ANO!R %D EXACT ! P5ALTY2 = EXAMPLE1 !
W>D5S (! C;Y %D EXACT ! F9ES IMPOS$ 0!
W>D5S (! AGORA1 & O!RS AG %D EXACT !
F9ES IMPOS$ 0!M4 ,= P5ALTIES >E M LIKELY
6BE EXACT$ :5 LESS ODIUM ATTA*ES 6!
EXAC;N ( !M2 B A D\# ODIUM IS 9CURR$ :5
! JUDGES :O H PASS$ AL EXECUTE ! S5T;E1
& IF !Y >E ALW ! EXECU;N]S1 !Y W 2 !
5EMIES ( ALL4
  ,9 _M PLACES1 :ILE "O MAGI/RACY
EXECUTES ! S5T;E1 ANO!R HAS ! CU/ODY (!
PRISON]S1 Z1 = EXAMPLE1 ,8! ,ELEV50' AT
,A!NS4 ,X IS WELL 6SEP>ATE (F !
JAILOR%IP AL1 & TRY 0"S DEVICE 6R5D] !
(FICE LESS UNPOPUL>4 ,= X IS Q Z NEC Z T
(! EXECU;N]S2 B GD M5 D ALL !Y C 6AVOID
X1 & WOR?.S P]SONS _C SAFELY 2 TRU/$ )
X2 = !Y !MVS REQUIRE A GU>D1 & >E N FIT
6GU>D O!RS4 ,"! "\ N "!=E 6BE A S+LE OR
P]MAN5T (FIC] SET A"P = ? DUTY2 B X %D 2
5TRU/$ 6! "Y1 :]"E !Y >E ORGANIZ$ 96A B&
OR GU>D1 & DI6]5T MAGI/RATES ACT+ 9 TURN
%D TAKE *>GE ( X4
  ,^! >E ! 9DISP5SA# (FIC]S1 & %D 2
RANK$ F/2 NEXT 9 ORD] FOLL[ O!RS1 EQU,Y
NEC1 B ( HI<] RANK1 & REQUIR+ GRT
EXP]I;E & FIDEL;Y4 ,S* >E ! (FIC]S 6: >E
-MITT$ ! GU>D (! C;Y1 & O!R MILIT>Y
FUNC;NS4 ,N ONLY 9 "T ( W> B ( P1CE _!
DUTY W 2 6DEF5D ! WALLS & GATES1 & 6MU/]
& M>%AL ! CITIZ5S4 ,9 "S /ATES "! >E _M
S* (FICES2 9 O!RS "! >E A FEW ONLY1 :ILE
SMALL /ATES >E 3T5T ) "O2 ^! (FIC]S >E
CALL$ G5]ALS OR -M&]S4 ,AG1 IF A /ATE
HAS CAVALRY OR LI<T->M$ TROOPS OR >*]S
OR A NAVAL =CE1 X W "S"TS HAPP5 T EA* (
^! DE"P;TS HAS SEP>ATE (FIC]S1 :O >E
CALL$ ADMIRALS1 OR G5]ALS ( CAVALRY OR (
LI<T->M$ TROOPS4 ,& "! >E SUBORD9ATE
(FIC]S CALL$ NAVAL CAPTA9S1 & CAPTA9S (
LI<T->M$ TROOPS &( HORSE2 HAV+ O!RS "U
!M3 ALL ^! >E 9CLUD$ 9 ! DE"P;T ( W>4
,?US M* ( MILIT>Y -M&4
  ,B S9CE _M1 N 6SAY ALL1 ( ^! (FICES
H&LE ! PUBLIC M"OY1 "! M/ ( NECESS;Y 2
ANO!R (FICE : EXAM9ES & AUDITS !M1 & HAS
NO O!R FUNC;NS4 ,S* (FIC]S >E CALL$
0V>I\S "NS- ,SCRUT9E]S1 ,AUDITORS1
,A3.TANTS1 ,3TROLL]S4 ,2SS ALL ^! (FICES
"! IS ANO!R : IS SUPREME OV] !M1 & 6? IS
(T5 5TRU/$ BO? ! 9TRODUC;N &! RATIFIC,N
( M1SURES1 OR AT ALL EV5TS X PRESIDES1 9
A DEMOCRACY1 OV] ! ASSEMBLY4 ,= "! M/ 2
A BODY : 3V5ES ! SUPREME AU?OR;Y 9 !
/ATE4 ,9 "S PLACES !Y >E CALL$
,8PROBULI10' 2C !Y HOLD PREVI\S
DELIB],NS1 B 9 A DEMOCRACY M -MONLY
,8C\NCILLORS40' ,^! >E ! *IEF POLITICAL
(FICES4
  ,ANO!R SET ( (FIC]S IS 3C]N$ )!
MA9T5.E ( RELIGION PRIE/S & GU>DIANS SEE
6! PRES]V,N & REPAIR (! TEMPLES (! ,GODS
& 6O!R MATT]S ( RELIGION4 ,"O (FICE ( ?
SORT MAY 2 5 9 SMALL PLACES1 B 9 L>G]
"OS "! >E A GRT _M 2SS ! PRIE/HOOD2 =
EXAMPLE1 SUP]9T5D5TS ( PUBLIC WOR%IP1
GU>DIANS ( %R9ES1 TR1SUR]S (! SACR$
REV5UES4 ,NE>LY 3NECT$ ) ^! "! >E AL !
(FIC]S APPO9T$ =! P]=M.E (! PUBLIC
SACRIFICES1 EXCEPT ANY : ! LAW ASSIGNS
6! PRIE/S2 S* SACRIFICES DERIVE _!
DIGN;Y F ! PUBLIC HE>? (! C;Y4 ,!Y >E
"S"TS CALL$ >*ONS1 "S"TS K+S1 & "S"TS
PRYTANES4
  ,^!1 !N1 >E ! NEC (FICES1 : MAY 2
SUMM$ UP Z FOLL[S3 (FICES 3C]N$ ) MATT]S
( RELIGION1 ) W>1 )! REV5UE &
EXP5DITURE1 )! M>KET1 )! C;Y1 )! H>BORS1
)! C.TRY2 AL )! C\RTS ( LAW1 )! RECORDS
( 3TRACTS1 ) EXECU;N ( S5T;ES1 ) CU/ODY
( PRISON]S1 ) AUDITS & SCRUT9IES & A3.TS
( MAGI/RATES2 LA/LY1 "! >E ^? : PRESIDE
OV] ! PUBLIC DELIB],NS (! /ATE4 ,"! >E
LIKEWISE MAGI/RACIES "*I/IC ( /ATES : >E
P1CE;L & PROSP]\S1 & AT ! SAME "T H A
REG>D 6GD ORD]3 S* Z ! (FICES ( GU>DIANS
( WOM51 GU>DIANS (! LAW1 GU>DIANS ( *N1
& DIRECTORS ( GYMNA/ICS2 AL SUP]9T5D5TS
( GYMNA/IC & ,DIONYSIAC 3TE/S1 &( O!R
SIMIL> SPECTACLES4 ,"S ( ^! >E CLE>LY N
DEMOCRATIC (FICES2 = EXAMPLE1 !
GU>DIAN%IPS ( WOM5 & *N- ! POOR1 N HAV+
ANY SLAVES1 M/ EMPLOY BO? _! WOM5 & *N Z
S]VANTS4
  ,ONCE M3 "! >E ?REE (FICES AC 6^:
DIREC;NS ! HI<E/ MAGI/RATES >E *OS5 9
C]TA9 /ATES- GU>DIANS (! LAW1 PROBULI1
C\NCILLORS- ( ^!1 ! GU>DIANS (! LAW >E
AN >I/OCRATICAL1 ! PROBULI AN
OLIG>*ICAL1 ! C\NCIL A DEMOCRATICAL
9/ITU;N4 ,5 (! DI6]5T K9DS ( (FICES4