,,BOOK ,,F\R ,I ,9 ALL >TS & SCI;ES : EMBRACE ! :OLE ( ANY SUBJECT1 & D N -E 962+ 9 A FRAG;T>Y WAY1 X IS ! PROV9CE (A S+LE >T OR SCI;E 63SID] ALL T APP]TA9S 6A S+LE SUBJECT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! >T ( GYMNA/IC 3SID]S N ONLY ! SUITA#;S ( DI6]5T MODES ( TRA9+ 6DI6]5T BODIES 7#B71 B :AT SORT IS ABSOLUTELY ! BE/ 7#A72 7=! ABSOLUTELY BE/ M/ SUIT T : IS 0NATURE BE/ & BE/ FURNI%$ )! M1NS ( LIFE71 & AL :AT -MON =M ( TRA9+ IS ADAPT$ 6! GRT MAJOR;Y ( M5 7#D74 ,& IF A MAN DOES N DESIRE ! BE/ HABIT ( BODY1 OR ! GRTE/ SKILL 9 GYMNA/ICS1 : MITS G5],Y4 ,H;E X IS OBVI\S T GOV]N;T TOO IS ! SUBJECT (A S+LE SCI;E1 : HAS 63SID] :AT GOV]N;T IS BE/ &( :AT SORT X M/ BE1 6BE MO/ 9 A3ORD.E ) \R ASPIR,NS1 IF "! 7 NO EXT]NAL IMP$I;T1 & AL :AT K9D ( GOV]N;T IS ADAPT$ 6"PICUL> /ATES4 ,=! BE/ IS (T5 UNATTA9A#1 & "!=E ! TRUE LEGISLATOR & /ATESMAN "\ 6BE ACQUA9T$1 N ONLY ) 7#A7 T : IS BE/ 9 ! AB/RACT1 B AL ) 7#B7 T : IS BE/ RELATIVELY 6CIRCUM/.ES4 ,WE %D 2 A# FUR!R 6SAY H[ A /ATE MAY 2 3/ITUT$ "U ANY GIV5 3DI;NS 7#C72 BO? H[ X IS ORIG9,Y =M$ &1 :5 =M$1 H[ X MAY 2 L;GE/ PRES]V$2 ! SUPPOS$ /ATE 2+ S F> F HAV+ ! BE/ 3/ITU;N T X IS UNPROVID$ EV5 )! 3DI;NS NEC =! BE/2 NEI IS X ! BE/ "U ! CIRCUM/.ES1 B ( AN 9F]IOR TYPE4 ,HE "\1 MOREOV]1 6"K 7#D7 ! =M ( GOV]N;T : IS BE/ SUIT$ 6/ATES 9 G5]AL2 = POLITICAL WRIT]S1 AL? !Y H EXCELL5T ID1S1 >E (T5 UNPRACTICAL4 ,WE %D 3SID]1 N ONLY :AT =M ( GOV]N;T IS BE/1 B AL :AT IS POSSI# & :AT IS EASILY ATTA9A# 0ALL4 ,"! >E "S :O WD H N"O B ! MO/ P]FECT2 = ? _M NATURAL ADVANTAGES >E REQUIR$4 ,O!RS1 AG1 SP1K (A M ATTA9A# =M1 &1 AL? !Y REJECT ! 3/ITU;N "U : !Y >E LIV+1 !Y EXTOL "S "O 9 "PICUL>1 = EXAMPLE ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN4 ,ANY *ANGE ( GOV]N;T : HAS 6BE 9TRODUC$ %D 2 "O : M51 />T+ F _! EXI/+ 3/ITU;NS1 W 2 BO? WILL+ & A# 6ADOPT1 S9CE "! IS Q Z M* TR\# 9 ! RE=M,N ( AN OLD 3/ITU;N Z 9 ! E/ABLI%;T (A NEW "O1 J Z 6UNLE>N IS Z H>D Z 6LE>N4 ,& "!=E1 9 A4I;N 6! QUALIFIC,NS (! /ATESMAN ALR M5;N$1 HE %D 2 A# 6F9D REM$IES =! DEFECTS ( EXI/+ 3/ITU;NS1 Z HAS BE5 SD 2F4 ,? HE _C D UN.S HE "KS H[ _M =MS ( GOV]N;T "! >E4 ,X IS (T5 SUPPOS$ T "! IS ONLY "O K9D ( DEMOCRACY & "O ( OLIG>*Y4 ,B ? IS A MISTAKE2 &1 9 ORD] 6AVOID S* MISTAKES1 WE M/ ASC]TA9 :AT DI6];ES "! >E 9 ! 3/ITU;NS ( /ATES1 & 9 H[ _M WAYS !Y >E -B9$4 ,! SAME POLITICAL 9SIE ! BE/1 & : >E SUIT$ 6DI6]5T 3/ITU;NS2 =! LAWS >E1 & "\ 6BE1 RELATIVE 6! 3/ITU;N1 & N ! 3/ITU;N 6! LAWS4 ,A 3/ITU;N IS ! ORGANIZ,N ( (FICES 9 A /ATE1 & DET]M9ES :AT IS 6BE ! GOV]N+ BODY1 & :AT IS ! 5D ( EA* -MUN;Y4 ,B LAWS >E N 6BE 3F.D$ )! PR9CIPLES (! 3/ITU;N2 !Y >E ! RULES AC 6: ! MAGI/RATES %D ADM9I/] ! /ATE1 & PROCE$ AG/ (F5D]S4 ,S T WE M/ "K ! V>IETIES1 &! NUMB] ( V>IETIES1 ( EA* =M ( GOV]N;T1 IF ONLY )A VIEW 6MAK+ LAWS4 ,=! SAME LAWS _C 2 EQU,Y SUIT$ 6ALL OLIG>*IES OR 6ALL DEMOCRACIES1 S9CE "! IS C]TA9LY M ?AN "O =M BO? ( DEMOCRACY &( OLIG>*Y4 ,,II ,9 \R ORIG9AL 4CUS.N AB GOV]N;TS WE DIVID$ !M 96?REE TRUE =MS3 K+LY RULE1 >I/OCRACY1 & 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 & ?REE CORRESPOND+ P]V].NS- TYRANNY1 OLIG>*Y1 & DEMOCRACY4 ,( K+LY RULE &( >I/OCRACY1 WE H ALR SPOK51 =! 9QUIRY 96! P]FECT /ATE IS ! SAME ?+ )! 4CUS.N (! TWO =MS ?US "ND1 S9CE BO? IMPLY A PR9CIPLE ( VIRTUE PROVID$ ) EXT]NAL M1NS4 ,WE H ALR DET]M9$ 9 :AT >I/OCRACY & K+LY RULE DI6] F "O ANO!R1 & :5 ! LATT] %D 2 E/ABLI%$4 ,9 :AT FOLL[S WE H 6DESCRIBE ! S-CALL$ 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 : BE>S ! -MON "N ( ALL 3/ITU;NS1 &! O!R =MS1 TYRANNY1 OLIG>*Y1 & DEMOCRACY4 ,X IS OBVI\S : (! ?REE P]V].NS IS ! WOR/1 & : IS ! NEXT 9 BAD;S4 ,T : IS ! P]V].N (! F/ & MO/ DIV9E IS NECESS>ILY ! WOR/4 ,& J Z A ROYAL RULE1 IF N A M]E "N1 M/ EXI/ 0VIRTUE ( "S GRT P]SONAL SUP]IOR;Y 9 ! K+1 S TYRANNY1 : IS ! WOR/ ( GOV]N;TS1 IS NECESS>ILY ! F>!/ REMOV$ F A WELL-3/ITUT$ =M2 OLIG>*Y IS LL BETT]1 = X IS A L;G WAY F >I/OCRACY1 & DEMOCRACY IS ! MO/ TOL]A# (! ?REE4 ,A WRIT] :O PREC$$ ME HAS ALR MADE ^! 4T9C;NS1 B 8 PO9T ( VIEW IS N ! SAME Z M9E4 ,= HE LAYS D[N ! PR9CIPLE T :5 ALL ! 3/ITU;NS >E GD 7! OLIG>*Y &! RE/ 2+ VIRTU\S71 DEMOCRACY IS ! WOR/1 B ! BE/ :5 ALL >E BAD4 ,":AS WE MA9TA9 T !Y >E 9 ANY CASE DEFECTIVE1 & T "O OLIG>*Y IS N 6BE A3.T$ BETT] ?AN ANO!R1 B ONLY LESS BAD4 ,N 6PURSUE ? "Q FUR!R AT PRES5T1 LET U 2G9 0DET]M9+ 7#A7 H[ _M V>IETIES ( 3/ITU;N "! >E 7S9CE ( DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y "! >E S"EAL73 7#B7 :AT 3/ITU;N IS ! MO/ G5],Y A3EPTA#1 & :AT IS ELIGI# 9 ! NEXT DEGREE AF ! P]FECT /ATE2 & 2SS ? :AT O!R "! IS : IS >I/OCRATICAL & WELL-3/ITUT$1 & AT ! SAME "T ADAPT$ 6/ATES 9 G5]AL2 7#C7 (! O!R =MS ( GOV]N;T 6:OM EA* IS SUIT$4 ,= DEMOCRACY MAY MEET ! NE$S ( "S BETT] ?AN OLIG>*Y1 & 3V]SELY4 ,9 ! NEXT PLACE 7#D7 WE H 63SID] 9 :AT MANN] A MAN "\ 6PROCE$ :O DESIRES 6E/ABLI% "S "O AM;G ^! V>I\S =MS1 :E!R ( DEMOCRACY OR ( OLIG>*Y2 & LA/LY1 7#E7 HAV+ BRIEFLY 4CUSS$ ^! SUBJECTS 6! BE/ ( \R P[]1 WE W 5D1VOR 6ASC]TA9 ! MODES ( RU9 & PRES]V,N BO? ( 3/ITU;NS G5],Y &( EA* SEP>ATELY1 & 6:AT CAUSES !Y >E 6BE ATTRIBUT$4 ,,III ,! R1SON :Y "! >E _M =MS ( GOV]N;T IS T E /ATE 3TA9S _M ELE;TS4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE WE SEE T ALL /ATES >E MADE UP ( FAMILIES1 & 9 ! MULTITUDE ( CITIZ5 "! M/ 2 "S RI* & "S POOR1 & "S 9 A MI4LE 3DI;N2 ! RI* >E H1VY->M$1 &! POOR N4 ,(! -MON P1 "S >E HUSB&M51 & "S TRAD]S1 & "S >TISANS4 ,"! >E AL AM;G ! NOTA#S DI6];ES ( W1L? & PROP]TY- = EXAMPLE1 9 ! NUMB] ( HORSES : !Y KEEP1 = !Y _C AF=D 6KEEP !M UN.S !Y >E RI*4 ,& "!=E 9 OLD "TS ! CITIES ^: /R5G? LAY 9 _! CAVALRY 7 OLIG>*IES1 & !Y US$ CAVALRY 9 W>S AG/ _! NEIE DI6];ES ( RANK & M]IT1 & "! >E "S O!R ELE;TS : 7 M5;N$ 0U :5 9 TR1T+ ( >I/OCRACY WE ENUM]AT$ ! ESS5TIALS (A /ATE4 ,( ^! ELE;TS1 "S"TS ALL1 "S"TS ! LESS] & "S"TS ! GRT] NUMB]1 H A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T4 ,X IS EVID5T !N T "! M/ 2 _M =MS ( GOV]N;T1 DI6]+ 9 K9D1 S9CE ! "PS ( : !Y >E -POS$ DI6] F EA* O!R 9 K9D4 ,=A 3/ITU;N IS AN ORGANIZ,N ( (FICES1 : ALL ! CITIZ5S 4TRIBUTE AM;G !MVS1 AC 6! P[] : DI6]5T CLASSES POSSESS1 = EXAMPLE ! RI* OR ! POOR1 OR AC 6"S PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL;Y : 9CLUDES BO?4 ,"! M/ "!=E 2 Z _M =MS ( GOV]N;T Z "! >E MODES ( >RANG+ ! (FICES1 AC 6! SUP]IORITIES & DI6];ES (! "PS (! /ATE4 ,"! >E G5],Y ?"\ 6BE TWO PR9CIPAL =MS3 Z M5 SAY (! W9DS T "! >E B TWO- NOR? & S\?1 & T ! RE/ ( !M >E ONLY V>I,NS ( ^!1 S ( GOV]N;TS "! >E SD 6BE ONLY TWO =MS- DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y4 ,= >I/OCRACY IS 3SID]$ 6BE A K9D ( OLIG>*Y1 Z 2+ ! RULE (A FEW1 &! S-CALL$ 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T 6BE RE,Y A DEMOCRACY1 J Z AM;G ! W9DS WE MAKE ! WE/ A V>I,N (! NOR?1 &! EA/ (! S\? W9D4 ,SIMIL>LY ( MUSICAL MODES "! >E SD 6BE TWO K9DS1 ! ,DORIAN &! ,PHRYGIAN2 ! O!R >RANGE;TS (! SCALE >E -PREH5D$ "U "O OR O!R ( ^! TWO4 ,AB =MS ( GOV]N;T ? IS A V FAVORITE NO;N4 ,B 9 EI CASE ! BETT] & M EXACT WAY IS 64T+UI%1 Z ,I H D"O1 ! "O OR TWO : >E TRUE =MS1 & 6REG>D ! O!RS Z P]V].NS1 :E!R (! MO/ P]FECTLY ATTEMP]$ MODE OR (! BE/ =M ( GOV]N;T3 WE MAY -P>E ! SEV]] & M OV]P[]+ MODES 6! OLIG>*ICAL =MS1 &! M RELAX$ & G5TL] "OS 6! DEMOCRATIC4 ,,IV ,X M/ N 2 ASSUM$1 Z "S >E FOND ( SAY+1 T DEMOCRACY IS SIMPLY T =M ( GOV]N;T 9 : ! GRT] NUMB] >E SOV]EIGN1 = 9 OLIG>*IES1 & 9DE$ 9 E GOV]N;T1 ! MAJOR;Y RULES2 NOR AG IS OLIG>*Y T =M ( GOV]N;T 9 : A FEW >E SOV]EIGN4 ,SUPPOSE ! :OLE POPUL,N (A C;Y 6BE #ACJJ1 & T ( ^! #AJJJ >E RI*1 & D N ALL[ ! REMA9+ #CJJ :O >E POOR1 B FREE1 & 9 AN O!R RESPECTS _! EQUALS1 A %>E (! GOV]N;T- NO "O W SAY T ? IS A DEMOCRACY4 ,9 L MANN]1 IF ! POOR 7 FEW & ! MA/]S (! RI* :O \TNUMB] !M1 NO "O WD "E CALL S* A GOV]N;T1 9 : ! RI* MAJOR;Y H NO %>E ( (FICE1 AN OLIG>*Y4 ,"!=E WE %D R SAY T DEMOCRACY IS ! =M ( GOV]N;T 9 : ! FREE >E RUL]S1 & OLIG>*Y 9 : ! RI*2 X IS ONLY AN A3ID5T T ! FREE >E ! _M &! RI* >E ! FEW4 ,O!RWISE A GOV]N;T 9 : ! (FICES 7 GIV5 AC 6/ATURE1 Z IS SD 6BE ! CASE 9 ,E?IOPIA1 OR AC 6B1UTY1 WD 2 AN OLIG>*Y2 =! NUMB] ( TALL OR GD-LOOK+ M5 IS SMALL4 ,& YET OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY >E N SU6ICI5TLY 4T+UI%$ M]ELY 0^! TWO "*I/ICS ( W1L? & FREEDOM4 ,BO? ( !M 3TA9 _M O!R ELE;TS1 & "!=E WE M/ C>RY \R ANALYSIS FUR!R1 & SAY T ! GOV]N;T IS N A DEMOCRACY 9 : ! FREEM51 2+ FEW 9 NUMB]1 RULE OV] ! _M :O >E N FREE1 Z AT ,APOLLONIA1 ON ! ,IONIAN ,GULF1 & AT ,!RA2 7= 9 EA* ( ^! /ATES ! NO#S1 :O 7 AL ! E>LIE/ SETTL]S1 7 HELD 9 *IEF HONOR1 AL? !Y 7 B A FEW \ ( _M74 ,NEI IS X A DEMOCRACY :5 ! RI* H ! GOV]N;T 2C !Y EXCE$ 9 NUMB]2 Z 0 ! CASE =M]LY AT ,COLOPHON1 ": ! BULK (! 9HABITANTS 7 POSSESS$ ( L>GE PROP]TY 2F ! ,LYDIAN ,W>4 ,B ! =M ( GOV]N;T IS A DEMOCRACY :5 ! FREE1 :O >E AL POOR &! MAJOR;Y1 GOV]N1 & AN OLIG>*Y :5 ! RI* &! NO# GOV]N1 !Y 2+ AT ! SAME "T FEW 9 NUMB]4 ,I H SD T "! >E _M =MS ( GOV]N;T1 & H EXPLA9$ 6:AT CAUSES ! V>IETY IS DUE4 ,:Y "! >E M ?AN ^? ALR M5;N$1 & :AT !Y >E1 & :;E !Y >ISE1 ,I W N[ PROCE$ 63SID]1 />T+ F ! PR9CIPLE ALR ADMITT$1 : IS T E /ATE 3SI/S1 N ( "O1 B ( _M "PS4 ,IF WE 7 GO+ 6SP1K (! DI6]5T SPECIES ( ANIMALS1 WE %D F/ ( ALL DET]M9E ! ORGANS : >E 9DISP5SA# 6E ANIMAL1 Z = EXAMPLE "S ORGANS ( S5SE &! 9/RU;TS ( RCVG & DIGE/+ FOOD1 S* Z ! M\? &! /OMA*1 2SS ORGANS ( LOCOMO;N4 ,ASSUM+ N[ T "! >E ONLY S _M K9DS ( ORGANS1 B T "! MAY 2 DI6];ES 9 !M- ,I M1N DI6]5T K9DS ( M\?S1 & /OMA*S1 & P]CEPTIVE & LOCOMOTIVE ORGANS- ! POSSI# -B9,NS ( ^! DI6];ES W NECESS>ILY FURNI% _M V>I$ES ( ANIMALS4 7,= ANIMALS _C 2 ! SAME : H DI6]5T K9DS ( M\?S OR ( E>S47 ,& :5 ALL ! -B9,NS >E EXHAU/$1 "! W 2 Z _M SORTS ( ANIMALS Z "! >E -B9,NS (! NEC ORGANS4 ,! SAME1 !N1 IS TRUE (! =MS ( GOV]N;T : H BE5 DESCRIB$2 /ATES1 Z ,I H REP1T$LY SD1 >E -POS$1 N ( "O1 B ( _M ELE;TS4 ,"O ELE;T IS ! FOOD-PRODUC+ CLASS1 :O >E CALL$ HUSB&M52 A SECOND1 ! CLASS ( ME*ANICS :O PRACTICE ! >TS )\T : A C;Y _C EXI/2 ( ^! >TS "S >E ABSOLUTELY NEC1 O!RS 3TRIBUTE 6LUXURY OR 6! GRACE ( LIFE4 ,! ?IRD CLASS IS T ( TRAD]S1 & 0TRAD]S ,I M1N ^? :O >E 5GAG$ 9 BUY+ & SELL+1 :E!R 9 -M]CE OR 9 RETAIL TRADE4 ,A F\R? CLASS IS T (! S]FS OR LABOR]S4 ,! W>RIORS MAKE UP ! FIF? CLASS1 & !Y >E Z NEC Z ANY (! O!RS1 IF ! C.TRY IS N 6BE ! SLAVE ( E 9VAD]4 ,= H[ C A /ATE : HAS ANY TITLE 6! "N 2 (A SLAVI% NATURE8 ,! /ATE IS 9DEP5D5T & SELF-SU6IC+1 B A SLAVE IS ! REV]SE ( 9DEP5D5T4 ,H;E WE SEE T ? SUBJECT1 ?\< 9G5I\SLY1 HAS N BE5 SATISFACTORILY TR1T$ 9 ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,SOCRATES SAYS T A /ATE IS MADE UP ( F\R SORTS ( P :O >E ABSOLUTELY NEC2 ^! >E A W1V]1 A HUSB&MAN1 A %OEMAK]1 &A BUILD]2 AFWS1 F9D+ T !Y >E N 5\<1 HE A4S A SMI?1 & AG A H]DSMAN1 6LOOK AF ! NEC ANIMALS2 !N A M]*ANT1 & !N A RETAIL TRAD]4 ,ALL ^! TGR =M ! -PLE;T (! F/ /ATE1 Z IF A /ATE 7 E/ABLI%$ M]ELY 6SUPPLY ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE1 R ?AN =! SAKE (! GD1 OR /OOD EQU,Y 9 NE$ ( %OEMAK]S &( HUSB&M54 ,B HE DOES N ADMIT 96! /ATE A MILIT>Y CLASS UNTIL ! C.TRY HAS 9CR1S$ 9 SIZE1 & IS 2G9N+ 65CROA* ON XS NEI4 ,YET EV5 AM;G/ 8 F\R ORIG9AL CITIZ5S1 OR :AT"E 2 ! NUMB] ( ^? :OM HE ASSOCIATES 9 ! /ATE1 "! M/ 2 "S "O :O W 4P5SE JU/ICE & DET]M9E :AT IS J4 ,& Z ! S\L MAY 2 SD 6BE M TRULY "P ( AN ANIMAL ?AN ! BODY1 S ! HI<] "PS ( /ATES1 T IS 6SAY1 ! W>RIOR CLASS1 ! CLASS 5GAG$ 9 ! ADM9I/R,N ( JU/ICE1 & T 5GAG$ 9 DELIB],N1 : IS ! SPECIAL BUSI;S ( POLITICAL -MON S5SE-^! >E M ESS5TIAL 6! /ATE ?AN ! "PS : M9I/] 6! NECESS>IES ( LIFE4 ,:E!R _! S"EAL FUNC;NS >E ! FUNC;NS ( DI6]5T CITIZ5S1 OR (! SAME- = X MAY (T5 HAPP5 T ! SAME P]SONS >E BO? W>RIORS & HUSB&M5- IS IMMAT]IAL 6! >GU;T4 ,! HI<] Z WELL Z ! L[] ELE;TS >E 6BE EQU,Y 3SID]$ "PS (! /ATE1 & IF S1 ! MILIT>Y ELE;T AT ANY RATE M/ 2 9CLUD$4 ,"! >E AL ! W1L?Y :O M9I/] 6! /ATE ) _! PROP]TY2 ^! =M ! SEV5? CLASS4 ,! EI 6BE (T5 -B9$ 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL2 = EXAMPLE1 ! W>RIOR MAY AL 2 A HUSB&MAN1 OR AN >TISAN2 OR1 AG1 ! C\NCILLOR A JUDGE4 ,& ALL CLAIM 6POSSESS POLITICAL ABIL;Y1 & ?9K T !Y >E Q -PET5T 6FILL MO/ (FICES4 ,B ! SAME P]SONS _C 2 RI* & POOR AT ! SAME "T4 ,= ? R1SON ! RI* &! POOR >E REG>D$ 9 AN ESPECIAL S5SE Z "PS (A /ATE4 ,AG1 2C ! RI* >E G5],Y FEW 9 NUMB]1 :ILE ! POOR >E _M1 !Y APPE> 6BE ANTAGONI/IC1 & Z ! "O OR ! O!R PREVAILS !Y =M ! GOV]N;T4 ,H;E >ISES ! -MON OP9ION T "! >E TWO K9DS ( GOV]N;T- DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y4 ,I H ALR EXPLA9$ T "! >E _M =MS ( 3/ITU;N1 & 6:AT CAUSES ! V>IETY IS DUE4 ,LET ME N[ %[ T "! >E DI6]5T =MS BO? ( DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y1 Z W 9DE$ 2 EVID5T F :AT HAS PREC$$4 ,= BO? 9 ! -MON P & 9 ! NOTA#S V>I\S CLASSES >E 9CLUD$2 (! -MON P1 "O CLASS >E HUSB&M51 ANO!R >TISANS2 ANO!R TRAD]S1 :O >E EMPLOY$ 9 BUY+ & SELL+2 ANO!R >E ! S1F>+ CLASS1 :E!R 5GAG$ 9 W> OR 9 TRADE1 Z F]RYM5 OR Z FI%]M54 7,IN _M PLACES ANY "O ( ^! CLASSES =MS Q A L>GE POPUL,N2 = EXAMPLE1 FI%]M5 AT ,T>5TUM & ,BYZANTIUM1 CREWS ( TRIREMES AT ,A!NS1 M]*ANT S1M5 AT ,AEG9A & ,*IOS1 F]RYM5 AT ,T5$OS47 ,6! CLASSES ALR M5;N$ MAY 2 A4$ "D-LABOR]S1 & ^? :O1 [+ 6_! NE$Y CIRCUM/.ES1 H NO LEISURE1 OR ^? :O >E N ( FREE BIR? ON BO? SIDES2 & "! MAY 2 O!R CLASSES Z WELL4 ,! NOTA#S AG MAY 2 DIVID$ AC 6_! W1L?1 BIR?1 VIRTUE1 $UC,N1 & SIMIL> DI6];ES4 ,( =MS ( DEMOCRACY F/ -ES T : IS SD 6BE BAS$ /RICTLY ON EQUAL;Y4 ,9 S* A DEMOCRACY ! LAW SAYS T X IS J =! POOR 6H NO M ADVANTAGE ?AN ! RI*2 & T NEI %D 2 MA/]S1 B BO? EQUAL4 ,= IF LIB]TY & EQUAL;Y1 Z IS ?"\ 0"S1 >E *IEFLY 6BE F.D 9 DEMOCRACY1 !Y W 2 BE/ ATTA9$ :5 ALL P]SONS ALIKE %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T 6! UTMO/4 ,& S9CE ! P >E ! MAJOR;Y1 &! OP9ION (! MAJOR;Y IS DECISIVE1 S* A GOV]N;T M/ NECESS>ILY 2 A DEMOCRACY4 ,"H !N IS "O SORT ( DEMOCRACY4 ,"! IS ANO!R1 9 : ! MAGI/RATES >E ELECT$ AC 6A C]TA9 PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 B A L[ "O2 HE :O HAS ! REQUIR$ AM.T ( PROP]TY HAS A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 B HE :O LOSES 8 PROP]TY LOSES 8 "RS4 ,ANO!R K9D IS T 9 : ALL ! CITIZ5S :O >E "U NO 4QUALIFIC,N %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 B / ! LAW IS SUPREME4 ,9 ANO!R1 "EYBODY1 IF HE 2 ONLY A CITIZ51 IS ADMITT$ 6! GOV]N;T1 B ! LAW IS SUPREME Z 2F4 ,A FIF? =M ( DEMOCRACY1 9 O!R RESPECTS ! SAME1 IS T 9 :1 N ! LAW1 B ! MULTITUDE1 H ! SUPREME P[]1 & SUP]S$E ! LAW 0_! DECREES4 ,? IS A /ATE ( A6AIRS BR"\ AB 0! DEMAGOGUES4 ,= 9 DEMOCRACIES : >E SUBJECT 6! LAW ! BE/ CITIZ5S HOLD ! F/ PLACE1 & "! >E NO DEMAGOGUES2 B ": ! LAWS >E N SUPREME1 "! DEMAGOGUES SPR+ UP4 ,=! P 2COMES A MON>*1 & IS _M 9 "O2 &! _M H ! P[] 9 _! H&S1 N Z 9DIVIDUALS1 B COLLECTIVELY4 ,HOM] SAYS T ,8X IS N GD 6H A RULE ( _M10' B :E!R HE M1NS ? CORPORATE RULE1 OR ! RULE ( _M 9DIVIDUALS1 IS UNC]TA94 ,AT ALL EV5TS ? SORT ( DEMOCRACY1 : IS N[ A MON>*1 & NO L;G] "U ! 3TROL ( LAW1 SEEKS 6EX]CISE MON>*ICAL SWAY1 & GR[S 96A DESPOT2 ! FLATT]] IS HELD 9 HONOR2 ? SORT ( DEMOCRACY 2+ RELATIVELY 6O!R DEMOCRACIES :AT TYRANNY IS 6O!R =MS ( MON>*Y4 ,! _S ( BO? IS ! SAME1 & !Y ALIKE EX]CISE A DESPOTIC RULE OV] ! BETT] CITIZ5S4 ,! DECREES (! DEMOS CORRESPOND 6! EDICTS (! TYRANT2 &! DEMAGOGUE IS 6! "O :AT ! FLATT]] IS 6! O!R4 ,BO? H GRT P[]2 ! FLATT]] )! TYRANT1 ! DEMAGOGUE ) DEMOCRACIES (! K9D : WE >E DESCRIB+4 ,! DEMAGOGUES MAKE ! DECREES (! P OV]RIDE ! LAWS1 0REF]R+ ALL ?+S 6! POPUL> ASSEMBLY4 ,& "!=E !Y GR[ GRT1 2C ! P H AN ?+S 9 _! H&S1 & !Y HOLD 9 _! H&S ! VOTES (! P1 :O >E TOO R1DY 6LI/5 6!M4 ,FUR!R1 ^? :O H ANY -PLA9T 6BR+ AG/ ! MAGI/RATES SAY1 ,8,LET ! P 2 JUDGES0'2 ! P >E TOO HAPPY 6A3EPT ! 9VIT,N2 & S ! AU?OR;Y ( E (FICE IS "UM9$4 ,S* A DEMOCRACY IS FAIRLY OP5 6! OBJEC;N T X IS N A 3/ITU;N AT ALL2 = ": ! LAWS H NO AU?OR;Y1 "! IS NO 3/ITU;N4 ,! LAW "\ 6BE SUPREME OV] ALL1 &! MAGI/RACIES %D JUDGE ( "PICUL>S1 & ONLY ? %D 2 3SID]$ A 3/ITU;N4 ,S T IF DEMOCRACY 2 A R1L =M ( GOV]N;T1 ! SORT ( SY/EM 9 : ALL ?+S >E REGULAT$ 0DECREES IS CLE>LY N EV5 A DEMOCRACY 9 ! TRUE S5SE (! ^W1 = DECREES RELATE ONLY 6"PICUL>S4 ,^! !N >E ! DI6]5T K9DS ( DEMOCRACY4 ;,V ,( OLIG>*IES1 TOO1 "! >E DI6]5T K9DS3 "O ": ! PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N = (FICE IS S* T ! POOR1 AL? !Y =M ! MAJOR;Y1 H NO %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 YET HE :O ACQUIRES A QUALIFIC,N MAY OBTA9 A %>E4 ,ANO!R SORT IS :5 "! IS A QUALIFIC,N = (FICE1 B A HI< "O1 &! VACANCIES 9 ! GOV]N+ BODY >E FIR$ 0CO-OPT,N4 ,IF ! ELEC;N IS MADE \ ( ALL ! QUALIFI$ P]SONS1 A 3/ITU;N ( ? K9D 9CL9ES 6AN >I/OCRACY1 IF \ (A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 6AN OLIG>*Y4 ,ANO!R SORT ( OLIG>*Y IS :5 ! SON SU3E$S ! "F4 ,"! IS A F\R? =M1 LIKEWISE H]$IT>Y1 9 : ! MAGI/RATES >E SUPREME & N ! LAW4 ,AM;G OLIG>*IES ? IS :AT TYRANNY IS AM;G MON>*IES1 &! LA/-M5;N$ =M ( DEMOCRACY AM;G DEMOCRACIES2 & 9 FACT ? SORT ( OLIG>*Y RCVS ! "N (A DYNA/Y 7OR RULE ( P[];L FAMILIES74 ,^! >E ! DI6]5T SORTS ( OLIG>*IES & DEMOCRACIES4 ,X %D1 H["E1 2 REMEMB]$ T 9 _M /ATES ! 3/ITU;N : IS E/ABLI%$ 0LAW1 AL? N DEMOCRATIC1 [+ 6! $UC,N & HABITS ( ! P MAY 2 ADM9I/]$ DEMOCRATIC,Y1 & 3V]SELY 9 O!R /ATES ! E/ABLI%$ 3/ITU;N MAY 9CL9E 6DEMOCRACY1 B MAY 2 ADM9I/]$ 9 AN OLIG>*ICAL _S4 ,? MO/ (T5 HAPP5S AF A REVOLU;N3 = GOV]N;TS D N *ANGE AT ONCE2 AT F/ ! DOM9ANT "PY >E 3T5T ) 5CROA*+ A LL ^U _! OPPON5TS4 ,! LAWS : EXI/$ PREVI\SLY 3T9UE 9 =CE1 B ! AU?ORS (! REVOLU;N H ! P[] 9 _! H&S4 ,,VI ,F :AT HAS BE5 ALR SD WE MAY SAFELY 9F] T "! >E S _M DI6]5T K9DS ( DEMOCRACIES &( OLIG>*IES4 ,= X IS EVID5T T EI ALL ! CLASSES :OM WE M5;N$ M/ %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 OR "S ONLY & N O!RS4 ,:5 ! CLASS ( HUSB&M5 &( ^? :O POSSESS MOD]ATE =TUNES H ! SUPREME P[]1 ! GOV]N;T IS ADM9I/]$ AC 6LAW4 ,=! CITIZ5S 2+ -PELL$ 6LIVE 0_! LABOR H NO LEISURE2 & S !Y SET UP ! AU?OR;Y (! LAW1 & ATT5D ASSEMBLIES ONLY :5 NEC4 ,!Y ALL OBTA9 A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T :5 !Y H ACQUIR$ ! QUALIFIC,N : IS FIX$ 0! LAW- ! ABSOLUTE EXCLU.N ( ANY CLASS WD 2 A /EP T[>DS OLIG>*Y2 H;E ALL :O H ACQUIR$ ! PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N >E ADMITT$ 6A %>E 9 ! 3/ITU;N4 ,B LEISURE _C 2 PROVID$ = !M UN.S "! >E REV5UES 6SUPPORT !M4 ,? IS "O SORT ( DEMOCRACY1 & ^! >E ! CAUSES : GIVE BIR? 6X4 ,ANO!R K9D IS BAS$ ON ! 4T9C;N : NATUR,Y -ES NEXT 9 ORD]2 9 ?1 E "O 6^: BIR? "! IS NO OBJEC;N IS ELIGI#1 B ACTU,Y %>ES 9 ! GOV]N;T ONLY IF HE C F9D LEISURE4 ,H;E 9 S* A DEMOCRACY ! SUPREME P[] IS VE/$ 9 ! LAWS1 2C ! /ATE HAS NO M1NS ( PAY+ ! CITIZ5S4 ,A ?IRD K9D IS :5 ALL FREEM5 H A "R 6%>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 B D N ACTU,Y %>E1 =! R1SON : HAS BE5 ALR GIV52 S T 9 ? =M AG ! LAW M/ RULE4 ,A F\R? K9D ( DEMOCRACY IS T : -ES LATE/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( /ATES4 ,9 \R [N "D1 :5 CITIES H F> \TGR[N _! ORIG9AL SIZE1 & _! REV5UES H 9CR1S$1 ALL ! CITIZ5S H A PLACE 9 ! GOV]N;T1 "? ! GRT PREPOND].E (! MULTITUDE2 & !Y ALL1 9CLUD+ ! POOR :O RCV PAY1 & "!=E H LEISURE 6EX]CISE _! "RS1 %>E 9 ! ADM9I/R,N4 ,9DE$1 :5 !Y >E PD1 ! -MON P H ! MO/ LEISURE1 = !Y >E N H9D]$ 0! C>E ( _! PROP]TY1 : (T5 FETT]S ! RI*1 :O >E "!BY PREV5T$ F TAK+ "P 9 ! ASSEMBLY OR 9 ! C\RTS1 & S ! /ATE IS GOV]N$ 0! POOR1 :O >E A MAJOR;Y1 & N 0! LAWS4 ,S _M K9DS ( DEMOCRACIES "! >E1 & !Y GR[ \ ( ^! NEC CAUSES4 ,( OLIG>*IES1 "O =M IS T 9 : ! MAJOR;Y (! CITIZ5S H "S PROP]TY1 B N V M*2 & ? IS ! F/ =M1 : ALL[S 6ANY "O :O OBTA9S ! REQUIR$ AM.T ! "R ( %>+ 9 ! GOV]N;T4 ,! %>]S 9 ! GOV]N;T 2+ A NUM]\S BODY1 X FOLL[S T ! LAW M/ GOV]N1 & N 9DIVIDUALS4 ,= 9 PROPOR;N Z !Y >E FUR!R REMOV$ F A MON>*ICAL =M ( GOV]N;T1 & 9 RESPECT ( PROP]TY H NEI S M* Z 6BE A# 6LIVE )\T ATT5D+ 6BUSI;S1 NOR S LL Z 6NE$ /ATE SUPPORT1 !Y M/ ADMIT ! RULE ( LAW & N CLAIM 6RULE !MVS4 ,B IF ! M5 ( PROP]TY 9 ! /ATE >E FEW] ?AN 9 ! =M] CASE1 & [N M PROP]TY1 "! >ISES A SECOND =M ( OLIG>*Y4 ,=! /R;G] !Y >E1 ! M P[] !Y CLAIM1 & HAV+ ? OBJECT 9 VIEW1 !Y !MVS SELECT ^? (! O!R CLASSES :O >E 6BE ADMITT$ 6! GOV]N;T2 B1 N 2+ Z YET /R;G 5 6RULE )\T ! LAW1 !Y MAKE ! LAW REPRES5T _! WI%ES4 ,:5 ? P[] IS 9T5SIFI$ 0A FUR!R DIM9U;N ( _! NUMB]S & 9CR1SE ( _! PROP]TY1 "! >ISES A ?IRD & FUR!R /AGE ( OLIG>*Y1 9 : ! GOV]N+ CLASS KEEP ! (FICES 9 _! [N H&S1 &! LAW ORDA9S T ! SON % SU3E$ ! "F4 ,:51 AG1 ! RUL]S H GRT W1L? & NUM]\S FRS1 ? SORT ( FAMILY DESPOTISM APPROA*ES A MON>*Y2 9DIVIDUALS RULE & N ! LAW4 ,? IS ! F\R? SORT ( OLIG>*Y1 & IS ANALOG\S 6! LA/ SORT ( DEMOCRACY4 ,,VII ,"! >E / TWO =MS 2SS DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y2 "O ( !M IS UNIV]S,Y RECOGNIZ$ & 9CLUD$ AM;G ! F\R PR9CIPAL =MS ( GOV]N;T1 : >E SD 6BE 7#A7 MON>*Y1 7#B7 OLIG>*Y1 7#C7 DEMOCRACY1 & 7#D7 ! S- CALL$ >I/OCRACY OR GOV]N;T (! BE/4 ,B "! IS AL A FIF?1 : RETA9S ! G5]IC "N ( POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 ? IS N -MON1 & "!=E HAS N BE5 NOTIC$ 0WRIT]S :O ATTEMPT 6ENUM]ATE ! DI6]5T K9DS ( GOV]N;T2 L ,PLATO1 9 _! BOOKS AB ! /ATE1 !Y RECOGNIZE F\R ONLY4 ,! T]M ,8>I/OCRACY0' IS "RLY APPLI$ 6! =M ( GOV]N;T : IS DESCRIB$ 9 ! F/ "P ( \R TR1TISE2 = T ONLY C 2 "RLY CALL$ >I/OCRACY : IS A GOV]N;T =M$ (! BE/ M5 ABSOLUTELY1 & N M]ELY ( M5 :O >E GD :5 TRI$ 0ANY GIV5 /&>D4 ,9 ! P]FECT /ATE ! GD MAN IS ABSOLUTELY ! SAME Z ! GD CITIZ52 ":AS 9 O!R /ATES ! GD CITIZ5 IS ONLY GD RELATIVELY 6HIS [N =M ( GOV]N;T4 ,B "! >E "S /ATES DI6]+ F OLIG>*IES & AL DI6]+ F ! S-CALL$ POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 ^! >E T]M$ >I/OCRACIES1 & 9 !M ! MAGI/RATES >E C]TA9LY *OS51 BO? AC 6_! W1L? & AC 6_! M]IT4 ,S* A =M ( GOV]N;T DI6]S F EA* (! TWO J N[ M5;N$1 & IS T]M$ AN >I/OCRACY4 ,= 9DE$ 9 /ATES : D N MAKE VIRTUE ! AIM (! -MUN;Y1 M5 ( M]IT & REPUT,N = VIRTUE MAY 2 F.D4 ,& S ": A GOV]N;T HAS REG>D 6W1L?1 VIRTUE1 & NUMB]S1 Z AT ,C>?AGE1 T IS >I/OCRACY2 & AL ": X HAS REG>D ONLY 6TWO \ (! ?REE1 Z AT ,LAC$AEMON1 6VIRTUE & NUMB]S1 &! TWO PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY & VIRTUE TEMP] EA* O!R4 ,"! >E ^! TWO =MS ( >I/OCRACY 9 A4I;N 6! F/ & P]FECT /ATE1 & "! IS A ?IRD =M1 VIZ41 ! 3/ITU;NS : 9CL9E M ?AN ! S-CALL$ POL;Y T[>DS OLIG>*Y4 ,,VIII ,I H YET 6SP1K (! S-CALL$ POL;Y &( TYRANNY4 ,I PUT !M 9 ? ORD]1 N 2C A POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T IS 6BE REG>D$ Z A P]V].N ANY M ?AN ! ABV M5;N$ >I/OCRACIES4 ,! TRU? IS1 T !Y AN FALL %ORT (! MO/ P]FECT =M ( GOV]N;T1 & S !Y >E RECKON$ AM;G P]V].NS1 &! RE,Y P]V]T$ =MS >E P]V].NS ( ^!1 Z ,I SD 9 ! ORIG9AL 4CUS.N4 ,LA/ ( ALL ,I W SP1K ( TYRANNY1 : ,I PLACE LA/ 9 ! S]IES 2C ,I AM 9QUIR+ 96! 3/ITU;NS ( /ATES1 & ? IS ! V REV]SE (A 3/ITU;N ,HAV+ EXPLA9$ :Y ,I H ADOPT$ ? ORD]1 ,I W PROCE$ 63SID] 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 ( : ! NATURE W 2 CLE>] N[ T OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY H BE5 DEF9$4 ,= POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T MAY 2 DESCRIB$ G5],Y Z A FU.N ( OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY2 B ! T]M IS USU,Y APPLI$ 6^? =MS ( GOV]N;T : 9CL9E T[>DS DEMOCRACY1 &! T]M >I/OCRACY 6^? : 9CL9E T[>DS OLIG>*Y1 2C BIR? & $UC,N >E -MONLY ! A3OMPANI;TS ( W1L?4 ,MOREOV]1 ! RI* ALR POSSESS ! EXT]NAL ADVANTAGES ! WANT ( : IS A TEMPT,N 6CRIME1 & H;E !Y >E CALL$ NO#M5 & G5TLEM54 ,& 9ASM* Z >I/OCRACY SEEKS 6GIVE PREDOM9.E 6! BE/ ( ! CITIZ5S1 P SAY AL ( OLIG>*IES T !Y >E -POS$ ( NO#M5 & G5TLEM54 ,N[ X APPE>S 6BE AN IMPOSSI# ?+ T ! /ATE : IS GOV]N$ N 0! BE/ CITIZ5S B 0! WOR/ %D 2 WELL- GOV]N$1 & EQU,Y IMPOSSI# T ! /ATE : IS ILL-GOV]N$ %D 2 GOV]N$ 0! BE/4 ,B WE M/ REMEMB] T GD LAWS1 IF !Y >E N OBEY$1 D N 3/ITUTE GD GOV]N;T4 ,H;E "! >E TWO "PS ( GD GOV]N;T2 "O IS ! ACTUAL OB$I;E ( CITIZ5S 6! LAWS1 ! O!R "P IS ! GD;S (! LAWS : !Y OBEY2 !Y MAY OBEY BAD LAWS Z WELL Z GD4 ,& "! MAY 2 A FUR!R SUBDIVI.N2 !Y MAY OBEY EI ! BE/ LAWS : >E ATTA9A# 6!M1 OR ! BE/ ABSOLUTELY4 ,! 4TRIBU;N ( (FICES AC 6M]IT IS A SPECIAL "*I/IC ( >I/OCRACY1 =! PR9CIPLE ( AN >I/OCRACY IS VIRTUE1 Z W1L? IS ( AN OLIG>*Y1 & FREEDOM (A DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ALL ( !M "! ( C\RSE EXI/S ! "R (! MAJOR;Y1 & :AT"E SEEMS GD 6! MAJOR;Y ( ^? :O %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T HAS AU?OR;Y4 ,N[ 9 MO/ /ATES ! =M CALL$ POL;Y EXI/S1 =! FU.N GOES NO FUR!R ?AN ! ATTEMPT 6UNITE ! FREEDOM (! POOR &! W1L? (! RI*1 :O -MONLY TAKE ! PLACE (! NO#4 ,B Z "! >E ?REE GR.DS ON : M5 CLAIM AN EQUAL %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 FREEDOM1 W1L?1 & VIRTUE 7=! F\R? OR GD BIR? IS ! RESULT (! TWO LA/1 2+ ONLY ANCI5T W1L? & VIRTUE71 X IS CLE> T ! ADMIXTURE (! TWO ELE;TS1 T IS 6SAY1 (! RI* & POOR1 IS 6BE CALL$ A POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 &! UNION (! ?REE IS 6BE CALL$ >I/OCRACY OR ! GOV]N;T (! BE/1 & M ?AN ANY O!R =M ( GOV]N;T1 EXCEPT ! TRUE & ID1L1 HAS A "R 6? "N4 ,?US F> ,I H %[N ! EXI/;E ( =MS ( /ATES O!R ?AN MON>*Y1 DEMOCRACY1 & OLIG>*Y1 & :AT !Y >E1 & 9 :AT >I/OCRACIES DI6] F "O ANO!R1 & POLITIES F >I/OCRACIES- T ! TWO LATT] >E N V UNLIKE IS OBVI\S4 ,,IX ,NEXT WE H 63SID] H[ 0! SIDE ( OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY ! S-CALL$ POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T SPR+S UP1 & H[ X %D 2 ORGANIZ$4 ,! NATURE ( X W 2 AT ONCE "U/OOD F A -P>ISON ( OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY2 WE M/ ASC]TA9 _! DI6]5T "*I/ICS1 & TAK+ A POR;N F EA*1 PUT ! TWO TGR1 L ! "PS ( AN 9D5TURE4 ,N[ "! >E ?REE MODES 9 : FU.NS ( GOV]N;T MAY 2 A6ECT$4 ,9 ! F/ MODE WE M/ -B9E ! LAWS MADE 0BO? GOV]N;TS1 SAY 3C]N+ ! ADM9I/R,N ( JU/ICE4 ,9 OLIG>*IES !Y IMPOSE A F9E ON ! RI* IF !Y D N S]VE Z JUDGES1 & 6! POOR !Y GIVE NO PAY2 B 9 DEMOCRACIES !Y GIVE PAY 6! POOR & D N F9E ! RI*4 ,N[ 7#A7 ! UNION ( ^! TWO MODES IS A -MON OR MI4LE T]M 2T !M1 & IS "!=E "*I/IC (A 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 = X IS A -B9,N ( BO?4 ,? IS "O MODE ( UNIT+ ! TWO ELE;TS4 ,OR 7#B7 A M1N MAY 2 TAK5 2T ! 5ACT;TS (! TWO3 ?US DEMOCRACIES REQUIRE NO PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 OR ONLY A SMALL "O1 F MEMB]S (! ASSEMBLY1 OLIG>*IES A HI< "O2 "H NEI ( ^! IS ! -MON T]M1 B A M1N 2T !M4 7#C7 ,"! IS A ?IRD MODE1 9 : "S?+ IS BORR[$ F ! OLIG>*ICAL & "S?+ F ! DEMOCRATICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! APPO9T;T ( MAGI/RATES 0LOT IS ?"\ 6BE DEMOCRATICAL1 &! ELEC;N ( !M OLIG>*ICAL2 DEMOCRATICAL AG :5 "! IS NO PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 OLIG>*ICAL :5 "! IS4 ,9 ! >I/OCRATICAL OR 3/ITU;NAL /ATE1 "O ELE;T W 2 TAK5 F EA*- F OLIG>*Y ! PR9CIPLE ( ELECT+ 6(FICES1 F DEMOCRACY ! 4REG>D ( QUALIFIC,N4 ,S* >E ! V>I\S MODES ( -B9,N4 ,"! IS A TRUE UNION ( OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY :5 ! SAME /ATE MAY 2 T]M$ EI A DEMOCRACY OR AN OLIG>*Y2 ^? :O USE BO? "NS EVID5TLY FEEL T ! FU.N IS -PLETE4 ,S* A FU.N "! IS AL 9 ! M1N2 = BO? EXTREMES APPE> 9 X4 ,! ,LAC$AEMONIAN 3/ITU;N1 = EXAMPLE1 IS (T5 DESCRIB$ Z A DEMOCRACY1 2C X HAS _M DEMOCRATICAL F1TURES4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE ! Y\? RCV A DEMOCRATICAL $UC,N4 ,=! SONS (! POOR >E BR"\ UP ))! SONS (! RI*1 :O >E $UCAT$ 9 S* A MANN] Z 6MAKE X POSSI# =! SONS (! POOR 6BE $UCAT$ 0!M4 ,A SIMIL> EQUAL;Y PREVAILS 9 ! FOLL[+ P]IOD ( LIFE1 & :5 ! CITIZ5S >E GR[N UP 6MANHOOD ! SAME RULE IS OBS]V$2 "! IS NO 4T9C;N 2T ! RI* & POOR4 ,9 L MANN] !Y ALL H ! SAME FOOD AT _! PUBLIC TA#S1 &! RI* WE> ONLY S* CLO?+ Z ANY POOR MAN C AF=D4 ,AG1 ! P ELECT 6"O (! TWO GRTE/ (FICES ( /ATE1 & 9 ! O!R !Y %>E2 = !Y ELECT ! ,S5ATORS & %>E 9 ! ,EPHORALTY4 ,0O!RS ! ,S"PAN 3/ITU;N IS SD 6BE AN OLIG>*Y1 2C X HAS _M OLIG>*ICAL ELE;TS4 ,T ALL (FICES >E FILL$ 0ELEC;N & N"O 0LOT1 IS "O ( ^! OLIG>*ICAL "*I/ICS2 T ! P[] ( 9FLICT+ D1? OR BANI%;T RE/S )A FEW P]SONS IS ANO!R2 & "! >E O!RS4 ,9 A WELL ATTEMPT$ POL;Y "! %D APPE> 6BE BO? ELE;TS & YET NEI2 AL ! GOV]N;T %D RELY ON XF1 & N ON =EIGN AID1 & ON XF N "? ! GD W (A MAJOR;Y- !Y MII/OCRACIES "\ 6BE FRAM$4 ;,X ,(! NATURE ( TYRANNY ,I H / 6SP1K1 9 ORD] T X MAY H XS PLACE 9 \R 9QUIRY 7S9CE EV5 TYRANNY IS RECKON$ 0U 6BE A =M ( GOV]N;T71 AL? "! IS N M* 6BE SD AB X4 ,I H ALR 9 ! =M] "P ( ? TR1TISE 4CUSS$ ROYALTY OR K+%IP AC 6! MO/ USUAL M1N+ (! T]M1 & 3SID]$ :E!R X IS OR IS N ADVANTAGE\S 6/ATES1 & :AT K9D ( ROYALTY %D 2 E/ABLI%$1 & F :AT S\RCE1 & H[4 ,:5 SP1K+ ( ROYALTY WE AL SPOKE ( TWO =MS ( TYRANNY1 : >E BO? AC 6LAW1 & "!=E EASILY PASS 96ROYALTY4 ,AM;G B>B>IANS "! >E ELECT$ MON>*S :O EX]CISE A DESPOTIC P[]2 DESPOTIC RUL]S 7 AL ELECT$ 9 ANCI5T ,HELLAS1 CALL$ ,AESYMNETES OR ,DICTATORS4 ,^! MON>*IES1 :5 -P>$ ) "O ANO!R1 EXHIBIT C]TA9 DI6];ES4 ,& !Y >E1 Z ,I SD 2F1 ROYAL1 9 S F> Z ! MON>* RULES AC 6LAW OV] WILL+ SUBJECTS2 B !Y >E TYRANNICAL 9 S F> Z HE IS DESPOTIC & RULES AC 6HIS [N FANCY4 ,"! IS AL A ?IRD K9D ( TYRANNY1 : IS ! MO/ TYPICAL =M1 & IS ! C.T]"P (! P]FECT MON>*Y4 ,? TYRANNY IS J T >BITR>Y P[] ( AN 9DIVIDUAL : IS RESPONSI# 6NO "O1 & GOV]NS ALL ALIKE1 :E!R EQUALS OR BETT]1 )A VIEW 6XS [N ADVANTAGE1 N 6T ( XS SUBJECTS1 & "!=E AG/ _! W4 ,NO FREEMAN1 IF HE C ESCAPE F X1 W 5DURE S* A GOV]N;T4 ,! K9DS ( TYRANNY >E S* & S _M1 &=! R1SONS : ,I H GIV54 ,,XI ,WE H N[ 69QUIRE :AT IS ! BE/ 3/ITU;N = MO/ /ATES1 &! BE/ LIFE = MO/ M51 NEI ASSUM+ A /&>D ( VIRTUE : IS ABV ORD9>Y P]SONS1 NOR AN $UC,N : IS EXCEP;N,Y FAVOR$ 0NATURE & CIRCUM/.ES1 NOR YET AN ID1L /ATE : IS AN ASPIR,N ONLY1 B HAV+ REG>D 6! LIFE 9 : ! MAJOR;Y >E A# 6%>E1 & 6! =M ( GOV]N;T : /ATES 9 G5]AL C ATTA94 ,Z 6^? >I/OCRACIES1 Z !Y >E CALL$1 ( : WE 7 J N[ SP1K+1 !Y EI LIE 2Y ! POSSIBILITIES (! GRT] NUMB] ( /ATES1 OR !Y APPROXIMATE 6! S-CALL$ 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 & "!=E NE$ NO SEP>ATE 4CUS.N4 ,& 9 FACT ! 3CLU.N AT : WE >RIVE RESPECT+ ALL ^! =MS RE/S ^U ! SAME GR.DS4 ,= IF :AT 0 SD 9 ! ,E?ICS IS TRUE1 T ! HAPPY LIFE IS ! LIFE AC 6VIRTUE LIV$ )\T IMP$I;T1 & T VIRTUE IS A M1N1 !N ! LIFE : IS 9 A M1N1 & 9 A M1N ATTA9A# 0E "O1 M/ 2 ! BE/4 ,&! SAME ! SAME PR9CIPLES ( VIRTUE & VICE >E "*I/IC ( CITIES &( 3/ITU;NS2 =! 3/ITU;N IS 9 A FIGURE ! LIFE (! C;Y4 ,N[ 9 ALL /ATES "! >E ?REE ELE;TS3 "O CLASS IS V RI*1 ANO!R V POOR1 &A ?IRD 9 A M1N4 ,X IS ADMITT$ T MOD],N &! M1N >E BE/1 & "!=E X W CLE>LY 2 BE/ 6POSSESS ! GIFTS ( =TUNE 9 MOD],N2 = 9 T 3DI;N ( LIFE M5 >E MO/ R1DY 6FOLL[ R,NAL PR9CIPLE4 ,B HE :O GRTLY EXCELS 9 B1UTY1 /R5G?1 BIR?1 OR W1L?1 OR ON ! O!R H& :O IS V POOR1 OR V W1K1 OR V M* 4GRAC$1 F9DS X DI6ICULT 6FOLL[ R,NAL PR9CIPLE4 ,( ^! TWO ! "O SORT GR[ 96VIOL5T & GRT CRIM9ALS1 ! O!RS 96ROGUES & PETTY RASCALS4 ,& TWO SORTS ( (F5SES CORRESPOND 6!M1 ! "O -MITT$ F VIOL;E1 ! O!R F ROGU]Y4 ,AG1 ! MI4LE CLASS IS L1/ LIKELY 6%R9K F RULE1 OR 6BE OV]-AMBITI\S = X2 BO? ( : >E 9JURIES 6! /ATE4 ,AG1 ^? :O H TOO M* (! GDS ( =TUNE1 /R5G?1 W1L?1 FRS1 &! L1 >E NEI WILL+ NOR A# 6SUBMIT 6AU?OR;Y4 ,! EVIL 2G9S AT HOME2 = :5 !Y >E BOYS1 0R1SON (! LUXURY 9 : !Y >E BR"\ UP1 !Y N"E LE>N1 EV5 AT S*OOL1 ! HABIT ( OB$I;E4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! V POOR1 :O >E 9 ! OPPOSITE EXTREME1 >E TOO DEGRAD$4 ,S T ! "O CLASS _C OBEY1 & C ONLY RULE DESPOTIC,Y2 ! O!R "KS N H[ 6-M& & M/ 2 RUL$ L SLAVES4 ,?US >ISES A C;Y1 N ( FREEM51 B ( MA/]S & SLAVES1 ! "O DESPIS+1 ! O!R 5VY+2 & NO?+ C 2 M FATAL 6FR%IP & GD FELL[%IP 9 /ATES ?AN ?3 = GD FELL[%IP SPR+S F FR%IP2 :5 M5 >E AT 5M;Y ) "O ANO!R1 !Y WD R N EV5 %>E ! SAME PA?4 ,B A C;Y "\ 6BE -POS$1 Z F> Z POSSI#1 ( EQUALS & SIMIL>S2 & ^! >E G5],Y ! MI4LE CLASSES4 ,":=E ! C;Y : IS -POS$ ( MI4LE-CLASS CITIZ5S IS NECESS>ILY BE/ 3/ITUT$ 9 RESPECT (! ELE;TS ( : WE SAY ! FABRIC (! /ATE NATUR,Y 3SI/S4 ,& ? IS ! CLASS ( CITIZ5S : IS MO/ SECURE 9 A /ATE1 = !Y D N1 L ! POOR1 COVET _! NEIE !MVS PLOTT$ AG/1 !Y PASS "? LIFE SAFELY4 ,WISELY !N DID ,PHOCYLIDES PRAY--,8,_M ?+S >E BE/ 9 ! M1N2 ,I DESIRE 6BE (A MI4LE 3DI;N 9 MY C;Y40' ,?US X IS MANIFE/ T ! BE/ POLITICAL -MUN;Y IS =M$ 0CITIZ5S (! MI4LE CLASS1 & T ^? /ATES >E LIKELY 6BE WELL-ADM9I/]$ 9 : ! MI4LE CLASS IS L>GE1 & /R;G] IF POSSI# ?AN BO? ! O!R CLASSES1 OR AT ANY RATE ?AN EI S+LY2 =! A4I;N (! MI4LE CLASS TURNS ! SCALE1 & PREV5TS EI (! EXTREMES F 2+ DOM9ANT4 ,GRT !N IS ! GD =TUNE (A /ATE 9 : ! CITIZ5S H A MOD]ATE & SU6ICI5T PROP]TY2 = ": "S POSSESS M*1 &! O!RS NO?+1 "! MAY >ISE AN EXTREME DEMOCRACY1 OR A PURE OLIG>*Y2 OR A TYRANNY MAY GR[ \ ( EI EXTREME- EI \ (! MO/ RAMPANT DEMOCRACY1 OR \ ( AN OLIG>*Y2 B X IS N S LIKELY 6>ISE \ (! MI4LE 3/ITU;NS & ^? AK9 6!M4 ,I W EXPLA9 ! R1SON ( ? "HAF1 :5 ,I SP1K (! REVOLU;NS ( /ATES4 ,! M1N 3DI;N ( /ATES IS CLE>LY BE/1 = NO O!R IS FREE F FAC;N2 & ": ! MI4LE CLASS IS L>GE1 "! >E L1/ LIKELY 6BE FAC;NS & 4S5.NS4 ,=A SIMIL> R1SON L>GE /ATES >E LESS LIA# 6FAC;N ?AN SMALL "OS1 2C 9 !M ! MI4LE CLASS IS L>GE2 ":AS 9 SMALL /ATES X IS EASY 6DIVIDE ALL ! CITIZ5S 96TWO CLASSES :O >E EI RI* OR POOR1 & 6L1VE NO?+ 9 ! MI4LE4 ,& DEMOCRACIES >E SAF] & M P]MAN5T ?AN OLIG>*IES1 2C !Y H A MI4LE CLASS : IS M NUM]\S & HAS A GRT] %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T2 = :5 "! IS NO MI4LE CLASS1 &! POOR GRTLY EXCE$ 9 NUMB]1 TR\#S >ISE1 &! /ATE SOON -ES 6AN 5D4 ,A PRO( (! SUP]IOR;Y (! MI4LE DASS IS T ! BE/ LEGISLATORS H BE5 (A MI4LE 3DI;N2 = EXAMPLE1 ,SOLON1 Z 8 [N V]SES TE/IFY2 & ,LYCURGUS1 = HE 0 N A K+2 & ,*>ONDAS1 & ALM ALL LEGISLATORS4 ,^! 3SID],NS W HELP U 6"U/& :Y MO/ GOV]N;TS >E EI DEMOCRATICAL OR OLIG>*ICAL4 ,! R1SON IS T ! MI4LE CLASS IS SELDOM NUM]\S 9 !M1 & :I*"E "PY1 :E!R ! RI* OR ! -MON P1 TRANSGRESSES ! M1N & PREDOM9ATES1 DRAWS ! 3/ITU;N XS [N WAY1 & ?US >ISES EI OLIG>*Y OR DEMOCRACY4 ,"! IS ANO!R R1SON- ! POOR &! RI* QU>REL ) "O ANO!R1 & :I*"E SIDE GETS ! BETT]1 9/1D ( E/ABLI%+ A J OR POPUL> GOV]N;T1 REG>DS POLITICAL SUPREMACY Z ! PRIZE ( VICTORY1 &! "O "PY SETS UP A DEMOCRACY & ! O!R AN OLIG>*Y4 ,FUR!R1 BO? ! "PIES : _H ! SUPREMACY 9 ,HELLAS LOOK$ ONLY 6! 9T]E/ ( _! [N =M ( GOV]N;T1 & E/ABLI%$ 9 /ATES1 ! "O1 DEMOCRACIES1 &! O!R1 OLIG>*IES2 !Y ?"\ ( _! [N ADVANTAGE1 (! PUBLIC N AT ALL4 ,= ^! R1SONS ! MI4LE =M ( GOV]N;T HAS R>ELY1 IF "E1 EXI/$1 & AM;G A V FEW ONLY4 ,"O MAN AL"O ( ALL :O "E RUL$ 9 ,HELLAS 0 9DUC$ 6GIVE ? MI4LE 3/ITU;N 6/ATES4 ,B X HAS N[ 2COME A HABIT AM;G ! CITIZ5S ( /ATES1 N EV5 6C>E AB EQUAL;Y2 ALL M5 >E SEEK+ = DOM9ION1 OR1 IF 3QU]$1 >E WILL+ 6SUBMIT4 ,:AT !N IS ! BE/ =M ( GOV]N;T1 & :AT MAKES X ! BE/1 IS EVID5T2 &( O!R 3/ITU;NS1 S9CE WE SAY T "! >E _M K9DS ( DEMOCRACY & _M ( OLIG>*Y1 X IS N DI6ICULT 6SEE : HAS ! F/ & : ! SECOND OR ANY O!R PLACE 9 ! ORD] ( EXCELL;E1 N[ T WE H DET]M9$ : IS ! BE/4 ,= T : IS NE>E/ 6! BE/ M/ ( NECESS;Y 2 BETT]1 & T : IS FUR!/ F X WORSE1 IF WE >E JUDG+ ABSOLUTELY & N RELATIVELY 6GIV5 3DI;NS3 ,I SAY ,8RELATIVELY 6GIV5 3DI;NS10' S9CE A "PICUL> GOV]N;T MAY 2 PREF]A#1 B ANO!R =M MAY 2 BETT] = "S P4 ,,XII ,WE H N[ 63SID] :AT & :AT K9D ( GOV]N;T IS SUITA# 6:AT & :AT K9D ( M54 ,I MAY 2G9 0ASSUM+1 Z A G5]AL PR9CIPLE -MON 6ALL GOV]N;TS1 T ! POR;N (! /ATE : DESIRES ! P]MAN;E (! 3/ITU;N "\ 6BE /R;G] ?AN T : DESIRES ! REV]SE4 ,N[ E C;Y IS -POS$ ( QUAL;Y & QUANT;Y4 ,0QUAL;Y ,I M1N FREEDOM1 W1L?1 $UC,N1 GD BIR?1 & 0QUANT;Y1 SUP]IOR;Y ( NUMB]S4 ,QUAL;Y MAY EXI/ 9 "O (! CLASSES : MAKE UP ! /ATE1 & QUANT;Y 9 ! O!R4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! M1NLY-BORN MAY 2 M 9 NUMB] ?AN ! WELL-BORN1 OR ! POOR ?AN ! RI*1 YET !Y MAY N S M* EXCE$ 9 QUANT;Y Z !Y FALL %ORT 9 QUAL;Y2 & "!=E "! M/ 2 A -P>ISON ( QUANT;Y & QUAL;Y4 ,": ! NUMB] (! POOR IS M ?AN PROPOR;N$ 6! W1L? (! RI*1 "! W NATUR,Y 2 A DEMOCRACY1 V>Y+ 9 =M )! SORT ( P :O -POSE X 9 EA* CASE4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ! HUSB&M5 EXCE$ 9 NUMB]1 ! F/ =M ( DEMOCRACY W !N >ISE2 IF ! >TISANS & LABOR+ CLASS1 ! LA/2 & S )! 9T]M$IATE =MS4 ,B ": ! RI* &! NOTA#S EXCE$ 9 QUAL;Y M ?AN !Y FALL %ORT 9 QUANT;Y1 "! OLIG>*Y >ISES1 SIMIL>LY ASSUM+ V>I\S =MS AC 6! K9D ( SUP]IOR;Y POSSESS$ 0! OLIG>*S4 ,! LEGISLATOR %D ALW 9CLUDE ! MI4LE CLASS 9 8 GOV]N;T2 IF HE MAKES 8 LAWS OLIG>*ICAL1 6! MI4LE CLASS LET HM LOOK2 IF HE MAKES !M DEMOCRATICAL1 HE %D EQU,Y 0HIS LAWS TRY 6ATTA* ? CLASS 6! /ATE4 ,"! ONLY C ! GOV]N;T "E 2 /A# ": ! MI4LE CLASS EXCE$S "O OR BO? (! O!RS1 & 9 T CASE "! W 2 NO FE> T ! RI* W UNITE )! POOR AG/ ! RUL]S4 ,= NEI ( !M W "E 2 WILL+ 6S]VE ! O!R1 & IF !Y LOOK = "S =M ( GOV]N;T M SUITA# 6BO?1 !Y W F9D N"O BETT] ?AN ?1 =! RI* &! POOR W N"E 3S5T 6RULE 9 TURN1 2C !Y MISTRU/ "O ANO!R4 ,! >BIT] IS ALW ! "O TRU/$1 & HE :O IS 9 ! MI4LE IS AN >BIT]4 ,! M P]FECT ! ADMIXTURE (! POLITICAL ELE;TS1 ! M LA/+ W 2 ! 3/ITU;N4 ,_M EV5 ( ^? :O DESIRE 6=M >I/OCRATICAL GOV]N;TS MAKE A MISTAKE1 N ONLY 9 GIV+ TOO M* P[] 6! RI*1 B 9 ATTEMPT+ 6OV]R1* ! P4 ,"! -ES A "T :5 \ (A FALSE GD "! >ISES A TRUE EVIL1 S9CE ! 5CROA*;TS (! RI* >E M DE/RUCTIVE 6! 3/ITU;N ?AN ^? (! P4 ,,XIII ,! DEVICES 0: OLIG>*IES DCV ! P >E FIVE 9 NUMB]2 !Y RELATE TO 7#A7 ! ASSEMBLY2 7#B7 ! MAGI/RACIES2 7#C7 ! C\RTS ( LAW2 7#D7 ! USE ( >MS2 7#E7 GYMNA/IC EX]CISES4 7#A7 ,! ASSEMBLIES >E ?R[N OP5 6ALL1 B EI ! RI* ONLY >E F9$ = NON-ATT5D.E1 OR A M* L>G] F9E IS 9FLICT$ ^U !M4 7#B7 6! MAGI/RACIES1 ^? :O >E QUALIFI$ 0PROP]TY _C DECL9E (FICE ^U OA?1 B ! POOR MAY4 7#C7 ,9 ! LAW C\RTS ! RI*1 &! RI* ONLY1 >E F9$ IF !Y D N S]VE1 ! POOR >E LET (F ) IMPUN;Y1 OR1 Z 9 ! LAWS ( ,*>ONDAS1 A L>G] F9E IS 9FLICT$ ON ! RI*1 &A SMALL] "O ON ! POOR4 ,9 "S /ATES ALL CITIZ5 :O H REGI/]$ !MVS >E ALL[$ 6ATT5D ! ASSEMBLY & 6TRY CAUSES2 B IF AF REGI/R,N !Y D N ATT5D EI 9 ! ASSEMBLY OR AT ! C\RTS1 H1VY F9ES >E IMPOS$ ^U !M4 ,! 9T5;N IS T "? FE> (! F9ES !Y MAY AVOID REGI/]+ !MVS1 & !N !Y _C SIT 9 ! LAW-C\RTS OR 9 ! ASSEMBLY4 3C]N+ 7#D7 ! POSSES.N ( >MS1 & 7#E7 GYMNA/IC EX]CISES1 !Y LEGISLATE 9 A SIMIL> _S4 ,=! POOR >E N OBLIG$ 6H >MS1 B ! RI* >E F9$ = N HAV+ !M2 & 9 L MANN] NO P5ALTY IS 9FLICT$ ON ! POOR = NON- ATT5D.E AT ! GYMNASIUM1 & 3SEQU5TLY1 HAV+ NO?+ 6FE>1 !Y D N ATT5D1 ":AS ! RI* >E LIA# 6A F9E1 & "!=E !Y TAKE C>E 6ATT5D4 ,^! >E ! DEVICES ( OLIG>*ICAL LEGISLATORS1 & 9 DEMOCRACIES !Y H C.T] DEVICES4 ,!Y PAY ! POOR = ATT5D+ ! ASSEMBLIES &! LAW-C\RTS1 & !Y 9FLICT NO P5ALTY ON ! RI* = NON-ATT5D.E4 ,X IS OBVI\S T HE :O WD DULY MIX ! TWO PR9CIPLES %D -B9E ! PRACTICE ( BO?1 & PROVIDE T ! POOR %D 2 PD 6ATT5D1 &! RI* F9$ IF !Y D N ATT5D1 = !N ALL W TAKE "P2 IF "! IS NO S* -B9,N1 P[] W 2 9 ! H&S ( "O "PY ONLY4 ,! GOV]N;T %D 2 3F9$ 6^? :O C>RY >MS4 ,Z 6! PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 NO ABSOLUTE RULE C 2 LAID D[N1 B WE M/ SEE :AT IS ! HIE 9 (FICE1 ! POOR1 PROVID$ ONLY T !Y >E N \TRAG$ OR DEPRIV$ ( _! PROP]TY1 W 2 QUIET 5\<4 ,B 6SECURE G5TLE TR1T;T =! POOR IS N AN EASY ?+1 S9CE A RUL+ CLASS IS N ALW HUMANE4 ,& 9 "T ( W> ! POOR >E APT 6HESITATE UN.S !Y >E F$2 :5 F$1 !Y >E WILL+ 5 6FIE ACTU,Y S]V+1 B AL 9 ^? :O H S]V$2 AM;G ! ,MALIANS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! GOV]N+ BODY 3SI/$ (! LATT]1 :ILE ! MAGI/RATES 7 *OS5 F ^? ACTU,Y ON S]VICE4 ,&! E>LIE/ GOV]N;T : EXI/$ AM;G ! ,HELL5ES1 AF ! OV]?R[ (! K+LY P[]1 GREW UP \ (! W>RIOR CLASS1 & 0 ORIG9,Y TAK5 F ! KNI AT T "T DEP5D$ ON CAVALRY2 9DE$1 )\T 4CIPL9E1 9FANTRY >E USE.S1 & 9 ANCI5T "TS "! 0 NO MILIT>Y K OR TACTICS1 & "!=E ! /R5G? ( >MIES LAY 9 _! CAVALRY74 ,B :5 CITIES 9CR1S$ &! H1VY >M$ GREW 9 /R5G?1 M _H A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T2 & ? IS ! R1SON :Y ! /ATES : WE CALL 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS H BE5 HI!RTO CALL$ DEMOCRACIES4 ,ANCI5T 3/ITU;NS1 Z MI*ICAL & ROYAL2 _! POPUL,N 2+ SMALL !Y _H NO 3SID]A# MI4LE CLASS2 ! P 7 W1K 9 NUMB]S & ORGANIZ,N1 & 7 "!=E M 3T5T$ 6BE GOV]N$4 ,I H EXPLA9$ :Y "! >E V>I\S =MS ( GOV]N;T1 & :Y "! >E M ?AN IS G5],Y SUPPOS$2 = DEMOCRACY1 Z WELL Z O!R 3/ITU;NS1 HAS M ?AN "O =M3 AL :AT _! DI6];ES >E1 & :;E !Y >ISE1 & :AT IS ! BE/ =M ( GOV]N;T1 SP1K+ G5],Y & 6:OM ! V>I\S =MS ( GOV]N;T >E BE/ SUIT$2 ALL ? HAS N[ BE5 EXPLA9$4 ,,XIV ,HAV+ ?US GA9$ AN APPROPRIATE BASIS ( 4CUS.N1 WE W PROCE$ 6SP1K (! PO9TS : FOLL[ NEXT 9 ORD]4 ,WE W 3SID] ! SUBJECT N ONLY 9 G5]AL B ) REF];E 6"PICUL> 3/ITU;NS4 ,ALL 3/ITU;NS H ?REE ELE;TS1 3C]N+ : ! GD LAWGIV] HAS 6REG>D :AT IS EXP$I5T = EA* 3/ITU;N4 ,:5 !Y >E WELL- ORD]$1 ! 3/ITU;N IS WELL-ORD]$1 & Z !Y DI6] F "O ANO!R1 3/ITU;NS DI6]4 ,"! IS 7#A7 "O ELE;T : DELIB]ATES AB PUBLIC A6AIRS2 SECONDLY 7#B7 T 3C]N$ )! MAGI/RATES- ! "Q 2+1 :AT !Y %D BE1 OV] :AT !Y %D EX]CISE AU?OR;Y1 & :AT %D 2 ! MODE ( ELECT+ 6!M2 & ?IRDLY 7#C7 T : HAS JUDICIAL P[]4 ,! DELIB]ATIVE ELE;T HAS AU?OR;Y 9 MATT]S ( W> & P1CE1 9 MAK+ & UNMAK+ ALLI.ES2 X PASSES LAWS1 9FLICTS D1?1 EXILE1 3FISC,N1 ELECTS MAGI/RATES & AUDITS _! A3.TS4 ,^! P[]S M/ 2 ASSIGN$ EI ALL 6ALL ! CITIZ5S OR AN 6"S ( !M 7= EXAMPLE1 6"O OR M MAGI/RACIES1 OR DI6]5T CAUSES 6DI6]5T MAGI/RACIES71 OR "S ( !M 6ALL1 & O!RS ( !M ONLY 6"S4 ,T ALL ?+S %D 2 DECID$ 0ALL IS "*I/IC ( DEMOCRACY2 ? IS ! SORT ( EQUAL;Y : ! P DESIRE4 ,B "! >E V>I\S WAYS 9 : ALL MAY %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T2 !Y MAY DELIB]ATE1 N ALL 9 "O BODY1 B 0TURNS1 Z 9 ! 3/ITU;N ( ,TELECLES ! ,MILESIAN4 ,"! >E O!R 3/ITU;NS 9 : ! BO>DS ( MAGI/RATES MEET & DELIB]ATE1 B -E 96(FICE 0TURNS1 & >E ELECT$ \ (! TRIBES &! V SMALLE/ DIVI.NS (! /ATE1 UNTIL E "O HAS OBTA9$ (FICE 9 8 TURN4 ,! CITIZ5S1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E ASSEM#D ONLY =! PURPOSES ( LEGISL,N1 & 63SULT AB ! 3/ITU;N1 & 6HE> ! EDICTS (! MAGI/RATES4 ,9 ANO!R V>IETY ( DEMOCRACY ! CITIZ5 =M "O ASSEMBLY1 B MEET ONLY 6ELECT MAGI/RATES1 6PASS LAWS1 6ADVISE AB W> & P1CE1 & 6MAKE SCRUT9IES4 ,O!R MATT]S >E REF]R$ S"E,Y 6SPECIAL MAGI/RATES1 :O >E ELECT$ 0VOTE OR 0LOT \ ( ALL ! CITIZ5S ,OR AG1 ! CITIZ5S MEET AB ELEC;N 6(FICES & AB SCRUT9IES1 & DELIB]ATE 3C]N+ W> OR ALLI.ES :ILE O!R MATT]S >E ADM9I/]$ 0! MAGI/RATES1 :O1 Z F> Z IS POSSI#1 >E ELECT$ 0VOTE4 ,I AM SP1K+ ( ^? MAGI/RACIES 9 : SPECIAL K IS REQUIR$4 ,A F\R? =M ( DEMOCRACY IS :5 ALL ! CITIZ5S MEET 6DELIB]ATE AB "EY?+1 &! MAGI/RATES DECIDE NO?+1 B ONLY MAKE ! PRELIM9>Y 9QUIRIES2 & T IS ! WAY 9 : ! LA/ & WOR/ =M ( DEMOCRACY1 CORRESPOND+1 Z WE MA9TA91 6! CLOSE FAMILY OLIG>*Y & 6TYRANNY1 IS AT PRES5T ADM9I/]$4 ,ALL ^! MODES >E DEMOCRATICAL4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 T "S %D DELIB]ATE AB ALL IS OLIG>*ICAL4 ,? AG IS A MODE :1 L ! DEMOCRATICAL HAS _M =MS4 ,:5 ! DELIB]ATIVE CLASS 2+ ELECT$ \ ( ^? :O H A MOD]ATE QUALIFIC,N >E NUM]\S & !Y RESPECT & OBEY ! PROHIBI;NS (! LAW )\T ALT]+ X1 & ANY "O :O HAS ! REQUIR$ QUALIFIC,N %>ES 9 ! GOV]N;T1 !N1 J 2C ( ? MOD],N1 ! OLIG>*Y 9CL9ES T[>DS POL;Y4 ,B :5 ONLY SELECT$ 9DIVIDUALS & N ! :OLE P %>E 9 ! DELIB],NS (! /ATE1 !N1 AL?1 Z 9 ! =M] CASE1 !Y OBS]VE ! LAW1 ! GOV]N;T IS A PURE OLIG>*Y4 ,OR1 AG1 :5 ^? :O H ! P[] ( DELIB],N >E SELF-ELECT$1 & SON SU3E$S "F1 & !Y & N ! LAWS >E SUPREME- ! GOV]N;T IS ( NECESS;Y OLIG>*ICAL4 ,":1 AG1 "PICUL> P]SONS H AU?OR;Y 9 "PICUL> MATT]S- = EXAMPLE1 :5 ! :OLE P DECIDE AB P1CE & W> & HOLD SCRUT9IES1 B ! MAGI/RATES REGULATE "EY?+ ELSE1 & !Y >E ELECT$ 0VOTE- "! ! GOV]N;T IS AN >I/OCRACY4 ,& IF "S "QS >E DECID$ 0MAGI/RATES ELECT$ 0VOTE1 & O!RS 0MAGI/RATES ELECT$ 0LOT1 EI ABSOLUTELY OR \ ( SELECT C&IDATES1 OR ELECT$ "PLY 0VOTE1 "PLY 0LOT- ^! PRACTICES >E "PLY "*I/IC ( AN >I/OCRATICAL GOV]N;T1 & "PY (A PURE 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T4 ,^! >E ! V>I\S =MS (! DELIB]ATIVE BODY2 !Y CORRESPOND 6! V>I\S =MS ( GOV]N;T4 ,&! GOV]N;T ( EA* /ATE IS ADM9I/]$ AC 6"O OR O!R (! PR9CIPLES : H BE5 LAID D[N4 ,N[ X IS =! 9T]E/ ( DEMOCRACY1 AC 6! MO/ PREVAL5T NO;N ( X 7,I AM SP1K+ ( T EXTREME =M ( DEMOCRACY 9 : ! P >E SUPREME EV5 OV] ! LAWS71 )A VIEW 6BETT] DELIB],N 6ADOPT ! CU/OM ( OLIG>*IES RESPECT+ C\RTS ( LAW4 ,= 9 OLIG>*IES ! RI* :O >E WANT$ 6BE JUDGES >E -PELL$ 6ATT5D "U PA9 (A F9E1 ":AS 9 DE9OCRACIES ! POOR >E PD 6ATT5D4 ,& ? PRACTICE ( OLIG>*IES %D 2 ADOPT$ 0DEMOCRACIES 9 _! PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES1 = !Y W ADVISE BETT] IF !Y ALL DELIB]ATE TGR- ! P )! NOTA#S &! NOTA#S )! P4 ,X IS AL A GD PLAN T ^? :O DELIB]ATE %D 2 ELECT$ 0VOTE OR 0LOT 9 EQUAL NUMB]S \ (! DI6]5T CLASSES2 & T IF ! P GRTLY EXCE$ 9 NUMB] ^? :O H POLITICAL TRA9+1 PAY %D N 2 GIV5 6ALL1 B ONLY 6Z _M Z WD BAL.E ! NUMB] (! NOTA#S1 OR T ! NUMB] 9 EXCESS %D 2 ELIM9AT$ 0LOT4 ,B 9 OLIG>*IES EI C]TA9 P]SONS %D 2 CO-OPT$ F ! MASS1 OR A CLASS ( (FIC]S %D 2 APPO9T$ S* Z EXI/ 9 "S /ATES :O >E T]M$ PROBULI & GU>DIANS ( ! LAW2 &! CITIZ5S %D O3UPY !MVS EXCLUSIVELY ) MATT]S ON : ^! H PREVI\SLY DELIB]AT$2 = S ! P W H A %>E 9 ! DELIB],NS (! /ATE1 B W N 2 A# 64TURB ! PR9CIPLES (! 3/ITU;N4 ,AG1 9 OLIG>*IES EI ! P "\ 6A3EPT ! M1SURES (! GOV]N;T1 OR N 6PASS ANY?+ 3TR>Y 6!M2 OR1 IF ALL >E ALL[$ 6%>E 9 C\NSEL1 ! DECI.N %D RE/ )! MAGI/RATES4 ,! OPPOSITE ( :AT IS D"O 9 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS %D 2 ! RULE 9 OLIG>*IES2 ! VETO (! MAJOR;Y %D 2 F9AL1 _! ASS5T N F9AL1 B ! PROPOSAL %D 2 REF]R$ BACK 6! MAGI/RATES4 ,":AS 9 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS !Y TAKE ! 3TR>Y C\RSE2 ! FEW H ! NEGATIVE1 N ! A6IRMATIVE P[]2 ! A6IRM,N ( "EY?+ RE/S ) ! MULTITUDE4 ,^!1 !N1 >E \R 3CLU.NS RESPECT+ ! DELIB]ATIVE1 T IS1 ! SUPREME ELE;T 9 /ATES4 ,,XV ,NEXT WE W PROCE$ 63SID] ! 4TRIBU;N ( (FICES2 ? TOO1 2+ A "P ( POLITICS 3C]N+ : _M "QS >ISE3 ,:AT % _! NUMB] BE8 ,OV] :AT % !Y PRESIDE1 & :AT % 2 _! DUR,N8 ,"S"TS !Y LA/ = SIX MON?S1 "S"TS = LESS2 "S"TS !Y >E ANNUAL1 :ILE 9 O!R CASES (FICES >E HELD = / L;G] P]IODS4 ,% !Y 2 = LIFE OR =A L;G T]M ( YE>S2 OR1 IF =A %ORT T]M ONLY1 % ! SAME P]SONS HOLD !M OV] & OV] AG1 OR ONCE ONLY8 ,AL AB ! APPO9T;T 6!M- F :OM >E !Y 6BE *OS51 0:OM1 & H[8 ,WE %D F/ 2 9 A POSI;N 6SAY :AT >E ! POSSI# V>IETIES ( !M1 & !N WE MAY PROCE$ 6DET]M9E : >E SUIT$ 6DI6]5T =MS ( GOV]N;T4 ,B :AT >E 6BE 9CLUD$ "U ! T]M ,8(FICES0'8 ,T IS A "Q N Q S EASILY ANSW]$4 ,=A POLITICAL -MUN;Y REQUIRES _M (FIC]S2 & N E "O :O IS *OS5 0VOTE OR 0LOT IS 6BE REG>D$ Z A RUL]4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE "! >E ! PRIE/S1 :O M/ 2 4T+UI%$ F POLITICAL (FIC]S2 MA/]S ( *ORUSES & H]ALDS1 EV5 AMBASSADORS1 >E ELECT$ 0VOTE4 ,"S DUTIES ( SUP]9T5D;E AG >E POLITICAL1 EXT5D+ EI 6ALL ! CITIZ5S 9 A S+LE SPH]E ( AC;N1 L ! (FICE (! G5]AL :O SUP]9T5DS !M :5 !Y >E 9 ! FIELD1 OR 6A SEC;N ( !M ONLY1 L ! 9SPECTOR%IPS ( WOM5 OR ( Y\?4 ,O!R (FICES >E 3C]N$ ) H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T1 L T (! CORN M1SUR]S :O EXI/ 9 _M /ATES & >E ELECT$ (FIC]S4 ,"! >E AL M5IAL (FICES : ! RI* H EXECUT$ 0_! SLAVES4 ,SP1K+ G5],Y1 ^? >E 6BE CALL$ (FICES 6: ! DUTIES >E ASSIGN$ ( DELIB]AT+ AB C]TA9 M1SURES & (JUDG+ & -M&+1 ESPECI,Y ! LA/2 = 6-M& IS ! ESPECIAL DUTY (A MAGI/RATE4 ,B ! "Q IS N ( ANY IMPORT.E 9 PRACTICE2 NO "O HAS "E BR"\ 96C\RT ! M1N+ (! ^W1 AL? S* PRO#MS H A SPECULATIVE 9T]E/4 ,:AT K9DS ( (FICES1 & H[ _M1 >E NEC 6! EXI/;E (A /ATE1 & :1 IF N NEC1 YET 3DUCE 6XS WELL 2+ >E M* M IMPORTANT 3SID],NS1 A6ECT+ ALL 3/ITU;NS1 B M ESPECI,Y SMALL /ATES4 ,= 9 GRT /ATES X IS POSSI#1 & 9DE$ NEC1 T E (FICE %D H A SPECIAL FUNC;N2 ": ! CITIZ5S >E NUM]\S1 _M MAY HOLD (FICE4 ,& S X HAPP5S T "S (FICES A MAN HOLDS A SECOND "T ONLY AF A L;G 9T]VAL1 & O!RS HE HOLDS ONCE ONLY2 & C]TA9LY E "W IS BETT] D"O : RCVS ! SOLE1 & N ! DIVID$ ATT5;N (! "W]4 ,B 9 SMALL /ATES X IS NEC 6-B9E _M (FICES 9 A FEW H&S1 S9CE ! SMALL NUMB] ( CITIZ5S DOES N ADMIT ( _M HOLD+ (FICE3 = :O W "! 2 6SU3E$ !M8 ,& YET SMALL /ATES AT "TS REQUIRE ! SAME (FICES & LAWS Z L>GE "OS2 ! DI6];E IS T ! "O WANT !M (T51 ! O!RS ONLY AF L;G 9T]VALS4 ,H;E "! IS NO R1SON :Y ! C>E ( _M (FICES %D N 2 IMPOS$ ON ! SAME P]SON1 = !Y W N 9T]F]E ) EA* O!R4 ,:5 ! POPUL,N IS SMALL1 (FICES %D 2 L ! SPITS : AL S]VE 6HOLD A LAMP4 ,WE M/ F/ ASC]TA9 H[ _M MAGI/RATES >E NEC 9 E /ATE1 & AL H[ _M >E N EXACTLY NEC1 B >E N"E!.S USE;L1 & !N "! W 2 NO DI6ICULTY 9 SEE+ :AT (FICES C 2 -B9$ 9 "O4 ,WE %D AL "K OV] : MATT]S S"EAL LOCAL TRIBUNALS >E 6H JURISDIC;N1 & 9 : AU?OR;Y %D 2 C5TRALIZ$3 = EXAMPLE1 %D "O P]SON KEEP ORD] 9 ! M>KET & ANO!R 9 "S O!R PLACE1 OR %D ! SAME P]SON 2 RESPONSI# "EY":8 ,AG1 %D (FICES 2 DIVID$ AC 6! SUBJECTS ) : !Y D1L1 OR AC 6! P]SONS ) :OM !Y D1L3 ,I M1N 6SAY1 %D "O P]SON SEE 6GD ORD] 9 G5]AL1 OR "O LOOK AF ! BOYS1 ANO!R AF ! WOM51 & S ON8 ,FUR!R1 "U DI6]5T 3/ITU;NS1 %D ! MAGI/RATES 2 ! SAME OR DI6]5T8 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 DEMOCRACY1 OLIG>*Y1 >I/OCRACY1 MON>*Y1 %D "! 2 ! SAME MAGI/RATES1 AL? !Y >E ELECT$1 N \ ( EQUAL OR SIMIL> CLASSES ( CITIZ5 B DI6]5TLY "U DI6]5T 3/ITU;NS- 9 >I/OCRACIES1 = EXAMPLE1 !Y >E *OS5 F ! $UCAT$1 9 OLIG>*IES F ! W1L?Y1 & 9 DEMOCRACIES F ! FREE- OR >E "! C]TA9 DI6];ES 9 ! (FICES ANSW]+ 6!M Z WELL1 & MAY ! SAME 2 SUITA# 6"S1 B DI6]5T (FICES 6O!RS8 ,= 9 "S /ATES X MAY 2 3V5I5T T ! SAME (FICE %D H A M EXT5SIVE1 9 O!R /ATES A N>R[] SPH]E4 ,SPECIAL (FICES >E PECULI> 6C]TA9 =MS ( GOV]N;T3 = EXAMPLE T ( PROBULI1 : IS N A DEMOCRATIC (FICE1 AL? A BULE OR C\NCIL IS4 ,"! M/ 2 "S BODY ( M5 ^: DUTY IS 6PREP>E M1SURES =! P 9 ORD] T !Y MAY N 2 DIV]T$ F _! BUSI;S2 :5 ^! >E FEW 9 NUMB]1 ! /ATE 9CL9ES 6AN OLIG>*Y3 OR R ! PROBULI M/ ALW 2 FEW1 & >E "!=E AN OLIG>*ICAL ELE;T4 ,B :5 BO? 9/ITU;NS EXI/ 9 A /ATE1 ! PROBULI >E A *ECK ON ! C\NCIL2 =! C\NSELORS IS A DEMOCRATIC ELE;T1 B ! PROBULI >E OLIG>*ICAL4 ,EV5 ! P[] (! C\NCIL 4APPE>S :5 DEMOCRACY HAS TAK5 T EXTREME =M 9 : ! P !MVS >E ALW MEET+ & DELIB]AT+ AB "EY?+4 ,? IS ! CASE :5 ! MEMB]S (! ASSEMBLY RCV ABUNDANT PAY2 = !Y H NO?+ 6D & >E ALW HOLD+ ASSEMBLIES & DECID+ "EY?+ = !MVS4 ,A MAGI/RACY : 3TROLS ! BOYS OR ! WOM51 OR ANY SIMIL> (FICE1 IS SUIT$ 6AN >I/OCRACY R ?AN 6A DEMOCRACY2 = H[ C ! MAGI/RATES PREV5T ! WIVES (! POOR F GO+ \ ( DOORS8 ,NEI IS X AN OLIG>*ICAL (FICE2 =! WIVES (! OLIG>*S >E TOO F9E 6BE 3TROLL$4 ,5 ( ^! MATT]S4 ,I W N[ 9QUIRE 96APPO9T;TS 6(FICES4 ,! V>IETIES DEP5D ON ?REE T]MS1 &! -B9,NS ( ^! GIVE ALL POSSI# MODES3 F/1 :O APPO9TS8 SECONDLY1 F :OM8 & ?IRDLY1 H[8 ,EA* ( ^! ?REE ADMITS ( ?REE V>IETIES3 7,A7 ,ALL ! CITIZ5S1 OR 7,B7 ONLY "S1 APPO9T4 ,EI 7#A7 ! MAGI/RATES >E *OS5 \ ( ALL OR 7#B7 \ ( "S :O >E 4T+UI%$ EI 0A PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 OR 0BIR?1 OR M]IT1 OR = "S SPECIAL R1SON1 Z AT ,MEG>A ONLY ^? 7 ELIGI# :O _H RETURN$ F EXILE & F"\ TGR AG/ ! DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y MAY 2 APPO9T$ EI 7A7 0VOTE OR 7B7 0LOT4 ,AG1 ^! S"EAL V>IETIES MAY 2 C\PL$1 ,I M1N T 7,C7 "S (FIC]S MAY 2 ELECT$ 0"S1 O!RS 0ALL1 & 7#C7 "S AG \ ( "S1 & O!RS \ ( ALL1 & 7C7 "S 0VOTE & O!RS 0LOT4 ,EA* V>IETY ( ^! T]MS ADMITS ( F\R MODES4 ,= EI 7,A #A A7 ALL MAY APPO9T F ALL 0VOTE1 OR 7,A #A B7 ALL F ALL 0LOT1 OR 7,A #B A7 ALL F "S 0VOTE1 OR 7,A #B B7 ALL F "S 0LOT 7& F ALL1 EI 0SEC;NS1 Z1 = EXAMPLE1 0TRIBES1 & W>DS1 & PHRATRIES1 UNTIL ALL ! CITIZ5S H BE5 G"O "?2 OR ! CITIZ5S MAY 2 9 ALL CASES ELIGI# 9DISCRIM9ATELY72 OR AG 7,A #A ;C1 ,A #B C7 6"S (FICES 9 ! "O WAY1 6"S 9 ! O!R4 ,AG1 IF X IS ONLY "S T APPO9T1 !Y MAY D S EI 7;,B #A A7 F ALL 0VOTE1 OR 7;,B #A B7 F ALL 0LOT1 OR 7;,B #B A7 F "S 0VOTE1 OR 7;,B #B B7 F "S 0LOT1 OR 6"S (FICES 9 ! "O WAY1 6O!RS 9 ! O!R1 I4E41 7;,B #A C7 F ALL1 6"S (FICES 0VOTE1 6"S 0LOT1 & 7;,B #B ,C7 F "S1 6"S (FICES 0VOTE1 6"S 0LOT4 ,?US ! MODES T >ISE1 A"P F TWO 7;,C1 #C7 \ (! ?REE C\PL+S1 NUMB] TWELVE4 ,( ^! SY/EMS TWO >E POPUL>1 T ALL %D APPO9T F ALL 7,A #A A7 0VOTE OR 7,A #A B7 0LOT- OR 7,A #A C7 0BO?4 ,T ALL %D N APPO9T AT ONCE1 B %D APPO9T F ALL OR F "S EI 0LOT OR 0VOTE OR 0BO?1 OR APPO9T 6"S (FICES F ALL & 6O!RS F "S 7,80BO?0' M1N+ 6"S (FICES 0LOT1 6O!RS 0VOTE71 IS "*I/IC (A POL;Y4 ,& 7;,B #A C7 T "S %D APPO9T F ALL1 6"S (FICES 0VOTE1 6O!RS 0LOT1 IS AL "*I/IC (A POL;Y1 B M OLIG>*ICAL ?AN ! =M] ME?OD4 ,& 7,A #C ;A1 ;B1 ;C1 ;,B #C ;A1 ;B1 C7 6APPO9T F BO?1 6"S (FICES F ALL1 6O!RS F "S1 IS "*I/IC (A POL;Y )A L1N+ T[>DS >I/OCRACY4 ,T 7;,B #B7 "S %D APPO9T F "S IS OLIG>*ICAL- EV5 7;,B #B B7 T "S %D APPO9T F "S 0LOT 7& IF ? DOES N ACTU,Y O3UR1 X IS N"O ! LESS OLIG>*ICAL 9 "*71 OR 7;,B #B ,C7 T "S %D APPO9T F "S 0BO?4 7;,B #A A7 T "S %D APPO9T F ALL1 & 7,A #B A7 T ALL %D APPO9T F "S1 0VOTE1 IS >I/OCRATIC4 ,^! >E ! DI6]5T MODES ( 3/ITUT+ MAGI/RATES1 & ^! CORRESPOND 6DI6]5T =MS ( GOV]N;T3 : >E PROP] 6:1 OR H[ !Y "\ 6BE E/ABLI%$1 W 2 EVID5T :5 WE DET]M9E ! NATURE ( _! P[]S4 ,0P[]S ,I M1N S* P[]S Z A MAGI/RATE EX]CISES OV] ! REV5UE OR 9 DEF5SE (! C.TRY2 = "! >E V>I\S K9DS ( P[]3 ! P[] (! G5]AL1 = EXAMPLE1 IS N ! SAME ) T : REGULATES 3TRACTS 9 ! M>KET4 ,,XVI ,(! ?REE "PS ( GOV]N;T1 ! JUDICIAL REMA9S 6BE 3SID]$1 & ? WE % DIVIDE ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 ,"! >E ?REE PO9TS ON : ! V>I$ES ( LAW-C\RTS DEP5D3 ,! P]SONS F :OM !Y >E APPO9T$1 ! MATT]S ) : !Y >E 3C]N$1 &! MANN] ( _! APPO9T;T4 ,I M1N1 7#A7 >E ! JUDGES TAK5 F ALL1 OR F "S ONLY8 7#B7 H[ _M K9DS ( LAW-C\RTS >E "!8 7#C7 >E ! JUDGES *OS5 0VOTE OR 0LOT8 ,F/1 LET ME DET]M9E H[ _M K9DS ( LAW- C\RTS "! >E4 ,"! >E EIY (F5SES AG/ ! /ATE2 A ?IRD IS 3C]N$ ) TR1SON AG/ ! 3/ITU;N2 ! F\R? DET]M9ES 4PUTES RESPECT+ P5ALTIES1 :E!R RAIS$ 0MAGI/RATES OR 0PRIVATE P]SONS2 ! FIF? DECIDES ! M IMPORTANT CIVIL CASES2 ! SIX? TRIES CASES ( HOMICIDE1 : >E ( V>I\S K9DS1 7A7 PREM$ITAT$1 7B7 9VOLUNT>Y1 7C7 CASES 9 : ! GUILT IS 3FESS$ B ! JU/ICE IS 4PUT$2 & "! MAY 2 A F\R? C\RT 7D7 9 : MURD]]S :O H FL$ F JU/ICE >E TRI$ AF _! RETURN2 S* Z ! ,C\RT ( ,PHREATTO IS SD 6BE AT ,A!NS4 ,B CASES ( ? SORT R>ELY HAPP5 AT ALL EV5 9 L>GE CITIES4 ,! DI6]5T K9DS ( HOMICIDE MAY 2 TRI$ EI 0! SAME OR 0DI6]5T C\RTS4 7#G7 ,"! >E C\RTS = /RANG]S3 ( ^! "! >E TWO SUBDIVI.NS1 7A7 =! SETTLE;T ( _! 4PUTES ) "O ANO!R1 7B7 =! SETTLE;T ( 4PUTES 2T !M &! CITIZ5S4 ,& 2SS ALL ^! "! M/ 2 7#H7 C\RTS = SMALL SUITS AB SUMS (A DRA*MA UP 6FIVE DRA*MAS1 OR A LL M1 : H 6BE DET]M9$1 B !Y D N REQUIRE _M JUDGES4 ,NO?+ M NE$ 2 SD ( ^! SMALL SUITS1 NOR (! C\RTS = HOMICIDE &= /RANG]S3 ,I WD R SP1K ( POLITICAL CASES1 :1 :5 MISMANAG$1 CR1TE DIVI.N & 4TURB.ES 9 3/ITU;NS4 ,N[ IF ALL ! CITIZ5S JUDGE1 9 ALL ! DI6]5T CASES : ,I H 4T+UI%$1 !Y MAY 2 APPO9T$ 0VOTE OR 0LOT1 OR "S"TS 0LOT & "S"TS 0VOTE4 ,OR :5 A S+LE CLASS ( CAUSES >E TRI$1 ! JUDGES :O DECIDE !M MAY 2 APPO9T$1 "S 0VOTE1 & "S 0LOT4 ,^! !N >E ! F\R MODES ( APPO9T+ JUDGES F ! :OLE P1 & "! W 2 LIKEWISE F\R MODES1 IF !Y >E ELECT$ F A "P ONLY2 = !Y MAY 2 APPO9T$ F "S 0VOTE & JUDGE 9 ALL CAUSES2 OR !Y MAY 2 APPO9T$ F "S 0LOT & JUDGE 9 ALL CAUSES2 OR !Y MAY 2 ELECT$ 9 "S CASES 0VOTE1 & 9 "S CASES TAK5 0LOT1 OR "S C\RTS1 EV5 :5 JUDG+ ! SAME CAUSES1 MAY 2 -POS$ ( MEMB]S "S APPO9T$ 0VOTE & "S 0LOT4 ,^! MODES1 !N1 Z 0 SD1 ANSW] 6^? PREVI\SLY M5;N$4 ,ONCE M1 ! MODES ( APPO9T;T MAY 2 -B9$2 ,I M1N1 T "S MAY 2 *OS5 \ (! :OLE P1 O!RS \ ( "S1 "S \ ( BO?2 = EXAMPLE1 ! SAME TRIBUNAL MAY 2 -POS$ ( "S :O 7 ELECT$ \ ( ALL1 &( O!RS :O 7 ELECT$ \ ( "S1 EI 0VOTE OR 0LOT OR 0BO?4 ,9 H[ _M =MS LAW-C\RTS C 2 E/ABLI%$ HAS N[ BE5 3SID]$4 ,! F/ =M1 VIZ41 T 9 : ! JUDGES >E TAK5 F ALL ! CITIZ5S1 & 9 : ALL CAUSES >E TRI$1 IS DEMOCRATICAL2 ! SECOND1 : IS -POS$ (A FEW ONLY :O TRY ALL CAUSES1 OLIG>*ICAL2 ! ?IRD1 9 : "S C\RTS >E TAK5 F ALL CLASSES1 & "S F C]TA9 CLASSES ONLY1 >I/OCRATICAL & 3/ITU;NAL4