,BOOK ,,VII
                   #A

  ,"EY?+ T IS 9 MO;N M/ 2 MOV$ 0"S?+4 ,=
IF X HAS N ! S\RCE ( XS MO;N 9 XF X IS
EVID5T T X IS MOV$ 0"S?+ O!R ?AN XF1 =
"! M/ 2 "S?+ ELSE T MOVES X4 ,IF ON !
O!R H& X HAS ! S\RCE ( XS MO;N 9 XF1 LET
;,,AB 2 TAK5 6REPRES5T T : IS 9 MO;N
ESS5TI,Y ( XF & N 9 VIRTUE (! FACT T
"S?+ 2L;G+ 6X IS 9 MO;N4 ,N[ 9 ! F/
PLACE 6ASSUME T ;,,AB1 2C X IS 9 MO;N Z
A :OLE & IS N MOV$ 0ANY?+ EXT]NAL 6XF1
IS "!=E MOV$ 0XF-? IS J Z IF1 SUPPOS+ T
,,KL IS MOV+ ,,LM & IS AL XF 9 MO;N1 WE
7 6D5Y T ,,KM IS MOV$ 0ANY?+ ON ! GR.D T
X IS N EVID5T : IS ! "P T IS MOV+ X & :
! "P T IS MOV$4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE T : IS
9 MO;N )\T 2+ MOV$ 0ANY?+ DOES N
NECESS>ILY C1SE F XS MO;N 2C "S?+ ELSE
IS AT RE/1 B A ?+ M/ 2 MOV$ 0"S?+ IF !
FACT ( "S?+ ELSE HAV+ C1S$ F XS MO;N
CAUSES X 6BE AT RE/4 ,?US1 IF ? IS
A3EPT$1 "EY?+ T IS 9 MO;N M/ 2 MOV$
0"S?+4 ,= ;,,AB1 : HAS BE5 TAK5
6REPRES5T T : IS 9 MO;N1 M/ 2 DIVISI#
S9CE "EY?+ T IS 9 MO;N IS DIVISI#4 ,LET
X 2 DIVID$1 !N1 AT ,G4 ,N[ IF ,,GB IS N
9 MO;N1 !N ;,,AB W N 2 9 MO;N3 = IF X
IS1 X IS CLE> T ;,,AG WD 2 9 MO;N :ILE
,,BG IS AT RE/1 & ?US ;,,AB _C 2 9 MO;N
ESS5TI,Y & PRIM>ILY4 ,B EX HYPO!SI ;,,AB
IS 9 MO;N ESS5TI,Y & PRIM>ILY4 ,"!=E IF
,,GB IS N 9 MO;N ;,,AB W 2 AT RE/4 ,B WE
H AGRE$ T T : IS AT RE/ IF "S?+ ELSE IS
N 9 MO;N M/ 2 MOV$ 0"S?+4 ,3SEQU5TLY1
"EY?+ T IS 9 MO;N M/ 2 MOV$ 0"S?+3 = T :
IS 9 MO;N W ALW 2 DIVISI#1 & IF A "P ( X
IS N 9 MO;N ! :OLE M/ 2 AT RE/4
  ,S9CE "EY?+ T IS 9 MO;N M/ 2 MOV$
0"S?+1 LET U TAKE ! CASE 9 : A ?+ IS 9
LOCOMO;N & IS MOV$ 0"S?+ T IS XF 9 MO;N1
& T AG IS MOV$ 0"S?+ ELSE T IS 9 MO;N1 &
T 0"S?+ ELSE1 & S ON 3T9U,Y3 !N ! S]IES
_C G ON 69F9;Y1 B "! M/ 2 "S F/ MOV5T4
,= LET U SUPPOSE T ? IS N S & TAKE !
S]IES 6BE 9F9ITE4 ,LET ,A !N 2 MOV$ BY
;,B1 ;,B BY ;,G1 ;,G BY ;,D1 & S ON1 EA*
MEMB] (! S]IES 2+ MOV$ 0T : -ES NEXT 6X4
,!N S9CE EX HYPO!SI ! MOV5T :ILE CAUS+
MO;N IS AL XF 9 MO;N1 &! MO;N (! MOV$ &!
MO;N (! MOV5T M/ PROCE$ SIMULTANE\SLY
7=! MOV5T IS CAUS+ MO;N &! MOV$ IS 2+
MOV$ SIMULTANE\SLY7 X IS EVID5T T !
RESPECTIVE MO;NS ( ;,A1 ;,B1 ;,G1 & EA*
(! O!R MOV$ MOV5TS >E SIMULTANE\S4 ,LET
U TAKE ! MO;N ( EA* SEP>ATELY & LET ;,E
2 ! MO;N ( ;,A1 ;,Z ( ;,B1 & ;,H & ,O
RESPECTIVELY ! MO;NS ( ;,G & ;,D3 = ?\<
!Y >E ALL MOV$ S"E,Y "O 0ANO!R1 YET WE
MAY / TAKE ! MO;N ( EA* Z NUM]IC,Y "O1
S9CE E MO;N IS F "S?+ 6"S?+ & IS N
9F9ITE 9 RESPECT ( XS EXTREME PO9TS4 ,0A
MO;N T IS NUM]IC,Y "O ,I M1N A MO;N T
PROCE$S F "S?+ NUM]IC,Y "O &! SAME 6"S?+
NUM]IC,Y "O &! SAME 9 A P]IOD ( "T
NUM]IC,Y "O &! SAME3 =A MO;N MAY 2 !
SAME G5]IC,Y1 SPECIFIC,Y1 OR NUM]IC,Y3 X
IS G5]IC,Y ! SAME IF X 2L;GS 6! SAME
CATEGORY1 E4G4 SUB/.E OR QUAL;Y3 X IS
SPECIFIC,Y ! SAME IF X PROCE$S F "S?+
SPECIFIC,Y ! SAME 6"S?+ SPECIFIC,Y !
SAME1 E4G4 F :ITE 6BLACK OR F GD 6BAD1 :
IS N (A K9D SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT3 X IS
NUM]IC,Y ! SAME IF X PROCE$S F "S?+
NUM]IC,Y "O 6"S?+ NUM]IC,Y "O 9 ! SAME
P]IOD ( "T1 E4G4 F A "PICUL> :ITE 6A
"PICUL> BLACK1 OR F A "PICUL> PLACE 6A
"PICUL> PLACE1 9 A "PICUL> P]IOD ( "T3 =
IF ! P]IOD ( "T 7 N "O &! SAME1 ! MO;N
WD NO L;G] 2 NUM]IC,Y "O ?\< X WD / 2
SPECIFIC,Y "O4
  ,WE H D1LT ) ? "Q ABV4 ,N[ LET U FUR!R
TAKE ! "T 9 : ,A HAS -PLET$ XS MO;N1 &
LET X 2 REPRES5T$ BY ;,K4 ,!N S9CE !
MO;N ( ,A IS F9ITE ! "T W AL 2 F9ITE4 ,B
S9CE ! MOV5TS &! ?+S MOV$ >E 9F9ITE1 !
MO;N ,,EZHO1 I4E4 ! MO;N T IS -POS$ (
ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL MO;NS1 M/ 2 9F9ITE4 ,=!
MO;NS ( ;,A1 ;,B1 &! O!RS MAY 2 EQUAL1
OR ! MO;NS (! O!RS MAY 2 GRT]3 B ASSUM+
:AT IS 3CEIVA#1 WE F9D T :E!R !Y >E
EQUAL OR "S >E GRT]1 9 BO? CASES ! :OLE
MO;N IS 9F9ITE4 ,& S9CE ! MO;N ( ;,A & T
( EA* (! O!RS >E SIMULTANE\S1 ! :OLE
MO;N M/ O3UPY ! SAME "T Z ! MO;N ( ,A3 B
! "T O3UPI$ 0! MO;N ( ,A IS F9ITE3
3SEQU5TLY ! MO;N W 2 9F9ITE 9 A F9ITE
"T1 : IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,X MI<T 2 ?"\ T :AT WE SET \ 6PROVE
HAS ?US BE5 %[N1 B \R >GU;T S F> DOES N
PROVE X1 2C X DOES N YET PROVE T ANY?+
IMPOSSI# RESULTS F ! 3TR>Y SUPPOSI;N3 =
9 A F9ITE "T "! MAY 2 AN 9F9ITE MO;N1
?\< N ( "O ?+1 B ( _M3 & 9 ! CASE T WE
>E 3SID]+ ? IS S3 = EA* ?+ A3OMPLI%ES XS
[N MO;N1 & "! IS NO IMPOSSIBIL;Y 9 _M
?+S 2+ 9 MO;N SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,B IF 7Z WE
SEE 6BE UNIV]S,Y ! CASE7 T : PRIM>ILY IS
MOV$ LOC,Y & CORPORE,Y M/ 2 EI 9 3TACT )
OR 3T9U\S ) T : MOVES X1 ! ?+S MOV$ &!
MOV5TS M/ 2 3T9U\S OR 9 3TACT ) "O
ANO!R1 S T TGR !Y ALL =M A S+LE UN;Y3
:E!R ? UN;Y IS F9ITE OR 9F9ITE MAKES NO
DI6];E 6\R PRES5T >GU;T2 = 9 ANY CASE
S9CE ! ?+S 9 MO;N >E 9F9ITE 9 NUMB] !
:OLE MO;N W 2 9F9ITE1 IF1 Z IS !ORETIC,Y
POSSI#1 EA* MO;N IS EI EQUAL 6OR GRT]
?AN T : FOLL[S X 9 ! S]IES3 = WE % TAKE
Z ACTUAL T : IS !ORETIC,Y POSSI#4 ,IF1
!N1 ;,A1 ;,B1 ;,G1 ;,D =M AN 9F9ITE
MAGNITUDE T PASSES "? ! MO;N ,,EZHO 9 !
F9ITE "T ;,K1 ? 9VOLVES ! 3CLU.N T AN
9F9ITE MO;N IS PASS$ "? 9 A F9ITE "T3 &
:E!R ! MAGNITUDE 9 "Q IS F9ITE OR 9F9ITE
? IS 9 EI CASE IMPOSSI#4 ,"!=E ! S]IES
M/ -E 6AN 5D1 & "! M/ 2 A F/ MOV5T &A F/
MOV$3 =! FACT T ? IMPOSSIBIL;Y RESULTS
ONLY F ! ASSUMP;N (A "PICUL> CASE IS
IMMAT]IAL1 S9CE ! CASE ASSUM$ IS
!ORETIC,Y POSSI#1 &! ASSUMP;N (A
!ORETIC,Y POSSI# CASE "\ N 6GIVE RISE
6ANY IMPOSSI# RESULT4

                   #B

  ,T : IS ! F/ MOVE;T (A ?+-IN ! S5SE T
X SUPPLIES N ,8T =! SAKE ( :0' B ! S\RCE
(! MO;N-IS ALW TGR ) T : IS MOV$ 0X BY
,8TGR0' ,I M1N T "! IS NO?+ 9T]M$IATE 2T
!M74 ,? IS UNIV]S,Y TRUE :]"E "O ?+ IS
MOV$ 0ANO!R4 ,& S9CE "! >E ?REE K9DS (
MO;N1 LOCAL1 QUALITATIVE1 &
QUANTITATIVE1 "! M/ AL 2 ?REE K9DS (
MOV5T1 T : CAUSES LOCOMO;N1 T : CAUSES
ALT],N1 & T : CAUSES 9CR1SE OR DECR1SE4
  ,LET U 2G9 ) LOCOMO;N1 = ? IS ! PRIM>Y
MO;N4 ,"EY?+ T IS 9 LOCOMO;N IS MOV$ EI
0XF OR 0"S?+ ELSE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ?+S T >E
MOV$ 0!MVS X IS EVID5T T ! MOV$ &! MOV5T
>E TGR3 = !Y 3TA9 )9 !MVS _! F/ MOV5T1 S
T "! IS NO?+ 9 2T4 ,! MO;N ( ?+S T >E
MOV$ 0"S?+ ELSE M/ PROCE$ 9 "O ( F\R
WAYS3 = "! >E F\R K9DS ( LOCOMO;N CAUS$
0"S?+ O!R ?AN T : IS 9 MO;N1 VIZ4 PULL+1
PU%+1 C>RY+1 & TWIRL+4 ,ALL =MS (
LOCOMO;N >E REDUCI# 6^!4 ,?US PU%+ ON IS
A =M ( PU%+ 9 : T : IS CAUS+ MO;N AWAY F
XF FOLL[S UP T : X PU%ES & 3T9UES 6PU%
X3 PU%+ (F O3URS :5 ! MOV5T DOES N FOLL[
UP ! ?+ T X HAS MOV$3 ?R[+ :5 ! MOV5T
CAUSES A MO;N AWAY F XF M VIOL5T ?AN !
NATURAL LOCOMO;N (! ?+ MOV$1 : 3T9UES XS
C\RSE S L;G Z X IS 3TROLL$ 0! MO;N IM"P$
6X4 ,AG1 PU%+ A"P & PU%+ TGR >E =MS
RESPECTIVELY ( PU%+ (F & PULL+3 PU%+ A"P
IS PU%+ (F1 : MAY 2 A MO;N EI AWAY F !
PU%] OR AWAY F "S?+ ELSE1 :ILE PU%+ TGR
IS PULL+1 : MAY 2 A MO;N T[>DS "S?+ ELSE
Z WELL Z ! PULL]4 ,WE MAY SIMIL>LY
CLASSIFY ALL ! V>IETIES ( ^! LA/ TWO1
E4G4 PACK+ & -B+3 ! =M] IS A =M ( PU%+
TGR1 ! LATT] A =M ( PU%+ A"P4 ,! SAME IS
TRUE (! O!R PROCESSES ( -B9,N & SEP>,N
7!Y W ALL 2 F.D 6BE =MS ( PU%+ A"P OR (
PU%+ TGR71 EXCEPT S* Z >E 9VOLV$ 9 !
PROCESSES ( 2COM+ & P]I%+4 7,AT SAME "T
X IS EVID5T T "! IS NO O!R K9D ( MO;N B
-B9,N & SEP>,N3 = !Y MAY ALL 2 APPOR;N$
6"O OR O!R ( ^? ALR M5;N$47 ,AG1 9HAL+
IS A =M ( PULL+1 EXHAL+ A =M ( PU%+3 &!
SAME IS TRUE ( SPITT+ &( ALL O!R MO;NS T
PROCE$ "? ! BODY1 :E!R SECRETIVE OR
ASSIMILATIVE1 ! ASSIMILATIVE 2+ =MS (
PULL+1 ! SECRETIVE ( PU%+ (F4 ,ALL O!R
K9DS ( LOCOMO;N M/ 2 SIMIL>LY REDUC$1 =
!Y ALL FALL "U "O OR O!R ( \R F\R H1DS4
,& AG1 ( ^! F\R1 C>RY+ & TWIRL+ >E
6PULL+ & PU%+4 ,= C>RY+ ALW FOLL[S "O (!
O!R ?REE ME?ODS1 = T : IS C>RI$ IS 9
MO;N A3ID5T,Y1 2C X IS 9 OR ^U "S?+ T IS
9 MO;N1 & T : C>RIES X IS 9 DO+ S 2+ EI
PULL$ OR PU%$ OR TWIRL$2 ?US C>RY+ 2L;GS
6ALL ! O!R ?REE K9DS ( MO;N 9 -MON4 ,&
TWIRL+ IS A -P.D ( PULL+ & PU%+1 = T :
IS TWIRL+ A ?+ M/ 2 PULL+ "O "P (! ?+ &
PU%+ ANO!R "P1 S9CE X IMPELS "O "P AWAY
F XF & ANO!R "P T[>DS XF4 ,IF1 "!=E1 X C
2 %[N T T : IS PU%+ & T : IS PU%+ &
PULL+ >E ADJAC5T RESPECTIVELY 6T : IS 2+
PU%$ & T : IS 2+ PULL$1 X W 2 EVID5T T 9
ALL LOCOMO;N "! IS NO?+ 9T]M$IATE 2T
MOV$ & MOV5T4 ,B ! =M] FACT IS CLE> EV5
F ! DEF9I;NS ( PU%+ & PULL+1 = PU%+ IS
MO;N 6"S?+ ELSE F "OF OR F "S?+ ELSE1 &
PULL+ IS MO;N F "S?+ ELSE 6"OF OR 6"S?+
ELSE1 :5 ! MO;N ( T : IS PULL+ IS QK]
?AN ! MO;N T WD SEP>ATE F "O ANO!R ! TWO
?+S T >E 3T9U\S3 = X IS ? T CAUSES "O ?+
6BE PULL$ ON AL;G )! O!R4 7,X MI<T 9DE$
2 ?"\ T "! IS A =M ( PULL+ T >ISES 9
ANO!R WAY3 T WOOD1 E4G4 PULLS FIRE 9 A
MANN] DI6]5T F T DESCRIB$ ABV4 ,B X
MAKES NO DI6];E :E!R T : PULLS IS 9 MO;N
OR IS /,N>Y :5 X IS PULL+3 9 ! LATT]
CASE X PULLS 6! PLACE ": X IS1 :ILE 9 !
=M] X PULLS 6! PLACE ": X WAS47 ,N[ X IS
IMPOSSI# 6MOVE ANY?+ EI F "OF 6"S?+ ELSE
OR "S?+ ELSE 6"OF )\T 2+ 9 3TACT ) X3 X
IS EVID5T1 "!=E1 T 9 ALL LOCOMO;N "! IS
NO?+ 9T]M$IATE 2T MOV$ & MOV5T4
  ,NOR AG IS "! ANY?+ 9T]M$IATE 2T T :
"UGOES & T : CAUSES ALT],N3 ? C 2 PROV$
09DUC;N3 = 9 E CASE WE F9D T !
RESPECTIVE EXTREMITIES ( T : CAUSES & T
: "UGOES ALT],N >E ADJAC5T4 ,= \R
ASSUMP;N IS T ?+S T >E "UGO+ ALT],N >E
ALT]$ 9 VIRTUE ( _! 2+ A6ECT$ 9 RESPECT
( _! S-CALL$ A6ECTIVE QUALITIES1 S9CE T
: IS (A C]TA9 QUAL;Y IS ALT]$ 9 S F> Z X
IS S5SI#1 &! "*I/ICS 9 : BODIES DI6] F
"O ANO!R >E S5SI# "*I/ICS3 = E BODY
DI6]S F ANO!R 9 POSSESS+ A GRT] OR LESS]
NUMB] ( S5SI# "*I/ICS OR 9 POSSESS+ !
SAME S5SI# "*I/ICS 9 A GRT] OR LESS]
DEGREE4 ,B ! ALT],N ( T : "UGOES ALT],N
IS AL CAUS$ 0! ABV-M5;N$ "*I/ICS1 : >E
A6EC;NS ( "S "PICUL> "ULY+ QUAL;Y4 ,?US
WE SAY T A ?+ IS ALT]$ 02COM+ HOT OR
SWEET OR ?ICK OR DRY OR :ITE3 & WE MAKE
^! ASS];NS ALIKE ( :AT IS 9ANIMATE &(
:AT IS ANIMATE1 & FUR!R1 ": ANIMATE ?+S
>E 9 "Q1 WE MAKE !M BO? (! "PS T H NO
P[] ( S5SE-P]CEP;N &(! S5SES !MVS4 ,= 9
A WAY EV5 ! S5SES "UGO ALT],N1 S9CE !
ACTIVE S5SE IS A MO;N "? ! BODY 9 !
C\RSE ( : ! S5SE IS A6ECT$ 9 A C]TA9
WAY4 ,WE SEE1 !N1 T ! ANIMATE IS CAPA# (
E K9D ( ALT],N ( : ! 9ANIMATE IS CAPA#3
B ! 9ANIMATE IS N CAPA# ( E K9D ( ALT],N
( : ! ANIMATE IS CAPA#1 S9CE X IS N
CAPA# ( ALT],N 9 RESPECT (! S5SES3
MOREOV] ! 9ANIMATE IS UNCONSCI\S ( 2+
A6ECT$ 0ALT],N1 ":AS ! ANIMATE IS 3SCI\S
( X1 ?\< "! IS NO?+ 6PREV5T ! ANIMATE AL
2+ UNCONSCI\S ( X :5 ! PROCESS (! ALT],N
DOES N 3C]N ! S5SES4 ,S9CE1 !N1 ! ALT],N
( T : "UGOES ALT],N IS CAUS$ 0S5SI# ?+S1
9 E CASE ( S* ALT],N X IS EVID5T T !
RESPECTIVE EXTREMITIES ( T : CAUSES & T
: "UGOES ALT],N >E ADJAC5T4 ,?US ! AIR
IS 3T9U\S ) T : CAUSES ! ALT],N1 &! BODY
T "UGOES ALT],N IS 3T9U\S )! AIR4 ,AG1 !
COL\R IS 3T9U\S )! LI<T &! LI<T )! SI<T4
,&! SAME IS TRUE ( HE>+ & SMELL+3 =!
PRIM>Y MOV5T 9 RESPECT 6! MOV$ IS ! AIR4
,SIMIL>LY1 9 ! CASE ( TA/+1 ! FLAV\R IS
ADJAC5T 6! S5SE ( TA/E4 ,& X IS J ! SAME
9 ! CASE ( ?+S T >E 9ANIMATE & 9CAPA# (
S5SE-P]CEP;N4 ,?US "! C 2 NO?+ 9T]M$IATE
2T T : "UGOES & T : CAUSES ALT],N4
  ,NOR1 AG1 C "! 2 ANY?+ 9T]M$IATE 2T T
: SU6]S & T : CAUSES 9CR1SE3 =! "P (!
LATT] T />TS ! 9CR1SE DOES S 02COM+
ATTA*$ 9 S* A WAY 6! =M] T ! :OLE 2COMES
"O4 ,AG1 ! DECR1SE ( T : SU6]S DECR1SE
IS CAUS$ 0A "P (! ?+ 2COM+ DETA*$4 ,S T
: CAUSES 9CR1SE & T : CAUSES DECR1SE M/
2 3T9U\S ) T : SU6]S 9CR1SE & T : SU6]S
DECR1SE RESPECTIVELY3 & IF TWO ?+S >E
3T9U\S ) "O ANO!R "! C 2 NO?+ 9T]M$IATE
2T !M4
  ,X IS EVID5T1 "!=E1 T 2T ! EXTREMITIES
(! MOV$ &! MOV5T T >E RESPECTIVELY F/ &
LA/ 9 REF];E 6! MOV$ "! IS NO?+
9T]M$IATE4
  #C
  ,"EY?+1 WE SAY1 T "UGOES ALT],N IS
ALT]$ 0S5SI# CAUSES1 & "! IS ALT],N ONLY
9 ?+S T >E SD 6BE ESS5TI,Y A6ECT$ 0S5SI#
?+S4 ,! TRU? ( ? IS 6BE SE5 F ! FOLL[+
3SID],NS4 ,( ALL O!R ?+S X WD 2 MO/
NATURAL 6SUPPOSE T "! IS ALT],N 9
FIGURES & %APES1 & 9 ACQUIR$ /ATES & 9 !
PROCESSES ( ACQUIR+ & LOS+ ^!3 B Z A
MATT] ( FACT 9 NEI ( ^! TWO CLASSES (
?+S IS "! ALT],N4
  ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 :5 A "PICUL> =M,N (A ?+
IS -PLET$1 WE D N CALL X 0! "N ( XS
MAT]IAL3 E4G4 WE D N CALL ! /ATUE
,8BRONZE0' OR ! PYRAMID ,8WAX0' OR ! B$
,8WOOD0'1 B WE USE A DERIV$ EXPRES.N &
CALL !M ,8( BRONZE0'1 ,8WAX50'1 &
,8WOOD50' RESPECTIVELY4 ,B :5 A ?+ HAS
BE5 A6ECT$ & ALT]$ 9 ANY WAY WE / CALL X
0! ORIG9AL "N3 ?US WE SP1K (! BRONZE OR
! WAX 2+ DRY OR FLUID OR H>D OR HOT4
  ,& N ONLY S3 WE AL SP1K (! "PICUL>
FLUID OR HOT SUB/.E Z 2+ BRONZE1 GIV+ !
MAT]IAL ! SAME "N Z T : WE USE 6DESCRIBE
! A6EC;N4
  ,S9CE1 "!=E1 HAV+ REG>D 6! FIGURE OR
%APE (A ?+ WE NO L;G] CALL T : HAS 2COME
(A C]TA9 FIGURE 0! "N (! MAT]IAL T
EXHIBITS ! FIGURE1 ":AS HAV+ REG>D 6A
?+'S A6EC;NS OR ALT],NS WE / CALL X 0!
"N ( XS MAT]IAL1 X IS EVID5T T 2COM+S (!
=M] K9D _C 2 ALT],NS4
  ,MOREOV] X WD SEEM ABSURD EV5 6SP1K 9
? WAY1 6SP1K1 T IS 6SAY1 (A MAN OR H\SE
OR ANY?+ ELSE T HAS -E 96EXI/;E Z HAV+
BE5 ALT]$4 ,?\< X MAY 2 TRUE T E S*
2COM+ IS NECESS>ILY ! RESULT ( "S?+'S 2+
ALT]$1 ! RESULT1 E4G4 (! MAT]IAL'S 2+
3D5S$ OR R>EFI$ OR H1T$ OR COOL$1 N"E!.S
X IS N ! ?+S T >E -+ 96EXI/;E T >E
ALT]$1 & _! 2COM+ IS N AN ALT],N4
  ,AG1 ACQUIR$ /ATES1 :E!R (! BODY OR (!
S\L1 >E N ALT],NS4 ,= "S >E EXCELL;ES &
O!RS >E DEFECTS1 & NEI EXCELL;E NOR
DEFECT IS AN ALT],N3 EXCELL;E IS A
P]FEC;N 7= :5 ANY?+ ACQUIRES XS PROP]
EXCELL;E WE CALL X P]FECT1 S9CE X IS !N
IF "E T WE H A ?+ 9 XS NATURAL /ATE3
E4G4 WE H A P]FECT CIRCLE :5 WE H "O Z
GD Z POSSI#71 :ILE DEFECT IS A P]I%+ (
OR DE"PURE F ? 3DI;N4 ,S Z :5 SP1K+ (A
H\SE WE D N CALL XS >RIVAL AT P]FEC;N AN
ALT],N 7= X WD 2 ABSURD 6SUPPOSE T !
COP+ OR ! TIL+ IS AN ALT],N OR T 9 RCVG
XS COP+ OR XS TIL+ A H\SE IS ALT]$ & N
P]FECT$71 ! SAME AL HOLDS GD 9 ! CASE (
EXCELL;ES & DEFECTS &(! P]SONS OR ?+S T
POSSESS OR ACQUIRE !M3 = EXCELL;ES >E
P]FEC;NS (A ?+'S NATURE & DEFECTS >E
DE"PURES F X3 3SEQU5TLY !Y >E N ALT],NS4
  ,FUR!R1 WE SAY T ALL EXCELL;ES DEP5D
^U "PICUL> REL,NS4 ,?US BODILY EXCELL;ES
S* Z H1L? &A GD /ATE ( BODY WE REG>D Z
3SI/+ 9 A BL5D+ ( HOT & COLD ELE;TS )9 !
BODY 9 DUE PROPOR;N1 9 REL,N EI 6"O
ANO!R OR 6! SURR.D+ ATMOSPH]E3 & 9 L
MANN] WE REG>D B1UTY1 /R5G?1 & ALL ! O!R
BODILY EXCELL;ES & DEFECTS4 ,EA* ( !M
EXI/S 9 VIRTUE (A "PICUL> REL,N & PUTS T
: POSSESSES X 9 A GD OR BAD 3DI;N )
REG>D 6XS PROP] A6EC;NS1 ": BY ,8PROP]0'
A6EC;NS ,I M1N ^? 9FLU;ES T F ! NATURAL
3/ITU;N (A ?+ T5D 6PROMOTE OR DE/ROY XS
EXI/;E4 ,S9CE !N1 RELATIVES >E NEI !MVS
ALT],NS NOR ! SUBJECTS ( ALT],N OR (
2COM+ OR 9 FACT ( ANY *ANGE :AT"E1 X IS
EVID5T T NEI /ATES NOR ! PROCESSES (
LOS+ & ACQUIR+ /ATES >E ALT],NS1 ?\< X
MAY 2 TRUE T _! 2COM+ OR P]I%+ IS
NECESS>ILY1 L ! 2COM+ OR P]I%+ (A
SPECIFIC "* OR =M1 ! RESULT (! ALT],N (
C]TA9 O!R ?+S1 E4G4 HOT & COLD OR DRY &
WET ELE;TS OR ! ELE;TS1 :AT"E !Y MAY BE1
ON : ! /ATES PRIM>ILY DEP5D4 ,= EA*
S"EAL BODILY DEFECT OR EXCELL;E 9VOLVES
A REL,N ) ^? ?+S F : ! POSSESSOR (!
DEFECT OR EXCELL;E IS NATUR,Y SUBJECT
6ALT],N3 ?US EXCELL;E 4POSES XS
POSSESSOR 6BE UNA6ECT$ 0^! 9FLU;ES OR
6BE A6ECT$ 0^? ( !M T "\ 6BE ADMITT$1
:ILE DEFECT 4POSES XS POSSESSOR 6BE
A6ECT$ 0!M OR 6BE UNA6ECT$ 0^? ( !M T "\
6BE ADMITT$4
  ,&! CASE IS SIMIL> 9 REG>D 6! /ATES (!
S\L1 ALL ( : 7L ^? ( BODY7 EXI/ 9 VIRTUE
( "PICUL> REL,NS1 ! EXCELL;ES 2+
P]FEC;NS ( NATURE &! DEFECTS DE"PURES F
X3 MOREOV]1 EXCELL;E PUTS XS POSSESSOR 9
GD 3DI;N1 :ILE DEFECT PUTS XS POSSESSOR
9 A BAD 3DI;N1 6MEET 8 PROP] A6EC;NS4
,3SEQU5TLY ^! _C ANY M ?AN ! BODILY
/ATES 2 ALT],NS1 NOR C ! PROCESSES (
LOS+ & ACQUIR+ !M 2 S1 ?\< _! 2COM+ IS
NECESS>ILY ! RESULT ( AN ALT],N (!
S5SITIVE "P (! S\L1 & ? IS ALT]$ 0S5SI#
OBJECTS3 = ALL MORAL EXCELL;E IS 3C]N$ )
BODILY PL1SURES & PA9S1 : AG DEP5D EI ^U
ACT+ OR ^U REMEMB]+ OR ^U ANTICIPAT+4
,N[ ^? T DEP5D ^U AC;N >E DET]M9$ 0S5SE-
P]CEP;N1 I4E4 !Y >E /IMULAT$ 0"S?+
S5SI#3 & ^? T DEP5D ^U MEMORY OR
ANTICIP,N >E LIKEWISE 6BE TRAC$ 6S5SE-
P]CEP;N1 = 9 ^! CASES PL1SURE IS FELT EI
9 REMEMB]+ :AT "O HAS EXP]I;ED OR 9
ANTICIPAT+ :AT "O IS GO+ 6EXP]I;E4 ,?US
ALL PL1SURE ( ? K9D M/ 2 PRODUC$ 0S5SI#
?+S3 & S9CE ! PRES;E 9 ANY "O ( MORAL
DEFECT OR EXCELL;E 9VOLVES ! PRES;E 9 HM
( PL1SURE OR PA9 7) : MORAL EXCELL;E &
DEFECT >E ALW 3C]N$71 & ^! PL1SURES &
PA9S >E ALT],NS (! S5SITIVE "P1 X IS
EVID5T T ! LOSS & ACQUISI;N ( ^! /ATES
NO LESS ?AN ! LOSS & ACQUISI;N (! /ATES
(! BODY M/ 2 ! RESULT (! ALT],N ( "S?+
ELSE4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 ?\< _! 2COM+ IS
A3OMPANI$ 0AN ALT],N1 !Y >E N !MVS
ALT],NS4
  ,AG1 ! /ATES (! 9TELLECTUAL "P (! S\L
>E N ALT],NS1 NOR IS "! ANY 2COM+ ( !M4
,9 ! F/ PLACE X IS M* M TRUE (! POSSES.N
( K T X DEP5DS ^U A "PICUL> REL,N4 ,&
FUR!R1 X IS EVID5T T "! IS NO 2COM+ ( ^!
/ATES4 ,= T : IS POT5TI,Y POSSESS$ ( K
2COMES ACTU,Y POSSESS$ ( X N 02+ SET 9
MO;N AT ALL XF B 0R1SON (! PRES;E ( "S?+
ELSE3 I4E4 X IS :5 X MEETS )! "PICUL>
OBJECT T X "KS 9 A MANN] ! "PICUL> "? XS
K (! UNIV]SAL4 7,AG1 "! IS NO 2COM+ (!
ACTUAL USE & ACTIV;Y ( ^! /ATES1 UN.S X
IS ?"\ T "! IS A 2COM+ ( VI.N & T\*+ & T
! ACTIV;Y 9 "Q IS SIMIL> 6^!47 ,&!
ORIG9AL ACQUISI;N ( K IS N A 2COM+ OR AN
ALT],N3 =! T]MS ,8"K+0' & ,8"U/&+0'
IMPLY T ! 9TELLECT HAS R1*$ A /ATE ( RE/
& -E 6A /&/ILL1 & "! IS NO 2COM+ T L1DS
6A /ATE ( RE/1 S9CE1 Z WE H SD ABV1
*ANGE AT ALL C H A 2COM+4 ,MOREOV]1 J Z
6SAY1 :5 ANY "O HAS PASS$ F A /ATE (
9TOXIC,N OR SLEEP OR 41SE 6! 3TR>Y /ATE1
T HE HAS 2COME POSSESS$ ( K AG IS
9CORRECT 9 SPITE (! FACT T HE 0
PREVI\SLY 9CAPA# ( US+ 8 K1 S1 TOO1 :5
ANY "O ORIG9,Y ACQUIRES ! /ATE1 X IS
9CORRECT 6SAY T HE 2COMES POSSESS$ ( K3
=! POSSES.N ( "U/&+ & K IS PRODUC$ 0!
S\L'S SETTL+ D[N \ (! RE/.S;S NATURAL
6X4 ,H;E1 TOO1 9 LE>N+ & 9 =M+ JUDGE;TS
ON MATT]S RELAT+ 6_! S5SE-P]CEP;NS *N >E
9F]IOR 6ADULTS [+ 6! GRT AM.T ( RE/.S;S
& MO;N 9 _! S\LS4 ,NATURE XF CAUSES !
S\L 6SETTLE D[N & -E 6A /ATE ( RE/ =!
P]=M.E ( "S ( XS FUNC;NS1 :ILE =! P]=M.E
( O!RS O!R ?+S D S3 B 9 EI CASE ! RESULT
IS BR"\ AB "? ! ALT],N ( "S?+ 9 ! BODY1
Z WE SEE 9 ! CASE (! USE & ACTIV;Y (!
9TELLECT >IS+ F A MAN'S 2COM+ SOB] OR 2+
AWAK5$4 ,X IS EVID5T1 !N1 F ! PREC$+
>GU;T T ALT],N & 2+ ALT]$ O3UR 9 S5SI#
?+S & 9 ! S5SITIVE "P (! S\L1 &1 EXCEPT
A3ID5T,Y1 9 NO?+ ELSE4

                   #D

  ,A DI6ICULTY MAY 2 RAIS$ Z 6:E!R E
MO;N IS -M5SURA# ) E O!R OR N4 ,N[ IF !Y
>E ALL -M5SURA# & IF TWO ?+S 6H ! SAME
VELOC;Y M/ A3OMPLI% AN EQUAL MO;N 9 AN
EQUAL "T1 !N WE MAY H A CIRCUMF];E EQUAL
6A /RAI<T L9E1 OR1 ( C\RSE1 ! "O MAY 2
GRT] OR LESS ?AN ! O!R4 ,FUR!R1 IF "O ?+
ALT]S & ANO!R A3OMPLI%ES A LOCOMO;N 9 AN
EQUAL "T1 WE MAY H AN ALT],N &A LOCOMO;N
EQUAL 6"O ANO!R3 ?US AN A6EC;N W 2 EQUAL
6A L5G?1 : IS IMPOSSI#4 ,B IS X N ONLY
:5 AN EQUAL MO;N IS A3OMPLI%$ 0TWO ?+S 9
AN EQUAL "T T ! VELOCITIES (! TWO >E
EQUAL8 ,N[ AN A6EC;N _C 2 EQUAL 6A L5G?4
,"!=E "! _C 2 AN ALT],N EQUAL 6OR LESS
?AN A LOCOMO;N3 & 3SEQU5TLY X IS N !
CASE T E MO;N IS -M5SURA# ) E O!R4
  ,B H[ W \R 3CLU.N "W \ 9 ! CASE (!
CIRCLE &! /RAI<T L9E8 ,X WD 2 ABSURD
6SUPPOSE T ! MO;N ( "O 9 A CIRCLE &(
ANO!R 9 A /RAI<T L9E _C 2 SIMIL>1 B T !
"O M/ 9EVITABLY MOVE M QKLY OR M SL[LY
?AN ! O!R1 J Z IF ! C\RSE ( "O 7 D[NHILL
&(! O!R UPHILL4 ,MOREOV] X DOES N Z A
MATT] ( FACT MAKE ANY DI6];E 6! >GU;T
6SAY T ! "O MO;N M/ 9EVITABLY 2 QK] OR
SL[] ?AN ! O!R3 = !N ! CIRCUMF];E C 2
GRT] OR LESS ?AN ! /RAI<T L9E2 & IF S X
IS POSSI# =! TWO 6BE EQUAL4 ,= IF 9 ! "T
;,A ! QK] 7,B7 PASSES OV] ! 4T.E ,B0' &!
SL[] 7,G7 PASSES OV] ! 4T.E ,G0'1 ,B0' W
2 GRT] ?AN ,G0'3 = ? IS :AT WE TOOK
,8QK]0' 6M1N3 & S QK] MO;N AL IMPLIES T
"O ?+ TRAV]SES AN EQUAL 4T.E 9 LESS "T
?AN ANO!R3 3SEQU5TLY "! W 2 A "P ( ,A 9
: ;,B W PASS OV] A "P (! CIRCLE EQUAL TO
;,G0'1 :ILE ;,G W O3UPY ! :OLE ( ,A 9
PASS+ OV] ,G0'4 ,N"O ! LESS1 IF ! TWO
MO;NS >E -M5SURA#1 WE >E 3FRONT$ )!
3SEQU;E /AT$ ABV1 VIZ4 T "! MAY 2 A
/RAI<T L9E EQUAL 6A CIRCLE4 ,B ^! >E N
-M5SURA#3 & S ! CORRESPOND+ MO;NS >E N
-M5SURA# EI4
  ,B MAY WE SAY T ?+S >E ALW -M5SURA# IF
! SAME T]MS >E APPLI$ 6!M )\T EQUIVOC,N8
E4G4 A P51 A W9E1 &! HI<E/ NOTE 9 A
SCALE >E N -M5SURA#3 WE _C SAY :E!R ANY
"O ( !M IS %>P] ?AN ANY O!R3 & :Y IS ?8
!Y >E 9COMM5SURA# 2C X IS ONLY EQUIVOC,Y
T ! SAME T]M ,8%>P0' IS APPLI$ 6!M3 ":AS
! HI<E/ NOTE 9 A SCALE IS -M5SURA# )!
L1D+-NOTE1 2C ! T]M ,8%>P0' HAS ! SAME
M1N+ Z APPLI$ 6BO?4 ,C X BE1 !N1 T ! T]M
,8QK0' HAS N ! SAME M1N+ Z APPLI$
6/RAI<T MO;N & 6CIRCUL> MO;N
RESPECTIVELY8 ,IF S1 F> LESS W X H !
SAME M1N+ Z APPLI$ 6ALT],N & 6LOCOMO;N4
  ,OR % WE 9 ! F/ PLACE D5Y T ?+S >E ALW
-M5SURA# IF ! SAME T]MS >E APPLI$ 6!M
)\T EQUIVOC,N8 ,=! T]M ,8M*0' HAS ! SAME
M1N+ :E!R APPLI$ 6WAT] OR 6AIR1 YET WAT]
& AIR >E N -M5SURA# 9 RESPECT ( X3 OR1
IF ? ILLU/R,N IS N 3SID]$ SATISFACTORY1
,8D\#0' AT ANY RATE WD SEEM 6H ! SAME
M1N+ Z APPLI$ 6EA* 7DENOT+ 9 EA* CASE !
PROPOR;N ( TWO 6"O71 YET WAT] & AIR >E N
-M5SURA# 9 RESPECT ( X4 ,B "H AG MAY WE
N TAKE UP ! SAME POSI;N & SAY T ! T]M
,8M*0' IS EQUIVOCAL8 ,9 FACT "! >E "S
T]MS ( : EV5 ! DEF9I;NS >E EQUIVOCAL2
E4G4 IF ,8M*0' 7 DEF9$ Z ,8S M* &
M0'1'SO M*0' WD M1N "S?+ DI6]5T 9 DI6]5T
CASES3 ,8EQUAL0' IS SIMIL>LY EQUIVOCAL2
& ,8"O0' AG IS P]H 9EVITABLY AN
EQUIVOCAL T]M2 & IF ,8"O0' IS EQUIVOCAL1
S IS ,8TWO0'4 ,O!RWISE :Y IS X T "S ?+S
>E -M5SURA# :ILE O!RS >E N1 IF ! NATURE
(! ATTRIBUTE 9 ! TWO CASES IS RE,Y "O &!
SAME8
  ,C X 2 T ! 9COMM5SURABIL;Y ( TWO ?+S 9
RESPECT ( ANY ATTRIBUTE IS DUE 6A DI6];E
9 T : IS PRIM>ILY CAPA# ( C>RY+ !
ATTRIBUTE8 ,?US HORSE & DOG >E S
-M5SURA# T WE MAY SAY : IS ! :IT]1 S9CE
T : PRIM>ILY 3TA9S ! :ITE;S IS ! SAME 9
BO?1 VIZ4 ! SURFACE3 & SIMIL>LY !Y >E
-M5SURA# 9 RESPECT ( SIZE4 ,B WAT] &
SPEE* >E N -M5SURA# 9 RESPECT ( CLE>;S1
S9CE T : PRIM>ILY 3TA9S ! ATTRIBUTE IS
DI6]5T 9 ! TWO CASES4 ,X WD SEEM1 H["E T
WE M/ REJECT ? SOLU;N1 S9CE CLE>LY WE CD
?US MAKE ALL EQUIVOCAL ATTRIBUTES
UNIVOCAL & SAY M]ELY T T 3TA9S EA* ( !M
IS DI6]5T 9 DI6]5T CASES3 ?US
,8EQUAL;Y0'1 ,8SWEET;S0'1 & ,8:ITE;S0' W
S"E,Y ALW 2 ! SAME1 ?\< T : 3TA9S !M IS
DI6]5T 9 DI6]5T CASES4 ,MOREOV]1 X IS N
ANY CASUAL ?+ T IS CAPA# ( C>RY+ ANY
ATTRIBUTE3 EA* S+LE ATTRIBUTE C 2 C>RI$
PRIM>ILY ONLY 0"O S+LE ?+4
  ,M/ WE !N SAY T1 IF TWO ?+S >E 6BE
-M5SURA# 9 RESPECT ( ANY ATTRIBUTE1 N
ONLY M/ ! ATTRIBUTE 9 "Q 2 APPLICA# 6BO?
)\T EQUIVOC,N1 B "! M/ AL 2 NO SPECIFIC
DI6];ES EI 9 ! ATTRIBUTE XF OR 9 T :
3TA9S ! ATTRIBUTE-T ^!1 ,I M1N1 M/ N 2
DIVISI# 9 ! WAY 9 : COL\R IS DIVID$
96K9DS8 ,?US 9 ? RESPECT "O ?+ W N 2
-M5SURA# ) ANO!R1 I4E4 WE _C SAY T "O IS
M COL\R$ ?AN ! O!R ": ONLY COL\R 9 G5]AL
& N ANY "PICUL> COL\R IS M1NT2 B !Y >E
-M5SURA# 9 RESPECT ( :ITE;S4
  ,SIMIL>LY 9 ! CASE ( MO;N3 TWO ?+S >E
(! SAME VELOC;Y IF !Y O3UPY AN EQUAL "T
9 A3OMPLI%+ A C]TA9 EQUAL AM.T ( MO;N4
,SUPPOSE1 !N1 T 9 A C]TA9 "T AN ALT],N
IS "UG"O 0"O HALF (A BODY'S L5G? &A
LOCOMO;N IS A3OMPLI%$ ! O!R HALF3 C 2
SAY T 9 ? CASE ! ALT],N IS EQUAL 6!
LOCOMO;N &(! SAME VELOC;Y8 ,T WD 2
ABSURD1 &! R1SON IS T "! >E DI6]5T
SPECIES ( MO;N4 ,& IF 9 3SEQU;E ( ? WE
M/ SAY T TWO ?+S >E ( EQUAL VELOC;Y IF
!Y A3OMPLI% LOCOMO;N OV] AN EQUAL 4T.E 9
AN EQUAL "T1 WE H 6ADMIT ! EQUAL;Y (A
/RAI<T L9E &A CIRCUMF];E4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS !
R1SON ( ?8 ,IS X T LOCOMO;N IS A G5US OR
T L9E IS A G5US8 7,WE MAY L1VE ! "T \ (
A3.T1 S9CE T IS "O &! SAME47 ,IF ! L9ES
>E SPECIFIC,Y DI6]5T1 ! LOCOMO;NS AL
DI6] SPECIFIC,Y F "O ANO!R3 = LOCOMO;N
IS SPECIFIC,Y DI6]5TIAT$ AC 6! SPECIFIC
DI6]5TI,N ( T OV] : X TAKES PLACE4 7,X
IS AL SIMIL>LY DI6]5TIAT$1 X WD SEEM1
ACLY Z ! 9/RU;T (! LOCOMO;N IS DI6]5T3
?US IF FEET >E ! 9/RU;T1 X IS WALK+1 IF
W+S X IS FLY+2 B P]H WE %D R SAY T ? IS
N S1 & T 9 ? CASE ! DI6];ES 9 ! LOCOMO;N
>E M]ELY DI6];ES ( PO/URE 9 T : IS 9
MO;N47 ,WE MAY SAY1 "!=E1 T ?+S >E (
EQUAL VELOC;Y 9 AN EQUAL "T !Y TRAV]SE !
SAME MAGNITUDE3 & :5 ,I CALL X ,8!
SAME0' ,I M1N T X 3TA9S NO SPECIFIC
DI6];E & "!=E NO DI6];E 9 ! MO;N T TAKES
PLACE OV] X4 ,S WE H N[ 63SID] H[ MO;N
IS DI6]5TIAT$3 & ? 4CUS.N S]VES 6%[ T !
G5US IS N A UN;Y B 3TA9S A PLURAL;Y
LAT5T 9 X & 4T9CT F X1 & T 9 ! CASE (
EQUIVOCAL T]MS "S"TS ! DI6]5T S5SES 9 :
!Y >E US$ >E F> REMOV$ F "O ANO!R1 :ILE
"S"TS "! IS A C]TA9 LIKE;S 2T !M1 &
"S"TS AG !Y >E NE>LY RELAT$ EI G5]IC,Y
OR ANALOGIC,Y1 )! RESULT T !Y SEEM N 6BE
EQUIVOCAL ?\< !Y RE,Y >E4
  ,:51 !N1 IS "! A DI6];E ( SPECIES8 ,IS
AN ATTRIBUTE SPECIFIC,Y DI6]5T IF !
SUBJECT IS DI6]5T :ILE ! ATTRIBUTE IS !
SAME1 OR M/ ! ATTRIBUTE XF 2 DI6]5T Z
WELL8 ,& H[ >E WE 6DEF9E ! LIMITS (A
SPECIES8 ,:AT W 5A# U 6DECIDE T "PICUL>
9/.ES ( :ITE;S OR SWEET;S >E ! SAME OR
DI6]5T8 ,IS X 5 T X APPE>S DI6]5T 9 "O
SUBJECT F :AT APPE>S 9 ANO!R8 ,OR M/ "!
2 NO SAME;S AT ALL8 ,& FUR!R1 ": ALT],N
IS 9 "Q1 H[ IS "O ALT],N 6BE ( EQUAL
VELOC;Y ) ANO!R8 ,"O P]SON MAY 2 CUR$
QKLY & ANO!R SL[LY1 & CURES MAY AL 2
SIMULTANE\S3 S T1 RECOV]Y ( H1L? 2+ AN
ALT],N1 WE H "H ALT],NS ( EQUAL VELOC;Y1
S9CE EA* ALT],N O3UPIES AN EQUAL "T4 ,B
:AT ALT],N8 ,WE _C "H SP1K ( AN
,8EQUAL0' ALT],N3 :AT CORRESPONDS 9 !
CATEGORY ( QUAL;Y 6EQUAL;Y 9 ! CATEGORY
( QUANT;Y IS ,8LIKE;S0'4 ,H["E1 LET U
SAY T "! IS EQUAL VELOC;Y ": ! SAME
*ANGE IS A3OMPLI%$ 9 AN EQUAL "T4 ,>E
WE1 !N1 6F9D ! -M5SURABIL;Y 9 ! SUBJECT
(! A6EC;N OR 9 ! A6EC;N XF8 ,9 ! CASE T
WE H J BE5 3SID]+ X IS ! FACT T H1L? IS
"O &! SAME T 5A#S U 6>RIVE AT ! 3CLU.N T
! "O ALT],N IS NEI M NOR LESS ?AN ! O!R1
B T BO? >E ALIKE4 ,IF ON ! O!R H& !
A6EC;N IS DI6]5T 9 ! TWO CASES1 E4G4 :5
! ALT],NS TAKE ! =M ( 2COM+ :ITE & 2COM+
H1L?Y RESPECTIVELY1 "H "! IS NO SAME;S
OR EQUAL;Y OR LIKE;S 9ASM* Z ! DI6];E 9
! A6EC;NS AT ONCE MAKES ! ALT],NS
SPECIFIC,Y DI6]5T1 & "! IS NO UN;Y (
ALT],N ANY M ?AN "! WD 2 UN;Y ( LOCOMO;N
"U L 3DI;NS4 ,S WE M/ F9D \ H[ _M
SPECIES "! >E ( ALT],N &( LOCOMO;N
RESPECTIVELY4 ,N[ IF ! ?+S T >E 9 MO;N-T
IS 6SAY1 ! ?+S 6: ! MO;NS 2L;G ESS5TI,Y
& N A3ID5T,Y-DI6] SPECIFIC,Y1 !N _!
RESPECTIVE MO;NS W AL DI6] SPECIFIC,Y3
IF ON ! O!R H& !Y DI6] G5]IC,Y OR
NUM]IC,Y1 ! MO;NS AL W DI6] G5]IC,Y OR
NUM]IC,Y Z ! CASE MAY BE4 ,B "! / REMA9S
! "Q :E!R1 SUPPOS+ T TWO ALT],NS >E (
EQUAL VELOC;Y1 WE "\ 6LOOK = ? EQUAL;Y 9
! SAME;S 7OR LIKE;S7 (! A6EC;NS1 OR 9 !
?+S ALT]$1 6SEE E4G4 :E!R A C]TA9
QUANT;Y ( EA* HAS 2COME :ITE4 ,OR "\ WE
N R 6LOOK = X 9 BO?8 ,T IS 6SAY1 !
ALT],NS >E ! SAME OR DI6]5T AC Z !
A6EC;NS >E ! SAME OR DI6]5T1 :ILE !Y >E
EQUAL OR UNEQUAL AC Z ! ?+S ALT]$ >E
EQUAL OR UNEQUAL4
  ,& N[ WE M/ 3SID] ! SAME "Q 9 ! CASE (
2COM+ & P]I%+3 H[ IS "O 2COM+ ( EQUAL
VELOC;Y ) ANO!R8 ,!Y >E ( EQUAL VELOC;Y
IF 9 AN EQUAL "T "! >E PRODUC$ TWO ?+S T
>E ! SAME & SPECIFIC,Y 9SEP>A#1 E4G4 TWO
M5 7N M]ELY G5]IC,Y 9SEP>A# Z E4G4 TWO
ANIMALS74 ,SIMIL>LY "O IS QK] ?AN ! O!R
IF 9 AN EQUAL "T ! PRODUCT IS DI6]5T 9 !
TWO CASES4 ,I /ATE X ?US 2C WE H NO PAIR
( T]MS T W 3VEY ? ,8DI6];E0' 9 ! WAY 9 :
UNLIKE;S IS 3VEY$4 ,IF WE ADOPT ! !ORY T
X IS NUMB] T 3/ITUTES 2+1 WE MAY 9DE$
SP1K (A ,8GRT] NUMB]0' &A ,8LESS]
NUMB]0' )9 ! SAME SPECIES1 B "! IS NO
-MON T]M T W 9CLUDE BO? REL,NS1 NOR >E
"! T]MS 6EXPRESS EA* ( !M SEP>ATELY 9 !
SAME WAY Z WE 9DICATE A HI<] DEGREE OR
PREPOND].E ( AN A6EC;N BY ,8M0'1 (A
QUANT;Y BY ,8GRT]40'
  #E
  ,N[ S9CE :]"E "! IS A MOV5T1 XS MO;N
ALW ACTS ^U "S?+1 IS ALW 9 "S?+1 & ALW
EXT5DS 6"S?+ 7BY ,8IS ALW 9 "S?+0' ,I
M1N T X O3UPIES A "T3 & BY ,8EXT5DS
6"S?+0' ,I M1N T X 9VOLVES ! TRAV]S+ (A
C]TA9 AM.T ( 4T.E3 = AT ANY MO;T :5 A ?+
IS CAUS+ MO;N1 X AL HAS CAUS$ MO;N1 S T
"! M/ ALW 2 A C]TA9 AM.T ( 4T.E T HAS
BE5 TRAV]S$ &A C]TA9 AM.T ( "T T HAS BE5
O3UPI$74 !N1 ;,A ! MOVE;T H MOV$ ;,B A
4T.E ;,G 9 A "T ;,D1 !N 9 ! SAME "T !
SAME =CE ,A W MOVE #A/B;,B TWICE ! 4T.E
;,G1 & 9 #A/B;,D X W MOVE #A/B;,B ! :OLE
4T.E = ;,G3 ?US ! RULES ( PROPOR;N W 2
OBS]V$4 ,AG IF A GIV5 =CE MOVE A GIV5
WEI<T A C]TA9 4T.E 9 A C]TA9 "T & HALF !
4T.E 9 HALF ! "T1 HALF ! MOTIVE P[] W
MOVE HALF ! WEI<T ! SAME 4T.E 9 ! SAME
"T4 ,LET ;,E REPRES5T HALF ! MOTIVE P[]
;,A & ;,Z HALF ! WEI<T ;,B3 !N ! RATIO
2T ! MOTIVE P[] &! WEI<T 9 ! "O CASE IS
SIMIL> & PROPOR;NATE 6! RATIO 9 ! O!R1 S
T EA* =CE W CAUSE ! SAME 4T.E 6BE
TRAV]S$ 9 ! SAME "T4 ,B IF ;,E MOVE ;,Z
A 4T.E ;,G 9 A "T ;,D1 X DOES N
NECESS>ILY FOLL[ T ;,E C MOVE TWICE ;,Z
HALF ! 4T.E ;,G 9 ! SAME "T4 ,IF1 !N1 ,A
MOVE ;,B A 4T.E ;,G 9 A "T ;,D1 X DOES N
FOLL[ T ;,E1 2+ HALF ( ;,A1 W 9 ! "T ;,D
OR 9 ANY FRAC;N ( X CAUSE ;,B 6TRAV]SE A
"P ( ;,G ! RATIO 2T : &! :OLE ( ;,G IS
PROPOR;NATE 6T 2T ;,A & ;,E 7:AT"E
FRAC;N ( ,,AE MAY BE73 9 FACT X MI<T
WELL 2 T X W CAUSE NO MO;N AT ALL2 = X
DOES N FOLL[ T1 IF A GIV5 MOTIVE P[]
CAUSES A C]TA9 AM.T ( MO;N1 HALF T P[] W
CAUSE MO;N EI ( ANY "PICUL> AM.T OR 9
ANY L5G? ( "T3 O!RWISE "O MAN MI<T MOVE
A %IP1 S9CE BO? ! MOTIVE P[] (! %IP-
HAUL]S &! 4T.E T !Y ALL CAUSE ! %IP
6TRAV]SE >E DIVISI# 96Z _M "PS Z "! >E
M54 ,H;E ,Z5O'S R1SON+ IS FALSE :5 HE
>GUES T "! IS NO "P (! MILLET T DOES N
MAKE A S.D3 = "! IS NO R1SON :Y ANY S*
"P %D N 9 ANY L5G? ( "T FAIL 6MOVE ! AIR
T ! :OLE BU%EL MOVES 9 FALL+4 ,9 FACT X
DOES N ( XF MOVE EV5 S* A QUANT;Y (! AIR
Z X WD MOVE IF ? "P 7 0XF3 = NO "P EV5
EXI/S O!RWISE ?AN POT5TI,Y4
  ,IF ON ! O!R H& WE H TWO =CES EA* ( :
SEP>ATELY MOVES "O ( TWO WEI<TS A GIV5
4T.E 9 A GIV5 "T1 !N ! =CES 9 -B9,N W
MOVE ! -B9$ WEI<TS AN EQUAL 4T.E 9 AN
EQUAL "T3 = 9 ? CASE ! RULES ( PROPOR;N
APPLY4
  ,!N DOES ? HOLD GD ( ALT],N &( 9CR1SE
AL8 ,SURELY X DOES1 = 9 ANY GIV5 CASE WE
H A DEF9ITE ?+ T CAUSE 9CR1SE &A DEF9ITE
?+ T SU6]S 9CR1SE1 &! "O CAUSES &! O!R
SU6]S A C]TA9 AM.T ( 9CR1SE 9 A C]TA9
AM.T ( "T4 ,SIMIL>LY WE H A DEF9ITE ?+ T
CAUSES ALT],N &A DEF9ITE ?+ T "UGOES
ALT],N1 &A C]TA9 AM.T1 OR R DEGREE1 (
ALT],N IS -PLET$ 9 A C]TA9 AM.T ( "T3
?US 9 TWICE Z M* "T TWICE Z M* ALT],N W
2 -PLET$ & 3V]SELY TWICE Z M* ALT],N W
O3UPY TWICE Z M* "T3 &! ALT],N ( HALF (
XS OBJECT W O3UPY HALF Z M* "T & 9 HALF
Z M* "T HALF (! OBJECT W 2 ALT]$3 OR AG1
9 ! SAME AM.T ( "T X W 2 ALT]$ TWICE Z
M*4
  ,ON ! O!R H& IF T : CAUSES ALT],N OR
9CR1SE CAUSES A C]TA9 AM.T ( 9CR1SE OR
ALT],N RESPECTIVELY 9 A C]TA9 AM.T ( "T1
X DOES N NECESS>ILY FOLL[ T HALF ! =CE W
O3UPY TWICE ! "T 9 ALT]+ OR 9CR1S+ !
OBJECT1 OR T 9 TWICE ! "T ! ALT],N OR
9CR1SE W 2 -PLET$ 0X3 X MAY HAPP5 T "! W
2 NO ALT],N OR 9CR1SE AT ALL1 ! CASE 2+
! SAME Z )! WEI<T4