,,BOOK ,,TWO
                   ,I

  ,\R PURPOSE IS 63SID] :AT =M (
POLITICAL -MUN;Y IS BE/ ( ALL = ^? :O >E
MO/ A# 6R1LIZE _! ID1L ( LIFE4 ,WE M/
"!=E EXAM9E N ONLY ? B O!R 3/ITU;NS1 BO?
S* Z ACTU,Y EXI/ 9 WELL-GOV]N$ /ATES1 &
ANY !ORETICAL =MS : >E HELD 9 E/EEM2 T
:AT IS GD & USE;L MAY 2 BR"\ 6LI<T4 ,&
LET NO "O SUPPOSE T 9 SEEK+ = "S?+ 2Y !M
WE >E ANXI\S 6MAKE A SOPHI/ICAL 4PLAY AT
ANY CO/2 WE ONLY "UTAKE ? 9QUIRY 2C ALL
! 3/ITU;NS ) : WE >E ACQUA9T$ >E FAULTY4
  ,WE W 2G9 )! NATURAL 2G9N+ (! SUBJECT4
,?REE ALT]NATIVES >E 3CEIVA#3 ,! MEMB]S
(A /ATE M/ EI H 7#A7 ALL ?+S OR 7#B7
NO?+ 9 -MON1 OR 7#C7 "S ?+S 9 -MON & "S
N4 ,T !Y %D H NO?+ 9 -MON IS CLE>LY
IMPOSSI#1 =! 3/ITU;N IS A -MUN;Y1 & M/
AT ANY RATE H A -MON PLACE- "O C;Y W 2 9
"O PLACE1 &! CITIZ5S >E ^? :O %>E 9 T "O
C;Y4 ,B %D A WELL ORD]$ /ATE H ALL ?+S1
Z F> Z MAY BE1 9 -MON1 OR "S ONLY & N
O!RS8 ,=! CITIZ5S MI<T 3CEIVABLY H WIVES
& *N & PROP]TY 9 -MON1 Z ,SOCRATES
PROPOSES 9 ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,PLATO4 ,: IS
BETT]1 \R PRES5T 3DI;N1 OR ! PROPOS$ NEW
ORD] ( SOCIETY4

                  ,,II

  ,"! >E _M DI6ICULTIES 9 ! -MUN;Y (
WOM54 ,&! PR9CIPLE ON : ,SOCRATES RE/S !
NECESS;Y ( S* AN 9/ITU;N EVID5TLY IS N
E/ABLI%$ 0HIS >GU;TS4 ,FUR!R1 Z A M1NS
6! 5D : HE ASCRIBES 6! /ATE1 ! S*EME1
TAK5 LIT],Y IS IMPRACTICA#1 & H[ WE >E
69T]PRET X IS NO": PRECISELY /AT$4 ,I AM
SP1K+ (! PREMISE F : ! >GU;T ( ,SOCRATES
PROCE$S1 ,8T ! GRT] ! UN;Y (! /ATE !
BETT]40' ,IS X N OBVI\S T A /ATE MAY AT
L5G? ATTA9 S* A DEGREE ( UN;Y Z 6BE NO
L;G] A /ATE8 S9CE ! NATURE (A /ATE IS
6BE A PLURAL;Y1 & 9 T5D+ 6GRT] UN;Y1 F
2+ A /ATE1 X 2COMES A FAMILY1 & F 2+ A
FAMILY1 AN 9DIVIDUAL2 =! FAMILY MAY 2 SD
6BE M ?AN ! /ATE1 &! 9DIVIDUAL ?AN !
FAMILY4 ,S T WE "\ N 6ATTA9 ? GRTE/ UN;Y
EV5 IF WE CD1 = X WD 2 ! DE/RUC;N (!
/ATE4 ,AG1 A /ATE IS N MADE UP ONLY ( S
_M M51 B ( DI6]5T K9DS ( M52 = SIMIL>S D
N 3/ITUTE A /ATE4 ,X IS N L A MILIT>Y
ALLI.E ,! USE;L;S (! LATT] DEP5DS ^U XS
QUANT;Y EV5 ": "! IS NO DI6];E 9 QUAL;Y
7= MUTUAL PROTEC;N IS ! 5D AIM$ AT71 J Z
A GRT] WEI<T ( ANY?+ IS M USE;L ?AN A
LESS 7IN L MANN]1 A /ATE DI6]S F A N,N1
:5 ! N,N HAS N XS POPUL,N ORGANIZ$ 9
VILLAGES1 B LIVES AN ,>CADIAN SORT (
LIFE72 B ! ELE;TS \ ( : A UN;Y IS 6BE
=M$ DI6] 9 K9D4 ,":=E ! PR9CIPLE (
-P5S,N1 Z ,I H ALR REM>K$ 9 ! ,E?ICS1 IS
! SALV,N ( /ATES4 ,EV5 AM;G FREEM5 &
EQUALS ? IS A PR9CIPLE : M/ 2 MA9TA9$1 =
!Y _C AN RULE TGR1 B M/ *ANGE AT ! 5D (A
YE> OR "S O!R P]IOD ( "T OR 9 "S ORD] (
SU3ES.N4 ,! RESULT IS T ^U ? PLAN !Y ALL
GOV]N2 J Z IF %OEMAK]S & C>P5T]S 7
6EX*ANGE _! O3UP,NS1 &! SAME P]SONS DID
N ALW 3T9UE %OEMAK]S & C>P5T]S4 ,& S9CE
X IS BETT] T ? %D 2 S 9 POLITICS Z WELL1
X IS CLE> T :ILE "! %D 2 3T9U.E (! SAME
P]SONS 9 P[] ": ? IS POSSI#1 YET ": ? IS
N POSSI# 0R1SON (! NATURAL EQUAL;Y (!
CITIZ5S1 & AT ! SAME "T X IS J T AN %D
%>E 9 ! GOV]N;T 7:E!R 6GOV]N 2 A GD ?+
OR A BAD71 AN APPROXIM,N 6? IS T EQUALS
%D 9 TURN RETIRE F (FICE & %D1 A"P F
(FICIAL POSI;N1 2 TR1T$ ALIKE4 ,?US ! "O
"PY RULE &! O!RS >E RUL$ 9 TURN1 Z IF !Y
7 NO L;G] ! SAME P]SONS4 ,9 L MANN] :5
!Y HOLD (FICE "! IS A V>IETY 9 ! (FICES
HELD4 ,H;E X IS EVID5T T A C;Y IS N
0NATURE "O 9 T S5SE : "S P]SONS A6IRM2 &
T :AT IS SD 6BE ! GRTE/ GD ( CITIES IS 9
R1L;Y _! DE/RUC;N2 B SURELY ! GD ( ?+S
M/ 2 T : PRES]VES !M4 ,AG1 9 ANO!R PO9T
( VIEW1 ? EXTREME UNIFIC,N (! /ATE IS
CLE>LY N GD2 =A FAMILY IS M SELF-SU6IC+
?AN AN 9DIVIDUAL1 &A C;Y ?AN A FAMILY1 &
A C;Y ONLY -ES 962+ :5 ! -MUN;Y IS L>GE
5 6BE SELF-SU6IC+4 ,IF !N SELF-SU6ICI5CY
IS 6BE DESIR$1 ! LESS] DEGREE ( UN;Y IS
M DESIRA# ?AN ! GRT]4

                 ,,III

  ,B1 EV5 SUPPOS+ T X 7 BE/ =! -MUN;Y 6H
! GRTE/ DEGREE ( UN;Y1 ? UN;Y IS 0NO
M1NS PROV$ 6FOLL[ F ! FACT ,8( ALL M5
SAY+ 8M9E0 & 8N M9E0 AT ! SAME 9/ANT (
"T10' :1 AC 6,SOCRATES1 IS ! SIGN (
P]FECT UN;Y 9 A /ATE4 ,=! ^W ,8ALL0' IS
AMBIGU\S4 ,IF ! M1N+ 2 T E 9DIVIDUAL
SAYS ,8M9E0' & ,8N M9E0' AT ! SAME "T1
!N P]H ! RESULT AT : ,SOCRATES AIMS MAY
2 9 "S DEGREE A3OMPLI%$2 EA* MAN W CALL
! SAME P]SON 8 [N SON &! SAME P]SON 8
WIFE1 & S ( 8 PROP]TY &( ALL T FALLS
6HIS LOT4 ,?1 H["E1 IS N ! WAY 9 : P WD
SP1K :O _H _! _H _! WIVES & *N 9 -MON2
!Y WD SAY ,8ALL0' B N ,8EA*40' ,9 L
MANN] _! PROP]TY WD 2 DESCRIB$ Z 2L;G+
6!M1 N S"E,Y B COLLECTIVELY4 ,"! IS AN
OBVI\S FALLACY 9 ! T]M ,8ALL0'3 L "S O!R
^WS1 ,8BO?10' ,8ODD10' ,8EV510' X IS
AMBIGU\S1 & EV5 9 AB/RACT >GU;T 2COMES A
S\RCE ( LOGICAL PUZZLES4 ,T ALL P]SONS
CALL ! SAME ?+ M9E 9 ! S5SE 9 : EA* DOES
S MAY 2 A F9E ?+1 B X IS IMPRACTICA#2 OR
IF ! ^WS >E TAK5 9 ! O!R S5SE1 S* A UN;Y
9 NO WAY 3DUCES 6H>MONY4 ,& "! IS ANO!R
OBJEC;N 6! PROPOSAL4 ,= T : IS -MON 6!
GRTE/ NUMB] HAS ! L1/ C>E 2/[$ ^U X4 ,E
"O ?9KS *IEFLY ( 8 [N1 H>DLY AT ALL (!
-MON 9T]E/2 & ONLY :5 HE IS HMF 3C]N$ Z
AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,= 2SS O!R 3SID],NS1
"EYBODY IS M 9CL9$ 6NEGLECT ! DUTY : HE
EXPECTS ANO!R 6FULFILL2 Z 9 FAMILIES _M
ATT5DANTS >E (T5 LESS USE;L ?AN A FEW4
,EA* CITIZ5 W H A ?\S& SONS :O W N 2 8
SONS 9DIVIDU,Y B ANYBODY W 2 EQU,Y ! SON
( ANYBODY1 & W "!=E 2 NEGLECT$ 0ALL
ALIKE4 ,FUR!R1 ^U ? PR9CIPLE1 E "O W USE
! ^W ,8M9E0' ( "O :O IS PROSP]+ OR !
REV]SE1 H["E SMALL A FRAC;N HE MAY HMF 2
(! :OLE NUMB]2 ! SAME BOY W 2 ,8S & S'S
SON10' ! SON ( EA* (! ?\S&1 OR :AT"E 2 !
NUMB] (! CITIZ5S2 & EV5 AB ? HE W N 2
POSITIVE2 = X IS IMPOSSI# 6"K :O *.ED 6H
A *1 OR :E!R1 IF "O CAME 96EXI/;E1 X HAS
SURVIV$4 ,B : IS BETT]- = EA* 6SAY
,8M9E0' 9 ? WAY1 MAK+ A MAN ! SAME REL,N
6TWO ?\S& OR T5 ?\S& CITIZ5S1 OR 6USE !
^W ,8M9E0' 9 ! ORD9>Y & M RE/RICT$ S5SE8
,= USU,Y ! SAME P]SON IS CALL$ 0"O MAN 8
[N SON :OM ANO!R CALLS 8 [N BRO!R OR
C\S9 OR K9SMAN- BLOOD REL,N OR 3NEC;N
0M>RIAGE EI ( HMF OR ( "S REL,N ( HIS1 &
YET ANO!R 8 CLANSMAN OR TRIBESMAN2 & H[
M* BETT] IS X 6BE ! R1L C\S9 ( "SBODY
?AN 6BE A SON AF ,PLATO'S FA%ION6 ,NOR
IS "! ANY WAY ( PREV5T+ BRO!RS & *N &
"FS & "MS F "S"TS RECOGNIZ+ "O ANO!R2 =
*N >E BORN L _! P>5TS1 & !Y W NECESS>ILY
2 F9D+ 9DIC,NS ( _! REL,N%IP 6"O ANO!R4
,GEOGRAPH]S DCL S* 6BE ! FACT2 !Y SAY T
9 "P ( ,UPP] ,LIBYA1 ": ! WOM5 >E -MON1
N"E!.S ! *N :O >E BORN >E ASSIGN$ 6_!
RESPECTIVE "FS ON ! GR.D ( _! LIKE;S4 ,&
"S WOM51 L ! FEMALES ( O!R ANIMALS- =
EXAMPLE1 M>ES & C[S- H A /R;G T5D5CY
6PRODUCE (FSPR+ RESEMBL+ _! P>5TS1 Z 0 !
CASE )! ,PH>SALIAN M>E CALL$ ,H"O/4

                  ,,IV

  ,O!R EVILS1 AG/ : X IS N EASY =!
AU?ORS ( S* A -MUN;Y 6GU>D1 W 2 ASSAULTS
& HOMICIDES1 VOLUNT>Y Z WELL Z
9VOLUNT>Y1 QU>RELS & SL&]S1 ALL : >E MO/
UNHOLY ACTS :5 -MITT$ AG/ "FS & "MS &
NE> REL,NS1 B N EQU,Y UNHOLY :5 "! IS NO
REL,N%IP4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y >E M* M LIKELY
6O3UR IF ! REL,N%IP IS UN"KN1 &1 :5 !Y H
O3URR$1 ! CU/OM>Y EXPI,NS ( !M _C 2
MADE4 ,AG1 H[ /RANGE X IS T ,SOCRATES1
AF HAV+ MADE ! *N -MON1 %D H9D] LOV]S F
C>NAL 9T]C\RSE ONLY1 B %D P]MIT LOVE &
FAMILI>ITIES 2T "F & SON OR 2T BRO!R &
BRO!R1 ?AN : NO?+ C 2 M UNSEEMLY1 S9CE
EV5 )\T !M LOVE ( ? SORT IS IMPROP]4 ,H[
/RANGE1 TOO1 6=BID 9T]C\RSE = NO O!R
R1SON ?AN ! VIOL;E (! PL1SURE1 Z ?\< !
REL,N%IP ( "F & SON OR ( BRO!RS ) "O
ANO!R MADE NO DI6];E4
  ,? -MUN;Y ( WIVES & *N SEEMS BETT]
SUIT$ 6! HUSB&M5 ?AN 6! GU>DIANS1 = IF
!Y H WIVES & *N 9 -MON1 !Y W 2 B.D 6"O
ANO!R 0W1K] TIES1 Z A SUBJECT CLASS %D
BE1 & !Y W REMA9 OB$I5T & N REBEL4 ,9 A
^W1 ! RESULT ( S* A LAW WD 2 J !
OPPOSITE ( : GD LAWS "\ 6H1 &! 9T5;N (
,SOCRATES 9 MAK+ ^! REGUL,NS AB WOM5 &
*N WD DEF1T XF4 ,= FR%IP WE 2LIEVE 6BE !
GRTE/ GD ( /ATES &! PRES]VATIVE ( !M AG/
REVOLU;NS2 NEI IS "! ANY?+ : ,SOCRATES S
GRTLY LAUDS Z ! UN;Y (! /ATE : HE & ALL
! _W DCL 6BE CR1T$ 0FR%IP4 ,B ! UN;Y :
HE -M5DS WD 2 L T (! LOV]S 9 !
,SYMPOSIUM1 :O1 Z ,>I/OPHANES SAYS1
DESIRE 6GR[ TGR 9 ! EXCESS ( _! A6EC;N1
& F 2+ TWO 62COME "O1 9 : CASE "O OR BO?
WD C]TA9LY P]I%4 ,":AS 9 A /ATE HAV+
WOM5 & *N -MON1 LOVE W 2 WAT]Y2 &! "F W
C]TA9LY N SAY ,8MY SON10' OR ! SON ,8MY
"F40' ,Z A LL SWEET W9E M+L$ )A GRT D1L
( WAT] IS IMP]CEPTI# 9 ! MIXTURE1 S1 9 ?
SORT ( -MUN;Y1 ! IDEA ( REL,N%IP : IS
BAS$ ^U ^! "NS W 2 LO/2 "! IS NO R1SON
:Y ! S-CALL$ "F %D C>E AB ! SON1 OR !
SON AB ! "F1 OR BRO!RS AB "O ANO!R4 ,(!
TWO QUALITIES : *IEFLY 9SPIRE REG>D &
A6EC;N- T A ?+ IS YR [N & T X IS YR ONLY
"O-NEI C EXI/ 9 S* A /ATE Z ?4

,AG1 ! TRANSF] ( *N Z SOON Z !Y >E BORN
  F ! RANK ( HUSB&M5 OR ( >TISANS 6T (
  GU>DIANS1 & F ! RANK ( GU>DIANS 96A
  L[] RANK1 W 2 V DI6ICULT 6>RANGE2 !
  GIV]S OR TRANSF]R]S _C B "K :OM !Y >E
  GIV+ & TRANSF]R+1 & 6:OM4 ,&!
  PREVI\SLY M5;N$ EVILS1 S* Z ASSAULTS1
  UNLAW;L LOVES1 HOMICIDES1 W HAPP5 M
  (T5 AM;G/ ^? :O >E TRANSF]R$ 6! L[]
  CLASSES1 OR :O H A PLACE ASSIGN$ 6!M
  AM;G ! GU>DIANS2 = !Y W NO L;G] CALL !
  MEMB]S (! CLASS !Y H LEFT BRO!RS1 &
  *N1 & "FS1 & "MS1 & W N1 "!=E1 2
  AFRAID ( -MITT+ ANY CRIMES 0R1SON (
  3SANGU9;Y4 ,T\*+ ! -MUN;Y ( WIVES &
  *N1 LET ? 2 \R 3CLU.N4

                  ;,V

  ,NEXT LET U 3SID] :AT %D 2 \R
>RANGE;TS AB PROP]TY3 %D ! CITIZ5S (!
P]FECT /ATE H _! POSSES.NS 9 -MON OR N8
,? "Q MAY 2 4CUSS$ SEP>ATELY F ! 5ACT;TS
AB WOM5 & *N4 ,EV5 SUPPOS+ T ! WOM5 & *N
2L;G 69DIVIDUALS1 AC 6! CU/OM : IS AT
PRES5T UNIV]SAL1 MAY "! N 2 AN ADVANTAGE
9 HAV+ & US+ POSSES.NS 9 -MON8 ,?REE
CASES >E POSSI#3 7#A7 ! SOIL MAY 2
APPROPRIAT$1 B ! PRODUCE MAY 2 ?R[N =
3SUMP;N 96! -MON /OCK2 & ? IS ! PRACTICE
( "S N,NS4 ,OR 7#B71 ! SOIL MAY 2 -MON1
& MAY 2 CULTIVAT$ 9 -MON1 B ! PRODUCE
DIVID$ AM;G 9DIVIDUALS = _! PRIVATE USE2
? IS A =M ( -MON PROP]TY : IS SD 6EXI/
AM;G C]TA9 B>B>IANS4 ,OR 7#C71 ! SOIL &!
PRODUCE MAY 2 ALIKE -MON4
  ,:5 ! HUSB&M5 >E N ! [N]S1 ! CASE W 2
DI6]5T & EASI] 6D1L )2 B :5 !Y TILL !
GR.D = !MVS ! "Q ( [N]%IP W GIVE A _W (
TR\#4 ,IF !Y D N %>E EQU,Y 5JOY;TS &
TOILS1 ^? :O LABOR M* & GET LL W
NECESS>ILY -PLA9 ( ^? :O LABOR LL & RCV
OR 3SUME M*4 ,B 9DE$ "! IS ALW A
DI6ICULTY 9 M5 LIV+ TGR & HAV+ ALL HUMAN
REL,NS 9 -MON1 B ESPECI,Y 9 _! HAV+ -MON
PROP]TY4 ,! "PN]%IPS ( FELL[-TRAVEL]S >E
AN EXAMPLE 6! PO9T2 = !Y G5],Y FALL \
OV] "EY"D MATT]S & QU>REL AB ANY TRIFLE
: TURNS UP4 ,S ) S]VANTS3 WE >E MO/ A#
6TAKE (F5SE AT ^? ) :OM WE MO/ WE MO/
FREQU5TLY -E 963TACT 9 DAILY LIFE4
  ,^! >E ONLY "S (! 4ADVANTAGES : ATT5D
! -MUN;Y ( PROP]TY2 ! PRES5T >RANGE;T1
IF IMPROV$ Z X MI<T 2 0GD CU/OMS & LAWS1
WD 2 F> BETT]1 & WD H ! ADVANTAGES ( BO?
SY/EMS4 ,PROP]TY %D 2 9 A C]TA9 S5SE
-MON1 B1 Z A G5]AL RULE1 PRIVATE2 =1 :5
"EY"O HAS A 4T9CT 9T]E/1 M5 W N -PLA9 (
"O ANO!R1 & !Y W MAKE M PROGRESS1 2C E
"O W 2 ATT5D+ 6HIS [N BUSI;S4 ,& YET
0R1SON ( GD;S1 & 9 RESPECT ( USE1
,8,FRS10' Z ! PROV]B SAYS1 ,8W H ALL ?+S
-MON40' ,EV5 N[ "! >E TRACES ( S* A
PR9CIPLE1 %[+ T X IS N IMPRACTICA#1 B1 9
WELL-ORD]$ /ATES1 EXI/S ALR 6A C]TA9
EXT5T & MAY 2 C>RI$ FUR!R4 ,=1 AL? E MAN
HAS 8 [N PROP]TY1 "S ?+S HE W PLACE AT !
4POSAL ( 8 FRS1 :ILE ( O!RS HE %>ES !
USE ) !M4 ,! ,LAC$AEMONIANS1 = EXAMPLE1
USE "O ANO!R'S SLAVES1 & HORSES1 & DOGS1
Z IF !Y 7 _! [N2 & :5 !Y LACK PROVI.NS
ON A J\RNEY1 !Y APPROPRIATE :AT !Y F9D 9
! FIELDS "?\T ! C.TRY4 ,X IS CLE>LY
BETT] T PROP]TY %D 2 PRIVATE1 B ! USE (
X -MON2 &! SPECIAL BUSI;S (! LEGISLATOR
IS 6CR1TE 9 M5 ? 2NEVOL5T 4POSI;N4 ,AG1
H[ IMM1SURABLY GRT] IS ! PL1SURE1 :5 A
MAN FEELS A ?+ 6BE 8 [N2 = SURELY ! LOVE
( SELF IS A FEEL+ IMPLANT$ 0NATURE & N
GIV5 9 VA91 AL? SELFI%;S IS "RLY C5SUR$2
?1 H["E1 IS N ! M]E LOVE ( SELF1 B !
LOVE ( SELF 9 EXCESS1 L ! MIS]'S LOVE (
M"OY2 = ALL1 OR ALM ALL1 M5 LOVE M"OY &
O!R S* OBJECTS 9 A M1SURE4 ,& FUR!R1 "!
IS ! GRTE/ PL1SURE 9 DO+ A K9D;S OR
S]VICE 6FRS OR GUE/S OR -PANIONS1 : C
ONLY 2 R5D]$ :5 A MAN HAS PRIVATE
PROP]TY4 ,^! ADVANTAGES >E LO/
0EXCESSIVE UNIFIC,N (! /ATE4 ,! EXHIBI;N
( TWO VIRTUES1 2SS1 IS VISIBLY
ANNIHILAT$ 9 S* A /ATE3 F/1 TEMP].E
T[>DS WOM5 7= X IS AN HONORA# AC;N
6AB/A9 F ANO!R'S WIFE = TEMP].E0' SAKE72
SECONDLY1 LIB]AL;Y 9 ! MATT] ( PROP]TY4
,NO "O1 :5 M5 H ALL ?+S 9 -MON1 W ANY
L;G] SET AN EXAMPLE ( LIB]AL;Y OR D ANY
LIB]AL AC;N2 = LIB]AL;Y 3SI/S 9 ! USE :
IS MADE ( PROP]TY4
  ,S* LEGISL,N MAY H A SPECI\S APPE>.E (
2NEVOL;E2 M5 R1DILY LI/5 6X1 & >E EASILY
9DUC$ 62LIEVE T 9 "S WOND];L MANN]
"EYBODY W 2COME "EYBODY'S FR1 ESPECI,Y
:5 "S "O IS HE>D DEN\NC+ ! EVILS N[
EXI/+ 9 /ATES1 SUITS AB 3TRACTS1 3VIC;NS
= P]JURY1 FLATT]IES ( RI* M5 &! L1 : >E
SD 6>ISE \ (! POSSES.N ( PRIVATE
PROP]TY4 ,^! EVILS1 H["E1 >E DUE 6A V
DI6]5T CAUSE- ! WICK$;S ( HUMAN NATURE4
,9DE$1 WE SEE T "! IS M* M QU>RELL+ AM;G
^? :O H ALL ?+S 9 -MON1 ?\< "! >E N _M (
!M :5 -P>$ )! VA/ NUMB]S :O H PRIVATE
PROP]TY4
  ,AG1 WE "\ 6RECKON1 N ONLY ! EVILS F :
! CITIZ5S W 2 SAV$1 B AL ! ADVANTAGES :
!Y W LOSE4 ,! LIFE : !Y >E 6L1D APPE>S
6BE Q IMPRACTICA#4 ,! ]ROR ( ,SOCRATES
M/ 2 ATTRIBUT$ 6! FALSE NO;N ( UN;Y F :
HE />TS4 ,UN;Y "! %D BE1 BO? (! FAMILY &
(! /ATE1 B 9 "S RESPECTS ONLY4 ,= "! IS
A PO9T AT : A /ATE MAY ATTA9 S* A DEGREE
( UN;Y Z 6BE NO L;G] A /ATE1 OR AT :1
)\T ACTU,Y C1S+ 6EXI/1 X W 2COME AN
9F]IOR /ATE1 L H>MONY PASS+ 96UNISON1 OR
RHY?M : HAS BE5 REDUC$ 6A S+LE FOOT4 ,!
/ATE1 Z ,I 0 SAY+1 IS A PLURAL;Y : %D 2
UNIT$ & MADE 96A -MUN;Y 0$UC,N2 & X IS
/RANGE T ! AU?OR (A SY/EM ( $UC,N : HE
?9KS W MAKE ! /ATE VIRTU\S1 %D EXPECT
6IMPROVE 8 CITIZ5S 0REGUL,NS ( ? SORT1 &
N 0PHILOSOPHY OR 0CU/OMS & LAWS1 L ^? :
PREVAIL AT ,S"PA & ,CRETE RESPECT+ -MON
M1LS1 ":BY ! LEGISLATOR HAS MADE PROP]TY
-MON4 ,LET U REMEMB] T WE %D N 4REG>D !
EXP]I;E ( AGES2 9 ! MULTITUDE ( YE>S ^!
?+S1 IF !Y 7 GD1 WD C]TA9LY N H BE5
UN"KN2 = ALM "EY?+ HAS BE5 F.D \1 AL?
"S"TS !Y >E N PUT TGR2 9 O!R CASES M5 D
N USE ! K : !Y H4 ,GRT LI<T WD 2 ?R[N ON
? SUBJECT IF WE CD SEE S* A =M ( GOV]N;T
9 ! ACTUAL PROCESS ( 3/RUC;N2 =!
LEGISLATOR CD N =M A /ATE AT ALL )\T
4TRIBUT+ & DIVID+ XS 3/ITU5TS
96ASSOCI,NS = -MON M1LS1 & 96PHRATRIES &
TRIBES4 ,B ALL ? LEGISL,N 5DS ONLY 9
=BI4+ AGRICULTURE 6! GU>DIANS1 A
PROHIBI;N : ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS TRY 65=CE
ALR4
  ,B1 9DE$1 ,SOCRATES HAS N SD1 NOR IS X
EASY 6DECIDE1 :AT 9 S* A -MUN;Y W 2 !
G5]AL =M (! /ATE4 ,! CITIZ5S :O >E N
GU>DIANS >E ! MAJOR;Y1 & AB !M NO?+ HAS
BE5 DET]M9$3 >E ! HUSB&M51 TOO1 6H _!
PROP]TY 9 -MON8 ,OR IS EA* 9DIVIDUAL 6H
8 [N8 ,& >E ! WIVES & *N 6BE 9DIVIDUAL
OR -MON4 ,IF1 L ! GU>DIANS1 !Y >E 6H ALL
?+S 9 -MON1 :AT D !Y DI6] F !M1 OR :AT W
!Y GA9 0SUBMITT+ 6_! GOV]N;T8 ,OR1 ^U
:AT PR9CIPLE WD !Y SUBMIT1 UN.S 9DE$ !
GOV]N+ CLASS ADOPT ! 9G5I\S POLICY (!
,CRETANS1 :O GIVE _! SLAVES ! SAME
9/ITU;NS Z _! [N1 B =BID !M GYMNA/IC
EX]CISES &! POSSES.N ( >MS4 ,IF1 ON !
O!R H&1 ! 9F]IOR CLASSES >E 6BE L O!R
CITIES 9 RESPECT ( M>RIAGE & PROP]TY1
:AT W 2 ! =M (! -MUN;Y8 ,M/ X N 3TA9 TWO
/ATES 9 "O1 EA* HO/ILE 6! O!R ,HE MAKES
! GU>DIANS 96A M]E O3UPY+ G>RISON1 :ILE
! HUSB&M5 & >TISANS &! RE/ >E ! R1L
CITIZ5S4 ,B IF S ! SUITS & QU>RELS1 &
ALL ! EVILS : ,SOCRATES A6IRMS 6EXI/ 9
O!R /ATES1 W EXI/ EQU,Y AM;G !M4 ,HE
SAYS 9DE$ T1 HAV+ S GD AN $UC,N1 !
CITIZ5S W N NE$ _M LAWS1 = EXAMPLE LAWS
AB ! C;Y OR AB ! M>KETS2 B !N HE 3F9ES 8
$UC,N 6! GU>DIANS4 ,AG1 HE MAKES !
HUSB&M5 [N]S (! PROP]TY ^U 3DI;N ( _!
PAY+ A TRIBUTE4 ,B 9 T CASE !Y >E LIKELY
6BE M* M UNMANAGEA# & 3CEIT$ ?AN !
,HELOTS1 OR ,P5E/AE1 OR SLAVES 9 G5]AL4
,& :E!R -MUN;Y ( WIVES & PROP]TY 2 NEC =
! L[] EQU,Y )! HI<] CLASS OR N1 &! "QS
AK9 6?1 :AT W 2 ! $UC,N1 =M ( GOV]N;T1
LAWS (! L[] CLASS1 ,SOCRATES HAS NO":
DET]M9$3 NEI IS X EASY 64COV] ?1 NOR IS
_! "* ( SMALL IMPORT.E IF ! -MON LIFE (!
GU>DIANS IS 6BE MA9TA9$4
  ,AG1 IF ,SOCRATES MAKES ! WOM5 -MON1 &
RETA9S PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ! M5 W SEE 6!
FIELDS1 B :O W SEE 6! H\SE8 ,& :O W D S
IF ! AGRICULTURAL CLASS H BO? _! PROP]TY
& _! WIVES 9 -MON8 ,ONCE M3 X IS ABSURD
6>GUE1 F ! ANALOGY (! ANIMALS1 T M5 &
WOM5 %D FOLL[ ! SAME PURSUITS1 = ANIMALS
H N 6MANAGE A H\SEHOLD4 ,! GOV]N;T1 TOO1
Z 3/ITUT$ 0,SOCRATES1 3TA9S ELE;TS (
DANG]2 = HE MAKES ! SAME P]SONS ALW
RULE4 ,& IF ? IS (T5 A CAUSE ( 4TURB.E
AM;G ! M1N] SORT1 H[ M* M AM;G HI<-_S$
W>RIORS8 ,B T ! P]SONS :OM HE MAKES
RUL]S M/ 2 ! SAME IS EVID5T2 =! GOLD : !
,GOD M+LES 9 ! S\LS ( M5 IS N AT "O "T
GIV5 6"O1 AT ANO!R "T 6ANO!R1 B ALW 6!
SAME3 Z HE SAYS1 ,8,GOD M+LES GOLD 9 "S1
& SILV] 9 O!RS1 F _! V BIR?2 B BRASS &
IRON 9 ^? :O >E M1NT 6BE >TISANS &
HUSB&M540' ,AG1 HE DEPRIVES ! GU>DIANS
EV5 ( HAPPI;S1 & SAYS T ! LEGISLATOR "\
6MAKE ! :OLE /ATE HAPPY4 ,B ! :OLE _C 2
HAPPY UN.S MO/1 OR ALL1 OR "S ( XS "PS
5JOY HAPPI;S4 ,9 ? RESPECT HAPPI;S IS N
L ! EV5 PR9CIPLE 9 NUMB]S1 : MAY EXI/
ONLY 9 ! :OLE1 B 9 NEI (! "PS2 N S
HAPPI;S4 ,& IF ! GU>DIANS >E N HAPPY1 :O
>E8 ,SURELY N ! >TISANS1 OR ! -MON P4 ,!
,REPUBLIC ( : ,SOCRATES 4C\RSES HAS ALL
^! DI6ICULTIES1 & O!RS Q Z GRT4

                  ,,VI

  ,! SAME1 OR NE>LY ! SAME1 OBJEC;NS
APPLY 6,PLATO'S LAT] "W1 ! ,LAWS1 & "!=E
WE _H BETT] EXAM9E BRIEFLY ! 3/ITU;N :
IS "!9 DESCRIB$4 ,9 ! ,REPUBLIC1
,SOCRATES HAS DEF9ITELY SETTL$ 9 ALL A
FEW "QS ONLY2 S* Z ! -MUN;Y ( WOM5 & *N1
! -MUN;Y ( PROP]TY1 &! 3/ITU;N (! /ATE4
,! POPUL,N IS DIVID$ 96TWO CLASSES- "O (
HUSB&M51 &! O!R ( W>RIORS2 F ? LATT] IS
TAK5 A ?IRD CLASS ( C\NSELORS & RUL]S (!
/ATE4 ,B ,SOCRATES HAS N DET]M9$ :E!R !
HUSB&M5 & >TISANS >E 6H A %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T1 & :E!R !Y1 TOO1 >E 6C>RY >MS &
%>E 9 MILIT>Y S]VICE1 OR N4 ,HE C]TA9LY
?9KS T ! WOM5 "\ 6%>E 9 ! $UC,N (!
GU>DIANS1 & 6FI<T 0_! SIDE4 ,! REMA9D] (
! "W IS FILL$ UP ) DIGRES.NS =EIGN 6!
MA9 SUBJECT1 &) 4CUS.NS AB ! $UC,N (!
GU>DIANS4 ,9 ! ,LAWS "! IS H>DLY ANY?+ B
LAWS2 N M* IS SD AB ! 3/ITU;N4 ,?1 : HE
_H 9T5D$ 6MAKE M (! ORD9>Y TYPE1 HE
GRADU,Y BR+S R.D 6! O!R OR ID1L =M4 ,=)!
EXCEP;N (! -MUN;Y ( WOM5 & PROP]TY1 HE
SUPPOSES "EY?+ 6BE ! SAME 9 BO? /ATES2
"! IS 6BE ! SAME $UC,N2 ! CITIZ5S ( BO?
>E 6LIVE FREE F S]VILE O3UP,NS1 & "! >E
6BE -MON M1LS 9 BO?4 ,! ONLY DI6];E IS T
9 ! ,LAWS1 ! -MON M1LS >E EXT5D$ 6WOM51
&! W>RIORS NUMB] #EJJJ1 B 9 ! ,REPUBLIC
ONLY #AJJJ4
  ,! 4C\RSES ( ,SOCRATES >E N"E
-MONPLACE2 !Y ALW EXHIBIT GRACE &
ORIG9AL;Y & ?"\2 B P]FEC;N 9 "EY?+ C
H>DLY 2 EXPECT$4 ,WE M/ N OV]LOOK ! FACT
T ! NUMB] ( #EJJJ CITIZ5S1 J N[ M5;N$1 W
REQUIRE A T]RITORY Z L>GE Z ,BABYLON1 OR
"S O!R HUGE SITE1 IF S _M P]SONS >E 6BE
SUPPORT$ 9 IDLE;S1 TGR ) _! WOM5 &
ATT5DANTS1 :O W 2 A MULTITUDE _M "TS Z
GRT4 ,9 FRAM+ AN ID1L WE MAY ASSUME :AT
WE WI%1 B %D AVOID IMPOSSIBILITIES4
  ,X IS SD T ! LEGISLATOR "\ 6H 8 EYE
DIRECT$ 6TWO PO9TS- ! P &! C.TRY4 ,B
NEI<BOR+ C.TRIES AL M/ N 2 =GOTT5 0HM1
F/LY 2C ! /ATE = : HE LEGISLATES IS 6H A
POLITICAL & N AN ISOLAT$ LIFE4 ,=A /ATE
M/ H S* A MILIT>Y =CE Z W 2 S]VICEA# AG/
H] NEI<BORS1 & N M]ELY USE;L AT HOME4
,EV5 IF ! LIFE ( AC;N IS N ADMITT$ 6BE !
BE/1 EI = 9DIVIDUALS OR /ATES1 / A C;Y
%D 2 =MIDA# 65EMIES1 :E!R 9VAD+ OR
RETR1T+4
  ,"! IS ANO!R PO9T3 ,%D N ! AM.T (
PROP]TY 2 DEF9$ 9 "S WAY : DI6]S F ? 02+
CLE>]8 ,= ,SOCRATES SAYS T A MAN %D H S
M* PROP]TY Z W 5A# HM 6LIVE TEMP]ATELY1
: IS ONLY A WAY ( SAY+ ,86LIVE WELL0'2 ?
IS TOO G5]AL A 3CEP;N4 ,FUR!R1 A MAN MAY
LIVE TEMP]ATELY & YET MIS]ABLY4 ,A BETT]
DEF9I;N WD 2 T A MAN M/ H S M* PROP]TY Z
W 5A# HM 6LIVE N ONLY TEMP]ATELY B
LIB],Y2 IF ! TWO >E "P$1 LIB],Y W -B9E )
LUXURY2 TEMP].E W 2 ASSOCIAT$ ) TOIL4 ,=
LIB]AL;Y & TEMP].E >E ! ONLY ELIGI#
QUALITIES : H 6D )! USE ( PROP]TY4 ,A
MAN _C USE PROP]TY ) MILD;S OR C\RAGE1 B
TEMP]ATELY & LIB],Y HE MAY2 & "!=E !
PRACTICE ( ^! VIRTUES IS 9SEP>A# F
PROP]TY4 ,"! IS AN 9CONSI/5CY1 TOO1 9
TOO1 9 EQUALIZ+ ! PROP]TY & N REGULAT+ !
NUMB] (! CITIZ5S2 ! POPUL,N IS 6REMA9
UNLIMIT$1 & HE ?9KS T X W 2 SU6ICI5TLY
EQUALIZ$ 0A C]TA9 NUMB] ( M>RIAGES 2+
UNFRUIT;L1 H["E _M >E BORN 6O!RS1 2C HE
F9DS ? 6BE ! CASE 9 EXI/+ /ATES4 ,B GRT]
C>E W 2 REQUIR$ ?AN N[2 = AM;G \RVS1
:AT"E MAY 2 ! NUMB] ( CITIZ5S1 ! PROP]TY
IS ALW 4TRIBUT$ AM;G !M1 & "!=E NO "O IS
9 WANT2 B1 IF ! PROP]TY 7 9CAPA# (
DIVI.N Z 9 ! ,LAWS1 ! SUP]NUM]>IES1 :E!R
FEW OR _M1 WD GET NO?+4 ,"O WD H ?"\ T X
0 EV5 M NEC 6LIMIT POPUL,N ?AN PROP]TY2
& T ! LIMIT %D 2 FIX$ 0CALCULAT+ ! *.ES
( MORTAL;Y 9 ! *N1 &( /]IL;Y 9 M>RI$
P]SONS4 ,! NEGLECT ( ? SUBJECT1 : 9
EXI/+ /ATES IS S -MON1 IS A N"E-FAIL+
CAUSE ( POV]TY AM;G ! CITIZ5S2 & POV]TY
IS ! P>5T ( REVOLU;N & CRIME4 ,PHEIDON !
,COR9?IAN1 :O 0 "O (! MO/ >D5T
LEGISLATORS1 ?"\ T ! FAMILIES &! NUMB] (
CITIZ5S "\ 6REMA9 ! SAME1 AL? ORIG9,Y
ALL ! LOTS MAY H BE5 ( DI6]5T SIZES3 B 9
! ,LAWS ! OPPOSITE PR9CIPLE IS MA9TA9$4
,:AT 9 \R OP9ION IS ! "R >RANGE;T W H
6BE EXPLA9$ "HAF4
  ,"! IS ANO!R OMIS.N 9 ! ,LAWS3
,SOCRATES DOES N TELL U H[ ! RUL]S DI6]
F _! SUBJECTS2 HE ONLY SAYS T !Y %D 2
RELAT$ Z ! W>P &! WO(1 : >E MADE \ (
DI6]5T WOOLS4 ,HE ALL[S T A MAN'S :OLE
PROP]TY MAY 2 9CR1S$ FIVEFOLD1 B :Y %D N
8 L& AL 9CR1SE 6A C]TA9 EXT5T8 ,AG1 W !
GD MANAGE;T (A H\SEHOLD 2 PROMOT$ 0HIS
>RANGE;T ( HOME/1DS8 ,= HE ASSIGNS 6EA*
9DIVIDUAL TWO HOME/1DS 9 SEP>ATE PLACES1
& X IS DI6ICULT 6LIVE 9 TWO H\SES4
  ,! :OLE SY/EM ( GOV]N;T T5DS 6BE NEI
DEMOCRACY NOR OLIG>*Y1 B "S?+ 9 A M1N 2T
!M1 : IS USU,Y CALL$ A POL;Y1 & IS -POS$
(! H1VY->M$ SOLDI]S4 ,N[1 IF HE 9T5D$
6FRAME A 3/ITU;N : WD SUIT ! GRTE/ NUMB]
( /ATES1 HE 0 V LIKELY "R1 B N IF HE
M1NT 6SAY T ? 3/ITU;NAL =M CAME NE>E/
6HIS F/ OR ID1L /ATE2 = _M WD PREF] !
,LAC$AEMONIAN1 OR1 POSSIBLY1 "S O!R M
>I/OCRATIC GOV]N;T4 ,"S1 9DE$1 SAY T !
BE/ 3/ITU;N IS A -B9,N ( ALL EXI/+ =MS1
& !Y PRAISE ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN 2C X IS MADE
UP ( OLIG>*Y1 MON>*Y1 & DEMOCRACY1 ! K+
=M+ ! MON>*Y1 &! C\NCIL ( ELD]S !
OLIG>*Y :ILE ! DEMOCRATIC ELE;T IS
REPRES5T$ 0! ,EPHORS2 =! ,EPHORS >E
SELECT$ F ! P4 ,O!RS1 H["E1 DCL !
,EPHORALTY 6BE A TYRANNY1 & F9D ! ELE;T
( DEMOCRACY 9 ! -MON M1LS & 9 ! HABITS (
DAILY LIFE4 ,9 ! ,LAWS X IS MA9TA9$ T !
BE/ 3/ITU;N IS MADE UP ( DEMOCRACY &
TYRANNY1 : >E EI N 3/ITU;NS AT ALL1 OR
>E ! WOR/ ( ALL4 ,B !Y >E NE>] ! TRU? :O
-B9E _M =MS2 =! 3/ITU;N IS BETT] : IS
MADE UP ( M NUM]\S ELE;TS4 ,! 3/ITU;N
PROPOS$ 9 ! ,LAWS HAS NO ELE;T ( MON>*Y
AT ALL2 X IS NO?+ B OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY1
L1N+ R 6OLIG>*Y4 ,? IS SE5 9 ! MODE (
APPO9T+ MAGI/RATES2 = AL? ! APPO9T;T (
!M 0LOT F AM;G ^? :O H BE5 ALR SELECT$
-B9ES BO? ELE;TS1 ! WAY 9 : ! RI* >E
-PELL$ 0LAW 6ATT5D ! ASSEMBLY & VOTE =
MAGI/RATES OR 4*>GE O!R POLITICAL
DUTIES1 :ILE ! RE/ MAY D Z !Y L1 &!
5D1VOR 6H ! GRT] NUMB] (! MAGI/RATES
APPO9T$ \ (! RI*] CLASSES &! HI<E/
(FIC]S SELECT$ F ^? :O H ! GRTE/ 9COMES1
BO? ^! >E OLIG>*ICAL F1TURES4 ,!
OLIG>*ICAL PR9CIPLE PREVAILS AL 9 !
*OICE (! C\NCIL1 = ALL >E -PELL$ 6*OOSE1
B ! -PUL.N EXT5DS ONLY 6! *OICE \ (! F/
CLASS1 &( AN EQUAL NUMB] \ (! SECOND
CLASS & \ (! ?IRD CLASS1 B N 9 ? LATT]
CASE 6ALL ! VOT]S B 6^? (! F/ ?REE
CLASSES2 &! SELEC;N ( C&IDATES \ (! F\R?
CLASS IS ONLY -PULSORY ON ! F/ & SECOND4
,!N1 F ! P]SONS S *OS51 HE SAYS T "! "\
6BE AN EQUAL NUMB] ( EA* CLASS SELECT$4
,?US A PREPOND].E W 2 GIV5 6! BETT] SORT
( P1 :O H ! L>G] 9COMES1 2C _M (! L[]
CLASSES1 N 2+ -PELL$ W N VOTE4 ,^!
3SID],NS1 & O!RS : W 2 A4UC$ :5 ! "T -ES
= EXAM9+ SIMIL> POLITIES1 T5D 6%[ T
/ATES L ,PLATO'S %D N 2 -POS$ (
DEMOCRACY & MON>*Y4 ,"! IS AL A DANG] 9
ELECT+ ! MAGI/RATES \ (A BODY :O >E !MVS
ELECT$2 =1 IF B A SMALL NUMB] *OOSE
6-B9E1 ! ELEC;NS W ALW G Z !Y DESIRE4
,S* IS ! 3/ITU;N : IS DESCRIB$ 9 !
,LAWS4

                 ,,VII

  ,O!R 3/ITU;NS H BE5 PROPOS$2 "S
0PRIVATE P]SONS1 O!RS 0PHILOSOPH]S &
/ATESM51 : ALL -E NE>] 6E/ABLI%$ OR
EXI/+ "OS ?AN EI ( ,PLATO'S4 ,NO "O ELSE
HAS 9TRODUC$ S* NOVELTIES Z ! -MUN;Y (
WOM5 & *N1 OR PUBLIC TA#S = WOM53 O!R
LEGISLATORS 2G9 ) :AT IS NEC4 ,9 !
OP9ION ( "S1 ! REGUL,N ( PROP]TY IS !
*IEF PO9T ( ALL1 T 2+ ! "Q ^U : ALL
REVOLU;NS TURN4 ,? DANG] 0 RECOGNIZ$
0,PHAL1S ( ,*ALC$ON1 :O 0 ! F/ 6A6IRM T
! CITIZ5S (A /ATE "\ 6H EQUAL POSSES.NS4
,HE ?"\ T 9 A NEW COLONY ! EQUALIZ,N
MI<T 2 A3OMPLI%$ )\T DI6ICULTY1 N S
EASILY :5 A /ATE 0 ALR E/ABLI%$2 & T !N
! %ORTE/ WAY ( -PASS+ ! DESIR$ 5D WD 2 =
! RI* 6GIVE & N 6RCV M>RIAGE POR;NS1 &=!
POOR N 6GIVE B 6RCV !M4
  ,PLATO 9 ! ,LAWS 0 ( OP9ION T1 6A
C]TA9 EXT5T1 A3UMUL,N %D 2 ALL[$1 =BI4+1
Z ,I H ALR OBS]V$1 ANY CITIZ5 6POSSESS M
?AN FIVE "TS ! M9IMUM QUALIFIC,N ,B ^?
:O MAKE S* LAWS %D REMEMB] :AT !Y >E APT
6=GET- T ! LEGISLATOR :O FIXES ! AM.T (
PROP]TY %D AL FIX ! NUMB] ( *N2 =1 IF !
*N >E TOO _M =! PROP]TY1 ! LAW M/ 2
BROK54 ,&1 2SS ! VIOL,N (! LAW1 X IS A
BAD ?+ T _M F 2+ RI* %D 2COME POOR2 = M5
( RU9$ =TUNES >E SURE 6/IR UP REVOLU;NS4
,T ! EQUALIZ,N ( PROP]TY EX]CISES AN
9FLU;E ON POLITICAL SOCIETY 0 CLE>LY
"U/OOD EV5 0"S (! OLD LEGISLATORS4 ,LAWS
7 MADE 0,SOLON & O!RS PROHIBIT+ AN
9DIVIDUAL F POSSESS+ Z M* L& Z HE PL1S$2
& "! >E O!R LAWS 9 /ATES : =BID ! SALE (
PROP]TY3 AM;G ! ,LOCRIANS1 = EXAMPLE1 "!
IS A LAW T A MAN IS N 6SELL 8 PROP]TY
UN.S HE C PROVE UNMISTAKABLY T "S
MIS=TUNE HAS 2FALL5 HM4 ,AG1 "! H BE5
LAWS : 5JO9 ! PRES]V,N (! ORIG9AL LOTS4
,S* A LAW EXI/$ 9 ! ISL& ( ,LEUCAS1 &!
ABROG,N ( X MADE ! 3/ITU;N TOO
DEMOCRATIC1 =! RUL]S NO L;G] _H !
PRESCRIB$ QUALIFIC,N4 ,AG1 ": "! IS
EQUAL;Y ( PROP]TY1 ! AM.T MAY 2 EI TOO
L>GE OR TOO SMALL1 &! POSSESSOR MAY 2
LIV+ EI 9 LUXURY OR P5URY4 ,CLE>LY1 !N1
! LEGISLATOR "\ N ONLY 6AIM AT !
EQUALIZ,N ( PROP]TIES1 B AT MOD],N 9 _!
AM.T4 ,FUR!R1 IF HE PRESCRIBE ? MOD]ATE
AM.T EQU,Y 6ALL1 HE W 2 NO NE>] ! M>K2 =
X IS N ! POSSES.NS B ! DESIRES ( MANK9D
: REQUIRE 6BE EQUALIZ$1 & ? IS IMPOSSI#1
UN.S A SU6ICI5T $UC,N IS PROVID$ 0!
LAWS4 ,B ,PHAL1S W PROBABLY REPLY T ? IS
PRECISELY :AT HE M1NS2 & T1 9 8 OP9ION1
"! "\ 6BE 9 /ATES1 N ONLY EQUAL PROP]TY1
B EQUAL $UC,N4 ,/ HE %D TELL PRECISELY
:AT HE M1NS2 & T1 9 8 OP9ION1 "! "\ 6BE
9 2 9 HAV+ "O &! SAME = ALL1 IF X IS (A
SORT T PREDISPOSES M5 6AV>ICE1 OR
AMBI;N1 OR BO?4 ,MOREOV]1 CIVIL TR\#S
>ISE1 N ONLY \ (! 9EQUAL;Y ( PROP]TY1 B
\ (! 9EQUAL;Y ( HONOR1 ?\< 9 OPPOSITE
WAYS4 ,=! -MON P QU>REL AB ! 9EQUAL;Y (
PROP]TY1 ! HI<] CLASS AB ! EQUAL;Y (
HONOR2 Z ! POET SAYS1
  ,! BAD & GD ALIKE 9 HONOR %>E4
  ,"! >E CRIMES ( : ! MOTIVE IS WANT2 &=
^! ,PHAL1S EXPECTS 6F9D A CURE 9 !
EQUALIZ,N ( PROP]TY1 : W TAKE AWAY F A
MAN ! TEMPT,N 6BE A HI<WAYMAN1 2C HE IS
HUNGRY OR COLD4 ,B WANT IS N ! SOLE
9C5TIVE 6CRIME2 M5 AL WI% 65JOY !MVS & N
6BE 9 A /ATE ( DESIRE- !Y WI% 6CURE "S
DESIRE1 GO+ 2Y ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 :
PREYS ^U !M2 NAY1 ? IS N ! ONLY R1SON-
!Y MAY DESIRE SUP]FLUITIES 9 ORD] 65JOY
PL1SURES UNA3OMPANI$ ) PA91 & "!=E !Y
-MIT CRIMES4
  ,N[ :AT IS ! CURE ( ^! ?REE 4ORD]S8
,(! F/1 MOD]ATE POSSES.NS & O3UP,N2 (!
SECOND1 HABITS ( TEMP].E2 Z 6! ?IRD1 IF
ANY DESIRE PL1SURES : DEP5D ON !MVS1 !Y
W F9D ! SATISFAC;N ( _! DESIRES NO": B 9
PHILOSOPHY2 = ALL O!R PL1SURES WE >E
DEP5D5T ON O!RS4 ,! FACT IS T ! GRTE/
CRIMES >E CAUS$ 0EXCESS & N 0NECESS;Y4
,M5 D N 2COME TYRANTS 9 ORD] T !Y MAY N
SU6] COLD2 & H;E GRT IS ! HONOR 2/[$1 N
ON HM :O KILLS A ?IEF1 B ON HM :O KILLS
A TYRANT4 ,?US WE SEE T ! 9/ITU;NS (
,PHAL1S AVAIL ONLY AG/ PETTY CRIMES4
  ,"! IS ANO!R OBJEC;N 6!M4 ,!Y >E
*IEFLY DESIGN$ 6PROMOTE ! 9T]NAL WELF>E
(! /ATE4 ,B ! LEGISLATOR %D 3SID] AL XS
REL,N 6NEI<BOR+ N,NS1 & 6ALL :O >E
\TSIDE ( X4 ,! GOV]N;T M/ 2 ORGANIZ$ )A
VIEW 6MILIT>Y /R5G?2 &( ? HE HAS SD N A
^W4 ,& S ) RESPECT 6PROP]TY3 "! %D N
ONLY 2 5 6SUPPLY ! 9T]NAL WANTS (! /ATE1
B AL 6MEET DANG]S -+ F )\T4 ,! PROP]TY (
! /ATE %D N 2 S L>GE T M P[];L NEI<BORS
MAY 2 TEMPT$ 0X1 :ILE ! [N]S >E UNA#
6REPEL ! 9VAD]S2 NOR YET S SMALL T !
/ATE IS UNA# 6MA9TA9 A W> EV5 AG/ /ATES
( EQUAL P[]1 &(! SAME "*4 ,PHAL1S HAS N
LAID D[N ANY RULE2 B WE %D BE> 9 M9D T
ABUND.E ( W1L? IS AN ADVANTAGE4 ,! BE/
LIMIT W PROBABLY BE1 T A M P[];L NEI<BOR
M/ H NO 9DUCE;T 6G 6W> ) Y 0R1SON (!
EXCESS ( YR W1L?1 B ONLY S* Z HE WD H _H
IF Y _H POSSESS$ LESS4 ,"! IS A /ORY T
,EUBULUS1 :5 ,AUTOPHRADATES 0 GO+
62SIEGE ,AT>NEUS1 TOLD HM 63SID] H[ L;G
! OP],N WD TAKE1 & !N RECKON UP ! CO/ :
WD 2 9CURR$ 9 ! "T4 ,8,=10' SD HE1 ,8,I
AM WILL+ =A SMALL] SUM ?AN T 6L1VE
,AT>NEUS AT ONCE40' ,^! ^WS ( ,EUBULUS
MADE AN IMPRES.N ON ,AUTOPHRADATES1 & HE
DESI/$ F ! SIEGE4
  ,! EQUALIZ,N ( PROP]TY IS "O (! ?+S T
T5D 6PREV5T ! CITIZ5S F QU>RELL+4 ,N T !
GA9 9 ? DIREC;N IS V GRT4 ,=! NO#S W 2
4SATISFI$ 2C !Y ?9K !MVS WOR?Y ( M ?AN
AN EQUAL %>E ( HONORS2 & ? IS (T5 F.D
6BE A CAUSE ( SEDI;N & REVOLU;N4 ,&!
AV>ICE ( MANK9D IS 9SATIA#2 AT "O "T TWO
OBOLS 0 PAY 5\<2 B N[1 :5 ? SUM HAS
2COME CU/OM>Y1 M5 ALW WANT M & M )\T 5D2
= X IS (! NATURE ( DESIRE N 6BE
SATISFI$1 & MO/ M5 LIVE ONLY =!
GRATIFIC,N ( X4 ,! 2G9N+ ( RE=M IS N S
M* 6EQUALIZE PROP]TY Z 6TRA9 ! NO#R SORT
( NATURES N 6DESIRE M1 & 6PREV5T ! L[] F
GETT+ M2 T IS 6SAY1 !Y M/ 2 KEPT D[N1 B
N ILL-TR1T$4 ,2SS1 ! EQUALIZ,N PROPOS$
0,PHAL1S IS IMP]FECT2 = HE ONLY
EQUALIZES L&1 ":AS A MAN MAY 2 RI* AL 9
SLAVES1 & CATTLE1 & M"OY1 & 9 ! ABUND.E
( :AT >E CALL$ 8 MOVA#S4 ,N[ EI ALL ^!
?+S M/ 2 EQUALIZ$1 OR "S LIMIT M/ 2
IMPOS$ ON !M1 OR !Y M/ AN 2 LET AL"O4 ,X
WD APPE> T ,PHAL1S IS LEGISLAT+ =A SMALL
C;Y ONLY1 IF1 Z HE SUPPOSES1 ALL !
>TISANS >E 6BE PUBLIC SLAVES & N 6=M A
SUPPLE;T>Y "P (! BODY ( CITIZ5S4 ,B IF
"! IS A LAW T >TISANS >E 6BE PUBLIC
SLAVES1 X %D ONLY APPLY 6^? 5GAG$ ON
PUBLIC "WS1 Z AT ,EPIDAMNUS1 OR AT ,A!NS
ON ! PLAN : ,DIOPHANTUS ONCE 9TRODUC$4
  ,F ^! OBS]V,NS ANY "O MAY JUDGE H[ F>
,PHAL1S 0 WR;G OR "R 9 8 ID1S4

                 ,,VIII

  ,HIPPODAMUS1 ! SON ( ,EURYPHON1 A
NATIVE ( ,MILETUS1 ! SAME :O 9V5T$ ! >T
( PLANN+ CITIES1 & :O AL LAID \ !
,PIRAEUS- A /RANGE MAN1 ^: FOND;S =
4T9C;N L$ HM 96A G5]AL E35TRIC;Y ( LIFE1
: MADE "S ?9K HM A6ECT$ 7= HE WD WE>
FL[+ HAIR & EXP5SIVE ORNA;TS2 B ^! 7
WORN ON A *1P B W>M G>;T BO? 9 W9T] &
SUMM]72 HE1 2SS ASPIR+ 6BE AN ADEPT 9 !
K ( NATURE1 0 ! F/ P]SON N A /ATESMAN :O
MADE 9QUIRIES AB ! BE/ =M ( GOV]N;T4
  ,! C;Y ( ,HIPPODAMUS 0 -POS$ ( #AJ1JJJ
CITIZ5S DIVID$ 96?REE "PS- "O ( >TISANS1
"O ( HUSB&M51 &A ?IRD ( >M$ DEF5D]S (!
/ATE4 ,HE AL DIVID$ ! L& 96?REE "PS1 "O
SACR$1 "O PUBLIC1 ! ?IRD PRIVATE3 ! F/ 0
SET A"P 6MA9TA9 ! CU/OM>Y WOR%IP (!
,GODS1 ! SECOND 0 6SUPPORT ! W>RIORS1 !
?IRD 0 ! PROP]TY (! HUSB&M54 ,HE AL
DIVID$ LAWS 96?REE CLASSES1 & NO M1 = HE
MA9TA9$ T "! >E ?REE SUBJECTS (
LAWSUITS- 9SULT1 9JURY1 & HOMICIDE4 ,HE
LIKEWISE 9/ITUT$ A S+LE F9AL C\RT (
APP1L1 6: ALL CAUSES SEEM+ 6H BE5
IMPROP]LY DECID$ MI<T 2 REF]R$2 ? C\RT
HE =M$ ( ELD]S *OS5 =! PURPOSE4 ,HE 0
FUR!R ( OP9ION T ! DECI.NS (! C\RTS "\ N
6BE GIV5 0! USE (A VOT+ PEB#1 B T E "O
%D H A TA#T ON : HE MI<T N ONLY WRITE A
SIMPLE 3DEMN,N1 OR L1VE ! TA#T BLANK =A
SIMPLE ACQUITTAL2 B1 IF HE "PLY ACQUITT$
& "PLY 3DEMN$1 HE 0 64T+UI% ACLY4 ,6!
EXI/+ LAW HE OBJECT$ T X OBLIG$ ! JUDGES
6BE GUILTY ( P]JURY1 :I*"E WAY !Y VOT$4
,HE AL 5ACT$ T ^? :O 4COV]$ ANY?+ =! GD
(! /ATE %D 2 HONOR$2 & HE PROVID$ T ! *N
( CITIZ5S :O DI$ 9 BATTLE %D 2 MA9TA9$
AT ! PUBLIC EXP5SE1 Z IF S* AN 5ACT;T _H
N"E BE5 HE>D ( 2F1 YET X ACTU,Y EXI/S AT
,A!NS & 9 O!R PLACES4 ,Z 6! MAGI/RATES1
HE WD H !M ALL ELECT$ 0! P1 T IS1 0!
?REE CLASSES ALR M5;N$1 & ^? :O 7 ELECT$
7 6WAT* OV] ! 9T]E/S (! PUBLIC1 (
/RANG]S1 &( ORPHANS4 ,^! >E ! MO/ /RIK+
PO9TS 9 ! 3/ITU;N ( ,HIPPODAMUS4 ,"! IS
N M* ELSE4
  ,! F/ ( ^! PROPOSALS 6: OBJEC;N MAY 2
TAK5 IS ! ?REEFOLD DIVI.N (! CITIZ5S4 ,!
>TISANS1 &! HUSB&M51 &! W>RIORS1 ALL H A
%>E 9 ! GOV]N;T4 ,B ! HUSB&M5 H NO >MS1
&! >TISANS NEI >MS NOR L&1 & "!=E !Y
2COME ALL B SLAVES (! W>RIOR CLASS4 ,T
!Y %D %>E 9 ALL ! (FICES IS AN
IMPOSSIBIL;Y2 = G5]ALS & GU>DIANS (!
CITIZ5S1 & NE>LY ALL ! PR9CIPAL
MAGI/RATES1 M/ 2 TAK5 F ! CLASS ( ^? :O
C>RY >MS4 ,YET1 IF ! TWO O!R CLASSES H
NO %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 H[ C !Y 2 LOYAL
CITIZ5S8 ,X MAY 2 SD T ^? :O H >MS M/
NECESS>ILY 2 MA/]S ( BO? ! O!R CLASSES1
B ? IS N S EASILY A3OMPLI%$ UN.S !Y >E
NUM]\S2 & IF !Y >E1 :Y %D ! O!R CLASSES
%>E 9 ! GOV]N;T AT ALL1 OR H P[] 6APPO9T
MAGI/RATES8 ,FUR!R1 :AT USE >E F>M]S 6!
C;Y8 ,>TISANS "! M/ BE1 = ^! >E WANT$ 9
E C;Y1 & !Y C LIVE 0_! CRAFT1 Z ELSE":2
&! HUSB&M5 TOO1 IF !Y RE,Y PROVID$ !
W>RIORS ) FOOD1 MI<T FAIRLY H A %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T4 ,B 9 ! REPUBLIC ( ,HIPPODAMUS
!Y >E SUPPOS$ 6H L& ( _! [N1 : !Y
CULTIVATE = _! PRIVATE B5EFIT4 ,AG1 Z 6?
-MON L& \ ( : ! SOLDI]S >E MA9TA9$1 IF
!Y >E !MVS 6BE ! CULTIVATORS ( X1 !
W>RIOR CLASS W 2 ID5TICAL )! HUSB&M51
AL? ! LEGISLATOR 9T5D$ 6MAKE A 4T9C;N 2T
!M4 ,IF1 AG1 "! >E 6BE O!R CULTIVATORS
4T9CT BO? F ! HUSB&M51 :O H L& ( _! [N1
& F ! W>RIORS1 !Y W MAKE A F\R? CLASS1 :
HAS NO PLACE 9 ! /ATE & NO %>E 9 ANY?+4
,OR1 IF ! SAME P]SONS >E 6CULTIVATE _!
[N L&S1 & ^? (! PUBLIC Z WELL1 !Y W H
DI6ICULTY 9 SUPPLY+ ! QUANT;Y ( PRODUCE
: W MA9TA9 TWO H\SEHOLDS3 & :Y1 9 ?
CASE1 %D "! 2 ANY DIVI.N1 = !Y MI<T F9D
FOOD !MVS & GIVE 6! W>RIORS F ! SAME L&
&! SAME LOTS8 ,"! IS SURELY A GRT 3FU.N
9 ALL ?4
  ,NEI IS ! LAW 6-M5D$ : SAYS T !
JUDGES1 :5 A SIMPLE ISSUE IS LAID 2F !M1
%D 4T+UI% 9 _! JUDGE;T2 =! JUDGE IS ?US
3V]T$ 96AN >BITRATOR4 ,N[1 9 AN >BITR,N1
AL? ! >BITRATORS >E _M1 !Y 3F] ) "O
ANO!R AB ! DECI.N1 & "!=E !Y C 4T+UI%2 B
9 C\RTS ( LAW ? IS IMPOSSI#1 &1 9DE$1
MO/ LEGISLATORS TAKE PA9S 6PREV5T !
JUDGES F HOLD+ ANY -MUNIC,N ) "O ANO!R4
,AG1 W "! N 2 3FU.N IF ! JUDGE ?9KS T
DAMAGES %D 2 GIV51 B N S M* Z ! SUITOR
DEM&S8 ,HE ASKS1 SAY1 = TW5TY M9AE1 &!
JUDGE ALL[S HM T5 M9AE 7OR 9 G5]AL !
SUITOR ASKS = M &! JUDGE ALL[S LESS71
:ILE ANO!R JUDGE ALL[S FIVE1 ANO!R F\R
M9AE4 ,9 ? WAY !Y W G ON SPLITT+ UP !
DAMAGES1 & "S W GRANT ! :OLE & O!RS
NO?+3 H[ IS ! F9AL RECKON+ 6BE TAK58
,AG1 NO "O 3T5DS T HE :O VOTES =A SIMPLE
ACQUITTAL OR 3DEMN,N P]JURES HMF1 IF !
9DICT;T HAS BE5 LAID 9 AN UNQUALIFI$ =M2
& ? IS J1 =! JUDGE :O ACQUITS DOES N
DECIDE T ! DEF5DANT [ES NO?+1 B T HE
DOES N [E ! TW5TY M9AE4 ,HE ONLY IS
GUILTY ( P]JURY :O ?9KS T ! DEF5DANT "\
N 6PAY TW5TY M9AE1 & YET 3DEMNS HM4
  ,6HONOR ^? :O 4COV] ANY?+ : IS USE;L
6! /ATE IS A PROPOSAL : HAS A SPECI\S
S.D1 B _C SAFELY 2 5ACT$ 0LAW1 = X MAY
5C\RAGE 9=M]S1 & P]H EV5 L1D 6POLITICAL
-MO;NS4 ,? "Q 9VOLVES ANO!R4 ,X HAS BE5
D\BT$ :E!R X IS OR IS N EXP$I5T 6MAKE
ANY *ANGES 9 ! LAWS (A C.TRY1 EV5 IF
ANO!R LAW 2 BETT]4 ,N[1 IF AN *ANGES >E
9EXP$I5T1 WE C H>DLY ASS5T 6! PROPOSAL (
,HIPPODAMUS2 =1 "U PRET5SE ( DO+ A
PUBLIC S]VICE1 A MAN MAY 9TRODUCE
M1SURES : >E RE,Y DE/RUCTIVE 6! LAWS OR
6! 3/ITU;N4 ,B1 S9CE WE H T\*$ ^U ?
SUBJECT1 P]H WE _H BETT] G A LL
96DETAIL1 =1 Z ,I 0 SAY+1 "! IS A DI6];E
( OP9ION1 & X MAY "S"TS SEEM DESIRA#
6MAKE *ANGES4 ,S* *ANGES 9 ! O!R >TS &
SCI;ES H C]TA9LY BE5 B5EFICIAL2 M$IC9E1
= EXAMPLE1 & GYMNA/IC1 & E O!R >T &
CRAFT H DE"P$ F TRADI;NAL USAGE4 ,&1 IF
POLITICS 2 AN >T1 *ANGE M/ 2 NEC 9 ? Z 9
ANY O!R >T4 ,T IMPROVE;T HAS O3URR$ IS
%[N 0! FACT T OLD CU/OMS >E EXCE$+LY
SIMPLE & B>B>\S4 ,=! ANCI5T ,HELL5ES W5T
AB >M$ & B"\ _! BRIDES ( EA* O!R4 ,!
REMA9S ( ANCI5T LAWS : H -E D[N 6U >E Q
ABSURD2 = EXAMPLE1 AT ,CUMAE "! IS A LAW
AB MURD]1 6! E6ECT T IF ! A3US] PRODUCE
A C]TA9 NUMB] ( WIT;SES F AM;G 8 [N
K9SM51 ! A3US$ % 2 HELD GUILTY4 ,AG1 M5
9 G5]AL DESIRE ! GD1 & N M]ELY :AT _!
"FS _H4 ,B ! PRIMEVAL 9HABITANTS1 :E!R
!Y 7 BORN (! E>? OR 7 ! SURVIVORS ( "S
DE/RUC;N1 MAY 2 SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 NO BETT]
?AN ORD9>Y OR EV5 FOOLI% P AM;G \RVS 7S*
IS C]TA9LY ! TRADI;N 3C]N+ ! E>?-BORN
M572 & X WD 2 RIDICUL\S 6RE/ 3T5T$ ) _!
NO;NS4 ,EV5 :5 LAWS H BE5 WRITT5 D[N1 !Y
"\ N ALW 6REMA9 UNALT]$4 ,Z 9 O!R
SCI;ES1 S 9 POLITICS1 X IS IMPOSSI# T
ALL ?+S %D 2 PRECISELY SET D[N 9 WRIT+2
= 5ACT;TS M/ 2 UNIV]SAL1 B AC;NS >E
3C]N$ ) "PICUL>S4 ,H;E WE 9F] T "S"TS &
9 C]TA9 CASES LAWS MAY 2 *ANG$2 B :5 WE
LOOK AT ! MATT] F ANO!R PO9T ( VIEW1 GRT
CAU;N WD SEEM 6BE REQUIR$4 ,=! HABIT (
LI<TLY *ANG+ ! LAWS IS AN EVIL1 &1 :5 !
ADVANTAGE IS SMALL1 "S ]RORS BO? (
LAWGIV]S & RUL]S _H BETT] 2 LEFT2 !
CITIZ5 W N GA9 S M* 0MAK+ ! *ANGE Z HE W
LOSE 0! HABIT ( 4OB$I;E4 ,! ANALOGY (!
>TS IS FALSE2 A *ANGE 9 A LAW IS A V
DI6]5T ?+ F A *ANGE 9 AN >T4 ,=! LAW HAS
NO P[] 6-M& OB$I;E EXCEPT T ( HABIT1 : C
ONLY 2 GIV5 0"T1 S T A R1DI;S 6*ANGE F
OLD 6NEW LAWS 5FEE#S ! P[] (! LAW4 ,EV5
IF WE ADMIT T ! LAWS >E 6BE *ANG$1 >E !Y
ALL 6BE *ANG$1 & 9 E /ATE8 ,& >E !Y 6BE
*ANG$ 0ANYBODY :O LIKES1 OR ONLY 0C]TA9
P]SONS8 ,^! >E V IMPORTANT "QS2 & "!=E
WE _H BETT] RES]VE ! 4CUS.N ( !M 6A M
SUITA# O3A.N4

                  ,,IX

  ,9 ! GOV]N;TS ( ,LAC$AEMON & ,CRETE1 &
9DE$ 9 ALL GOV]N;TS1 TWO PO9TS H 6BE
3SID]$3 F/1 :E!R ANY "PICUL> LAW IS GD
OR BAD1 :5 -P>$ )! P]FECT /ATE2
SECONDLY1 :E!R X IS OR IS N 3SI/5T )!
IDEA & "* : ! LAWGIV] HAS SET 2F 8
CITIZ5S4 ,T 9 A WELL-ORD]$ /ATE !
CITIZ5S %D H LEISURE & N H 6PROVIDE = _!
DAILY WANTS IS G5],Y AC"KL$G$1 B "! IS A
DI6ICULTY 9 SEE+ H[ ? LEISURE IS 6BE
ATTA9$4 ,! ,!SSALIAN ,P5E/AE H (T5 RIS5
AG/ _! MA/]S1 &! ,HELOTS 9 L MANN] AG/ !
,LAC$AEMONIANS1 = ^: MIS=TUNES !Y >E ALW
LY+ 9 WAIT4 ,NO?+1 H["E1 ( ? K9D HAS Z
YET HAPP5$ 6! ,CRETANS2 ! R1SON PROBABLY
IS T ! NEI<BOR+ CITIES1 EV5 :5 AT W> )
"O ANO!R1 N"E =M AN ALLI.E ) REBELLI\S
S]FS1 REBELLIONS N 2+ = _! 9T]E/1 S9CE
!Y !MVS H A DEP5D5T POPUL,N4 ,":AS ALL !
NEI<BORS (! ,LAC$AEMONIANS1 :E!R
,>GIVES1 ,MESS5IANS1 OR ,>CADIANS1 7 _!
5EMIES4 ,9 ,!SSALY1 AG1 ! ORIG9AL REVOLT
(! SLAVES O3URR$ 2C ! ,!SSALIANS 7 / AT
W> )! NEI<BOR+ ,A*AEANS1 ,P]RHAEBIANS1 &
,MAGNESIANS4 ,2SS1 IF "! 7 NO O!R
DI6ICULTY1 ! TR1T;T OR MANAGE;T ( SLAVES
IS A TR\#"S A6AIR2 =1 IF N KEPT 9 H&1 !Y
>E 9SOL5T1 & ?9K T !Y >E Z GD Z _!
MA/]S1 &1 IF H>%LY TR1T$1 !Y HATE &
3SPIRE AG/ !M4 ,N[ X IS CLE> T :5 ^! >E
! RESULTS ! CITIZ5S (A /ATE H N F.D \ !
SECRET ( MANAG+ _! SUBJECT POPUL,N4
  ,AG1 ! LIC5SE (! ,LAC$AEMONIAN WOM5
DEF1TS ! 9T5;N (! ,S"PAN 3/ITU;N1 & IS
ADV]SE 6! HAPPI;S (! /ATE4 ,=1 A HUSB& &
WIFE 2+ EA* A "P ( E FAMILY1 ! /ATE MAY
2 3SID]$ Z AB EQU,Y DIVID$ 96M5 & WOM52
&1 "!=E1 9 ^? /ATES 9 : ! 3DI;N (! WOM5
IS BAD1 HALF ! C;Y MAY 2 REG>D$ Z HAV+
NO LAWS4 ,& ? IS :AT HAS ACTU,Y HAPP5$
AT ,S"PA2 ! LEGISLATOR WANT$ 6MAKE !
:OLE /ATE H>DY & TEMP]ATE1 & HE HAS
C>RI$ \ 8 9T5;N 9 ! CASE (! M51 B HE HAS
NEGLECT$ ! WOM51 :O LIVE 9 E SORT (
9TEMP].E & LUXURY4 ,! 3SEQU;E IS T 9 S*
A /ATE W1L? IS TOO HI<LY VALU$1 ESPECI,Y
IF ! CITIZ5 FALL "U ! DOM9ION ( _!
WIVES1 AF ! MANN] ( MO/ W>LIKE RACES1
EXCEPT ! ,CELTS &A FEW O!RS :O OP5LY
APPROVE ( MALE LOVES4 ,! OLD MY?OLOG] WD
SEEM 6H BE5 "R 9 UNIT+ ,>ES &
,APHRODITE1 = ALL W>LIKE RACES >E PR"O
6! LOVE EI ( M5 OR ( WOM54 ,? 0
EXEMPLIFI$ AM;G ! ,S"PANS 9 ! "DS ( _!
GRT;S2 _M ?+S 7 MANAG$ 0_! WOM54 ,B :AT
DI6];E DOES X MAKE :E!R WOM5 RULE1 OR !
RUL]S >E RUL$ 0WOM58 ,! RESULT IS !
SAME4 ,EV5 9 REG>D 6C\RAGE1 : IS ( NO
USE 9 DAILY LIFE1 & IS NE$$ ONLY 9 W>1 !
9FLU;E (! ,LAC$AEMONIAN WOM5 HAS BE5 MO/
MIS*IEV\S4 ,! EVIL %[$ XF 9 ! ,!BAN
9VA.N1 :51 UNLIKE ! WOM5 O!R CITIES1 !Y
7 UTT]LY USE.S & CAUS$ M 3FU.N ?AN !
5EMY4 ,? LIC5SE (! ,LAC$AEMONIAN WOM5
EXI/$ F ! E>LIE/ "TS1 & 0 ONLY :AT MI<T
2 EXPECT$4 ,=1 DUR+ ! W>S (!
,LAC$AEMONIANS1 F/ AG/ ! ,>GIVES1 & AFWS
AG/ ! ,>CADIANS & ,MESS5IANS1 ! M5 7 L;G
AWAY F HOME1 &1 ON ! RETURN ( P1CE1 !Y
GAVE !MVS 96! LEGISLATOR'S H&1 ALR
PREP>$ 0! 4CIPL9E (A SOLDI]'S LIFE 7IN :
"! >E _M ELE;TS ( VIRTUE71 6RCV 8
5ACT;TS4 ,B1 :5 ,LYCURGUS1 Z TRADI;N
SAYS1 WANT$ 6BR+ ! WOM5 "U 8 LAWS1 !Y
RESI/$1 & HE GAVE UP ! ATTEMPT4 ,^! !N
>E ! CAUSES ( :AT !N HAPP5$1 & ? DEFECT
9 ! 3/ITU;N IS CLE>LY 6BE ATTRIBUT$ 6!M4
,WE >E N1 H["E1 3SID]+ :AT IS OR IS N
6BE EXCUS$1 B :AT IS "R OR WR;G1 &!
4ORD] (! WOM51 Z ,I H ALR SD1 N ONLY
GIVES AN AIR ( 9DECORUM 6! 3/ITU;N
3SID]$ 9 XF1 B T5DS 9 A M1SURE 6FO/]
AV>ICE4
  ,! M5;N ( AV>ICE NATUR,Y SU7E/S A
CRITICISM ON ! 9EQUAL;Y ( PROP]TY4 ,:ILE
"S (! ,S"PAN CITIZ5 H Q SMALL PROP]TIES1
O!RS H V L>GE "OS2 H;E ! L& HAS PASS$
96! H&S (A FEW4 ,& ? IS DUE AL 6FAULTY
LAWS2 =1 AL? ! LEGISLATOR "RLY HOLDS UP
6%AME ! SALE OR PUR*ASE ( AN 9H]IT.E1 HE
ALL[S ANYBODY :O LIKES 6GIVE OR 2QU1? X4
,YET BO? PRACTICES L1D 6! SAME RESULT4
,& NE>LY TWO-FIF?S (! :OLE C.TRY >E HELD
0WOM52 ? IS [+ 6! NUMB] ( HEIRESSES & 6!
L>GE D[RIES : >E CU/OM>Y4 ,X WD SURELY H
BE5 BETT] 6H GIV5 NO D[RIES AT ALL1 OR1
IF ANY1 B SMALL OR MOD]ATE "OS4 ,Z ! LAW
N[ /&S1 A MAN MAY 2/[ 8 HEIRESS ON ANY
"O :OM HE PL1SES1 &1 IF HE DIE 9TE/ATE1
! PRIVILEGE ( GIV+ H] AWAY DESC5DS 6HIS
HEIR4 ,H;E1 AL? ! C.TRY IS A# 6MA9TA9
#AEJJ CAVALRY & #CJ1JJJ HOPLITES1 ! :OLE
NUMB] ( ,S"PAN CITIZ5S FELL 2L #AJJJ4 ,!
RESULT PROVES ! FAULTY NATURE ( _! LAWS
RESPECT+ PROP]TY2 =! C;Y SANK "U A S+LE
DEF1T2 ! WANT ( M5 0 _! RU94 ,"! IS A
TRADI;N T1 9 ! "DS ( _! ANCI5T K+S1 !Y 7
9 ! HABIT ( GIV+ ! "RS ( CITIZ5%IP
6/RANG]S1 & "!=E1 9 SPITE ( _! L;G W>S1
NO LACK ( POPUL,N 0 EXP]I;ED 0!M2 9DE$1
AT "O "T ,S"PA IS SD 6H NUMB]$ N LESS
?AN #AJ1JJJ CITIZ5S ,:E!R ? /ATE;T IS
TRUE OR N1 X WD C]TA9LY H BE5 BETT] 6H
MA9TA9$ _! NUMB]S 0! EQUALIZ,N (
PROP]TY4 ,AG1 ! LAW : RELATES 6!
PROCRE,N ( *N IS ADV]SE 6! CORREC;N ( ?
9EQUAL;Y4 ,=! LEGISLATOR1 WANT+ 6H Z _M
,S"PANS Z HE CD1 5C\RAG$ ! CITIZ5S 6H
L>GE FAMILIES2 & "! IS A LAW AT ,S"PA T
! "F ( ?REE SONS % 2 EXEMPT F MILIT>Y
S]VICE1 & HE :O HAS F\R F ALL ! BURD5S (
! /ATE4 ,YET X IS OBVI\S T1 IF "! 7 _M
*N1 ! L& 2+ 4TRIBUT$ Z X IS1 _M ( !M M/
NECESS>ILY FALL 96POV]TY4
  ,! ,LAC$AEMONIAN 3/ITU;N IS DEFECTIVE
9 ANO!R PO9T2 ,I M1N ! ,EPHORALTY4 ,?
MAGI/RACY HAS AU?OR;Y 9 ! HI<E/ MATT]S1
B ! ,EPHORS >E *OS5 F ! :OLE P1 & S !
(FICE IS APT 6FALL 96! H&S ( V POOR M51
:O1 2+ BADLY (F1 >E OP5 6BRIBES4 ,"! H
BE5 _M EXAMPLES AT ,S"PA ( ? EVIL 9 =M]
"TS2 & Q REC5TLY1 9 ! MATT] (! ,&RIANS1
C]TA9 (! ,EPHORS :O 7 BRIB$ DID _! BE/
6RU9 ! /ATE4 ,& S GRT & TYRANNICAL IS _!
P[]1 T EV5 ! K+S H BE5 -PELL$ 6C\RT !M1
S T1 9 ? WAY Z WELL TGR )! ROYAL (FICE1
! :OLE 3/ITU;N HAS DET]IORAT$1 & F 2+ AN
>I/OCRACY HAS TURN$ 96A DEMOCRACY4 ,!
,EPHORALTY C]TA9LY DOES KEEP ! /ATE TGR2
=! P >E 3T5T$ :5 !Y H A %>E 9 ! HI<E/
(FICE1 &! RESULT1 :E!R DUE 6! LEGISLATOR
OR 6*.E1 HAS BE5 ADVANTAGE\S4 ,= IF A
3/ITU;N IS 6BE P]MAN5T1 ALL ! "PS (!
/ATE M/ WI% T X %D EXI/ &! SAME
>RANGE;TS 2 MA9TA9$4 ,? IS ! CASE AT
,S"PA1 ": ! K+S DESIRE XS P]MAN;E 2C !Y
H DUE HONOR 9 _! [N P]SONS2 ! NO#S 2C !Y
>E REPRES5T$ 9 ! C\NCIL ( ELD]S 7=!
(FICE ( ELD] IS A REW>D ( VIRTUE72 &! P1
2C ALL >E ELIGI# 6! ,EPHORALTY4 ,!
ELEC;N ( ,EPHORS \ (! :OLE P IS P]FECTLY
"R1 B "\ N 6BE C>RI$ ON 9 ! PRES5T
FA%ION1 : IS TOO *ILDI%4 ,AG1 !Y H !
DECI.N ( GRT CAUSES1 AL? !Y >E Q ORD9>Y
M51 & "!=E !Y %D N DET]M9E !M M]ELY ON
_! [N JUDG;T1 B AC 6WRITT5 RULES1 & 6!
LAWS4 ,_! WAY ( LIFE1 TOO1 IS N 9
A3ORD.E )! _S (! 3/ITU;N- !Y H A D1L TOO
M* LIC5SE2 ":AS1 9 ! CASE (! O!R
CITIZ5S1 ! EXCESS ( /RICT;S IS S 9TOL]A#
T !Y RUN AWAY F ! LAW 96! SECRET 9DULG;E
( S5SUAL PL1SURES4
  ,AG1 ! C\NCIL ( ELD]S IS N FREE F
DEFECTS4 ,X MAY 2 SD T ! ELD]S >E GD M5
& WELL TRA9$ 9 MANLY VIRTUE2 & T1 "!=E1
"! IS AN ADVANTAGE 6! /ATE 9 HAV+ !M4 ,B
T JUDGES ( IMPORTANT CAUSES %D HOLD
(FICE = LIFE IS A 4PUTA# ?+1 =! M9D GR[S
OLD Z WELL Z ! BODY4 ,& :5 M5 H BE5
$UCAT$ 9 S* A MANN] T EV5 ! LEGISLATOR
HMF _C TRU/ !M1 "! IS R1L DANG]4 ,_M (!
ELD]S >E WELL "KN 6H TAK5 BRIBES & 6H
BE5 GUILTY ( "PIAL;Y 9 PUBLIC A6AIRS4 ,&
"!=E !Y "\ N 6BE IRRESPONSI#2 YET AT
,S"PA !Y >E S4 ,B 7X MAY 2 REPLI$71
,8,ALL MAGI/RACIES >E A3.TA# 6!
,EPHORS40' ,YES1 B ? PREROGATIVE IS TOO
GRT = !M1 & WE MA9TA9 T ! 3TROL %D 2
EX]CIS$ 9 "S O!R MANN]4 ,FUR!R1 ! MODE 9
: ! ,S"PANS ELECT _! ELD]S IS *ILDI%2 &
X IS IMPROP] T ! P]SON 6BE ELECT$ %D
CANVASS =! (FICE2 ! WOR?IE/ %D 2
APPO9T$1 :E!R HE *OOSES OR N4 ,& "H !
LEGISLATOR CLE>LY 9DICATES ! SAME 9T5;N
: APPE>S 9 O!R "PS ( 8 3/ITU;N2 HE WD H
8 CITIZ5S AMBITI\S1 & HE HAS RECKON$ ^U
? QUAL;Y 9 ! ELEC;N (! ELD]S2 = NO "O WD
ASK 6BE ELECT$ IF HE 7 N4 ,YET AMBI;N &
AV>ICE1 ALM M ?AN ANY O!R PAS.NS1 >E !
MOTIVES ( CRIME4
  ,:E!R K+S >E OR >E N AN ADVANTAGE
6/ATES1 ,I W 3SID] AT ANO!R "T2 !Y %D AT
ANY RATE 2 *OS51 N Z !Y >E N[1 B ) REG>D
6_! P]SONAL LIFE & 3DUCT4 ,! LEGISLATOR
HMF OBVI\SLY DID N SUPPOSE T HE CD MAKE
!M RE,Y GD M52 AT L1/ HE %[S A GRT 4TRU/
( _! VIRTUE4 ,= ? R1SON ! ,S"PANS US$
6JO9 5EMIES ) !M 9 ! SAME EMBASSY1 &!
QU>RELS 2T ! K+S 7 HELD 6BE 3S]VATIVE (!
/ATE4
  ,NEI DID ! F/ 9TRODUC] (! -MON M1LS1
CALL$ ,8PHIDITIA10' REGULATE !M WELL4 ,!
5T]TA9;T "\ 6H BE5 PROVID$ AT ! PUBLIC
CO/1 Z 9 ,CRETE2 B AM;G ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS
E "O IS EXPECT$ 63TRIBUTE1 & "S ( !M >E
TOO POOR 6AF=D ! EXP5SE2 ?US ! 9T5;N (!
LEGISLATOR IS FRU/RAT$4 ,! -MON M1LS 7
M1NT 6BE A POPUL> 9/ITU;N1 B ! EXI/+
MANN] ( REGULAT+ !M IS ! REV]SE (
POPUL>4 ,=! V POOR C SC>CELY TAKE "P 9
!M2 &1 AC 6ANCI5T CU/OM1 ^? :O _C
3TRIBUTE >E N ALL[$ 6RETA9 _! "RS (
CITIZ5%IP4
  ,! LAW AB ! ,S"PAN ADMIRALS HAS (T5
BE5 C5SUR$1 &) JU/ICE2 X IS A S\RCE (
4S5.N1 =! K+S >E P]PETUAL G5]ALS1 & ?
(FICE ( ADMIRAL IS B ! SETT+ UP ( ANO!R
K+4
  ,! *>GE : ,PLATO BR+S1 9 ! ,LAWS1 AG/
! 9T5;N (! LEGISLATOR1 IS LIKEWISE
JU/IFI$2 ! :OLE 3/ITU;N HAS REG>D 6"O "P
( VIRTUE ONLY- ! VIRTUE (! SOLDI]1 :
GIVES VICTORY 9 W>4 ,S L;G Z !Y 7 AT W>1
"!=E1 _! P[] 0 PRES]V$1 B :5 !Y _H
ATTA9$ EMPIRE !Y FELL =(! >TS ( P1CE !Y
KNEW NO?+1 & _H N"E 5GAG$ 9 ANY EMPLOY;T
HI<] ?AN W>4 ,"! IS ANO!R ]ROR1 EQU,Y
GRT1 96: !Y H FALL54 ,AL? !Y TRULY ?9K T
! GDS = : M5 3T5D >E 6BE ACQUIR$ 0VIRTUE
R ?AN 0VICE1 !Y ]R 9 SUPPOS+ T ^! GDS >E
6BE PREF]R$ 6! VIRTUE : GA9S !M4
  ,ONCE M3 ! REV5UES (! /ATE >E ILL-
MANAG$2 "! IS NO M"OY 9 ! TR1SURY1 AL?
!Y >E OBLIG$ 6C>RY ON GRT W>S1 & !Y >E
UNWILL+ 6PAY TAXES4 ,! GRT] "P (! L& 2+
9 ! H&S (! ,S"PANS1 !Y D N LOOK CLOSELY
96"O ANO!R'S 3TRIBU;NS4 ,! RESULT : !
LEGISLATOR HAS PRODUC$ IS ! REV]SE (
B5EFICIAL2 = HE HAS MADE 8 C;Y POOR1 & 8
CITIZ5S GRE$Y4
  ,5 RESPECT+ ! ,S"PAN 3/ITU;N1 ( : ^!
>E ! PR9CIPAL DEFECTS4

                  ;,X

  ,! ,CRETAN 3/ITU;N NE>LY RESEM#S !
,S"PAN1 & 9 "S FEW PO9TS IS Q Z GD2 B =!
MO/ "P LESS P]FECT 9 =M4 ,! OLD]
3/ITU;NS >E G5],Y LESS ELABORATE ?AN !
LAT]1 &! ,LAC$AEMONIAN IS SD 6BE1 &
PROBABLY IS1 9 A V GRT M1SURE1 A COPY (!
,CRETAN4 ,AC 6TRADI;N1 ,LYCURGUS1 :5 HE
C1S$ 6BE ! GU>DIAN ( ,K+ ,*>ILLUS1 W5T
ABROAD & SP5T MO/ ( 8 "T 9 ,CRETE4 ,=!
TWO C.TRIES >E NE>LY 3NECT$2 ! ,LYCTIANS
>E A COLONY (! ,LAC$AEMONIANS1 &!
COLONI/S1 :5 !Y CAME 6,CRETE1 ADOPT$ !
3/ITU;N : !Y F.D EXI/+ AM;G !
9HABITANTS4 ,EV5 6? "D ! ,P]IOECI1 OR
SUBJECT POPUL,N ( ,CRETE1 >E GOV]N$ 0!
ORIG9AL LAWS : ,M9OS IS SUPPOS$ 6H
5ACT$4 ,! ISL& SEEMS 6BE 9T5D$ 0NATURE =
DOM9ION 9 ,HELLAS1 & 6BE WELL SITUAT$2 X
EXT5DS "R ACR ! SEA1 >.D : NE>LY ALL !
,HELL5ES >E SETTL$2 & :ILE "O 5D IS N F>
F ! ,PELOPONNESE1 ! O!R ALM R1*ES 6!
REGION ( ,ASIA AB ,TRIOPIUM & ,RHODES4
,H;E ,M9OS ACQUIR$ ! EMPIRE (! SEA1
SUBDU+ "S (! ISL&S & COLONIZ+ O!RS2 AT
LA/ HE 9VAD$ ,SICILY1 ": HE DI$ NE>
,CAMICUS4
  ,! ,CRETAN 9/ITU;NS RESEM# !
,LAC$AEMONIAN4 ,! ,HELOTS >E ! HUSB&M5 (
! "O1 ! ,P]IOECI (! O!R1 & BO? ,CRETANS
& ,LAC$AEMONIANS H -MON M1LS1 : 7
ANCI5TLY CALL$ 0! ,LAC$AEMONIANS N
,8PHIDITIA0' B ,8&RIA0'2 &! ,CRETANS H !
SAME ^W1 ! USE ( : PROVES T ! -MON M1LS
ORIG9,Y CAME F ,CRETE4 ,FUR!R1 ! TWO
3/ITU;NS >E SIMIL>2 =! (FICE (! ,EPHORS
IS ! SAME Z T (! ,CRETAN ,COSMI1 ! ONLY
DI6];E 2+ T ":AS ! ,EPHORS >E FIVE1 !
,COSMI >E T5 9 NUMB]4 ,! ELD]S1 TOO1
ANSW] 6! ELD]S 9 ,CRETE1 :O >E T]M$ 0!
,CRETANS ! C\NCIL4 ,&! K+LY (FICE ONCE
EXI/$ 9 ,CRETE1 B 0 ABOLI%$1 &! ,COSMI H
N[ ! DUTY ( L1D+ !M 9 W>4 ,ALL CLASSES
%>E 9 ! E3LESIA1 B X C ONLY RATIFY !
DECREES (! ELD]S &! ,COSMI4
  ,! -MON M1LS ( ,CRETE >E C]TA9LY BETT]
MANAG$ ?AN ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN2 = 9
,LAC$AEMON E "O PAYS S M* P] H1D1 OR1 IF
HE FAILS1 ! LAW1 Z ,I H ALR EXPLA9$1
=BIDS HM 6EX]CISE ! "RS ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,B
9 ,CRETE !Y >E (A M POPUL> "*4 ,"!1 (
ALL ! FRUITS (! E>? & CATTLE RAIS$ ON !
PUBLIC L&S1 &(! TRIBUTE : IS PD 0!
,P]IOECI1 "O POR;N IS ASSIGN$ 6! ,GODS &
6! S]VICE (! /ATE1 & ANO!R 6! -MON M1LS1
S T M51 WOM51 & *N >E ALL SUPPORT$ \ (A
-MON /OCK4 ,! LEGISLATOR HAS _M 9G5I\S
WAYS ( SECUR+ MOD],N 9 EAT+1 : HE 3CVS
6BE A GA92 HE LIKEWISE 5C\RAGES ! SEP>,N
( M5 F WOM51 LE/ !Y %D H TOO _M *N1 &!
-PANION%IP ( M5 ) "O ANO!R- :E!R ? IS A
GD OR BAD ?+ ,I % H AN OPPORTUN;Y (
3SID]+ AT ANO!R "T4 ,B T ! ,CRETAN -MON
M1LS >E BETT] ORD]$ ?AN ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN
"! C 2 NO D\BT4
  ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,COSMI >E EV5 A WORSE
9/ITU;N ?AN ! ,EPHORS1 ( : !Y H ALL !
EVILS )\T ! GD4 ,L ! ,EPHORS1 !Y >E ANY
*.E P]SONS1 B 9 ,CRETE ? IS N C.T]BAL.ED
0A CORRESPOND+ POLITICAL ADVANTAGE4 ,AT
,S"PA E "O IS ELIGI#1 &! BODY (! P1 HAV+
A %>E 9 ! HI<E/ (FICE1 WANT ! 3/ITU;N
6BE P]MAN5T4 ,B 9 ,CRETE ! ,COSMI >E
ELECT$ \ ( C]TA9 FAMILIES1 & N \ (! :OLE
P1 &! ELD]S \ ( ^? :O H BE5 ,COSMI4
  ,! SAME CRITICISM MAY 2 MADE AB !
,CRETAN1 : HAS BE5 ALR MADE AB !
,LAC$AEMONIAN ELD]S4 ,_! IRRESPONSIBIL;Y
& LIFE T5URE IS TOO GRT A PRIVILEGE1 &
_! >BITR>Y P[] ( ACT+ ^U _! [N JUDG;T1 &
4P5S+ ) WRITT5 LAW1 IS DANG]\S4 ,X IS NO
PRO( (! GD;S (! 9/ITU;N T ! P >E N
4CONT5T$ AT 2+ EXCLUD$ F X4 ,= "! IS NO
PR(IT 6BE MADE \ (! (FICE Z \ (!
,EPHORALTY1 S9CE1 UNLIKE ! ,EPHORS1 !
,COSMI1 2+ 9 AN ISL&1 >E REMOV$ F
TEMPT,N4
  ,! REM$Y 0: !Y CORRECT ! EVIL ( ?
9/ITU;N IS AN EXTRAORD9>Y "O1 SUIT$ R 6A
CLOSE OLIG>*Y ?AN 6A 3/ITU;NAL /ATE4 ,=!
,COSMI >E (T5 EXPELL$ 0A 3SPIRACY ( _!
[N COLL1GUES1 OR ( PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS2 &
!Y >E ALL[$ AL 6RESIGN 2F _! T]M ( (FICE
HAS EXPIR$4 ,SURELY ALL MATT]S ( ? K9D
>E BETT] REGULAT$ 0LAW ?AN 0! W ( MAN1 :
IS A V UNSAFE RULE4 ,WOR/ ( ALL IS !
SUSP5.N (! (FICE ( ,COSMI1 A DEVICE 6: !
NO#S (T5 H REC\RSE :5 !Y W N SUBMIT
6JU/ICE4 ,? %[S T ! ,CRETAN GOV]N;T1 AL?
POSSESS+ "S (! "*I/ICS (A 3/ITU;NAL
/ATE1 IS RE,Y A CLOSE OLIG>*Y4
  ,! NO#S H A HABIT1 TOO1 ( SETT+ UP A
*IEF2 !Y GET TGR A "PY AM;G ! -MON P &
_! [N FRS & !N QU>REL & FI<T ) "O ANO!R4
,:AT IS ? B ! TEMPOR>Y DE/RUC;N (! /ATE
& 4SOLU;N ( SOCIETY8 ,A C;Y IS 9 A
DANG]\S 3DI;N :5 ^? :O >E WILL+ >E AL A#
6ATTACK H]4 ,B1 Z ,I H ALR SD1 ! ISL& (
,CRETE IS SAV$ 0H] SITU,N2 4T.E HAS !
SAME E6ECT Z ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN PROHIBI;N (
/RANG]S2 &! ,CRETANS H NO =EIGN
DOM9IONS4 ,? IS ! R1SON :Y ! ,P]IOECI >E
3T5T$ 9 ,CRETE1 ":AS ! ,HELOTS >E
P]PETU,Y REVOLT+4 ,B :5 LATELY =EIGN
9VAD]S F.D _! WAY 96! ISL&1 ! W1K;S (!
,CRETAN 3/ITU;N 0 REV1L$4 ,5 (! GOV]N;T
( ,CRETE4
                  ,,XI

  ,! ,C>?AG9IANS >E AL 3SID]$ 6H AN
EXCELL5T =M ( GOV]N;T1 : DI6]S F T ( ANY
O!R /ATE 9 S"EAL RESPECTS1 ?\< X IS 9 "S
V L ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN4 ,9DE$1 ALL ?REE
/ATES- ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN1 ! ,CRETAN1 &!
,C>?AG9IAN- NE>LY RESEM# "O ANO!R1 & >E
V DI6]5T F ANY O!RS4 ,_M (! ,C>?AG9IAN
9/ITU;NS >E EXCELL5T ,! SUP]IOR;Y ( _!
3/ITU;N IS PROV$ 0! FACT T ! -MON P
REMA9 LOYAL 6! 3/ITU;N ! ,C>?AG9IANS H
N"E _H ANY REBELLION WOR? SP1K+ (1 & H
N"E BE5 "U ! RULE (A TYRANT4
  ,AM;G ! PO9TS 9 : ! ,C>?AG9IAN 3/ITU;N
RESEM#S ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN >E ! FOLL[+3 ,!
-MON TA#S (! CLUBS ANSW] 6! ,S"PAN
PHIDITIA1 & _! MAGI/RACY (! #AJD 6!
,EPHORS2 B1 ":AS ! ,EPHORS >E ANY *.E
P]SONS1 ! MAGI/RATES (! ,C>?AG9IANS >E
ELECT$ AC 6M]IT- ? IS AN IMPROVE;T4 ,!Y
H AL _! K+S & _! G]USIA1 OR C\NCIL (
ELD]S1 :O CORRESPOND 6! K+S & ELD]S (
,S"PA4 ,_! K+S1 UNLIKE ! ,S"PAN1 >E N
ALW (! SAME FAMILY1 NOR T AN ORD9>Y "O1
B IF "! IS "S 4T+UI%$ FAMILY !Y >E
SELECT$ \ ( X & N APPO9T$ 0S5OR;Y- ? IS
F> BETT]4 ,S* (FIC]S H GRT P[]1 & "!=E1
IF !Y >E P]SONS ( LL WOR?1 D A GRT D1L (
H>M1 & !Y H ALR D"O H>M AT ,LAC$AEMON4
  ,MO/ (! DEFECTS OR DEVI,NS F ! P]FECT
/ATE1 = : ! ,C>?AG9IAN 3/ITU;N WD 2
C5SUR$1 APPLY EQU,Y 6ALL ! =MS ( GOV]N;T
: WE H M5;N$4 ,B (! DEFLEC;NS F
>I/OCRACY & 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 "S 9CL9E
M 6DEMOCRACY & "S 6OLIG>*Y4 ,! K+S &
ELD]S1 IF UNANIM\S1 MAY DET]M9E :E!R !Y
W OR W N BR+ A MATT] 2F ! P1 B :5 !Y >E
N UNANIM\S1 ! P DECIDE ON S* MATT]S Z
WELL4 ,& :AT"E ! K+S & ELD]S BR+ 2F ! P
IS N ONLY HE>D B AL DET]M9$ 0!M1 & ANY
"O :O LIKES MAY OPPOSE X2 N[ ? IS N
P]MITT$ 9 ,S"PA & ,CRETE4 ,T !
MAGI/RATES ( FIVE :O H "U !M _M
IMPORTANT MATT]S %D 2 CO-OPT$1 T !Y %D
*OOSE ! SUPREME C\NCIL ( #AJJ1 & %D HOLD
(FICE L;G] ?AN O!R MAGI/RATES 7= !Y >E
VIRTU,Y RUL]S BO? 2F & AF !Y HOLD
(FICE7- ^! >E OLIG>*ICAL F1TURES2 _! 2+
)\T SAL>Y & N ELECT$ 0LOT1 & ANY SIMIL>
PO9TS1 S* Z ! PRACTICE ( HAV+ ALL SUITS
TRI$ 0! MAGI/RATES1 & N "S 0"O CLASS (
JUDGES OR JURORS & "S 0ANO!R1 Z AT
,LAC$AEMON1 >E "*I/IC ( >I/OCRACY4 ,!
,C>?AG9IAN 3/ITU;N DEVIATES F >I/OCRACY
& 9CL9ES 6OLIG>*Y1 *IEFLY ON A PO9T ":
POPUL> OP9ION IS ON _! SIDE4 ,= M5 9
G5]AL ?9K T MAGI/RATES %D 2 *OS5 N ONLY
= _! M]IT1 B = _! W1L?3 A MAN1 !Y SAY1
:O IS POOR _C RULE WELL- HE HAS N !
LEISURE4 ,IF1 !N1 ELEC;N ( MAGI/RATES =
_! W1L? 2 "*I/IC ( OLIG>*Y1 & ELEC;N =
M]IT ( >I/OCRACY1 "! W 2 A ?IRD =M "U :
! 3/ITU;N ( ,C>?AGE IS -PREH5D$2 =!
,C>?AG9IANS *OOSE _! MAGI/RATES1 &
"PICUL>LY ! HI<E/ ( !M- _! K+S & G5]ALS-
) AN EYE BO? 6M]IT & 6W1L?4
  ,B WE M/ AC"KL$GE T1 9 ?US DEVIAT+ F
>I/OCRACY1 ! LEGISLATOR HAS -MITT$ AN
]ROR4 ,NO?+ IS M ABSOLUTELY NEC ?AN
6PROVIDE T ! HI<E/ CLASS1 N ONLY :5 9
(FICE1 B :5 \ ( (FICE1 %D H LEISURE & N
4GRACE !MVS 9 ANY WAY2 & 6? 8 ATT5;N %D
2 F/ DIRECT$4 ,EV5 IF Y M/ H REG>D
6W1L?1 9 ORD] 6SECURE LEISURE1 YET X IS
SURELY A BAD ?+ T ! GRTE/ (FICES1 S* Z
^? ( K+S & G5]ALS1 %D 2 B"\4 ,! LAW :
ALL[S ? ABUSE MAKES W1L? ( M A3.T ?AN
VIRTUE1 &! :OLE /ATE 2COMES AV>ICI\S4
,=1 :5"E ! *IEFS (! /ATE DEEM ANY?+
HONORA#1 ! O!R CITIZ5S >E SURE 6FOLL[ _!
EXAMPLE2 &1 ": VIRTUE HAS N ! F/ PLACE1
_! >I/OCRACY _C 2 FIRMLY E/ABLI%$4 ,^?
:O H BE5 AT ! EXP5SE ( PUR*AS+ _! PLACES
W 2 9 ! HABIT ( REPAY+ !MVS2 & X IS
ABSURD 6SUPPOSE T A POOR & H"O/ MAN W 2
WANT+ 6MAKE GA9S1 & T A L[] /AMP ( MAN
:O HAS 9CURR$ A GRT EXP5SE W N4 ,":=E !Y
%D RULE :O >E A# 6RULE BE/4 ,& EV5 IF !
LEGISLATOR DOES N C>E 6PROTECT ! GD F
POV]TY1 HE %D AT ANY RATE SECURE LEISURE
= !M :5 9 (FICE4
  ,X WD SEEM AL 6BE A BAD PR9CIPLE T !
SAME P]SON %D HOLD _M (FICES1 : IS A
FAVORITE PRACTICE AM;G ! ,C>?AG9IANS1 =
"O BUSI;S IS BETT] D"O 0"O MAN4 ,!
LEGISLATOR %D SEE 6? & %D N APPO9T !
SAME P]SON 6BE A FLUTE-PLAY] &A %OEMAK]4
,H;E1 ": ! /ATE IS L>GE1 X IS M 9
A3ORD.E BO? ) 3/ITU;NAL &) DEMOCRATIC
PR9CIPLES T ! (FICES ( /ATE %D 2
4TRIBUT$ AM;G _M P]SONS4 ,=1 Z ,I SD1 ?
>RANGE;T IS FAIR] 6ALL1 & ANY AC;N
FAMILI>IZ$ 0REPETI;N IS BETT] & SOON]
P]=M$4 ,WE H A PRO( 9 MILIT>Y & NAVAL
MATT]S2 ! DUTIES ( -M& &( OB$I;E 9 BO?
^! S]VICES EXT5D 6ALL4
  ,! GOV]N;T (! ,C>?AG9IANS IS
OLIG>*ICAL1 B !Y SU3ESS;LLY ESCAPE !
EVILS ( OLIG>*Y 05RI*+ "O POR;N (! P AF
ANO!R 0S5D+ !M 6_! COLONIES4 ,? IS _!
PANACEA &! M1NS 0: !Y GIVE /ABIL;Y 6!
/ATE4 ,A3ID5T FAVORS !M1 B ! LEGISLATOR
%D 2 A# 6PROVIDE AG/ REVOLU;N )\T TRU/+
6A3ID5TS4 ,Z ?+S >E1 IF ANY MIS=TUNE
O3URR$1 &! BULK (! SUBJECTS REVOLT$1 "!
WD 2 NO WAY ( RE/OR+ P1CE 0LEGAL ME?ODS4
  ,S* IS ! "* (! ,LAC$AEMONIAN1 ,CRETAN1
& ,C>?AG9IAN 3/ITU;NS1 : >E JU/LY
CELEBRAT$4

                 ,,XII

  ,( ^? :O H TR1T$ ( GOV]N;TS1 "S H N"E
TAK5 ANY "P AT ALL 9 PUBLIC A6AIRS1 B H
PASS$ _! LIVES 9 A PRIVATE /,N2 AB MO/ (
!M1 :AT 0 WOR? TELL+ HAS BE5 ALR TOLD4
,O!RS H BE5 LAWGIV]S1 EI 9 _! [N OR 9
=EIGN CITIES1 ^: A6AIRS !Y H ADM9I/]$2 &
( ^! "S H ONLY MADE LAWS1 O!RS H FRAM$
3/ITU;NS2 = EXAMPLE1 ,LYCURGUS & ,SOLON
DID BO?4 ,(! ,LAC$AEMONIAN 3/ITU;N ,I H
ALR SPOK54 ,Z 6,SOLON1 HE IS ?"\ 0"S 6H
BE5 A GD LEGISLATOR1 :O PUT AN 5D 6!
EXCLUSIVE;S (! OLIG>*Y1 EMANCIPAT$ ! P1
E/ABLI%$ ! ANCI5T ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY1 &
H>MONIZ$ ! DI6]5T ELE;TS (! /ATE4 ,AC
6_! VIEW1 ! C\NCIL ( ,>EOPAGUS 0 AN
OLIG>*ICAL ELE;T1 ! ELECT$ MAGI/RACY1
>I/OCRATICAL1 &! C\RTS ( LAW1
DEMOCRATICAL4 ,! TRU? SEEMS 6BE T !
C\NCIL &! ELECT$ MAGI/RACY EXI/$ 2F ! "T
( ,SOLON1 & 7 RETA9$ 0HM1 B T HE =M$ !
C\RTS ( LAW \ ( AN ! CITIZ5S1 ?US CR1T+
! DEMOCRACY1 : IS ! V R1SON :Y HE IS
"S"TS BLAM$4 ,= 9 GIV+ ! SUPREME P[] 6!
LAW C\RTS1 : >E ELECT$ 0LOT1 HE IS ?"\
6H DE/ROY$ ! NON-DEMOCRATIC ELE;T4 ,:5 !
LAW C\RTS GREW P[];L1 6PL1SE ! P :O 7 N[
PLAY+ ! TYRANT ! OLD 3/ITU;N 0 *ANG$ 96!
EXI/+ DEMOCRACY4 ,EPHIALTES & ,P]ICLES
CURTAIL$ ! P[] (! ,>EOPAGUS2 ,P]ICLES AL
9/ITUT$ ! PAY;T (! JURIES1 & ?US E
DEMAGOGUE 9 TURN 9CR1S$ ! P[] (!
DEMOCRACY UNTIL X 2CAME :AT WE N[ SEE4
,ALL ? IS TRUE2 X SEEMS1 H["E1 6BE !
RESULT ( CIRCUM/.ES1 & N 6H BE5 9T5D$
0,SOLON4 ,=! P1 HAV+ BE5 9/RU;TAL 9 GA9+
! EMPIRE (! SEA 9 ! ,P]SIAN ,W>1 2GAN
6GET A NO;N ( XF1 & FOLL[$ WOR?.S
DEMAGOGUES1 :OM ! BETT] CLASS OPPOS$4
,SOLON1 HMF1 APPE>S 6H GIV5 ! ,A!NIANS
ONLY T P[] ( ELECT+ 6(FICES & CALL+
6A3.T ! MAGI/RATES : 0 ABSOLUTELY NEC2 =
)\T X !Y WD H BE5 9 A /ATE ( SLAV]Y &
5M;Y 6! GOV]N;T4 ,ALL ! MAGI/RATES HE
APPO9T$ F ! NOTA#S &! M5 ( W1L?1 T IS
6SAY1 F ! P5TACOSIO-M$IMNI1 OR F ! CLASS
CALL$ ZEUGITAE1 OR F A ?IRD CLASS ( S-
CALL$ KNI<TS OR CAVALRY4 ,! F\R? CLASS 7
LABOR]S :O _H NO %>E 9 ANY MAGI/RACY4
  ,M]E LEGISLATORS 7 ,ZALEUCUS1 :O GAVE
LAWS 6! ,EPIZEPHYRIAN ,LOCRIANS1 &
,*>ONDAS1 :O LEGISLAT$ = 8 [N C;Y (
,CATANA1 &=! O!R ,*ALCIDIAN CITIES 9
,ITALY & ,SICILY4 ,"S P ATTEMPT 6MAKE \
T ,ONOMACRITUS 0 ! F/ P]SON :O _H ANY
SPECIAL SKILL 9 LEGISL,N1 & T HE1 AL? A
,LOCRIAN 0BIR?1 0 TRA9$ 9 ,CRETE1 ": HE
LIV$ 9 ! EX]CISE ( 8 PROPHETIC >T2 T
,?ALES 0 8 -PANION1 & T ,LYCURGUS &
,ZALEUCUS 7 4CIPLES ( ,?ALES1 Z ,*>ONDAS
0 ( ,ZALEUCUS4 ,B _! A3.T IS Q 9CONSI/5T
) *RONOLOGY4
  ,"! 0 AL ,PHILOLAUS1 ! ,COR9?IAN1 :O
GAVE LAWS 6! ,!BANS4 ,? ,PHILOLAUS 0 "O
(! FAMILY (! ,BAC*IADAE1 &A LOV] (
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,COR9? 9 HORROR (! 9CE/U\S PAS.N : 8 "M
,HALCYONE _H 3CVD = HM1 & RETIR$ 6,!BES1
": ! TWO FRS TGR 5D$ _! "DS4 ,!
9HABITANTS / PO9T \ _! TOMBS1 : >E 9
FULL VIEW ( "O ANO!R1 B "O IS VISI# F !
,COR9?IAN T]RITORY1 ! O!R N4 ,TRADI;N
SAYS ! TWO FRS >RANG$ !M ?US1 ,DIOCLES \
( HORROR AT 8 MIS=TUNES1 S T ! L& (
,COR9? MI<T N 2 VISI# F 8 TOMB2
,PHILOLAUS T X MI<T4 ,? IS ! R1SON :Y !Y
SETTL$ AT ,!BES1 & S ,PHILOLAUS
LEGISLAT$ =! ,!BANS1 &1 2SS "S O!R
5ACT;TS1 GAVE !M LAWS AB ! PROCRE,N (
*N1 : !Y CALL ! ,8,LAWS ( ,ADOP;N40' ,^!
LAWS 7 PECULI> 6HM1 & 7 9T5D$ 6PRES]VE !
NUMB] (! LOTS4
  ,9 ! LEGISL,N ( ,*>ONDAS "! IS NO?+
REM>KA#1 EXCEPT ! SUITS AG/ FALSE
WIT;SES4 ,HE IS ! F/ :O 9/ITUT$
DENUNCI,N = P]JURY4 ,8 LAWS >E M EXACT &
M PRECISELY EXPRESS$ ?AN EV5 ^? ( \R
MOD]N LEGISLATORS4
  7,"*I/IC ( ,PHAL1S IS ! EQUALIZ,N (
PROP]TY2 ( ,PLATO1 ! -MUN;Y ( WOM51 *N1
& PROP]TY1 ! -MON M1LS ( WOM51 &! LAW AB
DR9K+1 T ! SOB] % 2 MA/]S (! F1/2 AL !
TRA9+ ( SOLDI]S 6ACQUIRE 0PRACTICE EQUAL
SKILL ) BO? H&S1 S T "O %D 2 Z USE;L Z !
O!R47
  ,DRACO HAS LEFT LAWS1 B HE ADAPT$ !M
6A 3/ITU;N : ALR EXI/$1 & "! IS NO
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  ,PITTACUS1 TOO1 0 ONLY A LAWGIV]1 & N
! AU?OR (A 3/ITU;N2 HE HAS A LAW : IS
PECULI> 6HM1 T1 IF A DRUNK5 MAN D "S?+
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REM>KA# 9 !M4
  ,& "H LET U 3CLUDE \R 9QUIRY 96! V>I\S
3/ITU;NS : EI ACTU,Y EXI/1 OR H BE5
DEVIS$ 0!ORI/S4