#CEJ ,,BC
               ,,POETICS
               0,>I/OTLE
     ,TRANSLAT$ BY ;,S4 ,H4 ,BUT*]

    ,TRANSLAT$ 6GRADE ,,II ,BRL 0,MIKE
    ,KEI?LEY
                  ;,I

  ,I PROPOSE 6TR1T ( ,POETRY 9 XF &( XS
V>I\S K9DS1 NOT+ ! ESS5TIAL QUAL;Y (
EA*1 69QUIRE 96! /RUCTURE (! PLOT Z
REQUISITE 6A GD POEM2 96! NUMB] & NATURE
(! "PS ( : A POEM IS -POS$2 & SIMIL>LY
96:AT"E ELSE FALLS )9 ! SAME 9QUIRY4
,FOLL[+1 !N1 ! ORD] ( NATURE1 LET U 2G9
)! PR9CIPLES : -E F/4
  ,EPIC POETRY & ,TRAG$Y1 ,-$Y AL &
,DI?YRAMBIC POETRY1 &! MUSIC (! FLUTE &(
! LYRE 9 MO/ ( _! =MS1 >E ALL 9 _! G5]AL
3CEP;N MODES ( IMIT,N4 ,!Y DI6]1 H["E1 F
"O ANO!R 9 ?REE RESPECTS- ! M$IUM1 !
OBJECTS1 ! MANN] OR MODE ( IMIT,N1 2+ 9
EA* CASE 4T9CT4
  ,= Z "! >E P]SONS :O1 03SCI\S >T OR
M]E HABIT1 IMITATE & REPRES5T V>I\S
OBJECTS "? ! M$IUM ( COLOR & =M1 OR AG
0! VOICE2 S 9 ! >TS ABV M5;N$1 TAK5 Z A
:OLE1 ! IMIT,N IS PRODUC$ 0RHY?M1
LANGUAGE1 OR ,8H>MONY10' EI S+LY OR
-B9$4
  ,?US 9 ! MUSIC (! FLUTE &(! LYRE1
,8H>MONY0' & RHY?M AL"O >E EMPLOY$2 AL 9
O!R >TS1 S* Z T (! %EPH]D'S PIPE1 : >E
ESS5TI,Y SIMIL> 6^!4 ,9 DANC+1 RHY?M
AL"O IS US$ )\T ,8H>MONY0'2 = EV5 DANC+
IMITATES "*1 EMO;N1 & AC;N1 0RHY?MICAL
MOVE;T4
  ,"! IS ANO!R >T : IMITATES 0M1NS (
LANGUAGE AL"O1 & T EI 9 PROSE OR V]SE- :
V]SE1 AG1 MAY EI -B9E DI6]5T MET]S OR
3SI/ ( B "O K9D- B ? HAS HI!RTO BE5 )\T
A "N4 ,= "! IS NO -MON T]M WE CD APPLY
6! MIMES ( ,SOPHRON & ,X5>*US &!
,SOCRATIC DIALOGUES ON ! "O H&2 &1 ON !
O!R1 6POETIC IMIT,NS 9 IAMBIC1 ELEGIAC1
OR ANY SIMIL> MET]4 ,P D1 9DE$1 ADD ! ^W
,8MAK]0' OR ,8POET0' 6! "N (! MET]1 &
SP1K ( ELEGIAC POETS1 OR EPIC 7T IS1
HEXAMET]7 POETS1 Z IF X 7 N ! IMIT,N T
MAKES ! POET1 B ! V]SE T 5TITLES !M ALL
6! "N4 ,EV5 :5 A TR1TISE ON M$IC9E OR
NATURAL SCI;E IS BR"\ \ 9 V]SE1 ! "N (
POET IS 0CU/OM GIV5 6! AU?OR2 & YET
,HOM] & ,EMP$OCLES H NO?+ 9 -MON B !
MET]1 S T X WD 2 "R 6CALL ! "O POET1 !
O!R PHYSICI/ R ?AN POET4 ,ON ! SAME
PR9CIPLE1 EV5 IF A WRIT] 9 8 POETIC
IMIT,N 7 6-B9E ALL MET]S1 Z ,*AEREMON
DID 9 8 ,C5TAUR1 : IS A M$LEY -POS$ (
MET]S ( ALL K9DS1 WE %D BR+ HM TOO "U !
G5]AL T]M POET4
  ,S M* !N = ^! 4T9C;NS4
  ,"! >E1 AG1 "S >TS : EMPLOY ALL ! M1NS
ABV M5;N$- "NLY1 RHY?M1 TUNE1 & MET]4
,S* >E ,DI?YRAMBIC & ,NOMIC POETRY1 & AL
,TRAG$Y & ,-$Y2 B 2T !M ORIG9,Y ! DI6];E
IS1 T 9 ! F/ TWO CASES ^! M1NS >E ALL
EMPLOY$ 9 -B9,N1 9 ! LATT]1 N[ "O M1NS
IS EMPLOY$1 N[ ANO!R4
  ,S*1 !N1 >E ! DI6];ES (! >TS ) RESPECT
6! M$IUM ( IMIT,N

                  ,,II

  ,S9CE ! OBJECTS ( IMIT,N >E M5 9 AC;N1
& ^! M5 M/ 2 EI (A HI<] OR A L[] TYPE 7=
MORAL "* MA9LY ANSW]S 6^! DIVI.NS1 GD;S
& BAD;S 2+ ! 4T+UI%+ M>KS ( MORAL
DI6];ES71 X FOLL[S T WE M/ REPRES5T M5
EI Z BETT] ?AN 9 R1L LIFE1 OR Z WORSE1
OR Z !Y >E4 ,X IS ! SAME 9 PA9T+4
,POLYGNOTUS DEPICT$ M5 Z NO#R ?AN !Y >E1
,PAUSON Z LESS NO#1 ,DIONYSIUS DREW !M
TRUE 6LIFE4
  ,N[ X IS EVID5T T EA* (! MODES (
IMIT,N ABV M5;N$ W EXHIBIT ^! DI6];ES1 &
2COME A 4T9CT K9D 9 IMITAT+ OBJECTS T >E
?US 4T9CT4 ,S* DIV]SITIES MAY 2 F.D EV5
9 DANC+1 FLUTE-PLAY+1 & LYRE-PLAY+4 ,S
AG 9 LANGUAGE1 :E!R PROSE OR V]SE
UNA3OMPANI$ 0MUSIC4 ,HOM]1 = EXAMPLE1
MAKES M5 BETT] ?AN !Y >E2 ,CLEOPHON Z !Y
>E2 ,HEGEMON ! ,?ASIAN1 ! 9V5TOR (
P>ODIES1 & ,NICO*>ES1 ! AU?OR (!
,DEILIAD1 WORSE ?AN !Y >E4 ,! SAME ?+
HOLDS GD ( ,DI?YRAMBS & ,NOMES2 "H TOO
"O MAY PORTRAY DI6]5T TYPES1 Z ,TIMO!US
& ,PHILOX5US DI6]$ 9 REPRES5T+ _!
,CYCLOPES4 ,! SAME 4T9C;N M>KS (F
,TRAG$Y F ,-$Y2 = ,-$Y AIMS AT REPRES5T+
M5 Z WORSE1 ,TRAG$Y Z BETT] ?AN 9 ACTUAL
LIFE4

                 ,,III

  ,"! IS / A ?IRD DI6];E- ! MANN] 9 :
EA* ( ^! OBJECTS MAY 2 IMITAT$4 ,=!
M$IUM 2+ ! SAME1 &! OBJECTS ! SAME1 !
POET MAY IMITATE 0N>R,N- 9 : CASE HE C
EI TAKE ANO!R P]SONAL;Y Z ,HOM] DOES1 OR
SP1K 9 8 [N P]SON1 UN*ANG$- OR HE MAY
PRES5T ALL 8 "*S Z LIV+ & MOV+ 2F U4
  ,^!1 !N1 Z WE SD AT ! 2G9N+1 >E ! ?REE
DI6];ES : 4T+UI% >TI/IC IMIT,N- ! M$IUM1
! OBJECTS1 &! MANN]4 ,S T F "O PO9T (
VIEW1 ,SOPHOCLES IS AN IMITATOR (! SAME
K9D Z ,HOM]- = BO? IMITATE HI<] TYPES (
"*2 F ANO!R PO9T ( VIEW1 (! SAME K9D Z
,>I/OPHANES- = BO? IMITATE P]SONS ACT+ &
DO+4 ,H;E1 "S SAY1 ! "N ( ,8DRAMA0' IS
GIV5 6S* POEMS1 Z REPRES5T+ AC;N4 ,=!
SAME R1SON ! ,DORIANS CLAIM ! 9V5;N BO?
( ,TRAG$Y & ,-$Y4 ,! CLAIM 6,-$Y IS PUT
=W>D 0! ,MEG>IANS- N ONLY 0^? ( ,GREECE
PROP]1 :O ALLEGE T X ORIG9AT$ "U _!
DEMOCRACY1 B AL 0! ,MEG>IANS ( ,SICILY1
=! POET ,EPI*>MUS1 :O IS M* E>LI] ?AN
,*IONIDES & ,MAGNES1 2L;G$ 6T C.TRY4
,TRAG$Y TOO IS CLAIM$ 0C]TA9 ,DORIANS (!
,PELOPONNESE4 ,9 EA* CASE !Y APP1L 6!
EVID;E ( LANGUAGE4 ,! \TLY+ VILLAGES1 !Y
SAY1 >E 0!M CALL$ KOMAI1 0! ,A!NIANS
DEMOI3 & !Y ASSUME T -$IANS 7 S "ND N F
KOMAZE91 ,86REVEL10' B 2C !Y W&]$ F
VILLAGE 6VILLAGE 7KATA KOMAS71 2+
EXCLUD$ 3TEMPTU\SLY F ! C;Y4 ,!Y ADD AL
T ! ,DORIAN ^W = ,8DO+0' IS DRAN1 &!
,A!NIAN1 PRATTE94
  ,? MAY SU6ICE Z 6! NUMB] & NATURE (!
V>I\S MODES ( IMIT,N4

                  ,,IV

  ,POETRY 9 G5]AL SEEMS 6H SPRUNG F TWO
CAUSES1 EA* ( !M LY+ DEEP 9 \R NATURE4
,F/1 ! 9/9CT ( IMIT,N IS IMPLANT$ 9 MAN
F *ILDHOOD1 "O DI6];E 2T HM & O!R
ANIMALS 2+ T HE IS ! MO/ IMITATIVE (
LIV+ CR1TURES1 & "? IMIT,N LE>NS 8
E>LIE/ LESSONS2 & NO LESS UNIV]SAL IS !
PL1SURE FELT 9 ?+S IMITAT$4 ,WE H EVID;E
( ? 9 ! FACTS ( EXP]I;E4 ,OBJECTS : 9
!MVS WE VIEW ) PA91 WE DELI<T 63TEMPLATE
:5 REPRODUC$ ) M9UTE FIDEL;Y3 S* Z ! =MS
(! MO/ IGNO# ANIMALS &( D1D BODIES4 ,!
CAUSE ( ? AG IS1 T 6LE>N GIVES !
LIVELIE/ PL1SURE1 N ONLY 6PHILOSOPH]S B
6M5 9 G5]AL2 ^: CAPAC;Y1 H["E1 ( LE>N+
IS M LIMIT$4 ,?US ! R1SON :Y M5 5JOY
SEE+ A LIKE;S IS1 T 9 3TEMPLAT+ X !Y F9D
!MVS LE>N+ OR 9F]R+1 & SAY+ P]H1 ,8,AH1
T IS HE40' ,= IF Y HAPP5 N 6H SE5 !
ORIG9AL1 ! PL1SURE W 2 DUE N 6! IMIT,N Z
S*1 B 6! EXECU;N1 ! COLOR+1 OR "S S* O!R
CAUSE4
  ,IMIT,N1 !N1 IS "O 9/9CT ( \R NATURE4
,NEXT1 "! IS ! 9/9CT = ,8H>MONY0' &
RHY?M1 MET]S 2+ MANIFE/LY SEC;NS (
RHY?M4 ,P]SONS1 "!=E1 />T+ ) ? NATURAL
GIFT DEVELOP$ 0DEGREES _! SPECIAL
APTITUDES1 TILL _! RUDE IMPROVIS,NS GAVE
BIR? 6,POETRY4
  ,POETRY N[ DIV]G$ 9 TWO DIREC;NS1 AC
6! 9DIVIDUAL "* (! WRIT]S4 ,! GRAV] _SS
IMITAT$ NO# AC;NS1 &! AC;NS ( GD M54 ,!
M TRIVIAL SORT IMITAT$ ! AC;NS ( M1N]
P]SONS1 AT F/ -POS+ SATIRES1 Z ! =M] DID
HYMNS 6! GODS &! PRAISES ( FAM\S M54 ,A
POEM (! SATIRICAL K9D _C 9DE$ 2 PUT D[N
6ANY AU?OR E>LI] ?AN ,HOM]2 ?\< _M S*
WRIT]S PROBABLY "! W]E4 ,B F ,HOM]
ONW>D1 9/.ES C 2 CIT$- 8 [N ,M>GITES1 =
EXAMPLE1 & O!R SIMIL> -POSI;NS4 ,!
APPROPRIATE MET] 0 AL "H 9TRODUC$2 H;E !
M1SURE IS / CALL$ ! IAMBIC OR LAMPOON+
M1SURE1 2+ T 9 : P LAMPOON$ "O ANO!R4
,?US ! OLD] POETS 7 4T+UI%$ Z WRIT]S (
H]OIC OR ( LAMPOON+ V]SE4
  ,Z1 9 ! S]I\S /YLE1 ,HOM] IS PRE-EM95T
AM;G POETS1 = HE AL"O -B9$ DRAMATIC =M )
EXCELL;E ( IMIT,N S HE TOO F/ LAID D[N !
MA9 L9ES ( -$Y1 0DRAMATIZ+ ! LUDICR\S
9/1D ( WRIT+ P]SONAL SATIRE4 ,8 ,M>GITES
BE>S ! SAME REL,N 6-$Y T ! ,ILIAD &
,ODYSSEY D 6TRAG$Y4 ,B :5 ,TRAG$Y & ,-$Y
CAME 6LI<T1 ! TWO CLASSES ( POETS /
FOLL[$ _! NATURAL B5T3 ! LAMPOON]S 2CAME
WRIT]S ( ,-$Y1 &! ,EPIC POETS 7 SU3E$$
0,TRAG$IANS1 S9CE ! DRAMA 0 A L>G] &
HI<] =M ( >T4
  ,:E!R ,TRAG$Y HAS Z YET P]FECT$ XS
PROP] TYPES OR N2 & :E!R X IS 6BE JUDG$
9 XF1 OR 9 REL,N AL 6! AUDI;E- ? RAISES
ANO!R "Q4 ,2 T Z X MAY1 ,TRAG$Y- Z AL
,-$Y- 0 AT F/ M]E IMPROVIS,N4 ,! "O
ORIG9AT$ )! AU?ORS (! ,DI?YRAMB1 ! O!R )
^? (! PHALLIC S;GS1 : >E / 9 USE 9 _M (
\R CITIES4 ,TRAG$Y ADV.ED 0SL[ DEGREES2
EA* NEW ELE;T T %[$ XF 0 9 TURN
DEVELOP$4 ,HAV+ PASS$ "? _M *ANGES1 X
F.D XS NATURAL =M1 & "! X /OPP$4
  ,AES*YLUS F/ 9TRODUC$ A SECOND ACTOR2
HE DIM9I%$ ! IMPORT.E (! ,*ORUS1 &
ASSIGN$ ! L1D+ "P 6! DIALOGUE4
,SOPHOCLES RAIS$ ! NUMB] ( ACTORS 6?REE1
& A4$ SC5E-PA9T+4 ,MOREOV]1 X 0 N TILL
LATE T ! %ORT PLOT 0 4C>D$ = "O ( GRT]
-PASS1 &! GROTESQUE DIC;N (! E>LI]
SATYRIC =M =! /ATELY MANN] ( ,TRAG$Y4 ,!
IAMBIC M1SURE !N REPLAC$ ! TRO*AIC
TETRAMET]1 : 0 ORIG9,Y EMPLOY$ :5 !
POETRY 0 (! SATYRIC ORD]1 & _H GRT] )
DANC+4 ,ONCE DIALOGUE _H -E IN1 ,NATURE
H]F 4COV]$ ! APPROPRIATE M1SURE4 ,=!
IAMBIC IS1 ( ALL M1SURES1 ! MO/
COLLOQUIAL WE SEE X 9 ! FACT T 3V]S,NAL
SPEE* RUNS 96IAMBIC L9ES M FREQU5TLY ?AN
96ANY O!R K9D ( V]SE2 R>ELY 96HEXAMET]S1
& ONLY :5 WE DROP ! COLLOQUIAL 9TON,N4
,! A4I;NS 6! NUMB] ( ,8EPISODES0' OR
ACTS1 &! O!R A3ESSORIES ( : TRADI;N
TELLS1 M/ 2 TAK5 Z ALR DESCRIB$2 =
64CUSS !M 9 DETAIL WD1 D\BT.S1 2 A L>GE
"UTAK+4

                  ;,V

  ,-$Y IS1 Z WE H SD1 AN IMIT,N ( "*S (A
L[] TYPE- N1 H["E1 9 ! FULL S5SE (! ^W
BAD1 ! LUDICR\S 2+ M]ELY A SUBDIVI.N (!
UGLY4 ,X 3SI/S 9 "S DEFECT OR UGLI;S :
IS N PA9;L OR DE/RUCTIVE4 ,6TAKE AN
OBVI\S EXAMPLE1 ! -IC MASK IS UGLY &
4TORT$1 B DOES N IMPLY PA94
  ,! SU3ESSIVE *ANGES "? : ,TRAG$Y
PASS$1 &! AU?ORS ( ^! *ANGES1 >E WELL
"KN1 ":AS ,-$Y HAS _H NO HI/ORY1 2C X 0
N AT F/ TR1T$ S]I\SLY4 ,X 0 LATE 2F !
,>*ON GRANT$ A -IC *ORUS 6A POET2 !
P]=M]S 7 TILL !N VOLUNT>Y4 ,-$Y _H ALR
TAK5 DEF9ITE %APE :5 -IC POETS1
4T9CTIVELY S CALL$1 >E HE>D (4 ,:O
FURNI%$ X ) MASKS1 OR PROLOGUES1 OR
9CR1S$ ! NUMB] ( ACTORS- ^! & O!R SIMIL>
DETAILS REMA9 UN"KN4 ,Z =! PLOT1 X CAME
ORIG9,Y F ,SICILY2 B ( ,A!NIAN WRIT]S
,CRATES 0 ! F/ :O AB&ON+ ! ,8IAMBIC0' OR
LAMPOON+ =M1 G5]ALIZ$ 8 !MES & PLOTS4
  ,EPIC POETRY AGREES ) ,TRAG$Y 9 S F> Z
X IS AN IMIT,N 9 V]SE ( "*S (A HI<]
TYPE4 ,!Y DI6] 9 T ,EPIC POETRY ADMITS B
"O K9D ( MET] & IS N>RATIVE 9 =M4 ,!Y
DI6]1 AG1 9 _! L5G?3 = ,TRAG$Y 5D1VORS1
Z F> Z POSSI#1 63F9E XF 6A S+LE REVOLU;N
(! SUN1 OR B SLI<TLY 6EXCE$ ? LIMIT1
":AS ! ,EPIC AC;N HAS NO LIMITS ( "T4
,?1 !N1 IS A SECOND PO9T ( DI6];E2 ?\<
AT F/ ! SAME FREEDOM 0 ADMITT$ 9 ,TRAG$Y
Z 9 ,EPIC POETRY4
  ,( _! 3/ITU5T "PS "S >E -MON 6BO?1 "S
PECULI> 6,TRAG$Y3 :O"E1 "!=E "KS :AT IS
GD OR BAD ,TRAG$Y1 "KS AL AB ,EPIC
POETRY4 ,ALL ! ELE;TS ( AN ,EPIC POEM >E
F.D 9 ,TRAG$Y1 B ! ELE;TS (A ,TRAG$Y >E
N ALL F.D 9 ! ,EPIC POEM4

                  ,,VI

  ,(! POETRY : IMITATES 9 HEXAMET] V]SE1
&( ,-$Y1 WE W SP1K "HAF4 ,LET U N[ 4CUSS
,TRAG$Y1 RESUM+ XS =MAL DEF9I;N1 Z
RESULT+ F :AT HAS BE5 ALR SD4
  ,TRAG$Y1 !N1 IS AN IMIT,N ( AN AC;N T
IS S]I\S1 -PLETE1 &(A C]TA9 MAGNITUDE2 9
LANGUAGE EMBELLI%$ ) EA* K9D ( >TI/IC
ORNA;T1 ! S"EAL K9DS 2+ F.D 9 SEP>ATE
"PS (! PLAY2 9 ! =M ( AC;N1 N (
N>RATIVE2 "? P;Y & FE> E6ECT+ ! PROP]
PURG,N ( ^! EMO;NS4 ,BY ,8LANGUAGE
EMBELLI%$10' ,I M1N LANGUAGE 96: RHY?M1
,8H>MONY0' & S;G 5T]4 ,BY ,8! S"EAL K9DS
9 SEP>ATE "PS10' ,I M1N1 T "S "PS >E
R5D]$ "? ! M$IUM ( V]SE AL"O1 O!RS AG )!
AID ( S;G4
  ,N[ Z TRAGIC IMIT,N IMPLIES P]SONS
ACT+1 X NECESS>ILY FOLL[S 9 ! F/ PLACE1
T ,SPECTACUL> EQUIP;T W 2 A "P (
,TRAG$Y4 ,NEXT1 ,S;G & ,DIC;N1 = ^! >E !
M$IA ( IMIT,N4 ,BY ,8,DIC;N0' ,I M1N !
M]E METRICAL >RANGE;T (! ^WS3 Z =
,8,S;G10' X IS A T]M ^: S5SE E "O "U/&S4
  ,AG1 ,TRAG$Y IS ! IMIT,N ( AN AC;N2 &
AN AC;N IMPLIES P]SONAL AG5TS1 :O
NECESS>ILY POSSESS C]TA9 4T9CTIVE
QUALITIES BO? ( "* & ?"\2 = X IS 0^! T
WE QUALIFY AC;NS !MVS1 & ^!- ?"\ & "*-
>E ! TWO NATURAL CAUSES F : AC;NS SPR+1
& ON AC;NS AG ALL SU3ESS OR FAILURE
DEP5DS4 ,H;E1 ! ,PLOT IS ! IMIT,N (!
AC;N- = 0PLOT ,I "H M1N ! >RANGE;T (!
9CID5TS4 ,0,"* ,I M1N T 9 VIRTUE ( : WE
ASCRIBE C]TA9 QUALITIES 6! AG5TS4 ,?"\
IS REQUIR$ :]"E A /ATE;T IS PROV$1 OR1 X
MAY BE1 A G5]AL TRU? ENUNCIAT$4 ,E
,TRAG$Y1 "!=E1 M/ H SIX "PS1 : "PS
DET]M9E XS QUAL;Y- "NLY1 ,PLOT1 ,"*1
,DIC;N1 ,?"\1 ,SPECTACLE1 ,S;G4 ,TWO (!
"PS 3/ITUTE ! M$IUM ( IMIT,N1 "O !
MANN]1 & ?REE ! OBJECTS ( IMIT,N4 ,& ^!
-PLETE ! FI/4 ,^! ELE;TS H BE5 EMPLOY$1
WE MAY SAY1 0! POETS 6A MAN2 9 FACT1 E
PLAY 3TA9S ,SPECTACUL> ELE;TS Z WELL Z
,"*1 ,PLOT1 ,DIC;N1 ,S;G1 & ,?"\4
  ,B MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL IS ! /RUCTURE (
! 9CID5TS4 ,= ,TRAG$Y IS AN IMIT,N1 N (
M51 B ( AN AC;N &( LIFE1 & LIFE 3SI/S 9
AC;N1 & XS 5D IS A MODE ( AC;N1 N A
QUAL;Y4 ,N[ "* DET]M9ES M5'S QUALITIES1
B X IS 0_! AC;NS T !Y >E HAPPY OR !
REV]SE4 ,DRAMATIC AC;N1 "!=E1 IS N )A
VIEW 6! REPRES5T,N ( "*3 "* -ES 9 Z
SUBSIDI>Y 6! AC;NS4 ,H;E ! 9CID5TS &!
PLOT >E ! 5D (A TRAG$Y2 &! 5D IS ! *IEF
?+ ( ALL4 ,AG1 )\T AC;N "! _C 2 A
TRAG$Y2 "! MAY 2 )\T "*4 ,! TRAG$IES (
MO/ ( \R MOD]N POETS FAIL 9 ! R5D]+ (
"*2 &( POETS 9 G5]AL ? IS (T5 TRUE4 ,X
IS ! SAME 9 PA9T+2 & "H LIES ! DI6];E 2T
,ZEUXIS & ,POLYGNOTUS4 ,POLYGNOTUS
DEL91TES "* WELL2 ! /YLE ( ,ZEUXIS IS
DEVOID ( E?ICAL QUAL;Y4 ,AG1 IF Y /R+
TGR A SET ( SPEE*ES EXPRESSIVE ( "*1 &
WELL F9I%$ 9 PO9T ( DIC;N & ?"\1 Y W N
PRODUCE ! ESS5TIAL TRAGIC E6ECT NE>LY S
WELL Z )A PLAY :1 H["E DEFICI5T 9 ^!
RESPECTS1 YET HAS A PLOT & >TI/IC,Y
3/RUCT$ 9CID5TS4 ,2SS :1 ! MO/ P[];L
ELE;TS ( EMO;NAL 9T]E/ 9 ,TRAG$Y-
,P]IPETEIA OR ,REV]SAL (! ,SITU,N1 &
,RECOGNI;N SC5ES- >E "PS (! PLOT4 ,A
FUR!R PRO( IS1 T NOVICES 9 ! >T ATTA9
6F9I% ( DIC;N & PRECI.N ( PORTRAITURE 2F
!Y C 3/RUCT ! PLOT4 ,X IS ! SAME ) ALM
ALL ! E>LY POETS4
  ,! PLOT1 !N1 IS ! F/ PR9CIPLE1 &1 Z X
W]E1 ! S\L (A TRAG$Y2 ,"* HOLDS ! SECOND
PLACE4 ,A SIMIL> FACT IS SE5 9 PA9T+4 ,!
MO/ B1UTI;L COLORS1 LAID ON 3FUS$LY1 W N
GIVE Z M* PL1SURE Z ! *ALK \TL9E (A
PORTRAIT4 ,?US ,TRAG$Y IS ! IMIT,N ( AN
AC;N1 &(! AG5TS MA9LY )A VIEW 6! AC;N4
  ,?IRD 9 ORD] IS ,?"\- T IS1 ! FACULTY
( SAY+ :AT IS POSSI# & P]T95T 9 GIV5
CIRCUM/.ES4 ,9 ! CASE ( ORATORY1 ? IS !
FUNC;N (! POLITICAL >T &(! >T (
RHETORIC3 & S 9DE$ ! OLD] POETS MAKE _!
"*S SP1K ! LANGUAGE ( CIVIC LIFE2 !
POETS ( \R "T1 ! LANGUAGE (!
RHETORICIANS4 ,"* IS T : REV1LS MORAL
PURPOSE1 %[+ :AT K9D ( ?+S A MAN *OOSES
OR AVOIDS4 ,SPEE*ES1 "!=E1 : D N MAKE ?
MANIFE/1 OR 9 : ! SP1K] DOES N *OOSE OR
AVOID ANY?+ :AT"E1 >E N EXPRESSIVE ( "*4
,?"\1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS F.D ": "S?+ IS
PROV$ 6BE OR N 6BE1 OR A G5]AL MAXIM IS
ENUNCIAT$4
  ,F\R? AM;G ! ELE;TS ENUM]AT$ -ES
,DIC;N2 0: ,I M1N1 Z HAS BE5 ALR SD1 !
EXPRES.N (! M1N+ 9 ^WS2 & XS ESS;E IS !
SAME BO? 9 V]SE & PROSE4
  ,(! REMA9+ ELE;TS ,S;G HOLDS ! *IEF
PLACE AM;G ! EMBELLI%;TS
  ,! ,SPECTACLE HAS1 9DE$1 AN EMO;NAL
ATTRAC;N ( XS [N1 B1 ( ALL ! "PS1 X IS !
L1/ >TI/IC1 & 3NECT$ L1/ )! >T ( POETRY4
,=! P[] ( ,TRAG$Y1 WE MAY 2 SURE1 IS
FELT EV5 A"P F REPRES5T,N & ACTORS4
,2SS1 ! PRODUC;N ( SPECTACUL> E6ECTS
DEP5DS M ON ! >T (! /AGE MA*9I/ ?AN ON T
(! POET4

                 ,,VII

  ,^! PR9CIPLES 2+ E/ABLI%$1 LET U N[
4CUSS ! PROP] /RUCTURE (! ,PLOT1 S9CE ?
IS ! F/ & MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ 9 ,TRAG$Y4
  ,N[1 AC 6\R DEF9I;N ,TRAG$Y IS AN
IMIT,N ( AN AC;N T IS -PLETE1 & :OLE1 &(
A C]TA9 MAGNITUDE2 = "! MAY 2 A :OLE T
IS WANT+ 9 MAGNITUDE4 ,A :OLE IS T : HAS
A 2G9N+1 A MI4LE1 & AN 5D4 ,A 2G9N+ IS T
: DOES N XF FOLL[ ANY?+ 0CAUSAL
NECESS;Y1 B AF : "S?+ NATUR,Y IS OR -ES
6BE4 ,AN 5D1 ON ! 3TR>Y1 IS T : XF
NATUR,Y FOLL[S "S O!R ?+1 EI 0NECESS;Y1
OR Z A RULE1 B HAS NO?+ FOLL[+ X4 ,A
MI4LE IS T : FOLL[S "S?+ Z "S O!R ?+
FOLL[S X4 ,A WELL 3/RUCT$ PLOT1 "!=E1 M/
NEI 2G9 NOR 5D AT HAPHAZ>D1 B 3=M 6^!
PR9CIPLES4
  ,AG1 A B1UTI;L OBJECT1 :E!R X 2 A LIV+
ORGANISM OR ANY :OLE -POS$ ( "PS1 M/ N
ONLY H AN ORD]LY >RANGE;T ( "PS1 B M/ AL
2 (A C]TA9 MAGNITUDE2 = B1UTY DEP5DS ON
MAGNITUDE & ORD]4 ,H;E A V SMALL ANIMAL
ORGANISM _C 2 B1UTI;L2 =! VIEW ( X IS
3FUS$1 ! OBJECT 2+ SE5 9 AN ALM
IMP]CEPTI# MO;T ( "T4 ,NOR1 AG1 C "O (
VA/ SIZE 2 B1UTI;L2 = Z ! EYE _C TAKE X
ALL 9 AT ONCE1 ! UN;Y & S5SE (! :OLE IS
LO/ =! SPECTATOR2 Z = 9/.E IF "! 7 "O A
?\S& MILES L;G4 ,Z1 "!=E1 9 ! CASE (
ANIMATE BODIES & ORGANISMS A C]TA9
MAGNITUDE IS NEC1 &A MAGNITUDE : MAY 2
EASILY EMBRAC$ 9 "O VIEW2 S 9 ! PLOT1 A
C]TA9 L5G? IS NEC1 &A L5G? : C 2 EASILY
EMBRAC$ 0! MEMORY4 ,! LIMIT ( L5G? 9
REL,N 6DRAMATIC -PETI;N & S5SU\S
PRES5T;T IS NO "P ( >TI/IC !ORY4 ,= _H X
BE5 ! RULE =A HUNDR$ TRAG$IES 6-PETE
TGR1 ! P]=M.E WD H BE5 REGULAT$ 0! WAT]-
CLOCK- Z 9DE$ WE >E TOLD 0 =M]LY D"O4 ,B
! LIMIT Z FIX$ 0! NATURE (! DRAMA XF IS
?3 ! GRT] ! L5G?1 ! M B1UTI;L W ! PIECE
2 0R1SON ( XS SIZE1 PROVID$ T ! :OLE 2
P]SPICU\S4 ,& 6DEF9E ! MATT] R\<LY1 WE
MAY SAY T ! PROP] MAGNITUDE IS -PRIS$ )9
S* LIMITS1 T ! SEQU;E ( EV5TS1 AC 6! LAW
( PROBABIL;Y OR NECESS;Y1 W ADMIT (A
*ANGE F BAD =TUNE 6GD1 OR F GD =TUNE
6BAD4

                 ,,VIII

  ,UN;Y ( PLOT DOES N1 Z "S P]SONS ?9K1
3SI/ 9 ! UN;Y (! H]O4 ,= 9F9ITELY V>I\S
>E ! 9CID5TS 9 "O MAN'S LIFE : _C 2
REDUC$ 6UN;Y2 & S1 TOO1 "! >E _M AC;NS (
"O MAN \ ( : WE _C MAKE "O AC;N4 ,H;E !
]ROR1 Z X APPE>S1 ( ALL POETS :O H -POS$
A ,H]ACLEID1 A ,!SEID1 OR O!R POEMS (!
K9D4 ,!Y IMAG9E T Z ,H]ACLES 0 "O MAN1 !
/ORY ( ,H]ACLES M/ AL 2 A UN;Y4 ,B
,HOM]1 Z 9 ALL ELSE HE IS ( SURPASS+
M]IT1 "H TOO- :E!R F >T OR NATURAL
G5IUS- SEEMS 6H HAPPILY 4C]N$ ! TRU?4 ,9
-POS+ ! ,ODYSSEY HE DID N 9CLUDE ALL !
ADV5TURES ( ,ODYSSEUS- S* Z 8 W.D ON
,P>NASSUS1 OR 8 FEIGN$ MAD;S AT ! MU/]+
(! HO/- 9CID5TS 2T : "! 0 NO NEC OR
PROBA# 3NEC;N3 B HE MADE ! ,ODYSSEY1 &
LIKEWISE ! ,ILIAD1 6C5T] R.D AN AC;N T 9
\R S5SE (! ^W IS "O4 ,Z "!=E1 9 ! O!R
IMITATIVE >TS1 ! IMIT,N IS "O :5 !
OBJECT IMITAT$ IS "O1 S ! PLOT1 2+ AN
IMIT,N ( AN AC;N1 M/ IMITATE "O AC;N & T
A :OLE1 ! /RUCTURAL UNION (! "PS 2+ S*
T1 IF ANY "O ( !M IS 4PLAC$ OR REMOV$1 !
:OLE W 2 4JO9T$ & 4TURB$4 ,=A ?+ ^:
PRES;E OR ABS;E MAKES NO VISI# DI6];E1
IS N AN ORGANIC "P (! :OLE4

                  ,,IX

  ,X IS1 MOREOV]1 EVID5T F :AT HAS BE5
SD1 T X IS N ! FUNC;N (! POET 6RELATE
:AT HAS HAPP5$1 B :AT MAY HAPP5- :AT IS
POSSI# AC 6! LAW ( PROBABIL;Y OR
NECESS;Y4 ,! POET &! HI/ORIAN DI6] N
0WRIT+ 9 V]SE OR 9 PROSE4 ,! "W (
,H]ODOTUS MI<T 2 PUT 96V]SE1 & X WD / 2
A SPECIES ( HI/ORY1 ) MET] NO LESS ?AN
)\T X4 ,! TRUE DI6];E IS T "O RELATES
:AT HAS HAPP5$1 ! O!R :AT MAY HAPP54
,POETRY1 "!=E1 IS A M PHILOSOPHICAL &A
HI<] ?+ ?AN HI/ORY3 = POETRY T5DS
6EXPRESS ! UNIV]SAL1 HI/ORY ! "PICUL>4
,0! UNIV]SAL ,I M1N H[ A P]SON (A C]TA9
TYPE ON O3A.N SP1K OR ACT1 AC 6! LAW (
PROBABIL;Y OR NECESS;Y2 & X IS ?
UNIV]SAL;Y AT : POETRY AIMS 9 ! "NS %E
ATTA*ES 6! P]SONAGES4 ,! "PICUL> IS- =
EXAMPLE- :AT ,ALCIBIADES DID OR SU6]$4
,9 ,-$Y ? IS ALR APP>5T3 = "H ! POET F/
3/RUCTS ! PLOT ON ! L9ES ( PROBABIL;Y1 &
!N 9S]TS "*I/IC "NS- UNLIKE ! LAMPOON]S
:O WRITE AB "PICUL> 9DIVIDUALS4 ,B
TRAG$IANS / KEEP 6R1L "NS1 ! R1SON 2+ T
:AT IS POSSI# IS CR$I#3 :AT HAS N HAPP5$
WE D N AT ONCE FEEL SURE 6BE POSSI#2 B
:AT HAS HAPP5$ IS MANIFE/LY POSSI#3
O!RWISE X WD N H HAPP5$4 ,/ "! >E EV5 "S
TRAG$IES 9 : "! >E ONLY "O OR TWO WELL-
"KN "NS1 ! RE/ 2+ FICTITI\S4 ,9 O!RS1
N"O >E WELL "KN- Z 9 ,AGA?ON'S ,AN!US1
": 9CID5TS & "NS ALIKE >E FICTITI\S1 &
YET !Y GIVE N"O ! LESS PL1SURE4 ,WE M/
N1 "!=E1 AT ALL CO/S KEEP 6! RCVD
LEG5DS1 : >E ! USUAL SUBJECTS ( ,TRAG$Y4
,9DE$1 X WD 2 ABSURD 6ATTEMPT X2 = EV5
SUBJECTS T >E "KN >E "KN ONLY 6A FEW1 &
YET GIVE PL1SURE 6ALL4 ,X CLE>LY FOLL[S
T ! POET OR ,8MAK]0' %D 2 ! MAK] ( PLOTS
R ?AN ( V]SES2 S9CE HE IS A POET 2C HE
IMITATES1 & :AT HE IMITATES >E AC;NS4 ,&
EV5 IF HE *.ES 6TAKE A HI/ORICAL
SUBJECT1 HE IS N"O ! LESS A POET2 = "!
IS NO R1SON :Y "S EV5TS T H ACTU,Y
HAPP5$ %D N 3=M 6! LAW (! PROBA# &
POSSI#1 & 9 VIRTUE ( T QUAL;Y 9 !M HE IS
_! POET OR MAK]4
  ,( ALL PLOTS & AC;NS ! EPISODIC >E !
WOR/4 ,I CALL A PLOT ,8EPISODIC0' 9 : !
EPISODES OR ACTS SU3E$ "O ANO!R )\T
PROBA# OR NEC SEQU;E4 ,BAD POETS -POSE
S* PIECES 0_! [N FAULT1 GD POETS1 6PL1SE
! PLAY]S2 =1 Z !Y WRITE %[ PIECES =
-PETI;N1 !Y /RET* ! PLOT 2Y XS CAPAC;Y1
& >E (T5 =C$ 6BR1K ! NATURAL 3T9U;Y4
  ,B AG1 ,TRAG$Y IS AN IMIT,N N ONLY (A
-PLETE AC;N1 B ( EV5TS 9SPIR+ FE> OR
P;Y4 ,S* AN E6ECT IS BE/ PRODUC$ :5 !
EV5TS -E ON U 0SURPRISE2 &! E6ECT IS
HEI<T5$ :51 AT ! SAME "T1 !Y FOLL[S Z
CAUSE & E6ECT4 ,! TRAGIC WOND] W !N 2
GRT] ?AN IF !Y HAPP5$ ( !MVS OR 0A3ID5T2
= EV5 CO9CID;ES >E MO/ /RIK+ :5 !Y H AN
AIR ( DESIGN4 ,WE MAY 9/.E ! /ATUE (
,M;YS AT ,>GOS1 : FELL ^U 8 MURD]] :ILE
HE 0 A SPECTATOR AT A FE/IVAL1 & KILL$
HM4 ,S* EV5TS SEEM N 6BE DUE 6M]E *.E4
,PLOTS1 "!=E1 3/RUCT$ ON ^! PR9CIPLES >E
NECESS>ILY ! BE/4


                  ;,X

  ,PLOTS >E EI ,SIMPLE OR ,-PLEX1 =!
AC;NS 9 R1L LIFE1 ( : ! PLOTS >E AN
IMIT,N1 OBVI\SLY %[ A SIMIL> 4T9C;N4 ,AN
AC;N : IS "O & 3T9U\S 9 ! S5SE ABV
DEF9$1 ,I CALL ,SIMPLE1 :5 ! *ANGE (
=TUNE TAKES PLACE )\T ,REV]SAL (!
,SITU,N & )\T ,RECOGNI;N
  ,A ,-PLEX AC;N IS "O 9 : ! *ANGE IS
A3OMPANI$ 0S* ,REV]SAL1 OR 0,RECOGNI;N1
OR 0BO?4 ,^! LA/ %D >ISE F ! 9T]NAL
/RUCTURE (! PLOT1 S T :AT FOLL[S %D 2 !
NEC OR PROBA# RESULT (! PREC$+ AC;N4 ,X
MAKES ALL ! DI6];E :E!R ANY GIV5 EV5T IS
A CASE ( PROPT] HOC OR PO/ HOC4

                  ,,XI

  ,REV]SAL (! ,SITU,N IS A *ANGE 0: !
AC;N VE]S R.D 6XS OPPOSITE1 SUBJECT ALW
6\R RULE ( PROBABIL;Y OR NECESS;Y4 ,?US
9 ! ,OEDIPUS1 ! MESS5G] -ES 6*E]
,OEDIPUS & FREE HM F 8 AL>MS AB 8 "M1 B
0REV1L+ :O HE IS1 HE PRODUCES ! OPPOSITE
E6ECT4 ,AG 9 ! ,LYNCEUS1 ,LYNCEUS IS 2+
L$ AWAY 6HIS D1?1 & ,DANAUS GOES ) HM1
M1N+ 6SLAY HM2 B ! \TCOME (! PREC$+
9CID5TS IS T ,DANAUS IS KILL$ & ,LYNCEUS
SAV$4
  ,RECOGNI;N1 Z ! "N 9DICATES1 IS A
*ANGE F IGNOR.E 6K1 PRODUC+ LOVE OR HATE
2T ! P]SONS DE/9$ 0! POET = GD OR BAD
=TUNE4 ,! BE/ =M ( RECOGNI;N IS CO9CID5T
)A ,REV]SAL (! ,SITU,N1 Z 9 ! ,OEDIPUS4
,"! >E 9DE$ O!R =MS4 ,EV5 9ANIMATE ?+S (
! MO/ TRIVIAL K9D MAY 9 A S5SE 2 OBJECTS
( RECOGNI;N4 ,AG1 WE MAY RECOGNIZE OR
4COV] :E!R A P]SON HAS D"O A ?+ OR N4 ,B
! RECOGNI;N : IS MO/ 9TIMATELY 3NECT$ )!
PLOT & AC;N IS1 Z WE H SD1 ! RECOGNI;N (
P]SONS4 ,? RECOGNI;N1 -B9$ ) ,REV]SAL1 W
PRODUCE EI P;Y OR FE>2 & AC;NS PRODUC+
^! E6ECTS >E ^? :1 0\R DEF9I;N1 ,TRAG$Y
REPRES5TS4 ,MOREOV]1 X IS ^U S* SITU,NS
T ! ISSUES ( GD OR BAD =TUNE W DEP5D4
,RECOGNI;N1 !N1 2+ 2T P]SONS1 X MAY
HAPP5 T "O P]SON ONLY IS RECOGNIZ$ 0!
O!R- :5 ! LATT] IS ALR "KN- OR X MAY 2
NEC T ! RECOGNI;N %D 2 ON BO? SIDES4
,?US ,IPHIG5IA IS REV1L$ 6,ORE/ES 0!
S5D+ (! LR2 B ANO!R ACT ( RECOGNI;N IS
REQUIR$ 6MAKE ,ORE/ES "KN 6,IPHIG5IA4
  ,TWO "PS1 !N1 (! ,PLOT- ,REV]SAL (!
,SITU,N & ,RECOGNI;N- TURN ^U SURPRISES4
,A ?IRD "P IS ! ,SC5E ( ,SU6]+4 ,! ,SC5E
( ,SU6]+ IS A DE/RUCTIVE OR PA9;L AC;N1
S* Z D1? ON ! /AGE1 BODILY AGONY1 W.DS1
&! L4

                 ,,XII

  ,! "PS ( ,TRAG$Y : M/ 2 TR1T$ Z ELE;TS
(! :OLE H BE5 ALR M5;N$4 ,WE N[ -E 6!
QUANTITATIVE "PS- ! SEP>ATE "PS 96:
,TRAG$Y IS DIVID$- "NLY1 ,PROLOGUE1
,EPISODE1 ,EXODE1 ,*ORIC S;G2 ? LA/ 2+
DIVID$ 96,P>ODE & ,/ASIMON4 ,^! >E -MON
6ALL PLAYS3 PECULI> 6"S >E ! S;GS (
ACTORS F ! /AGE &! ,-MOI4
  ,! ,PROLOGUE IS T 5TIRE "P (A TRAG$Y :
PREC$ES ! ,P>ODE (! ,*ORUS4 ,! ,EPISODE
IS T 5TIRE "P (A TRAG$Y : IS 2T -PLETE
*ORIC S;GS4 ,! ,EXODE IS T 5TIRE "P (A
TRAG$Y : HAS NO *ORIC S;G AF X4 ,(!
,*ORIC "P ! ,P>ODE IS ! F/ UNDIVID$
UTT].E (! ,*ORUS3 ! ,/ASIMON IS A ,*ORIC
ODE )\T ANAPAE/S OR TRO*AIC TETRAMET]S3
! ,-MOS IS A JO9T LA;T,N ( ,*ORUS &
ACTORS4 ,! "PS ( ,TRAG$Y : M/ 2 TR1T$ Z
ELE;TS (! :OLE H BE5 ALR M5;N$4 ,!
QUANTITATIVE "PS- ! SEP>ATE "PS 96: X IS
DIVID$- >E "H ENUM]AT$4

                 ,,XIII

  ,Z ! SEQUEL 6:AT HAS ALR BE5 SD1 WE M/
PROCE$ 63SID] :AT ! POET %D AIM AT1 &
:AT HE %D AVOID1 9 3/RUCT+ 8 PLOTS2 &
0:AT M1NS ! SPECIFIC E6ECT ( ,TRAG$Y W 2
PRODUC$4
  ,A P]FECT TRAG$Y %D1 Z WE H SE51 2
>RANG$ N ON ! SIMPLE B ON ! -PLEX PLAN4
,X %D1 MOREOV]1 IMITATE AC;NS : EXCITE
P;Y & FE>1 ? 2+ ! 4T9CTIVE M>K ( TRAGIC
IMIT,N4 ,X FOLL[S PLA9LY1 9 ! F/ PLACE1
T ! *ANGE ( =TUNE PRES5T$ M/ N 2 !
SPECTACLE (A VIRTU\S MAN BR"\ F PROSP];Y
6ADV]S;Y3 = ? MOVES NEI P;Y NOR FE>2 X
M]ELY %OCKS U4 ,NOR1 AG1 T (A BAD MAN
PASS+ F ADV]S;Y 6PROSP];Y3 = NO?+ C 2 M
ALI5 6! _S ( ,TRAG$Y2 X POSSESSES NO
S+LE TRAGIC QUAL;Y2 X NEI SATISFIES !
MORAL S5SE NOR CALLS =? P;Y OR FE>4
,NOR1 AG1 %D ! D[NFALL (! UTT] VILLA9 2
EXHIBIT$4 ,A PLOT ( ? K9D WD1 D\BT.S1
SATISFY ! MORAL S5SE1 B X WD 9SPIRE NEI
P;Y NOR FE>2 = P;Y IS >\S$ 0UNM]IT$
MIS=TUNE1 FE> 0! MIS=TUNE (A MAN L \RVS4
,S* AN EV5T1 "!=E1 W 2 NEI PITI;L NOR
T]RI#4 ,"! REMA9S1 !N1 ! "* 2T ^! TWO
EXTREMES- T (A MAN :O IS N EM95TLY GD &
J1 YET ^: MIS=TUNE IS BR"\ AB N 0VICE OR
DEPRAV;Y1 B 0"S ]ROR OR FRAILTY4 ,HE M/
2 "O :O IS HI<LY REN[N$ & PROSP]\S- A
P]SONAGE L ,OEDIPUS1 ,?YE/ES1 OR O!R
ILLU/RI\S M5 ( S* FAMILIES4
  ,A WELL-3/RUCT$ PLOT %D1 "!=E1 2 S+LE
9 XS ISSUE1 R ?AN D\# Z "S MA9TA94 ,!
*ANGE ( =TUNE %D 2 N F BAD 6GD1 B1
REV]SELY1 F GD 6BAD4 ,X %D -E AB Z !
RESULT N ( VICE1 B ( "S GRT ]ROR OR
FRAILTY1 9 A "* EI S* Z WE H DESCRIB$1
OR BETT] R ?AN WORSE4 ,! PRACTICE (!
/AGE BE>S \ \R VIEW4 ,AT F/ ! POETS
REC.T$ ANY LEG5D T CAME 9 _! WAY4 ,N[1 !
BE/ TRAG$IES >E F.D$ ON ! /ORY (A FEW
H\SES- ON ! =TUNES ( ,ALCMAEON1
,OEDIPUS1 ,ORE/ES1 ,MEL1G]1 ,?YE/ES1
,TELEPHUS1 & ^? O!RS :O H D"O OR SU6]$
"S?+ T]RI#4 ,A TRAG$Y1 !N1 6BE P]FECT AC
6! RULES ( >T %D 2 ( ? 3/RUC;N4 ,H;E !Y
>E 9 ]ROR :O C5SURE ,EURIPIDES J 2C HE
FOLL[S ? PR9CIPLE 9 8 PLAYS1 _M ( : 5D
UNHAPPILY4 ,X IS1 Z WE H SD1 ! "R 5D+4
,! BE/ PRO( IS T ON ! /AGE & 9 DRAMATIC
-PETI;N1 S* PLAYS1 IF WELL "W$ \1 >E !
MO/ TRAGIC 9 E6ECT2 & ,EURIPIDES1 FAULTY
?\< HE MAY 2 9 ! G5]AL MANAGE;T ( 8
SUBJECT1 YET IS FELT 6BE ! MO/ TRAGIC (!
POETS4
  ,9 ! SECOND RANK -ES ! K9D ( TRAG$Y :
"S PLACE F/4 ,L ! ,ODYSSEY1 X HAS A D\#
?R1D ( PLOT1 & AL AN OPPOSITE CATA/ROPHE
=! GD &=! BAD4 ,X IS A3.T$ ! BE/ 2C (!
W1K;S (! SPECTATORS2 =! POET IS GUID$ 9
:AT HE WRITES 0! WI%ES ( 8 AUDI;E4 ,!
PL1SURE1 H["E1 ?;E DERIV$ IS N ! TRUE
TRAGIC PL1SURE4 ,X IS PROP] R 6,-$Y1 ":
^? :O1 9 ! PIECE1 >E ! D1DLIE/ 5EMIES- L
,ORE/ES & ,AEGIS?US- QUIT ! /AGE Z FRS
AT ! CLOSE1 & NO "O SLAYS OR IS SLA94

                 ,,XIV

  ,FE> & P;Y MAY 2 >\S$ 0SPECTACUL>
M1NS2 B !Y MAY AL RESULT F ! 9N]
/RUCTURE (! PIECE1 : IS ! BETT] WAY1 &
9DICATES A SUP]IOR POET4 ,=! PLOT "\ 6BE
S 3/RUCT$ T1 EV5 )\T ! AID (! EYE1 HE :O
HE>S ! TALE TOLD W ?RILL ) HORROR & MELT
6P;Y AT :AT TAKES ,PLACE4 ,? IS !
IMPRES.N WE %D RCV F HE>+ ! /ORY (!
,OEDIPUS4 ,B 6PRODUCE ? E6ECT 0! M]E
SPECTACLE IS A LESS >TI/IC ME?OD1 &
DEP5D5T ON EXTRANE\S AIDS4 ,^? :O EMPLOY
SPECTACUL> M1NS 6CR1TE A S5SE N (! T]RI#
B ONLY (! MON/R\S1 >E /RANG]S 6! PURPOSE
( ,TRAG$Y2 = WE M/ N DEM& ( ,TRAG$Y ANY
& E K9D ( PL1SURE1 B ONLY T : IS PROP]
6X4 ,& S9CE ! PL1SURE : ! POET %D AF=D
IS T : -ES F P;Y & FE> "? IMIT,N1 X IS
EVID5T T ? QUAL;Y M/ 2 IMPRESS$ ^U !
9CID5TS4
  ,LET U !N DET]M9E :AT >E ! CIRCUM/.ES
: /RIKE U Z T]RI# OR PITI;L4
  ,AC;NS CAPA# ( ? E6ECT M/ HAPP5 2T
P]SONS :O >E EI FRS OR 5EMIES OR 9DI6]5T
6"O ANO!R4 ,IF AN 5EMY KILLS AN 5EMY1 "!
IS NO?+ 6EXCITE P;Y EI 9 ! ACT OR !
9T5;N- EXCEPT S F> Z ! SU6]+ 9 XF IS
PITI;L4 ,S AG ) 9DI6]5T P]SONS4 ,B :5 !
TRAGIC 9CID5T O3URS 2T ^? :O >E NE> OR
DE> 6"O ANO!R- IF1 = EXAMPLE1 A BRO!R
KILLS1 OR 9T5DS 6KILL1 A BRO!R1 A SON 8
"F1 A "M H] SON1 A SON 8 "M1 OR ANY O!R
DE$ (! K9D IS D"O- ^! >E ! SITU,NS 6BE
LOOK$ = 0! POET4 ,HE MAY N 9DE$ DE/ROY !
FRAME"W (! RCVD LEG5DS- ! FACT1 = 9/.E1
T ,CLYTEMNE/RA 0 SLA9 0,ORE/ES &
,]IPHYLE 0,ALCMAEON- B HE "\ 6%[ ( 8 [N1
& SKIL;LLY H&LE ! TRADI;NAL4 MAT]IAL4
,LET U EXPLA9 M CLE>LY :AT IS M1NT
0SKIL;L H&L+4
  ,! AC;N MAY 2 D"O 3SCI\SLY &) K (!
P]SONS1 9 ! MANN] (! OLD] POETS4 ,X IS
?US TOO T ,EURIPIDES MAKES ,M$EA SLAY H]
*N4 ,OR1 AG1 ! DE$ ( HORROR MAY 2 D"O1 B
D"O 9 IGNOR.E1 &! TIE ( K9%IP OR FR%IP 2
4COV]$ AFWS4 ,! ,OEDIPUS ( ,SOPHOCLES IS
AN EXAMPLE4 ,"H1 9DE$1 ! 9CID5T IS
\TSIDE ! DRAMA PROP]2 B CASES O3UR ": X
FALLS )9 ! AC;N (! PLAY3 "O MAY CITE !
,ALCMAEON ( ,A/YDAMAS1 OR ,TELEGONUS 9 !
,W.D$ ,ODYSSEUS4 ,AG1 "! IS A ?IRD CASE
--,76BE AB 6ACT ) K (! P]SONS & !N N
6ACT4 ,! F\R? CASE7' IS :5 "S "O IS AB
6D AN IRREP>A# DE$ "? IGNOR.E1 & MAKES !
4COV]Y 2F X IS D"O4 ,^! >E ! ONLY POSSI#
WAYS4 ,=! DE$ M/ EI 2 D"O OR N D"O- & T
WITT+LY OR UNWITT+LY4 ,B ( ALL ^! WAYS1
6BE AB 6ACT "K+ ! P]SONS1 & !N N 6ACT1
IS ! WOR/4 ,X IS %OCK+ )\T 2+ TRAGIC1 =
NO 4A/] FOLL[S ,X IS1 "!=E1 N"E1 OR V
R>ELY1 F.D 9 POETRY4 ,"O 9/.E1 H["E1 IS
9 ! ,ANTIGONE1 ": ,HAEMON ?R1T5S 6KILL
,CREON4 ,! NEXT & BETT] WAY IS T ! DE$
%D 2 P]PETRAT$4 ,/ BETT]1 T X %D 2
P]PETRAT$ 9 IGNOR.E1 &! 4COV]Y MADE
AFWS4 ,"! IS !N NO?+ 6%OCK U1 :ILE !
4COV]Y PRODUCES A />TL+ E6ECT4 ,! LA/
CASE IS ! BE/1 Z :5 9 ! ,CRESPHONTES
,M]OPE IS AB 6SLAY H] SON1 B1 RECOGNIZ+
:O HE IS1 SP>ES 8 LIFE4 ,S 9 !
,IPHIG5IA1 ! SI/] RECOGNIZES ! BRO!R J 9
"T4 ,AG 9 ! ,HELLE1 ! SON RECOGNIZES !
"M :5 ON ! PO9T ( GIV+ H] UP4 ,?1 !N1 IS
:Y A FEW FAMILIES ONLY1 Z HAS BE5 ALR
OBS]V$1 FURNI% ! SUBJECTS ( TRAG$Y4 ,X 0
N >T1 B HAPPY *.E1 T L$ ! POETS 9 SE>* (
SUBJECTS 6IMPRESS ! TRAGIC QUAL;Y ^U _!
PLOTS4 ,!Y >E -PELL$1 "!=E1 6H REC\RSE
6^? H\SES ^: HI/ORY 3TA9S MOV+ 9CID5TS L
^!4
  ,5 HAS N[ BE5 SD 3C]N+ ! /RUCTURE (!
9CID5TS1 &! "R K9D ( PLOT4

                  ,,XV

  ,9 RESPECT ( ,"* "! >E F\R ?+S 6BE
AIM$ AT4 ,F/1 & MO/ IMPORTANT1 X M/ 2
GD4 ,N[ ANY SPEE* OR AC;N T MANIFE/S
MORAL PURPOSE ( ANY K9D W 2 EXPRESSIVE (
"*3 ! "* W 2 GD IF ! PURPOSE IS GD4 ,?
RULE IS RELATIVE 6EA* CLASS4 ,EV5 A
WOMAN MAY 2 GD1 & AL A SLAVE2 ?\< !
WOMAN MAY 2 SD 6BE AN 9F]IOR 2+1 &!
SLAVE Q WOR?.S4 ,! SECOND ?+ 6AIM AT IS
PROPRIETY4 ,"! IS A TYPE ( MANLY VALOR2
B VALOR 9 A WOMAN1 OR UNSCRUPUL\S CL"E;S
IS 9APPROPRIATE4 ,?IRDLY1 "* M/ 2 TRUE
6LIFE3 = ? IS A 4T9CT ?+ F GD;S &
PROPRIETY1 Z "H DESCRIB$4 ,! F\R? PO9T
IS 3SI/5CY3 = ?\< ! SUBJECT (! IMIT,N1
:O SU7E/$ ! TYPE1 2 9CONSI/5T1 / HE M/ 2
3SI/5TLY 9CONSI/5T4 ,Z AN EXAMPLE (
MOTIVE.S DEGRAD,N ( "*1 WE H ,M5ELAUS 9
! ,ORE/ES2 ( "* 9DECOR\S & 9APPROPRIATE1
! LA;T ( ,ODYSSEUS 9 ! ,SCYLLA1 &! SPEE*
( ,MELANIPPE2 ( 9CONSI/5CY1 ! ,IPHIG5IA
AT ,AULIS- = ,IPHIG5IA ! SUPPLIANT 9 NO
WAY RESEM#S H] LAT] SELF4
  ,Z 9 ! /RUCTURE (! PLOT1 S TOO 9 !
PORTRAITURE ( "*1 ! POET %D ALW AIM EI
AT ! NEC OR ! PROBA#4 ,?US A P]SON (A
GIV5 "* %D SP1K OR ACT 9 A GIV5 WAY1 0!
RULE EI ( NECESS;Y OR ( PROBABIL;Y2 J Z
? EV5T %D FOLL[ T 0NEC OR PROBA# SEQU;E4
,X IS "!=E EVID5T T ! UNRAVEL+ (! PLOT1
NO LESS ?AN ! -PLIC,N1 M/ >ISE \ (! PLOT
XF1 X M/ N 2 BR"\ AB 0! ,DEUS EX ,MA*9A-
Z 9 ! ,M$EA1 OR 9 ! RETURN (! ,GREEKS 9
! ,ILIAD4 ,! ,DEUS EX ,MA*9A %D 2
EMPLOY$ ONLY = EV5TS EXT]NAL 6! DRAMA- =
ANTEC$5T OR SUBSEQU5T EV5TS1 : LIE 2Y !
RANGE ( HUMAN K1 & : REQUIRE 6BE REPORT$
OR =ETOLD2 = 6! GODS WE ASCRIBE ! P[] (
SEE+ ALL ?+S4 ,)9 ! AC;N "! M/ 2 NO?+
IRR,NAL4 ,IF ! IRR,NAL _C 2 EXCLUD$1 X
%D 2 \TSIDE ! SCOPE (! TRAG$Y4 ,S* IS !
IRR,NAL ELE;T ! ,OEDIPUS ( ,SOPHOCLES4
  ,AG1 S9CE ,TRAG$Y IS AN IMIT,N (
P]SONS :O >E ABV ! -MON LEVEL1 ! EXAMPLE
( GD PORTRAIT PA9T]S %D 2 FOLL[$4 ,!Y1
:ILE REPRODUC+ ! 4T9CTIVE =M (! ORIG9AL1
MAKE A LIKE;S : IS TRUE 6LIFE & YET M
B1UTI;L4 ,S TOO ! POET1 9 REPRES5T+ M5
:O >E IRASCI# OR 9DOL5T1 OR H O!R
DEFECTS ( "*1 %D PRES]VE ! TYPE & YET
5NO# X4 ,9 ? WAY ,A*ILLES IS PORTRAY$
0,AGA?ON & ,HOM]4
  ,^! !N >E RULES ! POET %D OBS]VE4 ,NOR
%D HE NEGLECT ^? APP1LS 6! S5SES1 :1 ?\<
N AM;G ! ESS5TIALS1 >E ! 3COMITANTS (
POETRY2 = "H TOO "! IS M* ROOM = ]ROR4
,B ( ? 5 HAS BE5 SD 9 \R PUBLI%$
TR1TISES4

                 ,,XVI

  ,:AT ,RECOGNI;N IS HAS BE5 ALR
EXPLA9$4 ,WE W N[ ENUM]ATE XS K9DS4
  ,F/1 ! L1/ >TI/IC =M1 :1 F POV]TY (
WIT1 IS MO/ -MONLY EMPLOY$- RECOGNI;N
0SIGNS4 ,( ^! "S >E 3G5ITAL- S* Z ,8!
SPE> : ! E>?-BORN RACE BE> ON _!
BODIES10' OR ! />S 9TRODUC$ 0,C>C9US 9 8
,?YE/ES4 ,O!RS >E ACQUIR$ AF BIR?2 &( ^!
"S >E BODILY M>KS1 Z SC>S2 "S EXT]NAL
TOK5S1 Z NECKLACES1 OR ! LL >K 9 ! ,TYRO
0: ! 4COV]Y IS E6ECT$4 ,EV5 ^! ADMIT ( M
OR LESS SKIL;L TR1T;T4 ,?US 9 !
RECOGNI;N ( ,ODYSSEUS 0HIS SC>1 ! 4COV]Y
IS MADE 9 "O WAY 0! NURSE1 9 ANO!R 0!
SW9EH]DS4 ,! USE ( TOK5S =! EXPRESS
PURPOSE ( PRO(- &1 9DE$1 ANY =MAL PRO( )
OR )\T TOK5S- IS A LESS >TI/IC MODE (
RECOGNI;N4 ,A BETT] K9D IS T : -ES AB 0A
TURN ( 9CID5T1 Z 9 ! ,BA? ,SC5E 9 !
,ODYSSEY4
  ,NEXT -E ! RECOGNI;NS 9V5T$ AT W 0!
POET1 & ON T A3.T WANT+ 9 >T4 ,=
EXAMPLE1 ,ORE/ES 9 ! ,IPHIG5IA REV1LS !
FACT T HE IS ,ORE/ES4 ,%E1 9DE$1 MAKES
H]F "KN 0! LR2 B HE1 0SP1K+ HMF1 & SAY+
:AT ! POET1 N :AT ! PLOT REQUIRES4 ,?1
"!=E1 IS NE>LY ALLI$ 6! FAULT ABV M5;N$-
= ,ORE/ES MI<T Z WELL H BR"\ TOK5S ) HM4
,ANO!R SIMIL> 9/.E IS ! ,8VOICE (!
%UTTLE0' 9 ! ,T]EUS ( ,SOPHOCLES4
  ,! ?IRD K9D DEP5DS ON MEMORY :5 ! SI<T
( "S OBJECT AWAK5S A FEEL+3 Z 9 !
,CYPRIANS ( ,DICAEOG5ES1 ": ! H]O BR1KS
96TE>S ON SEE+ ! PICTURE2 OR AG 9 ! ,LAY
( ,ALC9\S1 ": ,ODYSSEUS1 HE>+ ! M9/REL
PLAY ! LYRE1 RECALLS ! PA/ & WEEPS2 &
H;E ! RECOGNI;N4
  ,! F\R? K9D IS 0PROCESS ( R1SON+4 ,?US
9 ! ,*OEPHORI3 ,8,"S "O RESEMBL+ ME HAS
-E3 NO "O RESEM#S ME B ,ORE/ES3 "!=E
,ORE/ES HAS -E40' ,S* TOO IS ! 4COV]Y
MADE 0,IPHIG5IA 9 ! PLAY ( ,POLYIDUS !
,SOPHI/4 ,X 0 A NATURAL REFLEC;N =
,ORE/ES 6MAKE1 ,8,S ,I TOO M/ DIE AT !
ALT> L MY SI/]40' ,S1 AG1 9 ! ,TYDEUS (
,!ODECTES1 ! "F SAYS1 ,8,I CAME 6F9D MY
SON1 & ,I LOSE MY [N LIFE40' ,S TOO 9 !
,PH9EIDAE3 ! WOM51 ON SEE+ ! PLACE1
9F]R$ _! FATE--,8,"H WE >E DOOM$ 6DIE1 =
"H WE 7 CA/ =?40' ,AG1 "! IS A -POSITE
K9D ( RECOGNI;N 9VOLV+ FALSE 9F];E ON !
"P ( "O (! "*S1 Z 9 ! ,ODYSSEUS ,4GUIS$
Z A ,MESS5G]4 ,A SD ,7T NO "O ELSE 0 A#
6B5D ! B[2 ''' H;E ;,B 7! 4GUIS$
,ODYSSEUS7 IMAG9$ T ,A WD7' RECOGNIZE !
B[ :1 9 FACT1 HE _H N SE52 & 6BR+ AB A
RECOGNI;N 0? M1NS- ! EXPECT,N T ,A WD
RECOGNIZE ! B[- IS FALSE 9F];E4
  ,B1 ( ALL RECOGNI;NS1 ! BE/ IS T :
>ISES F ! 9CID5TS !MVS1 ": ! />TL+
4COV]Y IS MADE 0NATURAL M1NS4 ,S* IS T 9
! ,OEDIPUS ( ,SOPHOCLES1 & 9 !
,IPHIG5IA2 = X 0 NATURAL T ,IPHIG5IA %D
WI% 64PAT* A LR4 ,^! RECOGNI;NS AL"O
4P5SE )! >TIFICIAL AID ( TOK5S OR
AMULETS4 ,NEXT -E ! RECOGNI;NS 0PROCESS
( R1SON+4

                 ,,XVII

  ,9 3/RUCT+ ! PLOT & "W+ X \ )! PROP]
DIC;N1 ! POET %D PLACE ! SC5E1 Z F> Z
POSSI#1 2F 8 EYES4 ,9 ? WAY1 SEE+ "EY?+
)! UTMO/ VIVID;S1 Z IF HE 7 A SPECTATOR
(! AC;N1 HE W 4COV] :AT IS 9 KEEP+ ) X1
& 2 MO/ UNLIKELY 6OV]LOOK 9CONSI/5CIES4
,! NE$ ( S* A RULE IS %[N 0! FAULT F.D 9
,C>C9US4 ,AMPHI>AUS 0 ON 8 WAY F !
TEMPLE4 ,? FACT ESCAP$ ! OBS]V,N ( "O :O
DID N SEE ! SITU,N4 ,ON ! /AGE1 H["E1 !
,PIECE FAIL$1 ! AUDI;E 2+ (F5D$ AT !
OV]SI<T4
  ,AG1 ! POET %D "W \ 8 PLAY1 6! BE/ ( 8
P[]1 ) APPROPRIATE GE/URES2 = ^? :O FEEL
EMO;N >E MO/ 3V9C+ "? NATURAL SYMPA?Y )!
"*S !Y REPRES5T2 & "O :O IS AGITAT$
/ORMS1 "O :O IS ANGRY RAGES1 )! MO/
LIFELIKE R1L;Y4 ,H;E POETRY IMPLIES EI A
HAPPY GIFT ( NATURE OR A /RA9 ( MAD;S4
,9 ! "O CASE A MAN C TAKE ! M\LD ( ANY
"*2 9 ! O!R1 HE IS LIFT$ \ ( 8 PROP]
SELF4
  ,Z =! /ORY1 :E!R ! POET TAKES X R1DY
MADE OR 3/RUCTS X = HMF1 HE %D F/ SKET*
XS G5]AL \TL9E1 & !N FILL 9 ! EPISODES &
AMPLIFY 9 DETAIL4 ,! G5]AL PLAN MAY 2
ILLU/RAT$ 0! ,IPHIG5IA4 ,A "Y GIRL IS
SACRIFIC$2 %E 4APPE>S MY/]I\SLY F ! EYES
( ^? :O SACRIFIC$ H]2 %E IS TRANSPORT$
6ANO!R C.TRY1 ": ! CU/OM IS 6(F] UP AN
/RANG]S 6! GO4ESS4 ,6? M9I/RY %E IS
APPO9T$4 ,"S "T LAT] H] [N BRO!R *.ES
6>RIVE4 ,! FACT T ! ORACLE = "S R1SON
ORD]$ HM 6G "!1 IS \TSIDE ! G5]AL PLAN (
! PLAY4 ,! PURPOSE1 AG1 ( 8 -+ IS \TSIDE
! AC;N PROP]4 ,H["E1 HE -ES1 HE IS
SEIZ$1 &1 :5 ON ! PO9T ( 2+ SACRIFIC$1
REV1LS :O HE IS4 ,! MODE ( RECOGNI;N MAY
2 EI T ( ,EURIPIDES OR ( ,POLYIDUS1 9 ^:
PLAY HE EXCLAIMS V NATUR,Y3 ,8,S X 0 N
MY SI/] ONLY1 B ,I TOO1 :O 0 DOOM$ 6BE
SACRIFIC$0'2 & 0T REM>K HE IS SAV$4
  ,AF ?1 ! "NS 2+ ONCE GIV51 X REMA9S
6FILL 9 ! EPISODES4 ,WE M/ SEE T !Y >E
RELEVANT 6! AC;N4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,ORE/ES1 =
EXAMPLE1 "! IS ! MAD;S : L$ 6HIS
CAPTURE1 & 8 DELIV].E 0M1NS (!
PURIFICATORY RITE4 ,9 ! DRAMA1 !
EPISODES >E %ORT1 B X IS ^! T GIVE
EXT5.N 6,EPIC POETRY4 ,?US ! /ORY (!
,ODYSSEY C 2 /AT$ BRIEFLY4 ,A C]TA9 MAN
IS ABS5T F HOME = _M YE>S2 HE IS J1L\SLY
WAT*$ 0,POSEIDON1 & LEFT DESOLATE4
,M1N:ILE 8 HOME IS 9 A WRET*$ PLI<T-
SUITORS >E WA/+ 8 SUB/.E & PLOTT+ AG/ 8
SON4 ,AT L5G?1 TEMPE/-TO/1 HE HMF
>RIVES2 HE MAKES C]TA9 P]SONS ACQUA9T$ )
HM2 HE ATTACKS ! SUITORS ) 8 [N H&1 & IS
HMF PRES]V$ :ILE HE DE/ROYS !M4 ,? IS !
ESS;E (! PLOT2 ! RE/ IS EPISODE4

                ,,XVIII

  ,E TRAG$Y FALLS 96TWO "PS- ,-PLIC,N &
,UNRAVEL+ OR ,DEN\E;T4 ,9CID5TS
EXTRANE\S 6! AC;N >E FREQU5TLY -B9$ )A
POR;N (! AC;N PROP]1 6=M ! ,-PLIC,N2 !
RE/ IS ! ,UNRAVEL+4 ,0! ,-PLIC,N ,I M1N
ALL T EXT5DS F ! 2G9N+ (! AC;N 6! "P :
M>KS ! TURN+-PO9T 6GD OR BAD =TUNE4 ,!
,UNRAVEL+ IS T : EXT5DS F ! 2G9N+ (!
*ANGE 6! 5D4 ,?US1 9 ! ,LYNCEUS (
,!ODECTES1 ! ,-PLIC,N 3SI/S (! 9CID5TS
PRESUPPOS$ 9 ! DRAMA1 ! SEIZURE (! *1 &
!N AG ''' ,7! ,UNRAVEL+7' EXT5DS F !
A3US,N ( MURD] 6! 5D4
  ,"! >E F\R K9DS ( ,TRAG$Y3 ! ,-PLEX1
DEP5D+ 5TIRELY ON ,REV]SAL (! ,SITU,N &
,RECOGNI;N2 ! ,PA!TIC 7": ! MOTIVE IS
PAS.N7- S* Z ! TRAG$IES ON ,AJAX &
,IXION2 ! ,E?ICAL 7": ! MOTIVES >E
E?ICAL7- S* Z ! ,PH?IOTIDES &! ,PELEUS4
,! F\R? K9D IS ! ,SIMPLE4 ,7,WE "H
EXCLUDE ! PURELY SPECTACUL> ELE;T7'1
EXEMPLIFI$ 0! ,PHORCIDES1 ! ,PROME!US1 &
SC5ES LAID 9 ,HADES4 ,! POET %D 5D1VOR1
IF POSSI#1 6-B9E ALL POETIC ELE;TS2 OR
FAIL+ T1 ! GRTE/ NUMB] & ^? ! MO/
IMPORTANT2 ! M S1 9 FACE (! CAVIL+
CRITICISM (! "D4 ,= ":AS "! H HI!RTO BE5
GD POETS1 EA* 9 8 [N BRAN*1 ! CRITICS N[
EXPECT "O MAN 6SURPASS ALL O!RS 9 _!
S"EAL L9ES ( EXCELL;E4
  ,9 SP1K+ (A TRAG$Y Z ! SAME OR DI6]5T1
! BE/ TE/ 6TAKE IS ! PLOT4 ,ID5T;Y EXI/S
": ! ,-PLIC,N & ,UNRAVEL+ >E ! SAME4 ,_M
POETS TIE ! KNOT WELL1 B UNRAVEL X ,BO?
>TS1 H["E1 %D ALW 2 MA/]$4
  ,AG1 ! POET %D REMEMB] :AT HAS BE5 (T5
SD1 & N MAKE AN ,EPIC /RUCTURE 96A
TRAG$Y- 0AN ,EPIC /RUCTURE ,I M1N "O )A
MULTIPLIC;Y ( PLOTS- Z IF1 = 9/.E1 Y 7
6MAKE A TRAG$Y \ (! 5TIRE /ORY (!
,ILIAD4 ,9 ! ,EPIC POEM1 [+ 6XS L5G?1
EA* "P ASSUMES XS PROP] MAGNITUDE4 ,9 !
DRAMA ! RESULT IS F> F ANSW]+ 6! POET'S
EXPECT,N4 ,! PRO( IS T ! POETS :O H
DRAMATIZ$ ! :OLE /ORY (! ,FALL ( ,TROY1
9/1D ( SELECT+ POR;NS1 L ,EURIPIDES2 OR
:O H TAK5 ! :OLE TALE ( ,NIOBE1 & N A "P
( H] /ORY1 L ,AES*YLUS1 EI FAIL UTT]LY
OR MEET ) POOR SU3ESS ON ! /AGE4 ,EV5
,AGA?ON HAS BE5 "KN 6FAIL F ? "O DEFECT4
,9 8 ,REV]SALS (! ,SITU,N1 H["E1 HE %[S
A M>VEL\S SKILL 9 ! EF=T 6HIT ! POPUL>
TA/E- 6PRODUCE A TRAGIC E6ECT T
SATISFIES ! MORAL S5SE4 ,? E6ECT IS
PRODUC$ :5 ! CL"E ROGUE1 L ,SISYPHUS1 IS
\TWITT$1 OR ! BRAVE VILLA9 DEF1T$4 ,S*
AN EV5T IS PROBA# 9 ,AGA?ON'S S5SE (!
^W3 ,8IS PROBA#10' HE SAYS1 ,8T _M ?+S
%D HAPP5 3TR>Y 6PROBABIL;Y40'
  ,! ,*ORUS TOO %D 2 REG>D$ Z "O (!
ACTORS2 X %D 2 AN 9TEGRAL "P (! :OLE1 &
%>E 9 ! AC;N1 9 ! MANN] N ( ,EURIPIDES B
( ,SOPHOCLES4 ,Z =! LAT] POETS1 _! *ORAL
S;GS P]TA9 Z LL 6! SUBJECT (! PIECE Z 6T
( ANY O!R TRAG$Y4 ,!Y >E1 "!=E1 SUNG Z
M]E 9T]LUDES- A PRACTICE F/ 2GUN
0,AGA?ON4 ,YET :AT DI6];E IS "! 2T
9TRODUC+ S* *ORAL 9T]LUDES1 & TRANSF]R+
A SPEE*1 OR EV5 A :OLE ACT1 F "O PLAY
6ANO!R4

                 ,,XIX

  ,X REMA9S 6SP1K ( ,DIC;N & ,?"\1 ! O!R
"PS ( ,TRAG$Y HAV+ BE5 ALR 4CUSS$4 3C]N+
,?"\1 WE MAY ASSUME :AT IS SD 9 !
,RHETORIC1 6: 9QUIRY ! SUBJECT M /RICTLY
2L;GS4 ,"U ,?"\ IS 9CLUD$ E E6ECT : HAS
6BE PRODUC$ 0SPEE*1 ! SUBDIVI.NS 2+3
PRO( & REFUT,N2 ! EXCIT,N (! FEEL+S1 S*
Z P;Y1 FE>1 ANG]1 &! L2 ! SU7ES;N (
IMPORT.E OR XS OPPOSITE4 ,N[1 X IS
EVID5T T ! DRAMATIC 9CID5TS M/ 2 TR1T$ F
! SAME PO9TS ( VIEW Z ! DRAMATIC
SPEE*ES1 :5 ! OBJECT IS 6EVOKE ! S5SE (
P;Y1 FE>1 IMPORT.E1 OR PROBABIL;Y4 ,!
ONLY DI6];E IS T ! 9CID5TS %D SP1K =
!MVS )\T V]BAL EXPOSI;N2 :ILE E6ECTS
AIM$ AT 9 %D 2 PRODUC$ 0! SP1K]1 & Z A
RESULT (! SPEE*4 ,= :AT 7 ! BUSI;S (A
SP1K]1 IF ! ,?"\ 7 REV1L$ Q A"P F :AT HE
SAYS8
  ,NEXT1 Z REG>DS ,DIC;N4 ,"O BRAN* (!
9QUIRY TR1TS (! ,MODES ( ,UTT].E4 ,B ?
PROV9CE ( K 2L;GS 6! >T ( ,DELIV]Y & 6!
MA/]S ( T SCI;E4 ,X 9CLUDES1 = 9/.E- :AT
IS A -M&1 A PRAY]1 A /ATE;T1 A ?R1T1 A
"Q1 AN ANSW]1 & S =?4 ,6"K OR N 6"K ^!
?+S 9VOLVES NO S]I\S C5SURE ^U ! POET'S
>T4 ,= :O C ADMIT ! FAULT IMPUT$ 6,HOM]
0,PROTAGORAS- T 9 ! ^WS1 ,8,S+1 GO4ESS1
(! WRA?1 HE GIVES A -M& "U ! IDEA T HE
UTT]S A PRAY]8 ,= 6TELL "S "O 6D A ?+ OR
N 6D X IS1 HE SAYS1 A -M&4 ,WE MAY1
"!=E1 PASS ? OV] Z AN 9QUIRY T 2L;GS
6ANO!R >T1 N 6POETRY4

                  ,,XX

  ,LANGUAGE 9 G5]AL 9CLUDES ! FOLL[+
"PS3 ,LR1 ,SYLLA#1 ,3NECT+ ,^W1 ,N\N1
,V]B1 ,9FLEC;N OR ,CASE1 ,S5T;E OR
,PHRASE4
  ,A ,LR IS AN 9DIVISI# S.D1 YET N E S*
S.D1 B ONLY "O : C =M "P (A GR\P ( S.DS4
,= EV5 BRUTES UTT] 9DIVISI# S.DS1 N"O (
: ,I CALL A LR4 ,! S.D ,I M1N MAY 2 EI A
V[EL1 A SEMIV[EL1 OR A MUTE4 ,A V[EL IS
T : )\T IMPACT ( T;GUE OR LIP HAS AN
AUDI# S.D4 ,A SEMIV[EL T : ) S* IMPACT
HAS AN AUDI# S.D1 Z ;,S & ,R4 ,A MUTE1 T
: ) S* IMPACT HAS 0XF NO S.D1 B JO9$ 6A
V[EL S.D 2COMES AUDI#1 Z ;,G & ,D4 ,^!
>E 4T+UI%$ AC 6! =M ASSUM$ 0! M\? &!
PLACE ": !Y >E PRODUC$2 AC Z !Y >E
ASPIRAT$ OR SMOO?1 L;G OR %ORT2 Z !Y >E
ACUTE1 GRAVE1 OR ( AN 9T]M$IATE T"O2 :
9QUIRY 2L;GS 9 DETAIL 6! WRIT]S ON MET]4
  ,A ,SYLLA# IS A NONSIGNIFICANT S.D1
-POS$ (A MUTE &A V[EL3 = ,,GR )\T ,A IS
A SYLLA#1 Z AL ) ,A- ,,GRA4 ,B !
9VE/IG,N ( ^! DI6];ES 2L;GS AL 6METRICAL
SCI;E4
  ,A ,3NECT+ ,^W IS A NONSIGNIFICANT
S.D1 : NEI CAUSES NOR H9D]S ! UNION ( _M
S.DS 96"O SIGNIFICANT S.D2 X MAY 2 PLAC$
AT EI 5D OR 9 ! MI4LE (A S5T;E4 ,OR1 A
NONSIGNIFICANT S.D1 : \ ( S"EAL S.DS1
EA* ( !M SIGNIFICANT1 IS CAPA# ( =M+ "O
SIGNIFICANT S.D- Z AMPHI1 P]I1 &! L4
,OR1 A NONSIGNIFICANT S.D1 : M>KS !
2G9N+1 5D1 OR DIVI.N (A S5T;E2 S*1 H["E1
T X _C CORRECTLY /& 0XF AT ! 2G9N+ (A
S5T;E- Z M51 ETOI1 DE4
  ,A ,N\N IS A -POSITE SIGNIFICANT S.D1
N M>K+ "T1 ( : NO "P IS 9 XF
SIGNIFICANT3 = 9 D\# OR -P.D ^WS WE D N
EMPLOY ! SEP>ATE "PS Z IF EA* 7 9 XF
SIGNIFICANT4 ,?US 9 ,!ODORUS1 ,8GOD-
GIV510' ! DORON OR ,8GIFT0' IS N 9 XF
SIGNIFICANT4
  ,A ,V]B IS A -POSITE SIGNIFICANT S.D1
M>K+ "T1 9 :1 Z 9 ! N\N1 NO "P IS 9 XF
SIGNIFICANT4 ,= ,8MAN0' OR ,8:ITE0' DOES
N EXPRESS ! IDEA ( ,8:50'2 B ,8HE
WALKS0' OR ,8HE HAS WALK$0' DOES 3NOTE
"T1 PRES5T OR PA/4
  ,9FLEC;N 2L;GS BO? 6! N\N & V]B1 &
EXPRESSES EI ! REL,N ,8(10' ,8TO10' OR !
L2 OR T ( NUMB]1 :E!R "O OR _M1 Z
,8MAN0' OR ,8M50'2 OR ! MODES OR T"OS 9
ACTUAL DELIV]Y1 E4G41 A "Q OR A -M&4
,8,DID HE G80' & ,8G0' >E V]BAL 9FLEC;NS
( ? K9D4
  ,A ,S5T;E OR ,PHRASE IS A -POSITE
SIGNIFICANT S.D1 "S AT L1/ ( ^: "PS >E 9
!MVS SIGNIFICANT2 = N E S* GR\P ( ^WS
3SI/S ( V]BS & N\NS--,8! DEF9I;N (
MAN10' = EXAMPLE- B X MAY 4P5SE EV5 )!
V]B4 ,/ X W ALW H "S SIGNIFICANT "P1 Z
,8IN WALK+10' OR ,8,CLEON SON (
,CLEON40' ,A S5T;E OR PHRASE MAY =M A
UN;Y 9 TWO WAYS- EI Z SIGNIFY+ "O ?+1 OR
Z 3SI/+ ( S"EAL "PS L9K$ TGR4 ,?US !
,ILIAD IS "O 0! L9K+ TGR ( "PS1 !
DEF9I;N ( MAN 0! UN;Y (! ?+ SIGNIFI$4

                 ,,XXI

  ,^WS >E ( TWO K9DS1 SIMPLE & D\#4
,0SIMPLE ,I M1N ^? -POS$ (
NONSIGNIFICANT ELE;TS1 S* Z GE1 ,8E>?40'
,0D\# OR -P.D1 ^? -POS$ EI (A
SIGNIFICANT & NONSIGNIFICANT ELE;T 7?\<
)9 ! :OLE ^W NO ELE;T IS SIGNIFICANT71
OR ( ELE;TS T >E BO? SIGNIFICANT4 ,A ^W
MAY LIKEWISE 2 TRIPLE1 QUADRUPLE1 OR
MULTIPLE 9 =M1 L S _M ,MASSILIAN
EXPRES.NS1 E4G41 ,8,H]MO-CAICO-XAN?US
,7:O PRAY$ 6,"F ,ZEUS7'40'
  ,E ^W IS EI CURR5T1 OR /RANGE1 OR
METAPHORICAL1 OR ORNA;TAL1 OR NEWLY-
CO9$1 OR L5G!N$1 OR 3TRACT$1 OR ALT]$4
  ,0A CURR5T OR PROP] ^W ,I M1N "O : IS
9 G5]AL USE AM;G A P2 0A /RANGE ^W1 "O :
IS 9 USE 9 ANO!R C.TRY4 ,PLA9LY1 "!=E1 !
SAME ^W MAY 2 AT ONCE /RANGE & CURR5T1 B
N 9 REL,N 6! SAME P4 ,! ^W SIGYNON1
,8L.E10' IS 6! ,CYPRIANS A CURR5T T]M B
6U A /RANGE "O4
  ,METAPHOR IS ! APPLIC,N ( AN ALI5 "N
0TRANSF];E EI F G5US 6SPECIES1 OR F
SPECIES 6G5US1 OR F SPECIES 6SPECIES1 OR
0ANALOGY1 T IS1 PROPOR;N4 ,?US F G5US
6SPECIES1 Z3 ,8,"! LIES MY %IP0'2 = LY+
AT AN*OR IS A SPECIES ( LY+4 ,F SPECIES
6G5US1 Z3 ,8,V]ILY T5 ?\S& NO# DE$S HA?
,ODYSSEUS WR"\0'2 = T5 ?\S& IS A SPECIES
( L>GE NUMB]1 & IS "H US$ =A L>GE NUMB]
G5],Y4 ,F SPECIES 6SPECIES1 Z3 ,8,)
BLADE ( BRONZE DREW AWAY ! LIFE10' &
,8,CLEFT ! WAT] )! VESSEL ( UNYIELD+
BRONZE40' ,"H >USAI1 ,86DRAW AWAY0' IS
US$ = TAME91 ,86CL1VE10' & TAME91 AG =
>USAI- EA* 2+ A SPECIES ( TAK+ AWAY4
,ANALOGY OR PROPOR;N IS :5 ! SECOND T]M
IS 6! F/ Z ! F\R? 6! ?IRD4 ,WE MAY !N
USE ! F\R? =! SECOND1 OR ! SECOND =!
F\R?4 ,"S"TS TOO WE QUALIFY ! METAPHOR
0A4+ ! T]M 6: ! PROP] ^W IS RELATIVE4
,?US ! CUP IS 6,DIONYSUS Z ! %IELD
6,>ES4 ,! CUP MAY1 "!=E1 2 CALL$ ,8!
%IELD ( ,DIONYSUS10' &! %IELD ,8! CUP (
,>ES40' ,OR1 AG1 Z OLD AGE IS 6LIFE1 S
IS EV5+ 6"D4 ,EV5+ MAY "!=E 2 CALL$1 ,8!
OLD AGE (! "D10' & OLD AGE1 ,8! EV5+ (
LIFE10' OR1 9 ! PHRASE ( ,EMP$OCLES1
,8LIFE'S SETT+ SUN40' ,= "S (! T]MS (!
PROPOR;N "! IS AT "TS NO ^W 9 EXI/;E2 /
! METAPHOR MAY 2 US$4 ,= 9/.E1 6SCATT]
SE$ IS CALL$ S[+3 B ! AC;N (! SUN 9
SCATT]+ 8 RAYS IS "N.S4 ,/ ? PROCESS
BE>S 6! SUN ! SAME REL,N Z S[+ 6! SE$4
,H;E ! EXPRES.N (! POET ,8S[+ ! GOD-
CR1T$ LI<T40' ,"! IS ANO!R WAY 9 : ? K9D
( METAPHOR MAY 2 EMPLOY$4 ,WE MAY APPLY
AN ALI5 T]M1 & !N D5Y ( T T]M "O ( XS
PROP] ATTRIBUTES2 Z IF WE 7 6CALL !
%IELD1 N ,8! CUP ( ,>ES10' B ,8! W9E.S
CUP0'4
  ,A NEWLY-CO9$ ^W IS "O : HAS N"E BE5
EV5 9 LOCAL USE1 B IS ADOPT$ 0! POET
HMF4 ,"S S* ^WS "! APPE> 6BE3 Z ]NYGES1
,8SPR\T]S10' = K]ATA1 ,8HORNS0'2 & >ET]1
,8SUPPLICATOR0'1 = HI]EUS1 ,8PRIE/40'
  ,A ^W IS L5G!N$ :5 XS [N V[EL IS
EX*ANG$ =A L;G] "O1 OR :5 A SYLLA# IS
9S]T$4 ,A ^W IS 3TRACT$ :5 "S "P ( X IS
REMOV$4 ,9/.ES ( L5G!N+ >E3 POLEOS =
POLEOS1 ,PELEIADEO = ,PELEID\2 (
3TRAC;N3 KRI1 D1 & OPS1 Z 9 MIA G9ETAI
AMPHOT]ON OPS1 ,8! APPE>.E ( BO? IS
"O40'
  ,AN ALT]$ ^W IS "O 9 : "P (! ORD9>Y =M
IS LEFT UN*ANG$1 & "P IS RECA/3 Z 9
DEXIT]ON KATA MAZON1 ,8ON ! "R BR1/10'
DEXIT]ON IS = DEXION4
  ,N\NS 9 !MVS >E EI MASCUL9E1 FEM99E1
OR NEUT]4 ,MASCUL9E >E S* Z 5D 9 ;,N1
;,R1 ;,S1 OR 9 "S LR -P.D$ ) ;,S- ^! 2+
TWO1 ,,PS & ,X4 ,FEM99E1 S* Z 5D 9 V[ELS
T >E ALW L;G1 "NLY ;,E & ,O1 &- ( V[ELS
T ADMIT ( L5G!N+- ^? 9 ,A4 ,?US ! NUMB]
( LRS 9 : N\NS MASCUL9E & FEM99E 5D IS !
SAME2 = ,,PS & ;,X >E EQUIVAL5T 65D+S 9
,S4 ,NO N\N 5DS 9 A MUTE OR A V[EL %ORT
0NATURE4 ,?REE ONLY 5D 9 ,I- MELI1
,8H"OY0'2 KOMMI1 ,8GUM0'2 PEP]I1
,8PEPP]0'2 FIVE 5D 9 ,U4 ,NEUT] N\NS 5D
9 ^! TWO LATT] V[ELS2 AL 9 ;,N & ,S4

                 ,,XXII

  ,! P]FEC;N ( /YLE IS 6BE CLE> )\T 2+
M1N4 ,! CLE>E/ /YLE IS T : USES ONLY
CURR5T OR PROP] ^WS2 AT ! SAME "T X IS
M1N- WIT;S ! POETRY ( ,CLEOPHON &(
,S!NELUS4 ,T DIC;N1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS L(TY
& RAIS$ ABV ! -MONPLACE : EMPLOYS
UNUSUAL ^WS4 ,0UNUSUAL1 ,I M1N /RANGE
7OR R>E7 ^WS1 METAPHORICAL1 L5G!N$-
ANY?+1 9 %ORT1 T DI6]S F ! NORMAL IDIOM4
,YET A /YLE :OLLY -POS$ ( S* ^WS IS EI A
RI4LE OR A J>GON2 A RI4LE1 IF X 3SI/S (
METAPHORS2 A J>GON1 IF X 3SI/S ( /RANGE
7OR R>E7 ^WS4 ,=! ESS;E (A RI4LE IS
6EXPRESS TRUE FACTS "U IMPOSSI# -B9,NS4
,N[ ? _C 2 D"O 0ANY >RANGE;T ( ORD9>Y
^WS1 B 0! USE ( METAPHOR X C4 ,S* IS !
RI4LE3 ',A MAN ,I SAW :O ON ANO!R MAN _H
GLU$ ! BRONZE 0AID ( FIRE10' & O!RS (!
SAME K9D4 ,A DIC;N T IS MADE UP ( /RANGE
7OR R>E7 T]MS IS A J>GON4 ,A C]TA9
9FU.N1 "!=E1 ( ^! ELE;TS IS NEC 6/YLE2 =
! /RANGE 7OR R>E7 ^W1 ! METAPHORICAL1 !
ORNA;TAL1 &! O!R K9DS ABV M5;N$1 W RAISE
X ABV ! -MONPLACE & M1N1 :ILE ! USE (
PROP] ^WS W MAKE X P]SPICU\S4 ,B NO?+
3TRIBUTES M 6PRODUCE A CL1N;S ( DIC;N T
IS REMOTE F -MON;S ?AN ! L5G!N+1
3TRAC;N1 & ALT],N ( ^WS4 ,= 0DEVIAT+ 9
EXCEP;NAL CASES F ! NORMAL IDIOM1 !
LANGUAGE W GA9 4T9C;N2 :ILE1 AT ! SAME
"T1 ! "PIAL 3=M;Y ) USAGE W GIVE
P]SPICU;Y4 ,! CRITICS1 "!=E1 >E 9 ]ROR
:O C5SURE ^! LIC5SES ( SPEE*1 & HOLD !
AU?OR UP 6RIDICULE4 ,?US ,EUCLEIDES1 !
ELD]1 DCLD T X WD 2 AN EASY MATT] 6BE A
POET IF Y MI<T L5G!N SYLLA#S AT W4 ,HE
C>ICATUR$ ! PRACTICE 9 ! V =M ( 8 DIC;N1
Z 9 ! V]SE3

,EPI*>5 EIDON ,M>A?ONADE BADIZONTA1
,I SAW ,EPI*>ES WALK+ 6,M>A?ON1
OR1
\K AN G'ERAM5OS TON EKE9\ ELLEBORON4
,N IF Y DESIRE 8 HELLEBORE4

  ,6EMPLOY S* LIC5SE AT ALL OBTRUSIVELY
IS1 NO D\BT1 GROTESQUE2 B 9 ANY MODE (
POETIC DIC;N "! M/ 2 MOD],N4 ,EV5
METAPHORS1 /RANGE 7OR R>E7 ^WS1 OR ANY
SIMIL> =MS ( SPEE*1 WD PRODUCE ! L E6ECT
IF US$ )\T PROPRIETY &)! EXPRESS PURPOSE
( 2+ LUDICR\S4 ,H[ GRT A DI6];E IS MADE
0! APPROPRIATE USE ( L5G!N+1 MAY 2 SE5 9
,EPIC POETRY 0! 9S];N ( ORD9>Y =MS 9 !
V]SE4 ,S1 AG1 IF WE TAKE A /RANGE 7OR
R>E7 ^W1 A METAPHOR1 OR ANY SIMIL> MODE
( EXPRES.N1 & REPLACE X 0! CURR5T OR
PROP] T]M1 ! TRU? ( \R OBS]V,N W 2
MANIFE/4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,AES*YLUS &
,EURIPIDES EA* -POS$ ! SAME IAMBIC L9E4
,B ! ALT],N (A S+LE ^W 0,EURIPIDES1 :O
EMPLOY$ ! R>] T]M 9/1D (! ORD9>Y "O1
MAKES "O V]SE APPE> B1UTI;L &! O!R
TRIVIAL4 ,AES*YLUS 9 8 ,PHILOCTETES
SAYS3
  PHAG$A9A D'HE M\ S>KAS ES?IEI PODOS4
  ,! TUMOR : IS EAT+ ! FLE% ( MY FOOT4
  ,EURIPIDES SUB/ITUTES ?O9ATAI1 ,8F1/S
ON10' = ES?IEI1 ,8FE$S ON40' ,AG1 9 !
L9E1

NUN DE M'EON OLIGOS TE KAI \TIDANOS KAI
  AEIKES1
,YET A SMALL MAN1 WOR?.S & UNSEEMLY1
! DI6];E W 2 FELT IF WE SUB/ITUTE ! -MON
  ^WS1
NUN DE M'EON MIKROS TE KAI AS!NIKOS KAI
  AEIDES4
,YET A LL FELL[1 W1K & UGLY4

  ,OR1 IF =! L9E1
  DIPHRON AEIKELION KATA!IS OLIG5 TE
TRAPEZAN1 ,SETT+ AN UNSEEMLY C\* &A M1G]
TA#1
  WE R1D1
  DIPHRON MO*!RON KATA!IS MIKRAN TE
TRAPEZAN4 ,SETT+ A WRET*$ C\* &A PUNY
TA#4
  ,OR1 = EIONES BOOOS91 ,8! SEA %ORES
RO>10' EIONES KRAZ\S91 ,8! SEA %ORES
SCREE*40'
  ,AG1 ,>IPHRADES RIDICUL$ ! TRAG$IANS =
US+ PHRASES : NO "O WD EMPLOY 9 ORD9>Y
SPEE*3 = EXAMPLE1 DOMATON APO1 ,8F !
H\SE AWAY10' 9/1D ( APO DOMATON1 ,8AWAY
F ! H\SE20' SE!N1 EGO DE N91 ,86!E1 & ,I
6HM20' ,A*ILLEOS P]I1 ,8,A*ILLES AB10'
9/1D ( P]I ,A*ILLEOS1 ,8AB ,A*ILLES20' &
! L4 ,X IS PRECISELY 2C S* PHRASES >E N
"P (! CURR5T IDIOM T !Y GIVE 4T9C;N 6!
/YLE4 ,?1 H["E1 HE FAIL$ 6SEE4
  ,X IS A GRT MATT] 6OBS]VE PROPRIETY 9
^! S"EAL MODES ( EXPRES.N1 Z AL 9 -P.D
^WS1 /RANGE 7OR R>E7 ^WS1 & S =?4 ,B !
GRTE/ ?+ 0F> IS 6H A -M& ( METAPHOR4 ,?
AL"O _C 2 IM"P$ 0ANO!R2 X IS ! M>K (
G5IUS1 = 6MAKE GD METAPHORS IMPLIES AN
EYE = RESEMBL.ES4
  ,(! V>I\S K9DS ( ^WS1 ! -P.D >E BE/
ADAPT$ 6DI?YRAMBS1 R>E ^WS 6H]OIC
POETRY1 METAPHORS 6IAMBIC4 ,9 H]OIC
POETRY1 9DE$1 ALL ^! V>IETIES >E
S]VICEA#4 ,B 9 IAMBIC V]SE1 :
REPRODUCES1 Z F> Z MAY BE1 FAMILI>
SPEE*1 ! MO/ APPROPRIATE ^WS >E ^? : >E
F.D EV5 9 PROSE4 ,^! >E ! CURR5T OR
PROP]1 ! METAPHORICAL1 ! ORNA;TAL4
  ,3C]N+ ,TRAG$Y & IMIT,N 0M1NS ( AC;N ?
MAY SU6ICE4

                ,,XXIII

  ,Z 6T POETIC IMIT,N : IS N>RATIVE 9 =M
& EMPLOYS A S+LE MET]1 ! PLOT MANIFE/LY
"\1 Z 9 A TRAG$Y1 6BE 3/RUCT$ ON
DRAMATIC PR9CIPLES4 ,X %D H = XS SUBJECT
A S+LE AC;N1 :OLE & -PLETE1 )A 2G9N+1 A
MI4LE1 & AN 5D4 ,X W ?US RESEM# A LIV+
ORGANISM 9 ALL XS UN;Y1 & PRODUCE !
PL1SURE PROP] 6X4 ,X W DI6] 9 /RUCTURE F
HI/ORICAL -POSI;NS1 : ( NECESS;Y PRES5T
N A S+LE AC;N1 B A S+LE P]IOD1 & ALL T
HAPP5$ )9 T P]IOD 6"O P]SON OR 6_M1 LL
3NECT$ TGR Z ! EV5TS MAY BE4 ,= Z ! SEA-
FI<T AT ,SALAMIS &! BATTLE )!
,C>?AG9IANS 9 ,SICILY TOOK PLACE AT !
SAME "T1 B DID N T5D 6ANY "O RESULT1 S 9
! SEQU;E ( EV5TS1 "O ?+ "S"TS FOLL[S
ANO!R1 & YET NO S+LE RESULT IS "!BY
PRODUC$4 ,S* IS ! PRACTICE1 WE MAY SAY1
( MO/ POETS4 ,"H AG1 !N1 Z HAS BE5 ALR
OBS]V$1 ! TRANSC5D5T EXCELL;E ( ,HOM] IS
MANIFE/4 ,HE N"E ATTEMPTS 6MAKE ! :OLE
W> ( ,TROY ! SUBJECT ( 8 POEM1 ?\< T W>
_H A 2G9N+ & AN 5D4 ,X WD H BE5 TOO VA/
A !ME1 & N EASILY EMBRAC$ 9 A S+LE VIEW4
,IF1 AG1 HE _H KEPT X )9 MOD]ATE LIMITS1
X M/ H BE5 OV]-COMPLICAT$ 0! V>IETY (!
9CID5TS4 ,Z X IS1 HE DETA*ES A S+LE
POR;N1 & ADMITS Z EPISODES _M EV5TS F !
G5]AL /ORY (! W>- S* Z ! ,CATALOGUE (!
%IPS & O!RS- ?US DIV]SIFY+ ! POEM4 ,ALL
O!R POETS TAKE A S+LE H]O1 A S+LE P]IOD1
OR AN AC;N S+LE 9DE$1 B )A MULTIPLIC;Y (
"PS4 ,?US DID ! AU?OR (! ,CYPRIA &(! ,LL
,ILIAD4 ,= ? R1SON ! ,ILIAD &! ,ODYSSEY
EA* FURNI% ! SUBJECT ( "O TRAG$Y1 OR1 AT
MO/1 ( TWO2 :ILE ! ,CYPRIA SUPPLIES
MAT]IALS = _M1 &! ,LL ,ILIAD = EI<T- !
,AW>D (! ,>MS1 ! ,PHILOCTETES1 !
,NEOPTOLEMUS1 ! ,EURYPYLUS1 ! ,M5DICANT
,ODYSSEUS1 ! ,LACONIAN ,WOM51 ! ,FALL (
,ILIUM1 ! ,DE"PURE (! ,FLEET4


                 ,,XXIV

  ,AG1 ,EPIC POETRY M/ H Z _M K9DS Z
,TRAG$Y3 X M/ 2 SIMPLE1 OR -PLEX1 OR
,8E?ICAL1'OR ,8PA!TIC40' ,! "PS AL1 )!
EXCEP;N ( S;G & SPECTACLE1 >E ! SAME2 =
X REQUIRES ,REV]SALS (! ,SITU,N1
,RECOGNI;NS1 & ,SC5ES ( ,SU6]+4
,MOREOV]1 ! ?"\S &! DIC;N M/ 2 >TI/IC4
,9 ALL ^! RESPECTS ,HOM] IS \R E>LIE/ &
SU6ICI5T MODEL4 ,9DE$ EA* ( 8 POEMS HAS
A TWOFOLD "*4 ,! ,ILIAD IS AT ONCE
SIMPLE & ,8PA!TIC10' &! ,ODYSSEY -PLEX
7= ,RECOGNI;N SC5ES RUN "? X71 & AT !
SAME "T ,8E?ICAL40' ,MOREOV]1 9 DIC;N &
?"\ !Y >E SUPREME4
  ,EPIC POETRY DI6]S F ,TRAG$Y 9 ! SCALE
ON : X IS 3/RUCT$1 & 9 XS MET]4 ,Z
REG>DS SCALE OR L5G?1 WE H ALR LAID D[N
AN ADEQUATE LIMIT3 ! 2G9N+ &! 5D M/ 2
CAPA# ( 2+ BR"\ )9 A S+LE VIEW4 ,? 3DI;N
W 2 SATISFI$ 0POEMS ON A SMALL] SCALE
?AN ! OLD EPICS1 & ANSW]+ 9 L5G? 6! GR\P
( TRAG$IES PRES5T$ AT A S+LE SITT+4
  ,EPIC POETRY HAS1 H["E1 A GRT- A
SPECIAL- CAPAC;Y = 5L>G+ XS DIM5.NS1 &
WE C SEE ! R1SON4 ,9 ,TRAG$Y WE _C
IMITATE S"EAL L9ES ( AC;NS C>RI$ ON AT
"O &! SAME "T2 WE M/ 3F9E \RVS 6! AC;N
ON ! /AGE &! "P TAK5 0! PLAY]S4 ,B 9
,EPIC POETRY1 [+ 6! N>RATIVE =M1 _M
EV5TS SIMULTANE\SLY TRANSACT$ C 2
PRES5T$2 & ^!1 IF RELEVANT 6! SUBJECT1
ADD MASS & DIGN;Y 6! POEM4 ,! ,EPIC HAS
"H AN ADVANTAGE1 & "O T 3DUCES 6GR&EUR (
E6ECT1 6DIV]T+ ! M9D (! HE>]1 & RELIEV+
! /ORY ) V>Y+ EPISODES4 ,= SAME;S (
9CID5T SOON PRODUCES SATIETY1 & MAKES
TRAG$IES FAIL ON ! /AGE4
  ,Z =! MET]1 ! H]OIC M1SURE HAS PROV$
XS FIT;S 0HEXAMET] TE/ ( EXP]I;E4 ,IF A
N>RATIVE POEM 9 ANY O!R MET] OR 9 _M
MET]S 7 N[ -POS$1 X WD 2 F.D 9CONGRU\S4
,=( ALL M1SURES ! H]OIC IS ! /ATELIE/ &!
MO/ MASSIVE2 & H;E X MO/ R1DILY ADMITS
R>E ^WS & METAPHORS1 : IS ANO!R PO9T 9 :
! N>RATIVE =M ( IMIT,N /&S AL"O4 ,ON !
O!R H&1 ! IAMBIC &! TRO*AIC TETRAMET] >E
/IRR+ M1SURES1 ! LATT] 2+ AK9 6DANC+1 !
=M] EXPRESSIVE ( AC;N4 ,/ M ABSURD WD X
2 6MIX TGR DI6]5T MET]S1 Z 0 D"O
0,*AEREMON4 ,H;E NO "O HAS "E -POS$ A
POEM ON A GRT SCALE 9 ANY O!R ?AN H]OIC
V]SE4 ,NATURE H]F1 Z WE H SD1 T1*ES !
*OICE (! PROP] M1SURE4
  ,HOM]1 ADMIRA# 9 ALL RESPECTS1 HAS !
SPECIAL M]IT ( 2+ ! ONLY POET :O "RLY
APPRECIATES ! "P HE %D TAKE HMF4 ,! POET
%D SP1K Z LL Z POSSI# 9 8 [N P]SON1 = X
IS N ? T MAKES HM AN IMITATOR4 ,O!R
POETS APPE> !MVS ^U ! SC5E "?\T1 &
IMITATE B LL & R>ELY4 ,HOM]1 AF A FEW
PREFATORY ^WS1 AT ONCE BR+S 9 A MAN1 OR
WOMAN1 OR O!R P]SONAGE2 N"O ( !M WANT+ 9
"*I/IC QUALITIES1 B EA* )A "* ( 8 [N4
  ,! ELE;T (! WOND];L IS REQUIR$ 9
,TRAG$Y4 ,! IRR,NAL1 ON : ! WOND];L
DEP5DS = XS *IEF E6ECTS1 HAS WID] SCOPE
9 ,EPIC POETRY1 2C "! ! P]SON ACT+ IS N
SE54 ,?US1 ! PURSUIT ( ,HECTOR WD 2
LUDICR\S IF PLAC$ ^U ! /AGE- ! ,GREEKS
/&+ / & N JO9+ 9 ! PURSUIT1 & ,A*ILLES
WAV+ !M BACK4 ,B 9 ! ,EPIC POEM !
ABSURD;Y PASSES UNNOTIC$4 ,N[ ! WOND];L
IS PL1S+1 Z MAY 2 9F]R$ F ! FACT T E "O
TELLS A /ORY ) "S A4I;N ( 8 "K+ T 8
HE>]S L X4 ,X IS ,HOM] :O HAS *IEFLY
TAU<T O!R POETS ! >T ( TELL+ LIES
SKIL;LLY4 ,! SECRET ( X LIES 9 A FALLACY
,=1 ASSUM+ T IF "O ?+ IS OR 2COMES1 A
SECOND IS OR 2COMES1 M5 IMAG9E T1 IF !
SECOND IS1 ! F/ LIKEWISE IS OR 2COMES4
,B ? IS A FALSE 9F];E4 ,H;E1 ": ! F/ ?+
IS UNTRUE1 X IS Q UNNEC1 PROVID$ !
SECOND 2 TRUE1 6ADD T ! F/ IS OR HAS
2COME4 ,=! M9D1 "K+ ! SECOND 6BE TRUE1
FALSELY 9F]S ! TRU? (! F/4 ,"! IS AN
EXAMPLE ( ? 9 ! ,BA? ,SC5E (! ,ODYSSEY4
  ,ACLY1 ! POET %D PREF] PROBA#
IMPOSSIBILITIES 6IMPROBA# POSSIBILITIES4
,! TRAGIC PLOT M/ N 2 -POS$ ( IRR,NAL
"PS4 ,"EY?+ IRR,NAL %D1 IF POSSI#1 2
EXCLUD$2 OR1 AT ALL EV5TS1 X %D LIE
\TSIDE ! AC;N (! PLAY 7Z1 9 ! ,OEDIPUS1
! H]O'S IGNOR.E Z 6! MANN] ( ,LAIUS'
D1?72 N )9 ! DRAMA- Z 9 ! ,ELECTRA1 !
MESS5G]'S A3.T (! ,PY?IAN GAMES2 OR1 Z 9
! ,MYSIANS1 ! MAN :O HAS -E F ,TEGEA
6,MYSIA & IS / SPEE*.S4 ,! PLEA T
O!RWISE ! PLOT WD H BE5 RU9$1 IS
RIDICUL\S2 S* A PLOT %D N 9 ! F/ 9/.E 2
3/RUCT$4 ,B ONCE ! IRR,NAL HAS BE5
9TRODUC$ & AN AIR ( LIKELIHOOD IM"P$ 6X1
WE M/ A3EPT X 9 SPITE (! ABSURD;Y4 ,TAKE
EV5 ! IRR,NAL 9CID5TS 9 ! ,ODYSSEY1 ":
,ODYSSEUS IS LEFT ^U ! %ORE ( ,I?ACA4
,H[ 9TOL]A# EV5 ^! MI<T H BE5 WD 2
APP>5T IF AN 9F]IOR POET 7 6TR1T !
SUBJECT4 ,Z X IS1 ! ABSURD;Y IS VEIL$ 0!
POETIC *>M ) : ! POET 9VE/S X4
  ,! DIC;N %D 2 ELABORAT$ 9 ! PAUSES (!
AC;N1 ": "! IS NO EXPRES.N ( "* OR ?"\4
,=1 3V]SELY1 "* & ?"\ >E M]ELY OBSCUR$
0A DIC;N T IS OV]-BRILLIANT

                 ,,XXV

  ,) RESPECT 6CRITICAL DI6ICULTIES & _!
SOLU;NS1 ! NUMB] & NATURE (! S\RCES F :
!Y MAY 2 DRAWN MAY 2 ?US EXHIBIT$4
  ,! POET 2+ AN IMITATOR1 L A PA9T] OR
ANY O!R >TI/1 M/ ( NECESS;Y IMITATE "O (
?REE OBJECTS- ?+S Z !Y 7 OR >E1 ?+S Z !Y
>E SD OR ?"\ 6BE1 OR ?+S Z !Y "\ 6BE4 ,!
VEHICLE ( EXPRES.N IS LANGUAGE- EI
CURR5T T]MS OR1 X MAY BE1 R>E ^WS OR
METAPHORS4 ,"! >E AL _M MODIFIC,NS (
LANGUAGE1 : WE 3C$E 6! POETS4 ,ADD 6?1 T
! /&>D ( CORRECT;S IS N ! SAME 9 POETRY
& POLITICS1 ANY M ?AN 9 POETRY & ANY O!R
>T4 ,)9 ! >T ( POETRY XF "! >E TWO K9DS
( FAULTS- ^? : T\* XS ESS;E1 & ^? : >E
A3ID5TAL4 ,IF A POET HAS *OS5 6IMITATE
"S?+1 ,7B HAS IMITAT$ X 9CORRECTLY7' "?
WANT ( CAPAC;Y1 ! ]ROR IS 9H]5T 9 !
POETRY4 ,B IF ! FAILURE IS DUE 6A WR;G
*OICE- IF HE HAS REPRES5T$ A HORSE Z
?R[+ \ BO? 8 (F LEGS AT ONCE1 OR
9TRODUC$ TE*NICAL 9A3URACIES 9 M$IC9E1 =
EXAMPLE1 OR 9 ANY O!R >T- ! ]ROR IS N
ESS5TIAL 6! POETRY4 ,^! >E ! PO9TS (
VIEW F : WE %D 3SID] & ANSW] ! OBJEC;NS
RAIS$ 0! CRITICS4
  ,F/ Z 6MATT]S : 3C]N ! POET'S [N >T4
,IF HE DESCRIBES ! IMPOSSI#1 HE IS
GUILTY ( AN ]ROR2 B ! ]ROR MAY 2
JU/IFI$1 IF ! 5D (! >T 2 "!BY ATTA9$ 7!
5D 2+ T ALR M5;N$7- IF1 T IS1 ! E6ECT (
? OR ANY O!R "P (! POEM IS ?US R5D]$ M
/RIK+4 ,A CASE 9 PO9T IS ! PURSUIT (
,HECTOR4 IF1 H["E1 ! 5D MI<T H BE5 Z
WELL1 OR BETT]1 ATTA9$ )\T VIOLAT+ !
SPECIAL RULES (! POETIC >T1 ! ]ROR IS N
JU/IFI$3 = E K9D ( ]ROR %D1 IF POSSI#1 2
AVOID$4
  ,AG1 DOES ! ]ROR T\* ! ESS5TIALS (!
POETIC >T1 OR "S A3ID5T ( X8 ,= EXAMPLE1
N 6"K T A H9D HAS NO HORNS IS A LESS
S]I\S MATT] ?AN 6PA9T X 9>TI/IC,Y4
  ,FUR!R1 IF X 2 OBJECT$ T ! DESCRIP;N
IS N TRUE 6FACT1 ! POET MAY P]H REPLY1
,8,B ! OBJECTS >E Z !Y "\ 6BE0'2 J Z
,SOPHOCLES SD T HE DREW M5 Z !Y "\ 6BE2
,EURIPIDES1 Z !Y >E4 ,9 ? WAY ! OBJEC;N
MAY 2 MET4 ,IF1 H["E1 ! REPRES5T,N 2 (
NEI K9D1 ! POET MAY ANSW]1 ,8,? IS H[ M5
SAY ! ?+ IS40' APPLIES 6TALES AB ! GODS4
,X MAY WELL 2 T ^! /ORIES >E N HI<] ?AN
FACT NOR YET TRUE 6FACT3 !Y >E1 V
POSSIBLY1 :AT ,X5OPHANES SAYS ( !M4 ,B
ANYH[1 ,8? IS :AT IS SD40' ,AG1 A
DESCRIP;N MAY 2 NO BETT] ?AN ! FACT3
,8,/1 X 0 ! FACT0'2 Z 9 ! PASSAGE AB !
>MS3 ,8,UP"R ^U _! BUTT-5DS /OOD !
SPE>S40' ,? 0 ! CU/OM !N1 Z X N[ IS AM;G
! ,ILLYRIANS4
  ,AG1 9 EXAM9+ :E!R :AT HAS BE5 SD OR
D"O 0"S "O IS POETIC,Y "R OR N1 WE M/ N
LOOK M]ELY 6! "PICUL> ACT OR SAY+1 & ASK
:E!R X IS POETIC,Y GD OR BAD4 ,WE M/ AL
3SID] 0:OM X IS SD OR D"O1 6:OM1 :51
0:AT M1NS1 OR = :AT 5D2 :E!R1 = 9/.E1 X
2 6SECURE A GRT] GD1 OR AV]T A GRT]
EVIL4
  ,O!R DI6ICULTIES MAY 2 RESOLV$ 0DUE
REG>D 6! USAGE ( LANGUAGE4 ,WE MAY NOTE
A R>E ^W1 Z 9 \R1S M5 PROTON1 ,8! MULES
F/ ,7HE KILL$7'10' ": ! POET P]H EMPLOYS
\R1S N 9 ! S5SE ( MULES1 B ( S5T9ELS4
,S1 AG1 ( ,DOLON3 ,8ILL-FAVOR$ 9DE$ HE 0
6LOOK ^U40' ,X IS N M1NT T 8 BODY 0 ILL-
%AP$ B T 8 FACE 0 UGLY2 =! ,CRETANS USE
! ^W EUEIDES1 ,8WELL-FLAVOR$0' 6DENOTE A
FAIR FACE4 ,AG1 ZOROT]ON DE K]AIE1 ,8MIX
! DR9K LIVELI]0' DOES N M1N ,8MIX X
/R;G]0' Z = H>D DR9K]S1 B ,8MIX X QK]40'
  ,"S"TS AN EXPRES.N IS METAPHORICAL1 Z
,8,N[ ALL GODS & M5 7 SLEEP+ "? !
NI<T10' :ILE AT ! SAME "T ! POET SAYS3
,8,(T5 9DE$ Z HE TURN$ 8 GAZE 6! ,TROJAN
PLA91 HE M>VEL$ AT ! S.D ( FLUTES &
PIPES40' ,8,ALL0' IS "H US$ METAPHORIC,Y
= ,8_M10' ALL 2+ A SPECIES ( _M4 ,S 9 !
V]SE1 ,8AL"O %E HA? NO "P ''' @1 OIE1
,8AL"O0' IS METAPHORICAL2 =! BE/ "KN MAY
2 CALL$ ! ONLY "O4
  ,AG1 ! SOLU;N MAY DEP5D ^U A35T OR
BR1?+4 ,?US ,HIPPIAS ( ,?ASOS SOLV$ !
DI6ICULTIES 9 ! L9ES1 DIDOM5 7DIDOM57 DE
HOI1 & 6M5 H\ 7OU7 KATAPU!TAI OMBRO4
  ,OR AG1 ! "Q MAY 2 SOLV$ 0PUNCTU,N1 Z
9 ,EMP$OCLES3 ,8,(A SU45 ?+S 2CAME
MORTAL T 2F _H LE>NT 6BE IMMORTAL1 & ?+S
UNMIX$ 2F MIX$40'
  ,OR AG1 0AMBIGU;Y ( M1N+1 Z P>O*EK5 DE
PLEO NUX1 ": ! ^W PLEO IS AMBIGU\S4
  ,OR 0! USAGE ( LANGUAGE4 ,?US ANY MIX$
DR9K IS CALL$ O9OS1 ,8W9E0'4 ,H;E
,GANYM$E IS SD ,86P\R ! W9E 6,ZEUS10'
?\< ! GODS D N DR9K W9E4 ,S TOO "W]S 9
IRON >E CALL$ *ALK1S1 OR ,8"W]S 9
BRONZE40' ,?1 H["E1 MAY AL 2 TAK5 Z A
METAPHOR4
  ,AG1 :5 A ^W SEEMS 69VOLVE "S
9CONSI/5CY ( M1N+1 WE %D 3SID] H[ _M
S5SES X MAY BE> 9 ! "PICUL> PASSAGE4 ,=
EXAMPLE3 ,8"! 0 /AY$ ! SPE> ( BRONZE0'-
WE %D ASK 9 H[ _M WAYS WE MAY TAKE ,82+
*ECK$ "!40' ,! TRUE MODE ( 9T]PRET,N IS
! PRECISE OPPOSITE ( :AT ,GLAUCON M5;NS4
,CRITICS1 HE SAYS1 JUMP AT C]TA9 GR.D.S
3CLU.NS2 !Y PASS ADV]SE JUDGE;T & !N
PROCE$ 6R1SON ON X2 &1 ASSUM+ T ! POET
HAS SD :AT"E !Y HAPP5 6?9K1 F9D FAULT IF
A ?+ IS 9CONSI/5T ) _! [N FANCY4
  ,! "Q AB ,IC>IUS HAS BE5 TR1T$ 9 ?
FA%ION4 ,! CRITICS IMAG9E HE 0 A
,LAC$AEMONIAN4 ,!Y ?9K X /RANGE1 "!=E1 T
,TELEMA*US %D N H MET HM :5 HE W5T
6,LAC$AEMON4 ,B ! ,CEPHALL5IAN /ORY MAY
P]H 2 ! TRUE "O4 ,!Y ALLEGE T ,ODYSSEUS
TOOK A WIFE F AM;G !MVS1 & T H] "F 0
,ICADIUS1 N ,IC>IUS4 ,X IS M]ELY A
MISTAKE1 !N1 T GIVES PLAUSIBIL;Y 6!
OBJEC;N4
  ,9 G5]AL1 ! IMPOSSI# M/ 2 JU/IFI$
0REF];E 6>TI/IC REQUIRE;TS1 OR 6! HI<]
R1L;Y1 OR 6RCVD OP9ION4 ,) RESPECT 6!
REQUIRE;TS ( >T1 A PROBA# IMPOSSIBIL;Y
IS 6BE PREF]R$ 6A ?+ IMPROBA# & YET
POSSI#4 ,AG1 X MAY 2 IMPOSSI# T "! %D 2
M5 S* Z ,ZEUXIS PA9T$4 ,8,YES10' WE SAY1
,8B ! IMPOSSI# IS ! HI<] ?+2 =! ID1L
TYPE M/ SURPASS ! R1LTY40' ,6JU/IFY !
IRR,NAL1 WE APP1L 6:AT IS -MONLY SD 6BE4
,9 A4I;N 6:1 WE URGE T ! IRR,NAL "S"TS
DOES N VIOLATE R1SON2 J Z ,8X IS PROBA#
T A ?+ MAY HAPP5 3TR>Y 6PROBABIL;Y40'
  ,?+S T S.D 3TRADICTORY %D 2 EXAM9$ 0!
SAME RULES Z 9 DIALECTICAL REFUT,N- :E!R
! SAME ?+ IS M1NT1 9 ! SAME REL,N1 & 9 !
SAME S5SE4 ,WE %D "!=E SOLVE ! "Q
0REF];E 6:AT ! POET SAYS HMF1 OR 6:AT IS
TACITLY ASSUM$ 0A P]SON ( 9TELLIG;E4
  ,! ELE;T (! IRR,NAL1 &1 SIMIL>LY1
DEPRAV;Y ( "*1 >E JU/LY C5SUR$ :5 "! IS
NO 9N] NECESS;Y = 9TRODUC+ !M4 ,S* IS !
IRR,NAL ELE;T 9 ! 9TRODUC;N ( ,AEGEUS
0,EURIPIDES &! BAD;S ( ,M5ELAUS 9 !
,ORE/ES4
  ,?US1 "! >E FIVE S\RCES F : CRITICAL
OBJEC;NS >E DRAWN4 ,?+S >E C5SUR$ EI Z
IMPOSSI#1 OR IRR,NAL1 OR MOR,Y HURT;L1
OR 3TRADICTORY1 OR 3TR>Y 6>TI/IC
CORRECT;S4 ,! ANSW]S %D 2 S"\ "U !
TWELVE H1DS ABV M5;N$4

                 ,,XXVI

  ,! "Q MAY 2 RAIS$ :E!R ! ,EPIC OR
,TRAGIC MODE ( IMIT,N IS ! HI<]4 ,IF ! M
REF9$ >T IS ! HI<]1 &! M REF9$ 9 E CASE
IS T : APP1LS 6! BETT] SORT ( AUDI;E1 !
>T : IMITATES ANY?+ & "EY?+ IS MANIFE/LY
MO/ UNREF9$4 ,! AUDI;E IS SUPPOS$ 6BE
TOO DULL 6-PREH5D UN.S "S?+ ( _! [N IS
?R[N 0! P]=M]S1 :O "!=E 9DULGE 9 RE/.S
MOVE;TS4 ,BAD FLUTE-PLAY]S TWI/ & TWIRL1
IF !Y H 6REPRES5T ,8! QUOIT-?R[10' OR
HU/LE ! CORYPHAEUS :5 !Y P]=M ! ,SCYLLA4
,TRAG$Y1 X IS SD1 HAS ? SAME DEFECT4 ,WE
MAY -P>E ! OP9ION T ! OLD] ACTORS
5T]TA9$ ( _! SU3ESSORS4 ,MYNNISCUS US$
6CALL ,CALLIPPIDES ,8APE0' ON A3.T (!
EXTRAVAG.E ( 8 AC;N1 &! SAME VIEW 0 HELD
( ,P9D>US4 ,TRAGIC >T1 !N1 Z A :OLE1 /&S
6,EPIC 9 ! SAME REL,N Z ! "Y] 6! ELD]
ACTORS4 ,S WE >E TOLD T ,EPIC POETRY IS
A4RESS$ 6A CULTIVAT$ AUDI;E1 :O D N NE$
GE/URE2 ,TRAG$Y1 6AN 9F]IOR PUBLIC4 ,2+
!N UNREF9$1 X IS EVID5TLY ! L[] (! TWO4
  ,N[1 9 ! F/ PLACE1 ? C5SURE ATTA*ES N
6! POETIC B 6! HI/RIONIC >T2 = GE/ICUL,N
MAY 2 EQU,Y OV]D"O 9 EPIC RECIT,N1 Z
0,SOSI/RATUS1 OR 9 LYRICAL -PETI;N1 Z
0,MNASI!US ! ,OPUNTIAN4 ,NEXT1 ALL AC;N
IS N 6BE 3DEMN$- ANY M ?AN ALL DANC+- B
ONLY T ( BAD P]=M]S4 ,S* 0 ! FAULT F.D 9
,CALLIPPIDES1 Z AL 9 O!RS ( \R [N "D1 :O
>E C5SUR$ = REPRES5T+ DEGRAD$ WOM54 ,AG1
,TRAG$Y L ,EPIC POETRY PRODUCES XS E6ECT
EV5 )\T AC;N2 X REV1LS XS P[] 0M]E R1D+4
,IF1 !N1 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS X IS
SUP]IOR1 ? FAULT1 WE SAY1 IS N 9H]5T 9
X4
  ,& SUP]IOR X IS1 2C X HAS AN ! EPIC
ELE;TS- X MAY EV5 USE ! EPIC MET]- )!
MUSIC & SPECTACUL> E6ECTS Z IMPORTANT
A3ESSORIES2 & ^! PRODUCE ! MO/ VIVID (
PL1SURES4 ,FUR!R1 X HAS VIVID;S (
IMPRES.N 9 R1D+ Z WELL Z 9 REPRES5T,N4
,MOREOV]1 ! >T ATTA9S XS 5D )9 N>R[]
LIMITS =! 3C5TRAT$ E6ECT IS M PL1SURA#
?AN "O : IS SPR1D OV] A L;G "T & S
DILUT$4 ,:AT1 = EXAMPLE1 WD 2 ! E6ECT (!
,OEDIPUS ( ,SOPHOCLES1 IF X 7 CA/ 96A =M
Z L;G Z ! ,ILIAD8 ,ONCE M1 ! ,EPIC
IMIT,N HAS LESS UN;Y2 Z IS %[N 0?1 T ANY
,EPIC POEM W FURNI% SUBJECTS = S"EAL
TRAG$IES4 ,?US IF ! /ORY ADOPT$ 0! POET
HAS A /RICT UN;Y1 X M/ EI 2 3CISELY TOLD
& APPE> TRUNCAT$2 OR1 IF X 3=MS 6! ,EPIC
CANON ( L5G?1 X M/ SEEM W1K & WAT]Y4
,7,S* L5G? IMPLIES "S LOSS ( UN;Y17' IF1
,I M1N1 ! POEM IS 3/RUCT$ \ ( S"EAL
AC;NS1 L ! ,ILIAD &! ,ODYSSEY1 : H _M S*
"PS1 EA* )A C]TA9 MAGNITUDE ( XS [N4
,YET ^! POEMS >E Z P]FECT Z POSSI# 9
/RUCTURE2 EA* IS1 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE
ATTA9A#1 AN IMIT,N (A S+LE AC;N4
  ,IF1 !N1 TRAG$Y IS SUP]IOR 6EPIC
POETRY 9 ALL ^! RESPECTS1 &1 MOREOV]1
FULFILLS XS SPECIFIC FUNC;N BETT] Z AN
>T- = EA* >T "\ 6PRODUCE1 N ANY *.E
PL1SURE1 B ! PL1SURE PROP] 6X1 Z ALR
/AT$- X PLA9LY FOLL[S T TRAG$Y IS ! HI<]
>T1 Z ATTA9+ XS 5D M P]FECTLY4
  ,?US M* MAY SU6ICE 3C]N+ ,TRAGIC &
,EPIC POETRY 9 G5]AL2 _! S"EAL K9DS &
"PS1 )! NUMB] ( EA* & _! DI6];ES2 !
CAUSES T MAKE A POEM GD OR BAD2 !
OBJEC;NS (! CRITICS &! ANSW]S 6^!
OBJEC;NS '''4