,,BOOK ,,FIVE
                   ,I

  ,! DESIGN : WE PROPOS$ 6\RVS IS N[
NE>LY -PLET$4 ,NEXT 9 ORD] FOLL[ !
CAUSES ( REVOLU;N 9 /ATES1 H[ _M1 &( :AT
NATURE !Y >E2 :AT MODES ( DE/RUC;N APPLY
6"PICUL> /ATES1 & \ ( :AT1 & 96:AT !Y
MO/LY *ANGE2 AL :AT >E ! MODES (
PRES]V,N 9 /ATES G5],Y1 OR 9 A "PICUL>
/ATE1 & 0:AT M1NS EA* /ATE MAY 2 BE/
PRES]V$3 ^! "QS REMA9 6BE 3SID]$4
  ,9 ! F/ PLACE WE M/ ASSUME Z \R />T+-
PO9T T 9 ! _M =MS ( GOV]N;T : H SPRUNG
UP "! HAS ALW BE5 AN AC"KL$G;T ( JU/ICE
& PROPOR;NATE EQUAL;Y1 AL? MANK9D FAIL
ATTA9+ !M1 Z ,I H ALR EXPLA9$4
,DEMOCRACY1 = EXAMPLE1 >ISES \ (! NO;N T
^? :O >E EQUAL 9 ANY RESPECT >E EQUAL 9
ALL RESPECTS2 2C M5 >E EQU,Y FREE1 !Y
CLAIM 6BE ABSOLUTELY EQUAL4 ,OLIG>*Y IS
BAS$ ON ! NO;N T ^? :O >E UNEQUAL 9 "O
RESPECT >E 9 ALL RESPECTS UNEQUAL2 2+
UNEQUAL1 T IS1 9 PROP]TY1 !Y SUPPOSE
!MVS 6BE UNEQUAL ABSOLUTELY4 ,!
DEMOCRATS ?9K T Z !Y >E EQUAL !Y "\ 6BE
EQUAL 9 ALL ?+S2 :ILE ! OLIG>*S1 "U !
IDEA T !Y >E UNEQUAL1 CLAIM TOO M*1 : IS
"O =M ( 9EQUAL;Y4 ,ALL ^! =MS ( GOV]N;T
H A K9D ( JU/ICE1 B1 TRI$ 0AN ABSOLUTE
/&>D1 !Y >E FAULTY2 &1 "!=E1 BO? "PIES1
:5"E _! %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T DOES N A3ORD )
_! PRECONCEIV$ ID1S1 /IR UP REVOLU;N4
,^? :O EXCEL 9 VIRTUE H ! BE/ "R ( ALL
6REBEL 7= !Y AL"O C ) R1SON 2 DEEM$
ABSOLUTELY UNEQUAL71 B !N !Y >E ( ALL M5
! L1/ 9CL9$ 6D S4 ,"! IS AL A SUP]IOR;Y
: IS CLAIM$ 0M5 ( RANK2 = !Y >E ?"\ NO#
2C !Y SPR+ F W1L?Y & VIRTU\S ANCE/ORS4
,"H !N1 S 6SP1K1 >E OP5$ ! V SPR+S &
F.TA9S ( REVOLU;N2 & H;E >ISE TWO SORTS
( *ANGES 9 GOV]N;TS2 ! "O A6ECT+ !
3/ITU;N1 :5 M5 SEEK 6*ANGE F AN EXI/+ =M
96"S O!R1 = EXAMPLE1 F DEMOCRACY
96OLIG>*Y1 & F OLIG>*Y 96DEMOCRACY1 OR F
EI ( !M 963/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T OR
>I/OCRACY1 & 3V]SELY2 ! O!R N A6ECT+ !
3/ITU;N1 :51 )\T 4TURB+ ! =M ( GOV]N;T1
:E!R OLIG>*Y1 OR MON>*Y1 OR ANY O!R1 !Y
TRY 6GET ! ADM9I/R,N 96_! [N H&S4
,FUR!R1 "! IS A "Q ( DEGREE2 AN OLIG>*Y1
= EXAMPLE1 MAY 2COME M OR LESS
OLIG>*ICAL1 &A DEMOCRACY M OR LESS
DEMOCRATICAL2 & 9 L MANN] ! "*I/ICS (!
O!R =MS ( GOV]N;T MAY 2 M OR LESS
/RICTLY MA9TA9$4 ,OR ! REVOLU;N MAY 2
DIRECT$ AG/ A POR;N (! 3/ITU;N ONLY1
E4G41 ! E/ABLI%;T OR OV]?R[ (A "PICUL>
(FICE3 Z AT ,S"PA X IS SD T ,LYS&]
ATTEMPT$ 6OV]?R[ ! MON>*Y1 & ,K+
,PAUSANIAS1 ! ,EPHORALTY4 ,AT
,EPIDAMNUS1 TOO1 ! *ANGE 0 "PIAL4 ,=
9/1D ( PHYL>*S OR H1DS ( TRIBES1 A
C\NCIL 0 APPO9T$2 B 6? "D ! MAGI/RATES
>E ! ONLY MEMB]S (! RUL+ CLASS :O >E
-PELL$ 6G 6! ,HELIAEA :5 AN ELEC;N TAKES
PLACE1 &! (FICE (! S+LE >*ON 0 ANO!R
OLIG>*ICAL F1TURE4 ,"EY": 9EQUAL;Y IS A
CAUSE ( REVOLU;N1 B AN 9EQUAL;Y 9 : "!
IS NO PROPOR;N- = 9/.E1 A P]PETUAL
MON>*Y AM;G EQUALS2 & ALW X IS ! DESIRE
( EQUAL;Y : RISES 9 REBELLION4
  ,N[ EQUAL;Y IS ( TWO K9DS1 NUM]ICAL &
PROPOR;NAL2 0! F/ ,I M1N SAME;S OR
EQUAL;Y 9 NUMB] OR SIZE2 0! SECOND1
EQUAL;Y ( RATIOS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! EXCESS (
?REE OV] TWO IS NUM]IC,Y EQUAL 6! EXCESS
( TWO OV] "O2 ":AS F\R EXCE$S TWO 9 !
SAME RATIO 9 : TWO EXCE$S "O1 = TWO IS !
SAME "P ( F\R T "O IS ( TWO1 "NLY1 !
HALF4 ,Z ,I 0 SAY+ 2F1 M5 AGREE T JU/ICE
9 ! AB/RACT IS PROPOR;N1 B !Y DI6] 9 T
"S ?9K T IF !Y >E EQUAL 9 ANY RESPECT !Y
>E EQUAL ABSOLUTELY1 O!RS T IF !Y >E
UNEQUAL 9 ANY RESPECT !Y %D 2 UNEQUAL 9
ALL4 ,H;E "! >E TWO PR9CIPAL =MS (
GOV]N;T1 DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y2 = GD BIR?
& VIRTUE >E R>E1 B W1L? & NUMB]S >E M
-MON4 ,9 :AT C;Y % WE F9D A HUNDR$
P]SONS ( GD BIR? &( VIRTUE8 ":AS ! RI*
"EY": AB.D4 ,T A /ATE %D 2 ORD]$1 SIMPLY
& :OLLY1 AC 6EI K9D ( EQUAL;Y1 IS N A GD
?+2 ! PRO( IS ! FACT T S* =MS ( GOV]N;T
N"E LA/4 ,!Y >E ORIG9,Y BAS$ ON A
MISTAKE1 &1 Z !Y 2G9 BADLY1 _C FALL 65D
BADLY4 ,! 9F];E IS T BO? K9DS ( EQUAL;Y
%D 2 EMPLOY$2 NUM]ICAL 9 "S CASES1 &
PROPOR;NATE 9 O!RS4
  ,/ DEMOCRACY APPE>S 6BE SAF] & LESS
LIA# 6REVOLU;N ?AN OLIG>*Y4 ,= 9
OLIG>*IES "! IS ! D\# DANG] (! OLIG>*S
FALL+ \ AM;G !MVS & AL )! P2 B 9
DEMOCRACIES "! IS ONLY ! DANG] (A QU>REL
)! OLIG>*S4 ,NO 4S5.N WOR? M5;N+ >ISES
AM;G ! P !MVS4 ,& WE MAY FUR!R REM>K T A
GOV]N;T : IS -POS$ (! MI4LE CLASS M
NE>LY APPROXIMATES 6DEMOCRACY ?AN
6OLIG>*Y1 & IS ! SAFE/ (! IMP]FECT =MS (
GOV]N;T4

                  ,,II

  ,9 3SID]+ H[ 4S5.NS & POLTICAL
REVOLU;NS >ISE1 WE M/ F/ ( ALL ASC]TA9 !
2G9N+S & CAUSES ( !M : A6ECT 3/ITU;NS
G5],Y4 ,!Y MAY 2 SD 6BE ?REE 9 NUMB]2 &
WE H N[ 6GIVE AN \TL9E ( EA*4 ,WE WANT
6"K 7#A7 :AT IS ! FEEL+8 7#B7 :AT >E !
MOTIVES ( ^? :O MAKE !M8 7#C7 :;E >ISE
POLITICAL 4TURB.ES & QU>RELS8 ,!
UNIV]SAL & *IEF CAUSE ( ? REVOLU;N>Y
FEEL+ HAS BE5 ALR M5;N$2 VIZ41 ! DESIRE
( EQUAL;Y1 :5 M5 ?9K T !Y >E EQUAL 6O!RS
:O H M ?AN !MVS2 OR1 AG1 ! DESIRE (
9EQUAL;Y & SUP]IOR;Y1 :5 3CVG !MVS 6BE
SUP]IOR !Y ?9K T !Y H N M B ! SAME OR
LESS ?AN _! 9F]IORS2 PRET5.NS : MAY &
MAY N 2 J4 ,9F]IORS REVOLT 9 ORD] T !Y
MAY 2 EQUAL1 & EQUALS T !Y MAY 2
SUP]IOR4 ,S* IS ! /ATE ( M9D : CR1TES
REVOLU;NS4 ,! MOTIVES = MAK+ !M >E !
DESIRE ( GA9 & HONOR1 OR ! FE> ( 4HONOR
& LOSS2 ! AU?ORS ( !M WANT 6DIV]T
PUNI%;T OR 4HONOR F !MVS OR _! FRS4 ,!
CAUSES & R1SONS ( REVOLU;NS1 ":BY M5 >E
!MVS A6ECT$ 9 ! WAY DESCRIB$1 & AB ! ?+S
: ,I H M5;N$1 VIEW$ 9 "O WAY MAY 2
REG>D$ Z SEV51 & 9 ANO!R Z M ?AN SEV54
,TWO ( !M H BE5 ALR NOTIC$2 B !Y ACT 9 A
DI6]5T MANN]1 = M5 >E EXCIT$ AG/ "O
ANO!R 0! LOVE ( GA9 & HONOR- N1 Z 9 !
CASE : ,I H J SUPPOS$1 9 ORD] 6OBTA9 !M
= !MVS1 B AT SEE+ O!RS1 JU/LY OR
UNJU/LY1 5GROSS+ !M4 ,O!R CAUSES >E
9SOL;E1 FE>1 EXCESSIVE PREDOM9.E1
3TEMPT1 4PROPOR;NATE 9CR1SE 9 "S "P (!
/ATE2 CAUSES ( ANO!R SORT >E ELEC;N
9TRIGUES1 C>E.S;S1 NEGLECT AB TRIFLES1
4SIMIL>;Y ( ELE;TS4

                 ,,III

  ,:AT %>E 9SOL;E & AV>ICE H 9 CR1T+
REVOLU;NS1 & H[ !Y "W1 IS PLA9 5\<4 ,:5
! MAGI/RATES >E 9SOL5T & GRASP+ !Y
3SPIRE AG/ "O ANO!R & AL AG/ ! 3/ITU;N F
: !Y DERIVE _! P[]1 MAK+ _! GA9S EI AT !
EXP5SE ( 9DIVIDUALS OR (! PUBLIC4 ,X IS
EVID5T1 AG1 :AT AN 9FLU;E HONOR EX]TS &
H[ X IS A CAUSE ( REVOLU;N4 ,M5 :O >E
!MVS 4HONOR$ & :O SEE O!RS OBTA9+ HONORS
RISE 9 REBELLION2 ! HONOR OR 4HONOR :5
UNDES]V$ IS UNJU/2 & J :5 AW>D$ AC
6M]IT4
  ,AG1 SUP]IOR;Y IS A CAUSE ( REVOLU;N
:5 "O OR M P]SONS H A P[] : IS TOO M* =!
/ATE &! P[] (! GOV]N;T2 ? IS A 3DI;N (
A6AIRS \ ( : "! >ISES A MON>*Y1 OR A
FAMILY OLIG>*Y4 ,& "!=E1 9 "S PLACES1 Z
AT ,A!NS & ,>GOS1 !Y H REC\RSE
6O/RACISM4 ,B H[ M* BETT] 6PROVIDE F !
F/ T "! %D 2 NO S* PRE-EM95T 9DIVIDUALS
9/1D ( LETT+ !M -E 96EXI/;E & !N F9D+ A
REM$Y4
  ,ANO!R CAUSE ( REVOLU;N IS FE>4 ,EI M5
H -MITT$ WR;G1 & >E AFRAID ( PUNI%;T1 OR
!Y >E EXPECT+ 6SU6] WR;G & >E DESIR\S (
ANTICIPAT+ _! 5EMY4 ,?US AT ,RHODES !
NOTA#S 3SPIR$ AG/ ! P "? FE> (! SUITS T
7 BR"\ AG/ !M4 ,3TEMPT IS AL A CAUSE (
9SURREC;N & REVOLU;N2 = EXAMPLE1 9
OLIG>*IES- :5 ^? :O H NO %>E 9 ! /ATE >E
! MAJOR;Y1 !Y REVOLT1 2C !Y ?9K T !Y >E
! /R;G]4 ,OR1 AG1 9 DEMOCRACIES1 ! RI*
DESPISE ! 4ORD] & AN>*Y (! /ATE2 AT
,!BES1 = EXAMPLE1 ":1 AF ! BATTLE (
,OENOPHYTA1 ! BAD ADM9I/R,N (! DEMOCRACY
L$ 6XS RU94 ,AT ,MEG>A ! FALL (!
DEMOCRACY 0 DUE 6A DEF1T O3A.N$ 04ORD] &
AN>*Y4 ,& AT ,SYRACUSE ! DEMOCRACY >\S$
3TEMPT 2F ! TYRANNY ( ,GELO >OSE2 AT
,RHODES1 2F ! 9SURREC;N4
  ,POLITICAL REVOLU;NS AL SPR+ F A
4PROPOR;NATE 9CR1SE 9 ANY "P (! /ATE4 ,=
Z A BODY IS MADE UP ( _M MEMB]S1 & E
MEMB] "\ 6GR[ 9 PROPOR;N1 T SYMMETRY MAY
2 PRES]V$2 B LOSES XS NATURE IF ! FOOT 2
F\R CUBITS L;G &! RE/ (! BODY TWO SPANS2
&1 %D ! ABNORMAL 9CR1SE 2 "O ( QUAL;Y Z
WELL Z ( QUANT;Y1 MAY EV5 TAKE ! =M (
ANO!R ANIMAL3 EV5 S A /ATE HAS _M "PS1 (
: "S "O MAY (T5 GR[ IMP]CEPTIBLY2 =
EXAMPLE1 ! NUMB] ( POOR 9 DEMOCRACIES &
9 3/ITU;NAL /ATES4 ,& ? 4PROPOR;N MAY
"S"TS HAPP5 0AN A3ID5T1 Z AT ,T>5TUM1 F
A DEF1T 9 : _M (! NOTA#S 7 SLA9 9 A
BATTLE )! ,IAPYGIANS J AF ! ,P]SIAN ,W>1
! 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T 9 3SEQU;E 2COM+ A
DEMOCRACY2 OR Z 0 ! CASE AT ,>GOS1 ": !
,>GIVES1 AF _! >MY _H BE5 CUT 6PIECES ON
! SEV5? "D (! MON? 0,CLEOM5ES !
,LAC$AEMONIAN1 7 -PELL$ 6ADMIT 6CITIZ5
"S ( _! ,P]IOECI2 & AT ,A!NS1 :51 AF
FREQU5T DEF1TS ( _! 9FANTRY AT ! "T (!
,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>1 ! NOTA#S 7 REDUC$ 9
NUMB]1 2C ! SOLDI]S _H 6BE TAK5 F ! ROLL
( CITIZ5S4 ,REVOLU;NS >ISE F ? CAUSE Z
WELL1 9 DEMOCRACIES Z 9 O!R =MS (
GOV]N;T1 B N 6S GRT AN EXT5T4 ,:5 ! RI*
GR[ NUM]\S OR PROP]TIES 9CR1SE1 ! =M (
GOV]N;T *ANGES 96AN OLIG>*Y OR A GOV]N;T
( FAMILIES4 ,=MS ( GOV]N;T AL *ANGE-
"S"TS EV5 )\T REVOLU;N1 [+ 6ELEC;N
3TE/S1 Z AT ,H]AEA 7":1 9/1D ( ELECT+ _!
MAGI/RATES1 !Y TOOK !M 0LOT1 2C !
ELECTORS 7 9 ! HABIT ( *OOS+ _! [N
"PISANS72 OR [+ 6C>E.S;S1 :5 4LOYAL
P]SONS >E ALL[$ 6F9D _! WAY 96! HI<E/
(FICES1 Z AT ,OREUM1 ":1 ^U ! A3ES.N (
,H]ACLEODORUS 6(FICE1 ! OLIG>*Y 0
OV]?R[N1 & *ANG$ 0HM 96A 3/ITU;NAL &
DEMOCRATICAL GOV]N;T4
  ,AG1 ! REVOLU;N MAY 2 FACILITAT$ 0!
SLI<T;S (! *ANGE2 ,I M1N T A GRT *ANGE
MAY "S"TS SLIP 96! 3/ITU;N "? NEGLECT (A
SMALL MATT]2 AT ,AMBRACIA1 = 9/.E1 !
QUALIFIC,N = (FICE1 SMALL AT F/1 0
EV5TU,Y REDUC$ 6NO?+4 ,=! ,AMBRACIOTS
?"\ T A SMALL QUALIFIC,N 0 M* ! SAME Z
N"O AT ALL4
  ,ANO!R CAUSE ( REVOLU;N IS DI6];E (
RACES : D N AT ONCE ACQUIRE A -MON _S2 =
A /ATE IS N ! GR[? (A "D1 ANY M ?AN X
GR[S \ (A MULTITUDE BR"\ TGR 0A3ID5T4
,H;E ! RECEP;N ( /RANG]S 9 COLONIES1 EI
AT ! "T ( _! F.D,N OR AFWS1 HAS G5],Y
PRODUC$ REVOLU;N2 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,A*AEANS
:O JO9$ ! ,TROEZ5IANS 9 ! F.D,N (
,SYB>IS1 2COM+ LAT] ! M NUM]\S1 EXPELL$
!M2 H;E ! CURSE FELL ^U ,SYB>IS4 ,AT
,?URII ! ,SYB>ITES QU>RELL$ ) _! FELL[-
COLONI/S2 ?9K+ T ! L& 2L;G$ 6!M1 !Y
WANT$ TOO M* ( X & 7 DRIV5 \4 ,AT
,BYZANTIUM ! NEW COLONI/S 7 DETECT$ 9 A
3SPIRACY1 & 7 EXPELL$ 0=CE ( >MS2 ! P (
,ANTISSA1 :O _H RCVD ! ,*IAN EXILES1 F"\
) !M1 & DROVE !M \2 &! ,ZANCL1NS1 AF
HAV+ RCVD ! ,SAMIANS1 7 DRIV5 0!M \ ( _!
[N C;Y4 ,! CITIZ5S ( ,APOLLONIA ON !
,EUX9E1 AF ! 9TRODUC;N (A FRE% BODY (
COLONI/S1 _H A REVOLU;N2 ! ,SYRACUSANS1
AF ! EXPUL.N ( _! TYRANTS1 HAV+ ADMITT$
/RANG]S & M]C5>IES 6! "RS ( CITIZ5%IP1
QU>RELL$ & CAME 6BL[S2 ! P (
,AMPHIPOLIS1 HAV+ RCVD ,*ALCIDIAN
COLONI/S1 7 NE>LY ALL EXPELL$ 0!M4
  ,N[1 9 OLIG>*IES ! MASSES MAKE
REVOLU;N "U ! IDEA T !Y >E UNJU/LY
TR1T$1 2C1 Z ,I SD 2F1 !Y >E EQUALS1 & H
N AN EQUAL %>E1 & 9 DEMOCRACIES ! NOTA#S
REVOLT1 2C !Y >E N EQUALS1 & YET H ONLY
AN EQUAL %>E4
  ,AG1 ! SITU,N ( CITIES IS A CAUSE (
REVOLU;N :5 ! C.TRY IS N NATUR,Y ADAPT$
6PRES]VE ! UN;Y (! /ATE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !
,*YTIANS AT ,CLAZOM5AE DID N AGREE )! P
(! ISL&2 &! P ( ,COLOPHON QU>RELL$ )!
,NOTIANS2 AT ,A!NS TOO1 ! 9HABITANTS (!
,PIRAEUS >E M DEMOCRATIC ?AN ^? :O LIVE
9 ! C;Y4 ,= J Z 9 W> ! IMP$I;T (A DIT*1
?\< "E S SMALL1 MAY BR1K A REGI;T1 S E
CAUSE ( DI6];E1 H["E SLI<T1 MAKES A BR1*
9 A C;Y4 ,! GRTE/ OPPOSI;N IS 3FESS$LY T
( VIRTUE & VICE2 NEXT -ES T ( W1L? &
POV]TY2 & "! >E O!R ANTAGONI/IC ELE;TS1
GRT] OR LESS1 ( : "O IS ? DI6];E (
PLACE4

                  ,,IV

  ,9 REVOLU;NS ! O3A.NS MAY 2 TRIFL+1 B
GRT 9T]E/S >E AT /AKE4 ,EV5 TRIFLES >E
MO/ IMPORTANT :5 !Y 3C]N ! RUL]S1 Z 0 !
CASE ( OLD AT ,SYRACUSE2 =! ,SYRACUSAN
3/ITU;N 0 ONCE *ANG$ 0A LOVE-QU>REL (
TWO "Y M51 :O 7 9 ! GOV]N;T4 ,! /ORY IS
T :ILE "O ( !M 0 AWAY F HOME 8 2LOV$ 0
GA9$ OV] 0HIS -PANION1 & HE 6REV5GE HMF
SEDUC$ ! O!R'S WIFE4 ,!Y !N DREW !
MEMB]S (! RUL+ CLASS 96_! QU>REL & S
SPLIT ALL ! P 96POR;NS4 ,WE LE>N F ?
/ORY T WE %D 2 ON \R GU>D AG/ ! 2G9N+S (
S* EVILS1 & %D PUT AN 5D 6! QU>RELS (
*IEFS & MI<TY M54 ,! MISTAKE LIES 9 !
2G9N+- Z ! PROV]B SAYS--,8,WELL 2GUN IS
HALF D"O0'2 S AN ]ROR AT ! 2G9N+1 ?\< Q
SMALL1 BE>S ! SAME RATIO 6! ]RORS 9 !
O!R "PS4 ,9 G5]AL1 :5 ! NOTA#S QU>REL1 !
:OLE C;Y IS 9VOLV$1 Z HAPP5$ 9 ,HESDAEA
AF ! ,P]SIAN ,W>4 ,! O3A.N 0 ! DIVI.N (
AN 9H]IT.E2 "O ( TWO BRO!RS REFUS$ 6GIVE
AN A3.T ( _! "F'S PROP]TY &! TR1SURE :
HE _H F.D3 S ! POOR] (! TWO QU>RELL$ )
HM & 5LI/$ 9 8 CAUSE ! POPUL> "PY1 !
O!R1 :O 0 V RI*1 ! W1L?Y CLASSES4
  ,AT ,DELPHI1 AG1 A QU>REL AB A M>RIAGE
0 ! 2G9N+ ( ALL ! TR\#S : FOLL[$4 ,9 ?
CASE ! BRIDEGROOM1 FANCY+ "S O3URR;E 6BE
( EVIL OM51 CAME 6! BRIDE1 & W5T AWAY
)\T TAK+ H]4 ,":^U H] REL,NS1 ?9K+ T !Y
7 9SULT$ 0HM1 PUT "S (! SACR$ TR1SURE
AM;G 8 (F]+S :ILE HE 0 SACRIFIC+1 & !N
SLEW HM1 PRET5D+ T HE _H BE5 RO2+ !
TEMPLE4 ,AT ,MYTIL5E1 TOO1 A 4PUTE AB
HEIRESSES 0 ! 2G9N+ ( _M MIS=TUNES1 & L$
6! W> )! ,A!NIANS 9 : ,PA*ES TOOK _!
C;Y4 ,A W1L?Y CITIZ51 "ND ,TIMOPHANES1
LEFT TWO DAU<T]S2 ,DEX&]1 ANO!R CITIZ51
WANT$ 6OBTA9 !M = 8 SONS2 B HE 0 REJECT$
9 8 SUIT1 ":^U HE /IRR$ UP A REVOLU;N1 &
9/IGAT$ ! ,A!NIANS 7( :OM HE 0 PROX5US7
69T]F]E4 ,A SIMIL> QU>REL AB AN HEIRESS
>OSE AT ,PHOCIS 2T ,MNAS1S ! "F (
,MNASON1 & ,EU?YCRATES ! "F ( ,ONOM>*US2
? 0 ! 2G9N+ (! ,SACR$ ,W>4 ,A M>RIAGE-
QU>REL 0 AL ! CAUSE (A *ANGE 9 ! GOV]N;T
( ,EPIDAMNUS4 ,A C]TA9 MAN 2TRO!D 8
DAU<T] 6A P]SON ^: "F1 HAV+ BE5 MADE A
MAGI/RATE1 F9$ ! "F (! GIRL1 &! LATT]1
/UNG 0! 9SULT1 3SPIR$ )! UN5FRAN*IS$
CLASSES 6OV]?R[ ! /ATE4
  ,GOV]N;TS AL *ANGE 96OLIG>*Y OR
96DEMOCRACY OR 96A 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T 2C
! MAGI/RATES1 OR "S O!R SEC;N (! /ATE1
9CR1SE 9 P[] OR REN[N4 ,?US AT ,A!NS !
REPUT,N GA9$ 0! C\RT (! ,>EOPAGUS1 9 !
,P]SIAN ,W>1 SEEM$ 6TI<T5 ! RE9S (
GOV]N;T4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! VICTORY (
,SALAMIS1 : 0 GA9$ 0! -MON P :O S]V$ 9 !
FLEET1 & WON =! ,A!NIANS ! EMPIRE DUE
6-M& (! SEA1 /R5G!N$ ! DEMOCRACY4 ,AT
,>GOS1 ! NOTA#S1 HAV+ 4T+UI%$ !MVS AG/ !
,LAC$AEMONIANS 9 ! BATTLE ( ,MANT9EA1
ATTEMPT$ 6PUT D[N ! DEMOCRACY4 ,AT
,SYRACUSE1 ! P1 HAV+ BE5 ! *IEF AU?ORS (
! VICTORY 9 ! W> )! ,A!NIANS1 *ANG$ !
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T 96DEMOCRACY4 ,AT
,*ALCIS1 ! P1 UNIT+ )! NOTA#S1 KILL$
,PHOXUS ! TYRANT1 & !N SEIZ$ ! GOV]N;T4
,AT ,AMBRACIA1 ! P1 9 L MANN]1 HAV+ JO9$
)! 3SPIRATORS 9 EXPELL+ ! TYRANT ,P]I&]1
TRANSF]R$ ! GOV]N;T 6!MVS4 ,& G5],Y X %D
2 REMEMB]$ T ^? :O H SECUR$ P[] 6! /ATE1
:E!R PRIVATE CITIZ5S1 OR MAGI/RATES1 OR
TRIBES1 OR ANY O!R "P OR SEC;N (! /ATE1
>E APT 6CAUSE REVOLU;NS4 ,= EI 5VY ( _!
GRT;S DRAWS O!RS 96REBELLION1 OR !Y
!MVS1 9 _! PRIDE ( SUP]IOR;Y1 >E UNWILL+
6REMA9 ON A LEVEL ) O!RS4
  ,REVOLU;NS AL BR1K \ :5 OPPOSITE
"PIES1 E4G41 ! RI* &! P1 >E EQU,Y
BAL.ED1 & "! IS LL OR NO MI4LE CLASS2 =1
IF EI "PY 7 MANIFE/LY SUP]IOR1 ! O!R WD
N RISK AN ATTACK ^U !M4 ,&1 = ? R1SON1
^? :O >E EM95T 9 VIRTUE USU,Y D N /IR UP
9SURREC;NS1 ALW 2+ A M9OR;Y4 ,S* >E !
2G9N+S & CAUSES (! 4TURB.ES & REVOLU;NS
6: E =M ( GOV]N;T IS LIA#4
  ,REVOLU;NS >E E6ECT$ 9 TWO WAYS1 0=CE
& 0FRAUD4 ,=CE MAY 2 APPLI$ EI AT ! "T (
MAK+ ! REVOLU;N OR AFWS4 ,FRAUD1 AG1 IS
( TWO K9DS2 = 7#A7 "S"TS ! CITIZ5S >E
DCVD 96ACQUIESC+ 9 A *ANGE ( GOV]N;T1 &
AFWS !Y >E HELD 9 SUBJEC;N AG/ _! W4 ,?
0 :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! CASE (! ,F\R ,HUNDR$1
:O DCVD ! P 0TELL+ !M T ! K+ WD PROVIDE
M"OY =! W> AG/ ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS1 &1 HAV+
*1T$ ! P1 / 5D1VOR$ 6RETA9 ! GOV]N;T4
7#B7 ,9 O!R CASES ! P >E P]SUAD$ AT F/1
& AFWS1 0A REPETI;N (! P]SUA.N1 _!
GDWILL & ALLEGI.E >E RETA9$4 ,!
REVOLU;NS : E6ECT 3/ITU;NS G5],Y SPR+ F
! ABV-M5;N$ CAUSES4

                  ;,V

  ,& N[1 TAK+ EA* 3/ITU;N SEP>ATELY1 WE
M/ SEE :AT FOLL[S F ! PR9CIPLES ALR LAID
D[N4
  ,REVOLU;NS 9 DEMOCRACIES >E G5],Y
CAUS$ 0! 9TEMP].E ( DEMAGOGUES1 :O EI 9
_! PRIVATE CAPAC;Y LAY 9=M,N AG/ RI* M5
UNTIL !Y -PEL !M 6-B9E 7=A -MON DANG]
UNITES EV5 ! BITT]E/ 5EMIES71 OR -+ =W>D
9 PUBLIC /IR UP ! P AG/ !M4 ,! TRU? ( ?
REM>K IS PROV$ 0A V>IETY ( EXAMPLES4 ,AT
,COS ! DEMOCRACY 0 OV]?R[N 2C WICK$
DEMAGOGUES >OSE1 &! NOTA#S -B9$4 ,AT
,RHODES ! DEMAGOGUES N ONLY PROVID$ PAY
=! MULTITUDE1 B PREV5T$ !M F MAK+ GD 6!
TRI]>*S ! SUMS : _H BE5 EXP5D$ 0!M2 &
!Y1 9 3SEQU;E (! SUITS : 7 BR"\ AG/ !M1
7 -PELL$ 6-B9E & PUT D[N ! DEMOCRACY4 ,!
DEMOCRACY AT ,H]ACLEA 0 OV]?R[N %ORTLY
AF ! F.D,N (! COLONY 0! 9JU/ICE (!
DEMAGOGUES1 : DROVE \ ! NOTA#S1 :O CAME
BACK 9 A BODY & PUT AN 5D 6! DEMOCRACY4
,M* 9 ! SAME MANN] ! DEMOCRACY AT ,MEG>A
0 OV]TURN$2 "! ! DEMAGOGUES DROVE \ _M (
! NOTA#S 9 ORD] T !Y MI<T 2 A# 63FISCATE
_! PROP]TY4 ,AT L5G? ! EXILES1 2COM+
NUM]\S1 RETURN$1 &1 5GAG+ & DEF1T+ ! P1
E/ABLI%$ ! OLIG>*Y4 ,! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ )!
DEMOCRACY ( ,CYME1 : 0 OV]?R[N
0,?RASYMA*US4 ,& WE MAY OBS]VE T 9 MO/
/ATES ! *ANGES H BE5 ( ? "*4 ,= "S"TS !
DEMAGOGUES1 9 ORD] 6CURRY FAVOR )! P1
WR;G ! NOTA#S & S =CE !M 6-B9E2 EI !Y
MAKE A DIVI.N ( _! PROP]TY1 OR DIM9I% _!
9COMES 0! IMPOSI;N ( PUBLIC S]VICES1 &
"S"TS !Y BR+ A3US,NS AG/ ! RI* T !Y MAY
H _! W1L? 63FISCATE4
  ,( OLD1 ! DEMAGOGUE 0 AL A G5]AL1 & !N
DEMOCRACIES *ANG$ 96TYRANNIES4 ,MO/ (!
ANCI5T TYRANTS 7 ORIG9,Y DEMAGOGUES4 ,!Y
>E N S N[1 B !Y 7 !N2 &! R1SON IS T !Y 7
G5]ALS & N ORATORS1 = ORATORY _H N YET
-E 96FA%ION4 ,":AS 9 \R "D1 :5 ! >T (
RHETORIC HAS MADE S* PROGRESS1 ! ORATORS
L1D ! P1 B _! IGNOR.E ( MILIT>Y MATT]S
PREV5TS !M F USURP+ P[]2 AT ANY RATE
9/.ES 6! 3TR>Y >E FEW & SLI<T4
,TYRANNIES 7 M -MON =M]LY ?AN N[1 = ?
R1SON AL1 T GRT P[] 0 PLAC$ 9 ! H&S (
9DIVIDUALS2 ?US A TYRANNY >OSE AT
,MILETUS \ (! (FICE (! ,PRYTANIS1 :O _H
SUPREME AU?OR;Y 9 _M IMPORTANT MATT]S4
,MOREOV]1 9 ^? "DS1 :5 CITIES 7 N L>GE1
! P DWELT 9 ! FIELDS1 BUSY AT _! "W2 &
_! *IEFS1 IF !Y POSSESS$ ANY MILIT>Y
TAL5T1 SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUN;Y1 & W9N+ !
3FID;E (! MASSES 0PROFESS+ _! HATR$ (!
W1L?Y1 !Y SU3E$$ 9 OBTA9+ ! TYRANNY4
,?US AT ,A!NS ,PEISI/RATUS L$ A FAC;N
AG/ ! M5 (! PLA91 & ,!AG5ES AT ,MEG>A
SLAU<T]$ ! CATTLE (! W1L?Y1 : HE F.D 0!
RIV] SIDE1 ": !Y _H PUT !M 6GRAZE 9 L& N
_! [N4 ,DIONYSIUS1 AG1 0 ?"\ WOR?Y (!
TYRANNY 2C HE DEN\NC$ ,DAPHNAEUS &! RI*2
8 5M;Y 6! NOTA#S WON = HM ! 3FID;E (! P4
,*ANGES AL TAKE PLACE F ! ANCI5T 6!
LATE/ =M ( DEMOCRACY2 = ": "! IS A
POPUL> ELEC;N (! MAGI/RATES & NO PROP]TY
QUALIFIC,N1 ! ASPIRANTS = (FICE GET HOLD
(! P1 & 3TRIVE AT LA/ EV5 6SET !M ABV !
LAWS4 ,A M OR LESS -PLETE CURE = ? /ATE
( ?+S IS =! SEP>ATE TRIBES1 & N ! :OLE
P1 6ELECT ! MAGI/RATES4
  ,^! >E ! PR9CIPAL CAUSES ( REVOLU;NS 9
DEMOCRACIES4

                  ,,VI

  ,"! >E TWO PAT5T CAUSES ( REVOLU;NS 9
OLIG>*IES3 7#A7 ,F/1 :5 ! OLIG>*S
OPPRESS ! P1 = !N ANYBODY IS GD 5 6BE _!
*AMPION1 ESPECI,Y IF HE 2 HMF A MEMB] (!
OLIG>*Y1 Z ,LYGDAMIS AT ,NAXOS1 :O AFWS
CAME 6BE TYRANT4 ,B REVOLU;NS : -M;E
\TSIDE ! GOV]N+ CLASS MAY 2 FUR!R
SUBDIVID$4 ,"S"TS1 :5 ! GOV]N;T IS V
EXCLUSIVE1 ! REVOLU;N IS BR"\ AB 0P]SONS
(! W1L?Y CLASS :O >E EXCLUD$1 Z HAPP5$
AT ,MASSALIA & ,I/ROS & ,H]ACLEA1 & O!R
CITIES4 ,^? :O _H NO %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T
CR1T$ A 4TURB.E1 UNTIL F/ ! ELD] BRO!RS1
& !N ! "Y]1 7 ADMITT$2 = 9 "S PLACES "F
& SON1 9 O!RS ELD] & "Y] BRO!RS1 D N
HOLD (FICE TGR4 ,AT ,MASSALIA ! OLIG>*Y
2CAME M L A 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 B AT
,I/ROS 5D$ 9 A DEMOCRACY1 & AT ,H]ACLEA
0 5L>G$ 6#FJJ4 ,AT ,CNIDOS1 AG1 !
OLIG>*Y "UW5T A 3SID]A# *ANGE4 ,=!
NOTA#S FELL \ AM;G !MVS1 2C ONLY A FEW
%>$ 9 ! GOV]N;T2 "! EXI/$ AM;G !M ! RULE
ALR M5;N$1 T "F & SON N HOLD (FICE TGR1
&1 IF "! 7 S"EAL BRO!RS1 ONLY ! ELDE/ 0
ADMITT$4 ,! P TOOK ADVANTAGE (! QU>REL1
& *OOS+ "O (! NOTA#S 6BE _! L1D]1
ATTACK$ & 3QU]$ ! OLIG>*S1 :O 7 DIVID$1
& DIVI.N IS ALW A S\RCE ( W1K;S4 ,! C;Y
( ,]Y?RAE1 TOO1 9 OLD "TS 0 RUL$1 & RUL$
WELL1 0! ,BASILIDAE1 B ! P TOOK (F5SE AT
! N>R[;S (! OLIG>*Y & *ANG$ ! 3/ITU;N4
  7#B7 ,( 9T]NAL CAUSES ( REVOLU;NS 9
OLIG>*IES "O IS ! P]SONAL RIVALRY (!
OLIG>*S1 : L1DS !M 6PLAY ! DEMAGOGUE4
,N[1 ! OLIG>*ICAL DEMAGOGUE IS ( TWO
SORTS3 EI 7A7 HE PRACTICES ^U ! OLIG>*S
!MVS 7=1 AL? ! OLIG>*Y >E Q A SMALL
NUMB]1 "! MAY 2 A DEMAGOGUE AM;G !M1 Z
AT ,A!NS ,*>ICLES' "PY WON P[] 0C\RT+ !
,?IRTY1 T ( ,PHRYNI*US 0C\RT+ ! ,F\R
,HUNDR$72 OR 7B7 ! OLIG>*S MAY PLAY !
DEMAGOGUE )! P4 ,? 0 ! CASE AT ,L>ISSA1
": ! GU>DIANS (! CITIZ5S 5D1VOR$ 6GA9
OV] ! P 2C !Y 7 ELECT$ 0!M2 & S* IS !
FATE ( ALL OLIG>*IES 9 : ! MAGI/RATES >E
ELECT$1 Z AT ,ABYDOS1 N 0! CLASS 6: !Y
2L;G1 B 0! H1VY->M$ OR 0! P1 AL? !Y MAY
2 REQUIR$ 6H A HI< QUALIFIC,N1 OR 6BE
MEMB]S (A POLITICAL CLUB2 OR1 AG1 ": !
LAW-C\RTS >E -POS$ ( P]SONS \TSIDE !
GOV]N;T1 ! OLIG>*S FLATT] ! P 9 ORD]
6OBTA9 A DECI.N 9 _! [N FAVOR1 & S !Y
*ANGE ! 3/ITU;N2 ? HAPP5$ AT ,H]ACLEA 9
,PONTUS4 ,AG1 OLIG>*IES *ANGE :5"E ANY
ATTEMPT IS MADE 6N>R[ !M2 = !N ^? :O
DESIRE EQUAL "RS >E -PELL$ 6CALL 9 ! P4
,*ANGES 9 ! OLIG>*Y AL O3UR :5 ! OLIG>*S
WA/E _! PRIVATE PROP]TY 0EXTRAVAGANT
LIV+2 = !N !Y WANT 69NOVATE1 & EI TRY
6MAKE !MVS TYRANTS1 OR 9/ALL "S "O ELSE
9 ! TYRANNY1 Z ,HIPP>9US DID ,DIONYSIUS
AT ,SYRACUSE1 & Z AT ,AMPHIPOLIS A MAN
"ND ,CLEOTIMUS 9TRODUC$ ,*ALCIDIAN
COLONI/S1 & :5 !Y >RIV$1 /IRR$ !M UP AG/
! RI*4 ,=A L R1SON 9 ,AEG9A ! P]SON :O
C>RI$ ON ! NEGOTI,N ) ,*>ES 5D1VOR$
6REVOLU;NIZE ! /ATE4 ,"S"TS A "PY AM;G !
OLIG>*S TRY DIRECTLY 6CR1TE A POLITICAL
*ANGE2 "S"TS !Y ROB ! TR1SURY1 & !N EI !
?IEVES OR1 Z HAPP5$ AT ,APOLLONIA 9
,PONTUS1 ^? :O RESI/ !M 9 _! ?IEV+
QU>REL )! RUL]S4 ,B AN OLIG>*Y : IS AT
UN;Y ) XF IS N EASILY DE/ROY$ F )92 ( ?
WE MAY SEE AN EXAMPLE AT ,PH>SALUS1 =
"!1 AL? ! RUL]S >E FEW 9 NUMB]1 !Y GOV]N
A L>GE C;Y1 2C !Y H A GD "U/&+ AM;G
!MVS4
  ,OLIG>*IES1 AG1 >E OV]?R[N :5 ANO!R
OLIG>*Y IS CR1T$ )9 ! ORIG9AL "O1 T IS
6SAY1 :5 ! :OLE GOV]N+ BODY IS SMALL &
YET !Y D N ALL %>E 9 ! HI<E/ (FICES4
,?US AT ,ELIS ! GOV]N+ BODY 0 A SMALL
S5ATE2 & V FEW "E F.D _! WAY 96X1 2C !
S5ATORS 7 ONLY N9ETY 9 NUMB]1 & 7 ELECT$
= LIFE & \ ( C]TA9 FAMILIES 9 A MANN]
SIMIL> 6! ,LAC$AEMONIAN ELD]S4 ,OLIG>*Y
IS LIA# 6REVOLU;NS ALIKE 9 W> & 9 P1CE2
9 W> 2C1 N 2+ A# 6TRU/ ! P1 ! OLIG>*S >E
-PELL$ 6HIRE M]C5>IES1 &! G5]AL :O IS 9
-M& ( !M (T5 5DS 9 2COM+ A TYRANT1 Z
,TIMOPHANES DID AT ,COR9?2 OR IF "! >E M
G5]ALS ?AN "O !Y MAKE !MVS 96A -PANY (
TYRANTS4 ,"S"TS ! OLIG>*S1 FE>+ ? DANG]1
GIVE ! P A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T 2C _! S]VICES
>E NEC 6!M4 ,& 9 "T ( P1CE1 F MUTUAL
4TRU/1 ! TWO "PIES H& OV] ! DEF5SE (!
/ATE 6! >MY & 6AN >BIT] 2T ! TWO FAC;NS1
:O (T5 5DS ! MA/] ( BO?4 ,? HAPP5$ AT
,L>ISSA :5 ,SIMOS ! ,ALEUAD _H !
GOV]N;T1 & AT ,ABYDOS 9 ! "DS (
,IPHIADES &! POLITICAL CLUBS4 ,REVOLU;NS
AL >ISE \ ( M>RIAGES OR LAWSUITS : L1D
6! OV]?R[ ( "O "PY AM;G ! OLIG>*S
0ANO!R4 ,( QU>RELS AB M>RIAGES ,I H ALR
M5;N$ "S 9/.ES2 ANO!R O3URR$ AT ,]ETRIA1
": ,DIAGORAS OV]TURN$ ! OLIG>*Y (!
KNI<TS 2C HE _H BE5 WR;G$ AB A M>RIAGE4
,A REVOLU;N AT ,H]ACLEA1 & ANO!R AT
,!BES1 BO? >OSE \ ( DECI.NS ( LAW-C\RTS
^U A *>GE ( ADULT]Y2 9 BO? CASES !
PUNI%;T 0 J1 B EXECUT$ 9 ! _S ( "PY1 AT
,H]ACLEA ^U ,EURY;N1 & AT ,!BES ^U
,>*IAS2 = _! 5EMIES 7 J1L\S ( !M & S _H
!M PILLORI$ 9 ! AGORA4 ,_M OLIG>*IES H
BE5 DE/ROY$ 0"S MEMB]S (! RUL+ CLASS
TAK+ (F5SE AT _! EXCESSIVE DESPOTISM2 =
EXAMPLE1 ! OLIG>*Y AT ,CNIDUS & AT
,*IOS4
  ,*ANGES ( 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS1 & AL (
OLIG>*IES : LIMIT ! (FICE ( C\NSELOR1
JUDGE1 OR O!R MAGI/RATE 6P]SONS HAV+ A
C]TA9 M"OY QUALIFIC,N1 (T5 O3UR 0A3ID5T4
,! QUALIFIC,N MAY H BE5 ORIG9,Y FIX$ AC
6! CIRCUM/.ES (! "T1 9 S* A MANN] Z
69CLUDE 9 AN OLIG>*Y A FEW ONLY1 OR 9 A
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T ! MI4LE CLASS4 ,B AF A
"T ( PROSP];Y1 :E!R >IS+ F P1CE OR "S
O!R GD =TUNE1 ! SAME PROP]TY 2COMES _M
"TS Z VALUA#1 & !N "EYBODY "PICIPATES 9
E (FICE2 ? HAPP5S "S"TS GRADU,Y &
9S5SIBLY1 & "S"TS QKLY4 ,^! >E ! CAUSES
( *ANGES & REVOLU;NS 9 OLIG>*IES4
  ,WE M/ REM>K G5],Y BO? ( DEMOCRACIES &
OLIG>*IES1 T !Y "S"TS *ANGE1 N 96!
OPPOSITE =MS ( GOV]N;T1 B ONLY 96ANO!R
V>IETY (! SAME CLASS2 ,I M1N 6SAY1 F ^?
=MS ( DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y : >E REGULAT$
0LAW 96^? : >E >BITR>Y1 & 3V]SELY4

                 ,,VII

  ,9 >I/OCRACIES REVOLU;NS >E /IRR$ UP
:5 A FEW ONLY %>E 9 ! HONORS (! /ATE2 A
CAUSE : HAS BE5 ALR %[N 6A6ECT
OLIG>*IES2 = AN >I/OCRACY IS A SORT (
OLIG>*Y1 &1 L AN OLIG>*Y1 IS ! GOV]N;T (
A FEW1 AL? FEW N =! SAME R1SON2 H;E !
TWO >E (T5 3F.D$4 ,& REVOLU;NS W 2 MO/
LIKELY 6HAPP51 & M/ HAPP51 :5 ! MASS (!
P >E (! HI<-_S$ K9D1 & H A NO;N T !Y >E
Z GD Z _! RUL]S4 ,?US AT ,LAC$AEMON ! S-
CALL$ ,P>!NIAE1 :O 7 ! ,7ILLEGITIMATE7'
SONS (! ,S"PAN PE]S1 ATTEMPT$ A
REVOLU;N1 &1 2+ DETECT$1 7 S5T AWAY
6COLONIZE ,T>5TUM4 ,AG1 REVOLU;NS O3UR
:5 GRT M5 :O >E AT L1/ ( EQUAL M]IT >E
4HONOR$ 0^? HI<] 9 (FICE1 Z ,LYS&] 0 0!
K+S ( ,S"PA2 OR1 :5 A BRAVE MAN IS
EXCLUD$ F ! HONORS (! /ATE1 L ,C9ADON1
:O 3SPIR$ AG/ ! ,S"PANS 9 ! REIGN (
,AGESILAUS2 OR1 AG1 :5 "S >E V POOR &
O!RS V RI*1 A /ATE ( SOCIETY : IS MO/
(T5 ! RESULT ( W>1 Z AT ,LAC$AEMON 9 !
"DS (! ,MESS5IAN ,W>2 ? IS PROV$ F !
POEM ( ,TYRTAEUS1 5TITL$ ,8,GD ,ORD]0'2
= HE SP1KS ( C]TA9 CITIZ5S :O 7 RU9$ 0!
W> & WANT$ 6H A REDISTRIBU;N (! L&4 ,AG1
REVOLU;NS >ISE :5 AN 9DIVIDUAL :O IS
GRT1 & MI<T 2 GRT]1 WANTS 6RULE AL"O1 Z1
AT ,LAC$AEMON1 ,PAUSANIAS1 :O 0 G5]AL 9
! ,P]SIAN ,W>1 OR L ,HANNO AT ,C>?AGE4
  ,3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS & >I/OCRACIES >E
-MONLY OV]?R[N [+ 6"S DEVI,N F JU/ICE 9
! 3/ITU;N XF2 ! CAUSE (! D[NFALL IS1 9 !
=M]1 ! ILL-M+L+ (! TWO ELE;TS1 DEMOCRACY
& OLIG>*Y2 9 ! LATT]1 (! ?REE ELE;TS1
DEMOCRACY1 OLIG>*Y1 & VIRTUE1 B ESPECI,Y
DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y4 ,= 6-B9E ^! IS !
5D1VOR ( 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS2 & MO/ (! S-
CALL$ >I/OCRACIES H A L AIM1 B DI6] F
POLITIES 9 ! MODE ( -B9,N2 H;E "S ( !M
>E M & "S LESS P]MAN5T4 ,^? : 9CL9E M
6OLIG>*Y >E CALL$ >I/OCRACIES1 & ^? :
9CL9E 6DEMOCRACY 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS4 ,&
"!=E ! LATT] >E ! SAF] (! TWO2 =! GRT] !
NUMB]1 ! GRT] ! /R5G?1 & :5 M5 >E EQUAL
!Y >E 3T5T$4 ,B ! RI*1 IF ! 3/ITU;N
GIVES !M P[]1 >E APT 6BE 9SOL5T &
AV>ICI\S2 &1 9 G5]AL1 :I*"E WAY !
3/ITU;N 9CL9ES1 9 T DIREC;N X *ANGES Z
EI "PY GA9S /R5G?1 A 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T
2COM+ A DEMOCRACY1 AN >I/OCRACY AN
OLIG>*Y4 ,B ! PROCESS MAY 2 REV]S$1 &
>I/OCRACY MAY *ANGE 96DEMOCRACY4 ,?
HAPP5S :5 ! POOR1 "U ! IDEA T !Y >E 2+
WR;G$1 =CE ! 3/ITU;N 6TAKE AN OPPOSITE
=M4 ,9 L MANN] 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS *ANGE
96OLIG>*IES4 ,! ONLY /A# PR9CIPLE (
GOV]N;T IS EQUAL;Y AC 6PROPOR;N1 &= E
MAN 65JOY 8 [N4
  ,:AT ,I H J M5;N$ ACTU,Y HAPP5$ AT
,?URII1 ": ! QUALIFIC,N = (FICE1 AT F/
HI<1 0 "!=E REDUC$1 &! MAGI/RATES 9CR1S$
9 NUMB]4 ,! NOTA#S _H PREVI\SLY ACQUIR$
! :OLE (! L& 3TR>Y 6LAW2 =! GOV]N;T T5D$
6OLIG>*Y1 & !Y 7 A# 65CROA* '''4 ,B ! P1
:O _H BE5 TRA9$ 0W>1 SOON GOT ! BETT] (!
GU>DS KEPT 0! OLIG>*S1 UNTIL ^? :O _H
TOO M* GAVE UP _! L&4
  ,AG1 S9CE ALL >I/OCRATICAL GOV]N;TS
9CL9E 6OLIG>*Y1 ! NOTA#S >E APT 6BE
GRASP+2 ?US AT ,LAC$AEMON1 ": PROP]TY
T5DS 6PASS 96FEW H&S1 ! NOTA#S C D TOO
M* Z !Y L1 & >E ALL[$ 6M>RY :OM !Y
PL1SE4 ,! C;Y ( ,LOCRI 0 RU9$ 0A M>RIAGE
3NEC;N ) ,DIONYSIUS1 B S* A ?+ CD N"E H
HAPP5$ 9 A DEMOCRACY1 OR 9 A WELLBAL.ED
>I/OCRACY4
  ,I H ALR REM>K$ T 9 ALL /ATES
REVOLU;NS >E O3A.N$ 0TRIFLES4 ,9
>I/OCRACIES1 ABV ALL1 !Y >E (A GRADUAL &
IMP]CEPTI# NATURE4 ,! CITIZ5S 2G9 0GIV+
UP "S "P (! 3/ITU;N1 & S ) GRT] EASE !
GOV]N;T *ANGE "S?+ ELSE : IS A LL M
IMPORTANT1 UNTIL !Y H "UM9$ ! :OLE
FABRIC (! /ATE4 ,AT ,?URII "! 0 A LAW T
G5]ALS %D ONLY 2 RE-ELECT$ AF AN 9T]VAL
( FIVE YE>S1 & "S "Y M5 :O 7 POPUL> )!
SOLDI]S (! GU>D = _! MILIT>Y PR[ESS1
DESPIS+ ! MAGI/RATES & ?9K+ T !Y WD
EASILY GA9 _! PURPOSE1 WANT$ 6ABOLI% ?
LAW & ALL[ _! G5]ALS 6HOLD P]PETUAL
-M&S2 = !Y WELL KNEW T ! P WD 2 GLAD 5
6ELECT !M4 ,":^U ! MAGI/RATES :O _H *>GE
( ^! MATT]S1 & :O >E CALL$ C\NCILLORS1
AT F/ DET]M9$ 6RESI/1 B !Y AFWS 3S5T$1
?9K+ T1 IF ONLY ? "O LAW 0 *ANG$1 NO
FUR!R 9ROAD WD 2 MADE ON ! 3/ITU;N4 ,B
O!R *ANGES SOON FOLL[$ : !Y 9 VA9
ATTEMPT$ 6OPPOSE2 &! /ATE PASS$ 96! H&S
(! REVOLU;NI/S1 :O E/ABLI%$ A DYNA/IC
OLIG>*Y4
  ,ALL 3/ITU;NS >E OV]?R[N EI F )9 OR F
)\T2 ! LATT]1 :5 "! IS "S GOV]N;T CLOSE
AT H& HAV+ AN OPPOSITE 9T]E/1 OR AT A
4T.E1 B P[];L4 ,? 0 EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! OLD
"TS (! ,A!NIANS &! ,LAC$AEMONIANS2 !
,A!NIANS "EY": PUT D[N ! OLIG>*IES1 &!
,LAC$AEMONIANS ! DEMOCRACIES4
  ,I H N[ EXPLA9$ :AT >E ! *IEF CAUSES (
REVOLU;NS & 4S5.NS 9 /ATES4

                 ,,VIII

  ,WE H NEXT 63SID] :AT M1NS "! >E (
PRES]V+ 3/ITU;NS 9 G5]AL1 & 9 "PICUL>
CASES4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE X IS EVID5T T IF WE
"K ! CAUSES : DE/ROY 3/ITU;NS1 WE AL "K
! CAUSES : PRES]VE !M2 = OPPOSITES
PRODUCE OPPOSITES1 & DE/RUC;N IS !
OPPOSITE ( PRES]V,N4
  ,9 ALL WELL-ATTEMP]$ GOV]N;TS "! IS
NO?+ : %D 2 M J1L\SLY MA9TA9$ ?AN ! _S (
OB$I;E 6LAW1 M ESPECI,Y 9 SMALL MATT]S2
= TRANSGRES.N CREEPS 9 UNP]CVD & AT LA/
RU9S ! /ATE1 J Z ! 3/ANT RECURR;E (
SMALL EXP5SES 9 "T EATS UP A =TUNE4 ,!
EXP5SE DOES N TAKE PLACE AT ONCE1 & "!=E
IS N OBS]V$2 ! M9D IS DCVD1 Z 9 !
FALLACY : SAYS T ,8IF EA* "P IS LL1 !N !
:OLE IS LL40' ? IS TRUE 9 "O WAY1 B N 9
ANO!R1 =! :OLE &! ALL >E N LL1 AL? !Y >E
MADE UP ( LLS4
  ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 !N1 M5 %D GU>D AG/ !
2G9N+ ( *ANGE1 & 9 ! SECOND PLACE !Y %D
N RELY ^U ! POLITICAL DEVICES ( : ,I H
ALR SPOK5 9V5T$ ONLY 6DCV ! P1 = !Y >E
PROV$ 0EXP]I;E 6BE USE.S4 ,FUR!R1 WE
NOTE T OLIG>*IES Z WELL Z >I/OCRACIES
MAY LA/1 N F ANY 9H]5T /ABIL;Y 9 S* =MS
( GOV]N;T1 B 2C ! RUL]S >E ON GD T]MS
BO? )! UN5FRAN*IS$ &)! GOV]N+ CLASSES1 N
MALTR1T+ ANY :O >E EXCLUD$ F ! GOV]N;T1
B 9TRODUC+ 96X ! L1D+ _SS AM;G !M4 ,!Y
%D N"E WR;G ! AMBITI\S 9 A MATT] (
HONOR1 OR ! -MON P 9 A MATT] ( M"OY2 &
!Y %D TR1T "O ANO!R & _! FELL[ CITIZ5 9
A _S ( EQUAL;Y4 ,! EQUAL;Y : ! FRS (
DEMOCRACY SEEK 6E/ABLI% =! MULTITUDE IS
N ONLY J B LIKEWISE EXP$I5T AM;G EQUALS4
,H;E1 IF ! GOV]N+ CLASS >E NUM]\S1 _M
DEMOCRATIC 9/ITU;NS >E USE;L2 = EXAMPLE1
! RE/RIC;N (! T5URE ( (FICES 6SIX MON?S1
T ALL ^? :O >E ( EQUAL RANK MAY %>E 9
!M4 ,9DE$1 EQUALS OR PE]S :5 !Y >E
NUM]\S 2COME A K9D ( DEMOCRACY1 & "!=E
DEMAGOGUES >E V LIKELY 6>ISE AM;G !M1 Z
,I H ALR REM>K$4 ,! %ORT T5URE ( (FICE
PREV5TS OLIG>*IES & >I/OCRACIES F FALL+
96! H&S ( FAMILIES2 X IS N EASY =A P]SON
6D ANY GRT H>M :5 8 T5URE ( (FICE IS
%ORT1 ":AS L;G POSSES.N 2GETS TYRANNY 9
OLIG>*IES & DEMOCRACIES4 ,=! ASPIRANTS
6TYRANNY >E EI ! PR9CIPAL M5 (! /ATE1 :O
9 DEMOCRACIES >E DEMAGOGUES & 9
OLIG>*IES MEMB]S ( RUL+ H\SES1 OR ^? :O
HOLD GRT (FICES1 & H A L;G T5URE ( !M4
  ,3/ITU;NS >E PRES]V$ :5 _! DE/ROY]S >E
AT A 4T.E1 & "S"TS AL 2C !Y >E NE>1 =!
FE> ( !M MAKES ! GOV]N;T KEEP 9 H& !
3/ITU;N4 ,":=E ! RUL] :O HAS A C>E (!
3/ITU;N %D 9V5T T]RORS1 & BR+ 4TANT
DANG]S NE>1 9 ORD] T ! CITIZ5S MAY 2 ON
_! GU>D1 &1 L S5T9ELS 9 A NI<T WAT*1 N"E
RELAX _! ATT5;N4 ,HE %D 5D1VOR TOO 0HELP
(! LAWS 63TROL ! 3T5;NS & QU>RELS (!
NOTA#S1 & 6PREV5T ^? :O H N HI!RTO TAK5
"P 9 !M F CAT*+ ! _S ( 3T5;N4 ,NO ORD9>Y
MAN C 4C]N ! 2G9N+ ( EVIL1 B ONLY ! TRUE
/ATESMAN4
  ,Z 6! *ANGE PRODUC$ 9 OLIG>*IES &
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS 0! ALT],N (!
QUALIFIC,N1 :5 ? >ISES1 N \ ( ANY V>I,N
9 ! QUALIFIC,N B ONLY \ (! 9CR1SE (
M"OY1 X IS WELL 6-P>E ! G5]AL VALU,N (
PROP]TY ) T ( PA/ YE>S1 ANNU,Y 9 ^?
CITIES 9 : ! C5SUS IS TAK5 ANNU,Y & 9
L>G] CITIES E ?IRD OR FIF? YE>4 ,IF !
:OLE IS _M "TS GRT] OR _M "TS LESS ?AN
:5 ! RAT+S RECOGNIZ$ 0! 3/ITU;N 7 FIX$1
"! %D 2 P[] GIV5 0LAW 6RAISE OR L[] !
QUALIFIC,N Z ! AM.T IS GRT] OR LESS4 ,":
? IS N D"O A 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T PASSES
96AN OLIG>*Y1 & AN OLIG>*Y IS N>R[$ 6A
RULE ( FAMILIES2 OR 9 ! OPPOSITE CASE
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T 2COMES DEMOCRACY1 &
OLIG>*Y EI 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T OR
DEMOCRACY4
  ,X IS A PR9CIPLE -MON 6DEMOCRACY1
OLIG>*Y1 & E O!R =M ( GOV]N;T N 6ALL[ !
4PROPOR;NATE 9CR1SE ( ANY CITIZ5 B 6GIVE
MOD]ATE HONOR =A L;G "T R ?AN GRT HONOR
=A %ORT "T4 ,= M5 >E EASILY SPOILT2 N E
"O C BE> PROSP];Y4 ,B IF ? RULE IS N
OBS]V$1 AT ANY RATE ! HONORS : >E GIV5
ALL AT ONCE %D 2 TAK5 AWAY 0DEGREES & N
ALL AT ONCE4 ,ESPECI,Y %D ! LAWS PROVIDE
AG/ ANY "O HAV+ TOO M* P[]1 :E!R DERIV$
F FRS OR M"OY2 IF HE HAS1 HE %D 2 S5T
CL1N \ (! C.TRY4 ,& S9CE 9NOV,NS CREEP 9
"? ! PRIVATE LIFE ( 9DIVIDUALS AL1 "! "\
6BE A MAGI/RACY : W H AN EYE 6^? ^: LIFE
IS N 9 H>MONY )! GOV]N;T1 :E!R OLIG>*Y
OR DEMOCRACY OR ANY O!R4 ,&=A L R1SON AN
9CR1SE ( PROSP];Y 9 ANY "P (! /ATE %D 2
C>E;LLY WAT*$4 ,! PROP] REM$Y = ? EVIL
IS ALW 6GIVE ! MANAGE;T ( A6AIRS &
(FICES ( /ATE 6OPPOSITE ELE;TS2 S*
OPPOSITES >E ! VIRTU\S &! _M1 OR ! RI* &
! POOR4 ,ANO!R WAY IS 6-B9E ! POOR &!
RI* 9 "O BODY1 OR 69CR1SE ! MI4LE CLASS3
?US AN 5D W 2 PUT 6! REVOLU;NS : >ISE F
9EQUAL;Y4
  ,B ABV ALL E /ATE %D 2 S ADM9I/]$ & S
REGULAT$ 0LAW T XS MAGI/RATES _C
POSSIBLY MAKE M"OY4 ,9 OLIG>*IES SPECIAL
PRECAU;NS %D 2 US$ AG/ ? EVIL4 ,=! P D N
TAKE ANY GRT (F5SE AT 2+ KEPT \ (!
GOV]N;T- 9DE$ !Y >E R PL1S$ ?AN O!RWISE
AT HAV+ LEISURE = _! PRIVATE BUSI;S- B
:AT IRRITATES !M IS 6?9K T _! RUL]S >E
/1L+ ! PUBLIC M"OY2 !N !Y >E D\BLY
ANNOY$2 = !Y LOSE BO? HONOR & PR(IT4 ,IF
(FICE BR"\ NO PR(IT1 !N & !N ONLY CD
DEMOCRACY & >I/OCRACY 2 -B9$2 = BO?
NOTA#S & P MI<T H _! WI%ES GRATIFI$4
,ALL WD 2 A# 6HOLD (FICE1 : IS ! AIM (
DEMOCRACY1 &! NOTA#S WD 2 MAGI/RATES1 :
IS ! AIM ( >I/OCRACY4 ,& ? RESULT MAY 2
A3OMPLI%$ :5 "! IS NO POSSIBIL;Y ( MAK+
M"OY \ (! (FICES2 =! POOR W N WANT 6H !M
:5 "! IS NO?+ 6BE GA9$ F !M- !Y WD R 2
ATT5D+ 6_! [N 3C]NS2 &! RI*1 :O D N WANT
M"OY F ! PUBLIC TR1SURY1 W 2 A# 6TAKE
!M2 & S ! POOR W KEEP 6_! "W & GR[ RI*1
&! NOTA#S W N 2 GOV]N$ 0! L[] CLASS4 ,9
ORD] 6AVOID PECUL,N (! PUBLIC M"OY1 !
TRANSF] (! REV5UE %D 2 MADE AT A G5]AL
ASSEMBLY (! CITIZ5S1 & DUPLICATES (!
A3.TS DEPOSIT$ )! DI6]5T BRO!RHOODS1
-PANIES1 & TRIBES4 ,& HONORS %D 2 GIV5
0LAW 6MAGI/RATES :O H ! REPUT,N ( 2+
9CORRUPTI#4 ,9 DEMOCRACIES ! RI* %D 2
SP>$2 N ONLY %D _! PROP]TY N 2 DIVID$1 B
_! 9COMES AL1 : 9 "S /ATES >E TAK5 F !M
IMP]CEPTIBLY1 %D 2 PROTECT$4 ,X IS A GD
?+ 6PREV5T ! W1L?Y CITIZ5S1 EV5 IF !Y >E
WILL+ F "UTAK+ EXP5SIVE & USE.S PUBLIC
S]VICES1 S* Z ! GIV+ ( *ORUSES1 TOR*-
RACES1 &! L4 ,9 AN OLIG>*Y1 ON ! O!R H&1
GRT C>E %D 2 TAK5 (! POOR1 & LUCRATIVE
(FICES %D G 6!M2 IF ANY (! W1L?Y CLASSES
9SULT !M1 ! (F5D] %D 2 PUNI%$ M SEV]ELY
?AN IF HE _H WR;G$ "O ( 8 [N CLASS4
,PROVI.N %D 2 MADE T E/ATES PASS
09H]IT.E & N 0GIFT1 & NO P]SON %D H M
?AN "O 9H]IT.E2 = 9 ? WAY PROP]TIES W 2
EQUALIZ$1 & M (! POOR RISE 6-PET5CY4 ,X
IS AL EXP$I5T BO? 9 A DEMOCRACY & 9 AN
OLIG>*Y 6ASSIGN 6^? :O H LESS %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T 7I4E41 6! RI* 9 A DEMOCRACY & 6!
POOR 9 AN OLIG>*Y7 AN EQUAL;Y OR PREF];E
9 ALL B ! PR9CIPAL (FICES ( /ATE4 ,!
LATT] %D 2 5TRU/$ *IEFLY OR ONLY 6MEMB]S
(! GOV]N+ CLASS4

                  ,,IX

  ,"! >E ?REE QUALIFIC,NS REQUIR$ 9 ^?
:O H 6FILL ! HI<E/ (FICES--7#A7 F/ (
ALL1 LOYALTY 6! E/ABLI%$ 3/ITU;N2 7#B7 !
GRTE/ ADM9I/RATIVE CAPAC;Y2 7#C7 VIRTUE
& JU/ICE (! K9D PROP] 6EA* =M ( GOV]N;T2
=1 IF :AT IS J IS N ! SAME 9 ALL
GOV]N;TS1 ! QUAL;Y ( JU/ICE M/ AL DI6]4
,"! MAY 2 A D\BT1 H["E1 :5 ALL ^!
QUALITIES D N MEET 9 ! SAME P]SON1 H[ !
SELEC;N IS 6BE MADE2 SUPPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1
A GD G5]AL IS A BAD MAN & N A FR 6!
3/ITU;N1 & ANO!R MAN IS LOYAL & J1 : %D
WE *OOSE8 ,9 MAK+ ! ELEC;N "\ WE N
63SID] TWO PO9TS8 :AT QUALITIES >E -MON1
& :AT >E R>E4 ,?US 9 ! *OICE (A G5]AL1
WE %D REG>D 8 SKILL R ?AN 8 VIRTUE2 =
FEW H MILIT>Y SKILL1 B _M H VIRTUE4 ,9
ANY (FICE ( TRU/ OR /EW>D%IP1 ON ! O!R
H&1 ! OPPOSITE RULE %D 2 OBS]V$2 = M
VIRTUE ?AN ORD9>Y IS REQUIR$ 9 ! HOLD] (
S* AN (FICE1 B ! NEC K IS (A SORT : ALL
M5 POSSESS4
  ,X MAY1 H["E1 2 ASK$ :AT A MAN WANTS )
VIRTUE IF HE H POLITICAL ABIL;Y & IS
LOYAL1 S9CE ^! TWO QUALITIES AL"O W MAKE
HM D :AT IS =! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 ,B MAY N M5
H BO? ( !M & YET 2 DEFICI5T 9 SELF-
3TROL8 ,IF1 "K+ & LOV+ _! [N 9T]E/S1 !Y
D N ALW ATT5D 6!M1 MAY !Y N 2 EQU,Y
NEGLIG5T (! 9T]E/S (! PUBLIC8
  ,SP1K+ G5],Y1 WE MAY SAY T :AT"E LEGAL
5ACT;TS >E HELD 6BE =! 9T]E/ ( V>I\S
3/ITU;NS1 ALL ^! PRES]VE !M4 ,&! GRT
PRES]V+ PR9CIPLE IS ! "O : HAS BE5
REP1T$LY M5;N$- 6H A C>E T ! LOYAL
CITIZ5 %D 2 /R;G] ?AN ! 4LOYAL4 ,NEI %D
WE =GET ! M1N1 : AT ! PRES5T "D IS LO/
SI<T ( 9 P]V]T$ =MS ( GOV]N;T2 = _M
PRACTICES : APPE> 6BE DEMOCRATICAL >E !
RU9 ( DEMOCRACIES1 & _M : APPE> 6BE
OLIG>*ICAL >E ! RU9 ( OLIG>*IES4 ,^? :O
?9K T ALL VIRTUE IS 6BE F.D 9 _! [N "PY
PR9CIPLES PU% MATT]S 6EXTREMES2 !Y D N
3SID] T 4PROPOR;N DE/ROYS A /ATE4 ,A
NOSE : V>IES F ! ID1L ( /RAI<T;S 6A HOOK
OR SNUB MAY / 2 ( GD %APE & AGREEA# 6!
EYE2 B IF ! EXCESS 2 V GRT1 ALL SYMMETRY
IS LO/1 &! NOSE AT LA/ C1SES 6BE A NOSE
AT ALL ON A3.T ( "S EXCESS 9 "O DIREC;N
OR DEFECT 9 ! O!R2 & ? IS TRUE ( E O!R
"P (! HUMAN BODY4 ,! SAME LAW ( PROPOR;N
EQU,Y HOLDS 9 /ATES4 ,OLIG>*Y OR
DEMOCRACY1 AL? A DE"PURE F ! MO/ P]FECT
=M1 MAY YET 2 A GD 5 GOV]N;T1 B IF ANY
"O ATTEMPTS 6PU% ! PR9CIPLES ( EI 6AN
EXTREME1 HE W 2G9 0SPOIL+ ! GOV]N;T & 5D
0HAV+ N"O AT ALL4 ,":=E ! LEGISLATOR &!
/ATESMAN "\ 6"K :AT DEMOCRATICAL M1SURES
SAVE & :AT DE/ROY A DEMOCRACY1 & :AT
OLIG>*ICAL M1SURES SAVE OR DE/ROY AN
OLIG>*Y4 ,= NEI ! "O NOR ! O!R C EXI/ OR
3T9UE 6EXI/ UN.S BO? RI* & POOR >E
9CLUD$ 9 X4 ,IF EQUAL;Y ( PROP]TY IS
9TRODUC$1 ! /ATE M/ ( NECESS;Y TAKE
ANO!R =M2 = :5 0LAWS C>RI$ 6EXCESS "O OR
O!R ELE;T 9 ! /ATE IS RU9$1 ! 3/ITU;N IS
RU9$4
  ,"! IS AN ]ROR -MON BO? 6OLIG>*IES &
6DEMOCRACIES3 9 ! LATT] ! DEMAGOGUES1 :5
! MULTITUDE >E ABV ! LAW1 >E ALW CUTT+ !
C;Y 9 TWO 0QU>RELS )! RI*1 ":AS !Y %D
ALW PROFESS 6BE MA9TA9+ _! CAUSE2 J Z 9
OLIG>*IES ! OLIG>*S %D PROFESS 6MA9TA9+
! CAUSE (! P1 & %D TAKE OA?S ! OPPOSITE
( ^? : !Y N[ TAKE4 ,= "! >E CITIES 9 :
!Y SWE>--,8,I W 2 AN 5EMY 6! P1 & W
DEVISE ALL ! H>M AG/ !M : ,I C0'2 B !Y
"\ 6EXHIBIT & 65T]TA9 ! V OPPOSITE
FEEL+2 9 ! =M ( _! OA? "! %D 2 AN
EXPRESS DECL>,N--,8,I W D NO WR;G 6!
P40'
  ,B ( ALL ! ?+S : ,I H M5;N$ T : MO/
3TRIBUTES 6! P]MAN;E ( 3/ITU;NS IS !
ADAPT,N ( $UC,N 6! =M ( GOV]N;T1 & YET 9
\R [N "D ? PR9CIPLE IS UNIV]S,Y
NEGLECT$4 ,! BE/ LAWS1 ?\< SANC;N$ 0E
CITIZ5 (! /ATE1 W 2 ( NO AVAIL UN.S ! "Y
>E TRA9$ 0HABIT & $UC,N 9 ! _S (!
3/ITU;N1 IF ! LAWS >E DEMOCRATICAL1
DEMOCRATIC,Y OR OLIG>*IC,Y1 IF ! LAWS >E
OLIG>*ICAL4 ,= "! MAY 2 A WANT ( SELF-
4CIPL9E 9 /ATES Z WELL Z 9 9DIVIDUALS4
,N[1 6H BE5 $UCAT$ 9 ! _S (! 3/ITU;N IS
N 6P]=M ! AC;NS 9 : OLIG>*S OR DEMOCRATS
DELI<T1 B ^? 0: ! EXI/;E ( AN OLIG>*Y OR
(A DEMOCRACY IS MADE POSSI#4 ,":AS AM;G
\RVS ! SONS (! RUL+ CLASS 9 AN OLIG>*Y
LIVE 9 LUXURY1 B ! SONS (! POOR >E H>D5$
0EX]CISE & TOIL1 & H;E !Y >E BO? M 9CL9$
& BETT] A# 6MAKE A REVOLU;N4 ,& 9
DEMOCRACIES (! M EXTREME TYPE "! HAS
>IS5 A FALSE IDEA ( FREEDOM : IS
3TRADICTORY 6! TRUE 9T]E/S (! /ATE4 ,=
TWO PR9CIPLES >E "*I/IC ( DEMOCRACY1 !
GOV]N;T (! MAJOR;Y & FREEDOM4 ,M5 ?9K T
:AT IS J IS EQUAL2 & T EQUAL;Y IS !
SUPREMACY (! POPUL> W2 & T FREEDOM M1NS
! DO+ :AT A MAN LIKES4 ,9 S* DEMOCRACIES
E "O LIVES Z HE PL1SES1 OR 9 ! ^WS (
,EURIPIDES1 ,8AC 6HIS FANCY40' ,B ? IS
ALL WR;G2 M5 %D N ?9K X SLAV]Y 6LIVE AC
6! RULE (! 3/ITU;N2 = X IS _! SALV,N4
  ,I H N[ 4CUSS$ G5],Y ! CAUSES (!
REVOLU;N & DE/RUC;N ( /ATES1 &! M1NS (
_! PRES]V,N & 3T9U.E4


                  ;,X

  ,I H / 6SP1K ( MON>*Y1 &! CAUSES ( XS
DE/RUC;N & PRES]V,N4 ,:AT ,I H SD ALR
RESPECT+ =MS ( 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T APPLIES
ALM EQU,Y 6ROYAL & 6TYRANNICAL RULE4 ,=
ROYAL RULE IS (! NATURE ( AN >I/OCRACY1
&A TYRANNY IS A -P.D ( OLIG>*Y &
DEMOCRACY 9 _! MO/ EXTREME =MS2 X IS
"!=E MO/ 9JURI\S 6XS SUBJECTS1 2+ MADE
UP ( TWO EVIL =MS ( GOV]N;T1 & HAV+ !
P]V].NS & ]RORS ( BO?4 ,^! TWO =MS (
MON>*Y >E 3TR>Y 9 _! V ORIG94 ,!
APPO9T;T (A K+ IS ! RES\RCE (! BETT]
CLASSES AG/ ! P1 & HE IS ELECT$ 0!M \ (
_! [N NUMB]1 2C EI HE HMF OR 8 FAMILY
EXCEL 9 VIRTUE & VIRTU\S AC;NS2 ":AS A
TYRANT IS *OS5 F ! P 6BE _! PROTECTOR
AG/ ! NOTA#S1 & 9 ORD] 6PREV5T !M F 2+
9JUR$4 ,HI/ORY %[S T ALM ALL TYRANTS H
BE5 DEMAGOGUES :O GA9$ ! FAVOR (! P 0_!
A3US,N (! NOTA#S4 ,AT ANY RATE ? 0 !
MANN] 9 : ! TYRANNIES >OSE 9 ! "DS :5
CITIES _H 9CR1S$ 9 P[]4 ,O!RS : 7 OLD]
ORIG9AT$ 9 ! AMBI;N ( K+S WANT+ 6OV]/EP
! LIMITS ( _! H]$IT>Y P[] & 2COME
DESPOTS4 ,O!RS AG GREW \ (! CLASS : 7
*OS5 6BE *IEF MAGI/RATES2 = 9 ANCI5T "TS
! P :O ELECT$ !M GAVE ! MAGI/RATES1 :E!R
CIVIL OR RELIGI\S1 A L;G T5URE4 ,O!RS
>OSE \ (! CU/OM : OLIG>*IES _H ( MAK+ "S
9DIVIDUAL SUPREME OV] ! HI<E/ (FICES4 ,9
ANY ( ^! WAYS AN AMBITI\S MAN _H NO
DI6ICULTY1 IF HE DESIR$1 9 CR1T+ A
TYRANNY1 S9CE HE _H ! P[] 9 8 H&S ALR1
EI Z K+ OR Z "O (! (FIC]S ( /ATE4 ,?US
,PHEIDON AT ,>GOS & S"EAL O!RS 7 ORIG9,Y
K+S1 & 5D$ 02COM+ TYRANTS2 ,PHAL>IS1 ON
! O!R H&1 &! ,IONIAN TYRANTS1 ACQUIR$ !
TYRANNY 0HOLD+ GRT (FICES4 ,":AS
,PANAETIUS AT ,LEONT9I1 ,CYPSELUS AT
,COR9?1 ,PEISI/RATUS AT ,A!NS1
,DIONYSIUS AT ,SYRACUSE1 & S"EAL O!RS :O
AFWS 2CAME TYRANTS1 7 AT F/ DEMAGOGUES4
  ,& S1 Z ,I 0 SAY+1 ROYALTY RANKS )
>I/OCRACY1 = X IS BAS$ ^U M]IT1 :E!R (!
9DIVIDUAL OR ( 8 FAMILY1 OR ON B5EFITS
3F]R$1 OR ON ^! CLAIMS ) P[] A4$ 6!M4 ,=
ALL :O H OBTA9$ ? HONOR H B5EFIT$1 OR _H
9 _! P[] 6B5EFIT1 /ATES & N,NS2 "S1 L
,CODRUS1 H PREV5T$ ! /ATE F 2+ 5SLAV$ 9
W>2 O!RS1 L ,CYRUS1 H GIV5 _! C.TRY
FREEDOM1 OR H SETTL$ OR GA9$ A T]RITORY1
L ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN1 ,MAC$ONIAN1 &
,MOLOSSIAN K+S4 ,! IDEA (A K+ IS 6BE A
PROTECTOR (! RI* AG/ UNJU/ TR1T;T1 (! P
AG/ 9SULT & OPPRES.N4 ,":AS A TYRANT1 Z
HAS (T5 BE5 REP1T$1 HAS NO REG>D 6ANY
PUBLIC 9T]E/1 EXCEPT Z 3DUCIVE 6HIS
PRIVATE 5DS2 8 AIM IS PL1SURE1 ! AIM (A
K+1 HONOR4 ,":=E AL 9 _! DESIRES !Y
DI6]2 ! TYRANT IS DESIR\S ( RI*ES1 ! K+1
( :AT BR+S HONOR4 ,&! GU>DS (A K+ >E
CITIZ5S1 B (A TYRANT M]C5>IES4
  ,T TYRANNY HAS ALL ! VICES BO? (
DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y IS EVID5T4 ,Z (
OLIG>*Y S ( TYRANNY1 ! 5D IS W1L?2 7=
0W1L? ONLY C ! TYRANT MA9TA9 EI 8 GU>D
OR 8 LUXURY74 ,BO? MISTRU/ ! P1 & "!=E
DEPRIVE !M ( _! >MS4 ,BO? AGREE TOO 9
9JUR+ ! P & DRIV+ !M \ (! C;Y & 4P]S+
!M4 ,F DEMOCRACY TYRANTS H BORR[$ ! >T (
MAK+ W> ^U ! NOTA#S & DE/ROY+ !M
SECRETLY OR OP5LY1 OR ( EXIL+ !M 2C !Y
>E RIVALS & /& 9 ! WAY ( _! P[]2 & AL 2C
PLOTS AG/ !M >E 3TRIV$ 0M5 ( ? DASS1 :O
EI WANT 6RULE OR 6ESCAPE SUBJEC;N4 ,H;E
,P]I&] ADVIS$ ,?RASYBULUS 0CUTT+ (F !
TOPS (! TALLE/ E>S ( CORN1 M1N+ T HE M/
ALW PUT \ (! WAY ! CITIZ5S :O OV]TOP !
RE/4 ,& S1 Z ,I H ALR 9TIMAT$1 ! 2G9N+S
( *ANGE >E ! SAME 9 MON>*IES Z 9 =MS (
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 SUBJECTS ATTACK _!
SOV]EIGNS \ ( FE> OR 3TEMPT1 OR 2C !Y H
BE5 UNJU/LY TR1T$ 0!M4 ,&( 9JU/ICE1 !
MO/ -MON =M IS 9SULT1 ANO!R IS 3FISC,N (
PROP]TY4
  ,! 5DS S"\ 03SPIRACIES AG/ MON>*IES1
:E!R TYRANNIES OR ROYALTIES1 >E ! SAME Z
! 5DS S"\ 03SPIRACIES AG/ O!R =MS (
GOV]N;T4 ,MON>*S H GRT W1L? & HONOR1 :
>E OBJECTS ( DESIRE 6ALL MANK9D4 ,!
ATTACKS >E MADE "S"TS AG/ _! LIVES1
"S"TS AG/ ! (FICE2 ": ! S5SE ( 9SULT IS
! MOTIVE1 AG/ _! LIVES4 ,ANY SORT (
9SULT 7& "! >E _M7 MAY /IR UP ANG]1 & :5
M5 >E ANGRY1 !Y -MONLY ACT \ ( REV5GE1 &
N F AMBI;N4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ATTEMPT MADE
^U ! ,PEISI/RATIDAE >OSE \ (! PUBLIC
4HONOR (F]$ 6! SI/] ( ,H>MODIUS &! 9SULT
6HMF4 ,HE ATTACK$ ! TYRANT = 8 SI/]'S
SAKE1 & ,>I/OGEITON JO9$ 9 ! ATTACK =!
SAKE ( ,H>MODIUS4 ,A 3SPIRACY 0 AL =M$
AG/ ,P]I&]1 ! TYRANT ( ,AMBRACIA1 2C1 :5
DR9K+ )A FAVORITE Y\?1 HE ASK$ HM :E!R
0? "T HE 0 N ) * 0HM4 ,PHILIP1 TOO1 0
ATTACK$ 0,PAUSANIAS 2C HE P]MITT$ HM 6BE
9SULT$ 0,ATTALUS & 8 FRS1 & ,AMYNTAS !
LL1 0,D]DAS1 2C HE BOA/$ ( HAV+ 5JOY$ 8
Y\?4 ,EVAGORAS ( ,CYPRUS1 AG1 0 SLA9 0!
EUNU* 6REV5GE AN 9SULT2 = 8 WIFE _H BE5
C>RI$ (F 0,EVAGORAS'S SON4 ,_M
3SPIRACIES H ORIG9AT$ 9 %AME;L ATTEMPTS
MADE 0SOV]EIGNS ON ! P]SONS ( _!
SUBJECTS4 ,S* 0 ! ATTACK ( ,CRATAEAS ^U
,>*ELAUS2 HE _H ALW HAT$ ! 3NEC;N ) HM1
& S1 :5 ,>*ELAUS1 HAV+ PROMIS$ HM "O ( 8
TWO DAU<T]S 9 M>RIAGE1 DID N GIVE HM EI
( !M1 B BROKE 8 ^W & M>RI$ ! ELD] 6! K+
( ,ELYMEIA1 :5 HE 0 H>D PRESS$ 9 A W>
AG/ ,SIRRHAS & ,>RHABAEUS1 &! "Y] 6HIS
[N SON ,AMYNTAS1 "U ! IDEA T ,AMYNTAS WD
!N 2 LESS LIKELY 6QU>REL ) 8 SON
0,CLEOPATRA- ,CRATAEAS MADE ? SLI<T A
PRETEXT = ATTACK+ ,>*ELAUS1 ?\< EV5 A
LESS R1SON WD H SU6IC$1 =! R1L CAUSE (!
E/RANGE;T 0 ! 4GU/ : HE FELT AT 8 3NEC;N
)! K+4 ,& F A L MOTIVE ,HELLONOCRATES (
,L>ISSA 3SPIR$ ) HM2 = :5 ,>*ELAUS1 :O 0
8 LOV]1 DID N FULFILL 8 PROMISE ( RE/OR+
HM 6HIS C.TRY1 HE ?"\ T ! 3NEC;N 2T !M
_H ORIG9AT$1 N 9 A6EC;N1 B 9 ! WANTON;S
( P[]4 ,PY?O1 TOO1 & ,H]ACLEIDES (
,AENOS1 SLEW ,COTYS 9 ORD] 6AV5GE _! "F1
& ,ADAMAS REVOLT$ F ,COTYS 9 REV5GE =!
WANTON \TRAGE : HE _H -MITT$ 9 MUTILAT+
HM :5 A *4
  ,_M1 TOO1 IRRITAT$ AT BL[S 9FLICT$ ON
! P]SON : !Y DEEM$ AN 9SULT1 H EI KILL$
OR ATTEMPT$ 6KILL (FIC]S ( /ATE & ROYAL
PR9CES 0:OM !Y H BE5 9JUR$4 ,?US1 AT
,MYTIL5E1 ,MEGACLES & 8 FRS ATTACK$ &
SLEW ! ,P5?ILIDAE1 Z !Y 7 GO+ AB & /RIK+
P ) CLUBS4 ,AT A LAT] DATE ,SM]DIS1 :O
_H BE5 B1T5 & TORN AWAY F 8 WIFE
0,P5?ILUS1 SLEW HM4 ,9 ! 3SPIRACY AG/
,>*ELAUS1 ,DECAMNI*US /IMULAT$ ! FURY (!
ASSASS9S & L$ ! ATTACK2 HE 0 5RAG$ 2C
,>*ELAUS _H DELIV]$ HM 6,EURIPIDES 6BE
SC\RG$2 =! POET _H BE5 IRRITAT$ AT "S
REM>K MADE 0,DECAMNI*US ON ! F\L;S ( 8
BR1?4 ,_M O!R EXAMPLES MI<T 2 CIT$ (
MURD]S & 3SPIRACIES : H >IS5 F SIMIL>
CAUSES4
  ,FE> IS ANO!R MOTIVE :1 Z WE H SD1 HAS
CAUS$ 3SPIRACIES Z WELL 9 MON>*IES Z 9 M
POPUL> =MS ( GOV]N;T4 ,?US ,>TAPANES
3SPIR$ AG/ ,X]XES & SLEW HM1 FE>+ T HE
WD 2 A3US$ ( HANG+ ,D>IUS AG/ 8 ORD]S-HE
HAV+ BE5 "U ! IMPRES.N T ,X]XES WD =GET
:AT HE _H SD 9 ! MI4LE (A M1L1 & T !
(F5SE WD 2 =GIV54
  ,ANO!R MOTIVE IS 3TEMPT1 Z 9 ! CASE (
,S>DANAPALUS1 :OM "S "O SAW C>D+ WOOL )
8 WOM51 IF ! /ORYTELL]S SAY TRULY2 &!
TALE MAY 2 TRUE1 IF N ( HM1 ( "S "O
ELSE4 ,DION ATTACK$ ! "Y] ,DIONYSIUS 2C
HE DESPIS$ HM1 & SAW T HE 0 EQU,Y
DESPIS$ 0HIS [N SUBJECTS1 & T HE 0 ALW
DRUNK4 ,EV5 ! FRS (A TYRANT W "S"TS
ATTACK HM \ ( 3TEMPT2 =! 3FID;E : HE
REPOSES 9 !M BRE$S 3TEMPT1 & !Y ?9K T !Y
W N 2 F.D \4 ,! EXPECT,N ( SU3ESS IS
LIKEWISE A SORT ( 3TEMPT2 ! ASSAILANTS
>E R1DY 6/RIKE1 & ?9K NO?+ (! DANG]1 2C
!Y SEEM 6H ! P[] 9 _! H&S4 ,?US G5]ALS (
>MIES ATTACK MON>*S2 Z1 = EXAMPLE1
,CYRUS ATTACK$ ,A/YAGES1 DESPIS+ !
E6EM9ACY ( 8 LIFE1 & 2LIEV+ T 8 P[] 0
WORN \4 ,?US AG1 ,SEU!S ! ,?RACIAN
3SPIR$ AG/ ,AMADOCUS1 ^: G5]AL HE WAS4
  ,& "S"TS M5 >E ACTUAT$ 0M ?AN "O
MOTIVE1 L ,MI?RIDATES1 :O 3SPIR$ AG/
,>IOB>ZANES1 "PLY \ ( 3TEMPT & "PLY F !
LOVE ( GA94
  ,BOLD NATURES1 PLAC$ 0_! SOV]EIGNS 9 A
HI< MILIT>Y POSI;N1 >E MO/ LIKELY 6MAKE
! ATTEMPT 9 ! EXPECT,N ( SU3ESS2 =
C\RAGE IS EMBOLD5$ 0P[]1 &! UNION (! TWO
9SPIRES !M )! HOPE ( AN EASY VICTORY4
  ,ATTEMPTS ( : ! MOTIVE IS AMBI;N >ISE
9 A DI6]5T WAY Z WELL Z 9 ^? ALR M5;N$4
,"! >E M5 :O W N RISK _! LIVES 9 ! HOPE
( GA9S & HONORS H["E GRT1 B :O N"E!.S
REG>D ! KILL+ (A TYRANT SIMPLY Z AN
EXTRAORD9>Y AC;N : W MAKE !M FAM\S &
HONORA# 9 ! _W2 !Y WI% 6ACQUIRE1 N A
K+DOM1 B A "N4 ,X IS R>E1 H["E1 6F9D S*
M52 HE :O WD KILL A TYRANT M/ 2 PREP>$
6LOSE 8 LIFE IF HE FAIL4 ,HE M/ H !
RESOLU;N ( ,DION1 :O1 :5 HE MADE W> ^U
,DIONYSIUS1 TOOK ) HM V FEW TROOPS1 SAY+
,8T :AT"E M1SURE ( SU3ESS HE MI<T ATTA9
WD 2 5 = HM1 EV5 IF HE 7 6DIE ! MO;T HE
L&$2 S* A D1? WD 2 WELCOME 6HM40' ? IS A
TEMP] 6: FEW C ATTA94
  ,ONCE M1 TYRANNIES1 L ALL O!R
GOV]N;TS1 >E DE/ROY$ F )\T 0"S OPPOSITE
& M P[];L =M ( GOV]N;T4 ,T S* A GOV]N;T
W H ! W 6ATTACK !M IS CLE>2 =! TWO >E
OPPOS$ 9 PR9CIPLE2 & ALL M51 IF !Y C1 D
:AT !Y W4 ,DEMOCRACY IS ANTAGONI/IC
6TYRANNY1 ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ,HESIOD1
,8,POTT] HATES ,POTT]10' 2C !Y >E NE>LY
AK91 =! EXTREME =M ( DEMOCRACY IS
TYRANNY2 & ROYALTY & >I/OCRACY >E BO?
ALIKE OPPOS$ 6TYRANNY1 2C !Y >E 3/ITU;NS
(A DI6]5T TYPE4 ,& "!=E ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS
PUT D[N MO/ (! TYRANNIES1 & S DID !
,SYRACUSANS DUR+ ! "T :5 !Y 7 WELL
GOV]N$4
  ,AG1 TYRANNIES >E DE/ROY$ F )91 :5 !
REIGN+ FAMILY >E DIVID$ AM;G !MVS1 Z T (
,GELO WAS1 & M REC5TLY T ( ,DIONYSIUS2 9
! CASE ( ,GELO 2C ,?RASYBULUS1 ! BRO!R (
,HI]O1 FLATT]$ ! SON ( ,GELO & L$ HM
96EXCESSES 9 ORD] T HE MI<T RULE 9 8 "N4
,":^U ! FAMILY GOT TGR A "PY 6GET RID (
,?RASYBULUS & SAVE ! TYRANNY2 B ^? (! P
:O 3SPIR$ ) !M SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUN;Y &
DROVE !M ALL \4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,DIONYSIUS1
,DION1 8 [N RELATIVE1 ATTACK$ & EXPELL$
HM )! ASSI/.E (! P2 HE AFWS P]I%$ HMF4
  ,"! >E TWO *IEF MOTIVES : 9DUCE M5
6ATTACK TYRANNIES- HATR$ & 3TEMPT4
,HATR$ ( TYRANTS IS 9EVITA#1 & 3TEMPT IS
AL A FREQU5T CAUSE ( _! DE/RUC;N4 ,?US
WE SEE T MO/ ( ^? :O H ACQUIR$1 H RETA9$
_! P[]1 B ^? :O H 9H]IT$1 H LO/ X1 ALM
AT ONCE2 =1 LIV+ 9 LUXURI\S EASE1 !Y H
2COME 3TEMPTI#1 & (F] _M OPPORTUNITIES
6_! ASSAILANTS4 ,ANG]1 TOO1 M/ 2 9CLUD$
"U HATR$1 & PRODUCES ! SAME E6ECTS4 ,X
IS (T5 "TS EV5 M R1DY 6/RIKE- ! ANGRY >E
M IMPETU\S 9 MAK+ AN ATTACK1 = !Y D N
FOLL[ R,NAL PR9CIPLE4 ,& M5 >E V APT
6GIVE WAY 6_! PAS.NS :5 !Y >E 9SULT$4
,6? CAUSE IS 6BE ATTRIBUT$ ! FALL (!
,PEISI/RATIDAE &( _M O!RS4 ,HATR$ IS M
R1SONA#1 = ANG] IS A3OMPANI$ 0PA91 : IS
AN IMP$I;T 6R1SON1 ":AS HATR$ IS PA9.S4
  ,9 A ^W1 ALL ! CAUSES : ,I H M5;N$ Z
DE/ROY+ ! LA/ & MO/ UNMIX$ =M ( OLIG>*Y1
&! EXTREME =M ( DEMOCRACY1 MAY 2 ASSUM$
6A6ECT TYRANNY2 9DE$ ! EXTREME =MS ( BO?
>E ONLY TYRANNIES 4TRIBUT$ AM;G S"EAL
P]SONS4 ,K+LY RULE IS LL A6ECT$ 0EXT]NAL
CAUSES1 & IS "!=E LA/+2 X IS G5],Y
DE/ROY$ F )94 ,& "! >E TWO WAYS 9 : !
DE/RUC;N MAY -E AB2 7#A7 :5 ! MEMB]S (!
ROYAL FAMILY QU>REL AM;G !MVS1 & 7#B7 :5
! K+S ATTEMPT 6ADM9I/] ! /ATE TOO M* AF
! FA%ION (A TYRANNY1 & 6EXT5D _! AU?OR;Y
3TR>Y 6! LAW4 ,ROYALTIES D N N[ -E
96EXI/;E2 ": S* =MS ( GOV]N;T >ISE1 !Y
>E R MON>*IES OR TYRANNIES4 ,=! RULE (A
K+ IS OV] VOLUNT>Y SUBJECTS1 & HE IS
SUPREME 9 ALL IMPORTANT MATT]S2 B 9 \R
[N "D M5 >E M ^U AN EQUAL;Y1 & NO "O IS
S IMM1SURABLY SUP]IOR 6O!RS Z 6REPRES5T
ADEQUATELY ! GRT;S & DIGN;Y (! (FICE4
,H;E MANK9D W N1 IF !Y C HELP1 5DURE X1
& ANY "O :O OBTA9S P[] 0=CE OR FRAUD IS
AT ONCE ?"\ 6BE A TYRANT4 ,9 H]$IT>Y
MON>*IES A FUR!R CAUSE ( DE/RUC;N IS !
FACT T K+S (T5 FALL 963TEMPT1 &1 AL?
POSSESS+ N TYRANNICAL P[]1 B ONLY ROYAL
DIGN;Y1 >E APT 6\TRAGE O!RS4 ,_! OV]?R[
IS !N R1DILY E6ECT$2 = "! IS AN 5D 6! K+
:5 8 SUBJECTS D N WANT 6H HM1 B ! TYRANT
LA/S1 :E!R !Y L HM OR N4
  ,! DE/RUC;N ( MON>*IES IS 6BE
ATTRIBUT$ 6^! &! L CAUSES4

                  ,,XI

  ,& !Y >E PRES]V$1 6SP1K G5],Y1 0!
OPPOSITE CAUSES2 OR1 IF WE 3SID] !M
SEP>ATELY1 7#A7 ROYALTY IS PRES]V$ 0!
LIMIT,N ( XS P[]S4 ,! M RE/RICT$ !
FUNC;NS ( K+S1 ! L;G] _! P[] W LA/
UNIMPAIR$2 = !N !Y >E M MOD]ATE & N S
DESPOTIC 9 _! WAYS2 & !Y >E LESS 5VI$
0_! SUBJECTS4 ,? IS ! R1SON :Y ! K+LY
(FICE HAS LA/$ S L;G AM;G ! ,MOLOSSIANS4
,&=A SIMIL> R1SON X HAS 3T9U$ AM;G !
,LAC$AEMONIANS1 2C "! X 0 ALW DIVID$ 2T
TWO1 & AFWS FUR!R LIMIT$ 0,!OPOMPUS 9
V>I\S RESPECTS1 M "PICUL>LY 0! E/ABLI%;T
(! ,EPHORALTY4 ,HE DIM9I%$ ! P[] (! K+S1
B E/ABLI%$ ON A M LA/+ BASIS ! K+LY
(FICE1 : 0 ?US MADE 9 A C]TA9 S5SE N
LESS1 B GRT]4 ,"! IS A /ORY T :5 8 WIFE
ONCE ASK$ HM :E!R HE 0 N A%AM$ 6L1VE
6HIS SONS A ROYAL P[] : 0 LESS ?AN HE _H
9H]IT$ F 8 "F1 ,8,NO 9DE$10' HE REPLI$1
,8=! P[] : ,I L1VE 6!M W 2 M LA/+40'
  ,Z TO 7#B7 TYRANNIES1 !Y >E PRES]V$ 9
TWO MO/ OPPOSITE WAYS4 ,"O ( !M IS ! OLD
TRADI;NAL ME?OD 9 : MO/ TYRANTS ADM9I/]
_! GOV]N;T4 ,( S* >TS ,P]I&] ( ,COR9? IS
SD 6H BE5 ! GRT MA/]1 & _M SIMIL>
DEVICES MAY 2 GA!R$ F ! ,P]SIANS 9 !
ADM9I/R,N ( _! GOV]N;T4 ,"! >E F/LY !
PRESCRIP;NS M5;N$ "S 4T.E BACK1 =!
PRES]V,N (A TYRANNY1 9 S F> Z ? IS
POSSI#2 VIZ41 T ! TYRANT %D LOP (F ^? :O
>E TOO HI<2 HE M/ PUT 6D1? M5 ( _S2 HE
M/ N ALL[ -MON M1LS1 CLUBS1 $UC,N1 &! L2
HE M/ 2 ^U 8 GU>D AG/ ANY?+ : IS LIKELY
69SPIRE EI C\RAGE OR 3FID;E AM;G 8
SUBJECTS2 HE M/ PROHIBIT LIT]>Y
ASSEMBLIES OR O!R MEET+S = 4CUS.N1 & HE
M/ TAKE E M1NS 6PREV5T P F "K+ "O ANO!R
7= ACQUA9T.E 2GETS MUTUAL 3FID;E74
,FUR!R1 HE M/ -PEL ALL P]SONS /AY+ 9 !
C;Y 6APPE> 9 PUBLIC & LIVE AT 8 GATES2
!N HE W "K :AT !Y >E DO+3 IF !Y >E ALW
KEPT "U1 !Y W LE>N 6BE HUM#4 ,9 %ORT1 HE
%D PRACTICE ^! &! L ,P]SIAN & B>B>IC
>TS1 : ALL H ! SAME OBJECT4 ,A TYRANT %D
AL 5D1VOR 6"K :AT EA* ( 8 SUBJECTS SAYS
OR DOES1 & %D EMPLOY SPIES1 L ! ,8FEMALE
DETECTIVES0' AT ,SYRACUSE1 &!
EAVESDROPP]S :OM ,HI]O 0 9 ! HABIT (
S5D+ 6ANY PLACE ( RESORT OR MEET+2 =!
FE> ( 9=M]S PREV5TS P F SP1K+ _! M9DS1 &
IF !Y D1 !Y >E M EASILY F.D \4 ,ANO!R >T
(! TYRANT IS 6S[ QU>RELS AM;G ! CITIZ5S2
FRS %D 2 EMBROIL$ ) FRS1 ! P )! NOTA#S1
&! RI* ) "O ANO!R4 ,AL HE %D IMPOV]I% 8
SUBJECTS2 HE ?US PROVIDES AG/ ! MA9T5.E
(A GU>D 0! CITIZ5 &! P1 HAV+ 6KEEP H>D
AT "W1 >E PREV5T$ F 3SPIR+4 ,! ,PYRAMIDS
( ,EGYPT AF=D AN EXAMPLE ( ? POLICY2 AL
! (F]+S (! FAMILY ( ,CYPSELUS1 &! BUILD+
(! TEMPLE ( ,OLYMPIAN ,ZEUS 0!
,PEISI/RATIDAE1 &! GRT ,POLYCRAT1N
MONU;TS AT ,SAMOS2 ALL ^! "WS 7 ALIKE
9T5D$ 6O3UPY ! P & KEEP !M POOR4 ,ANO!R
PRACTICE ( TYRANTS IS 6MULTIPLY TAXES1
AF ! MANN] ( ,DIONYSIUS AT ,SYRACUSE1 :O
3TRIV$ T )9 FIVE YE>S 8 SUBJECTS %D BR+
96! TR1SURY _! :OLE PROP]TY4 ,! TYRANT
IS AL FOND ( MAK+ W> 9 ORD] T 8 SUBJECTS
MAY H "S?+ 6D & 2 ALW 9 WANT (A L1D]4 ,&
":AS ! P[] (A K+ IS PRES]V$ 0HIS FRS1 !
"*I/IC (A TYRANT IS 64TRU/ 8 FRS1 2C HE
"KS T ALL M5 WANT 6OV]?R[ HM1 & !Y ABV
ALL H ! P[]4
  ,AG1 ! EVIL PRACTICES (! LA/ & WOR/ =M
( DEMOCRACY >E ALL F.D 9 TYRANNIES4 ,S*
>E ! P[] GIV5 6WOM5 9 _! FAMILIES 9 !
HOPE T !Y W 9=M AG/ _! HUSB&S1 &! LIC5SE
: IS ALL[$ 6SLAVES 9 ORD] T !Y MAY 2TRAY
_! MA/]S2 = SLAVES & WOM5 D N 3SPIRE AG/
TYRANTS2 & !Y >E ( C\RSE FRLY 6TYRANNIES
& AL 6DEMOCRACIES1 S9CE "U !M !Y H A GD
"T4 ,=! P TOO WD FA9 2 A MON>*1 & "!=E
0!M1 Z WELL Z 0! TYRANT1 ! FLATT]] IS
HELD 9 HONOR2 9 DEMOCRACIES HE IS !
DEMAGOGUE2 &! TYRANT AL HAS ^? :O
ASSOCIATE ) HM 9 A HUM# _S1 : IS A "W (
FLATT]Y4
  ,H;E TYRANTS >E ALW FOND ( BAD M51 2C
!Y LOVE 6BE FLATT]$1 B NO MAN :O HAS !
_S (A FREEMAN 9 HM W L[] HMF 0FLATT]Y2
GD M5 LOVE O!RS1 OR AT ANY RATE D N
FLATT] !M4 ,MOREOV]1 ! BAD >E USE;L =
BAD PURPOSES2 ,8NAIL KNOCKS \ NAIL10' Z
! PROV]B SAYS4 ,X IS "*I/IC (A TYRANT
64LIKE E "O :O HAS DIGN;Y OR 9DEP5D;E2
HE WANTS 6BE AL"O 9 8 GLORY1 B ANY "O :O
CLAIMS A L DIGN;Y OR ASS]TS 8 9DEP5D;E
5CROA*ES ^U 8 PREROGATIVE1 & IS HAT$ 0HM
Z AN 5EMY 6HIS P[]4 ,ANO!R M>K (A TYRANT
IS T HE LIKES =EIGN]S BETT] ?AN CITIZ5S1
& LIVES ) !M & 9VITES !M 6HIS TA#2 =! "O
>E 5EMIES1 B ! ,O!RS 5T] 96NO RIVALRY )
HM4
  ,S* >E ! NOTES (! TYRANT &! >TS 0: HE
PRES]VES 8 P[]2 "! IS NO WICK$;S TOO GRT
= HM4 ,ALL T WE H SD MAY 2 SUMM$ UP "U
?REE H1DS1 : ANSW] 6! ?REE AIMS (!
TYRANT4 ,^! >E1 7#A7 ! HUMILI,N ( 8
SUBJECTS2 HE "KS T A M1N-_S$ MAN W N
3SPIRE AG/ ANYBODY2 7#B7 ! CRE,N (
MISTRU/ AM;G !M2 =A TYRANT IS N OV]?R[N
UNTIL M5 2G9 6H 3FID;E 9 "O ANO!R2 & ?
IS ! R1SON :Y TYRANTS >E AT W> )! GD2 !Y
>E "U ! IDEA T _! P[] IS 5DANG]$ 0!M1 N
ONLY 2C !Y WD N 2 RUL$ DESPOTIC,Y B AL
2C !Y >E LOYAL 6"O ANO!R1 & 6O!R M51 & D
N 9=M AG/ "O ANO!R OR AG/ O!R M52 7#C7 !
TYRANT DESIRES T 8 SUBJECTS % 2 9CAPA# (
AC;N1 = NO "O ATTEMPTS :AT IS IMPOSSI#1
& !Y W N ATTEMPT 6OV]?R[ A TYRANNY1 IF
!Y >E P[].S4 ,"U ^! ?REE H1DS ! :OLE
POLICY (A TYRANT MAY 2 SUMM$ UP1 & 6"O
OR O!R ( !M ALL 8 ID1S MAY 2 REF]R$3
7#A7 HE S[S 4TRU/ AM;G 8 SUBJECTS2 7#B7
HE TAKES AWAY _! P[]2 7#C7 HE HUM#S !M4
  ,? !N IS "O (! TWO ME?ODS 0: TYRANNIES
>E PRES]V$2 & "! IS ANO!R : PROCE$S ^U
AN ALM OPPOSITE PR9CIPLE ( AC;N4 ,!
NATURE ( ? LATT] ME?OD MAY 2 GA!R$ F A
-P>ISON (! CAUSES : DE/ROY K+DOMS1 = Z
"O MODE ( DE/ROY+ K+LY P[] IS 6MAKE !
(FICE ( K+ M TYRANNICAL1 S ! SALV,N (A
TYRANNY IS 6MAKE X M L ! RULE (A K+4 ,B
( "O ?+ ! TYRANT M/ 2 C>E;L2 HE M/ KEEP
P[] 5 6RULE OV] 8 SUBJECTS1 :E!R !Y L HM
OR N1 = IF HE ONCE GIVES ? UP HE GIVES
UP 8 TYRANNY4 ,B ?\< P[] M/ 2 RETA9$ Z !
F.D,N1 9 ALL ELSE ! TYRANT %D ACT OR
APPE> 6ACT 9 ! "* (A K+4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE
HE %D PRET5D A C>E (! PUBLIC REV5UES1 &
N WA/E M"OY 9 MAK+ PRES5TS (A SORT AT :
! -MON P GET EXCIT$ :5 !Y SEE _! H>D-WON
E>N+S SNAT*$ F !M & LAVI%$ ON C\RTESANS
& /RANG]S & >TI/S4 ,HE %D GIVE AN A3.T (
:AT HE RCVS &( :AT HE SP5DS 7A PRACTICE
: HAS BE5 ADOPT$ 0"S TYRANTS72 = !N HE W
SEEM 6BE A /EW>D (! PUBLIC R ?AN A
TYRANT2 NOR NE$ HE FE> T1 :ILE HE IS !
"L (! C;Y1 HE W "E 2 9 WANT ( M"OY4 ,S*
A POLICY IS AT ALL EV5TS M* M
ADVANTAGE\S =! TYRANT :5 HE GOES F HOME1
?AN 6L1VE 2H HM A HO>D1 = !N ! G>RISON
:O REMA9 9 ! C;Y W 2 LESS LIKELY 6ATTACK
8 P[]2 &A TYRANT1 :5 HE IS ABS5T F HOME1
HAS M R1SON 6FE> ! GU>DIANS ( 8 TR1SURE
?AN ! CITIZ5S1 =! "O A3OMPANY HM1 B !
O!RS REMA9 2H4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 HE %D
2 SE5 6COLLECT TAXES & 6REQUIRE PUBLIC
S]VICES ONLY = /ATE PURPOSES1 & T HE MAY
=M A FUND 9 CASE ( W>1 & G5],Y HE "\
6MAKE HMF ! GU>DIAN & TR1SUR] ( !M1 Z IF
!Y 2L;G$1 N 6HM1 B 6! PUBLIC4 ,HE %D
APPE>1 N H>%1 B DIGNIFI$1 & :5 M5 MEET
HM !Y %D LOOK ^U HM ) R"E;E1 & N ) FE>4
,YET X IS H>D = HM 6BE RESPECT$ IF HE
9SPIRES NO RESPECT1 & "!=E :AT"E VIRTUES
HE MAY NEGLECT1 AT L1/ HE %D MA9TA9 ! "*
(A GRT SOLDI]1 & PRODUCE ! IMPRES.N T HE
IS "O4 ,NEI HE NOR ANY ( 8 ASSOCIATES %D
"E 2 GUILTY (! L1/ (F5SE AG/ MODE/Y
T[>DS ! "Y ( EI SEX :O >E 8 SUBJECTS1 &!
WOM5 ( 8 FAMILY %D OBS]VE A L SELF-3TROL
T[>DS O!R WOM52 ! 9SOL;E ( WOM5 HAS RU9$
_M TYRANNIES4 ,9 ! 9DULG;E ( PL1SURES HE
%D 2 ! OPPOSITE ( \R MOD]N TYRANTS1 :O N
ONLY 2G9 AT DAWN & PASS :OLE "DS 9
S5SUAL;Y1 B WANT O!R M5 6SEE !M1 T !Y
MAY ADMIRE _! HAPPY & B.S$ LOT4 ,9 ^!
?+S A TYRANT %D IF POSSI# 2 MOD]ATE1 OR
AT ANY RATE %D N P>ADE 8 VICES 6! _W2 =A
DRUNK5 & DR[SY TYRANT IS SOON DESPIS$ &
ATTACK$2 N S HE :O IS TEMP]ATE & WIDE
AWAKE4 ,8 3DUCT %D 2 ! V REV]SE ( NE>LY
"EY?+ : HAS BE5 SD 2F AB TYRANTS4 ,HE "\
6ADORN & IMPROVE 8 C;Y1 Z ?\< HE 7 N A
TYRANT1 B ! GU>DIAN (! /ATE4 ,AL HE %D
APPE> 6BE "PICUL>LY E>NE/ 9 ! S]VICE (!
,GODS2 = IF M5 ?9K T A RUL] IS RELIGI\S
& HAS A R"E;E =! ,GODS1 !Y >E LESS
AFRAID ( SU6]+ 9JU/ICE AT 8 H&S1 & !Y >E
LESS 4POS$ 63SPIRE AG/ HM1 2C !Y 2LIEVE
HM 6H ! V ,GODS FI<T+ ON 8 SIDE4 ,AT !
SAME "T 8 RELIGION M/ N 2 ?"\ FOOLI%4 ,&
HE %D HONOR M5 ( M]IT1 & MAKE !M ?9K T
!Y WD N 2 HELD 9 M HONOR 0! CITIZ5S IF
!Y _H A FREE GOV]N;T4 ,! HONOR HE %D
4TRIBUTE HMF1 B ! PUNI%;T %D 2 9FLICT$
0(FIC]S & C\RTS ( LAW4 ,X IS A PRECAU;N
: IS TAK5 0ALL MON>*S N 6MAKE "O P]SON
GRT2 B IF "O1 !N TWO OR M %D 2 RAIS$1 T
!Y MAY LOOK %>PLY AF "O ANO!R4 ,IF AF
ALL "S "O HAS 6BE MADE GRT1 HE %D N 2 A
MAN ( BOLD _S2 = S* 4POSI;NS >E "E MO/
9CL9$ 6/RIKE4 ,& IF ANY "O IS 6BE
DEPRIV$ ( 8 P[]1 LET X 2 DIM9I%$
GRADU,Y1 N TAK5 F HM ALL AT ONCE4 ,!
TYRANT %D AB/A9 F ALL \TRAGE2 9 "PICUL>
F P]SONAL VIOL;E & F WANTON 3DUCT T[>DS
! "Y4 ,HE %D 2 ESPECI,Y C>E;L ( 8
2HAVIOR 6M5 :O >E LOV]S ( HONOR2 = Z !
LOV]S ( M"OY >E (F5D$ :5 _! PROP]TY IS
T\*$1 S >E ! LOV]S ( HONOR &! VIRTU\S :5
_! HONOR IS A6ECT$4 ,"!=E A TYRANT "\ EI
N 6-MIT S* ACTS AT ALL2 OR HE %D 2 ?"\
ONLY 6EMPLOY "FLY CORREC;N1 & N 6TRAMPLE
^U O!RS- & 8 ACQUA9T.E ) Y\? %D 2
SUPPOS$ 6>ISE F A6EC;N1 & N F ! 9SOL;E (
P[]1 & 9 G5]AL HE %D -P5SATE ! APPE>.E (
4HONOR 0! 9CR1SE ( HONOR4
  ,( ^? :O ATTEMPT ASSASS9,N !Y >E ! MO/
DANG]\S1 & REQUIRE 6BE MO/ C>E;LLY
WAT*$1 :O D N C>E 6SURVIVE1 IF !Y E6ECT
_! PURPOSE4 ,"!=E SPECIAL PRECAU;N %D 2
TAK5 AB ANY :O ?9K T EI !Y OR ^? = :OM
!Y C>E H BE5 9SULT$2 = :5 M5 >E L$ AWAY
0PAS.N 6ASSAULT O!RS !Y >E REG>D.S (
!MVS4 ,Z ,H]ACLEITUS SAYS1 ,8,X IS
DI6ICULT 6FI<T AG/ ANG]2 =A MAN W BUY
REV5GE ) 8 S\L40'
  ,& ":AS /ATES 3SI/ ( TWO CLASSES1 (
POOR M5 &( RI*1 ! TYRANT %D L1D BO?
6IMAG9E T !Y >E PRES]V$ & PREV5T$ F H>M+
"O ANO!R 0HIS RULE1 & :I*"E (! TWO IS
/R;G] HE %D ATTA* 6HIS GOV]N;T2 =1 HAV+
? ADVANTAGE1 HE HAS NO NE$ EI
6EMANCIPATE SLAVES OR 64>M ! CITIZ5S2 EI
"PY A4$ 6! =CE : HE ALR HAS1 W MAKE HM
/R;G] ?AN 8 ASSAILANTS4
  ,B 5 ( ^! DETAILS2 :AT %D 2 ! G5]AL
POLICY (! TYRANT IS OBVI\S4 ,HE "\ 6%[
HMF 6HIS SUBJECTS 9 ! LI<T1 N (A TYRANT1
B (A /EW>D &A K+4 ,HE %D N APPROPRIATE
:AT IS _!S1 B %D 2 _! GU>DIAN2 HE %D 2
MOD]ATE1 N EXTRAVAGANT 9 8 WAY ( LIFE2
HE %D W9 ! NOTA#S 0-PANION%IP1 &!
MULTITUDE 0FLATT]Y4 ,= !N 8 RULE W (
NECESS;Y 2 NO#R & HAPPI]1 2C HE W RULE
OV] BETT] M5 ^: _SS >E N CRU%$1 OV] M5
6:OM HE HMF IS N AN OBJECT ( HATR$1 &(
:OM HE IS N AFRAID4 ,8 P[] TOO W 2 M
LA/+4 ,8 4POSI;N W 2 VIRTU\S1 OR AT L1/
HALF VIRTU\S2 & HE W N 2 WICK$1 B HALF
WICK$ ONLY4

                 ,,XII

  ,YET NO =MS ( GOV]N;T >E S %ORT-LIV$ Z
OLIG>*Y & TYRANNY4 ,! TYRANNY : LA/$
L;GE/ 0 T ( ,OR?AGORAS & 8 SONS AT
,SICYON2 ? 3T9U$ =A HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,!
R1SON 0 T !Y TR1T$ _! SUBJECTS ) MOD],N1
& 6A GRT EXT5T OBS]V$ ! LAWS2 & 9 V>I\S
WAYS GA9$ ! FAVOR (! P 0! C>E : !Y TOOK
( !M4 ,CLEIS!NES1 9 "PICUL>1 0 RESPECT$
= 8 MILIT>Y ABIL;Y4 ,IF REPORT MAY 2
2LIEV$1 HE CR[N$ ! JUDGE :O DECID$ AG/
HM 9 ! GAMES2 &1 Z "S SAY1 ! SITT+ /ATUE
9 ! ,AGORA ( ,SICYON IS ! LIKE;S ( ?
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,PEISI/RATUS1 :O IS SD ON "O O3A.N 6H
ALL[$ HMF 6BE SUMMON$ & TRI$ 2F !
,>EOPAGUS47
  ,NEXT 9 DUR,N 6! TYRANNY ( ,OR?AGORAS
0 T (! ,CYPSELIDAE AT ,COR9?1 : LA/$
SEV5TY-?REE YE>S & SIX MON?S3 ,CYPSELUS
REIGN$ ?IRTY YE>S1 ,P]I&] =TY &A HALF1 &
,PSAMMETI*US ! SON ( ,GORGUS ?REE4 ,_!
3T9U.E 0 DUE 6SIMIL> CAUSES3 ,CYPSELUS 0
A POPUL> MAN1 :O DUR+ ! :OLE "T ( 8 RULE
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TYRANT1 0 A GRT SOLDI]4 ,?IRD 9 DUR,N 0
! RULE (! ,PEISI/RATIDAE AT ,A!NS1 B X 0
9T]RUPT$2 = ,PEISI/RATUS 0 TWICE DRIV5
\1 S T DUR+ ?REE & ?IRTY YE>S HE REIGN$
ONLY SEV5TE52 & 8 SONS REIGN$ EI<TE5-ALT
?IRTY-FIVE YE>S4 ,( O!R TYRANNIES1 T (
,HI]O & ,GELO AT ,SYRACUSE 0 ! MO/ LA/+4
,EV5 ?1 H["E1 0 %ORT1 N M ?AN EI<TE5
YE>S 9 ALL2 = ,GELO 3T9U$ TYRANT = SEV5
YE>S1 & DI$ 9 ! EI<?2 ,HI]O REIGN$ = T5
YE>S1 & ,?RASYBULUS 0 DRIV5 \ 9 ! ELEV5?
MON?4 ,9 FACT1 TYRANNIES G5],Y H BE5 ( Q
%ORT DUR,N4
  ,I H N[ G"O "? ALM ALL ! CAUSES 0:
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS & MON>*IES >E EI
DE/ROY$ OR PRES]V$4
  ,9 ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,PLATO1 ,SOCRATES
TR1TS ( REVOLU;NS1 B N WELL1 = HE M5;NS
NO CAUSE ( *ANGE : PECULI>LY A6ECTS !
F/1 OR P]FECT /ATE4 ,HE ONLY SAYS T !
CAUSE IS T NO?+ IS ABID+1 B ALL ?+S
*ANGE 9 A C]TA9 CYCLE2 & T ! ORIG9 (!
*ANGE 3SI/S 9 ^? NUMB]S ,8( : #D & #C1
M>RI$ ) #E1 FURNI% TWO H>MONIES0' 7HE
M1NS :5 ! NUMB] ( ? FIGURE 2COMES
SOLID72 HE 3CVS T NATURE AT C]TA9 "TS
PRODUCES BAD M5 :O W N SUBMIT 6$UC,N2 9
: LATT] "PICUL> HE MAY V LIKELY 2 N F>
WR;G1 = "! MAY WELL 2 "S M5 :O _C 2
$UCAT$ & MADE VIRTU\S4 ,B :Y IS S* A
CAUSE ( *ANGE PECULI> 6HIS ID1L /ATE1 &
N R -MON 6ALL /ATES1 NAY1 6"EY?+ : -ES
962+ AT ALL8 ,& IS X 0! AG5CY ( "T1 :1 Z
HE DCLS1 MAKES ALL ?+S *ANGE1 T ?+S :
DID N 2G9 TGR1 *ANGE TGR8 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF
"S?+ HAS -E 962+ ! "D 2F ! -PLE;N (!
CYCLE1 W X *ANGE ) ?+S T CAME 962+ 2F8
,FUR!R1 :Y %D ! P]FECT /ATE *ANGE 96!
,S"PAN8 ,= GOV]N;TS M (T5 TAKE AN
OPPOSITE =M ?AN "O AK9 6!M4 ,! SAME
REM>K IS APPLICA# 6! O!R *ANGES2 HE SAYS
T ! ,S"PAN 3/ITU;N *ANGES 96AN OLIG>*Y1
& ? 96A DEMOCRACY1 & ? AG 96A TYRANNY4
,& YET ! 3TR>Y HAPP5S Q Z (T52 =A
DEMOCRACY IS EV5 M LIKELY 6*ANGE 96AN
OLIG>*Y ?AN 96A MON>*Y4 ,FUR!R1 HE N"E
SAYS :E!R TYRANNY IS1 OR IS N1 LIA#
6REVOLU;NS1 & IF X IS1 :AT IS ! CAUSE (
!M1 OR 96:AT =M X *ANGES4 ,&! R1SON IS1
T HE CD N V WELL H TOLD3 = "! IS NO
RULE2 AC 6HM X %D REV]T 6! F/ & BE/1 &
!N "! WD 2 A -PLETE CYCLE4 ,B 9 PO9T (
FACT A TYRANNY (T5 *ANGES 96A TYRANNY1 Z
T AT ,SICYON *ANG$ F ! TYRANNY ( ,MYRON
96T ( ,CLEIS!NES2 96OLIG>*Y1 Z ! TYRANNY
( ,ANTILEON DID AT ,*ALCIS2 96DEMOCRACY1
Z T ( ,GELO'S FAMILY DID AT ,SYRACUSE2
96>I/OCRACY1 Z AT ,C>?AGE1 &! TYRANNY (
,*>ILAUS AT ,LAC$AEMON4 ,(T5 AN OLIG>*Y
*ANGES 96A TYRANNY1 L MO/ (! ANCI5T
OLIG>*IES 9 ,SICILY2 = EXAMPLE1 !
OLIG>*Y AT ,LEONT9I *ANG$ 96! TYRANNY (
,PANAETIUS2 T AT ,GELA 96! TYRANNY (
,CLE&]2 T AT ,RHEGIUM 96! TYRANNY (
,ANAXILAUS2 ! SAME ?+ HAS HAPP5$ 9 _M
O!R /ATES4 ,& X IS ABSURD 6SUPPOSE T !
/ATE *ANGES 96OLIG>*Y M]ELY 2C ! RUL+
CLASS >E LOV]S & MAK]S ( M"OY1 & N 2C !
V RI* ?9K X UNFAIR T ! V POOR %D H AN
EQUAL %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T ) !MVS4 ,MOREOV]1
9 _M OLIG>*IES "! >E LAWS AG/ MAK+ M"OY
9 TRADE4 ,B AT ,C>?AGE1 : IS A
DEMOCRACY4 "! IS NO S* PROHIBI;N2 & YET
6? "D ! ,C>?AG9IANS H N"E _H A REVOLU;N4
,X IS ABSURD TOO = HM 6SAY T AN OLIG>*Y
IS TWO CITIES1 "O (! RI*1 &! O!R (!
POOR4 ,IS N ? J Z M* ! CASE 9 ! ,S"PAN
3/ITU;N1 OR 9 ANY O!R 9 : EI ALL D N
POSSESS EQUAL PROP]TY1 OR ALL >E N EQU,Y
GD M58 ,NOBODY NE$ 2 ANY POOR] ?AN HE 0
2F1 & YET ! OLIG>*Y MAY *ANGE AN ! SAME
96A DEMOCRACY1 IF ! POOR =M ! MAJOR;Y2 &
A DEMOCRACY MAY *ANGE 96AN OLIG>*Y1 IF !
W1L?Y CLASS >E /R;G] ?AN ! P1 &! "O >E
5]GETIC1 ! O!R 9DI6]5T4 ,ONCE M1 AL? !
CAUSES (! *ANGE >E V NUM]\S1 HE M5;NS
ONLY "O1 : IS1 T ! CITIZ5S 2COME POOR "?
4SIP,N & DEBT1 Z ?\< HE ?"\ T ALL1 OR !
MAJOR;Y ( !M1 7 ORIG9,Y RI*4 ,? IS N
TRUE3 ?\< X IS TRUE T :5 ANY (! L1D]S
LOSE _! PROP]TY !Y >E RIPE = REVOLU;N2
B1 :5 ANYBODY ELSE1 X IS NO GRT MATT]1 &
AN OLIG>*Y DOES N EV5 !N M (T5 PASS 96A
DEMOCRACY ?AN 96ANY O!R =M ( GOV]N;T4
,AG1 IF M5 >E DEPRIV$ (! HONORS ( /ATE1
& >E WR;G$1 & 9SULT$1 !Y MAKE REVOLU;NS1
& *ANGE =MS ( GOV]N;T1 EV5 AL? !Y H N
WA/$ _! SUB/.E 2C !Y MI<T D :AT !Y LIK$-
( : EXTRAVAG.E HE DCLS EXCESSIVE FREEDOM
6BE ! CAUSE4
  ,F9,Y1 AL? "! >E _M =MS ( OLIG>*IES &
DEMOCRACIES1 ,SOCRATES SP1KS ( _!
REVOLU;NS Z ?\< "! 7 ONLY "O =M ( EI (
!M4