,BOOK ,,IV
                   #A
  ,"! IS A SCI;E : 9VE/IGATES 2+ Z 2+ &!
ATTRIBUTES : 2L;G 6? 9 VIRTUE ( XS [N
NATURE4 ,N[ ? IS N ! SAME Z ANY (! S-
CALL$ SPECIAL SCI;ES2 = N"O ( ^! O!RS
TR1TS UNIV]S,Y ( 2+ Z 2+4 ,!Y CUT (F A
"P ( 2+ & 9VE/IGATE ! ATTRIBUTE ( ? "P2
? IS :AT ! MA!MATICAL SCI;ES = 9/.E D4
,N[ S9CE WE >E SEEK+ ! F/ PR9CIPLES &!
HI<E/ CAUSES1 CLE>LY "! M/ 2 "S ?+ 6: ^!
2L;G 9 VIRTUE ( XS [N NATURE4 ,IF !N ^?
:O S"\ ! ELE;TS ( EXI/+ ?+S 7 SEEK+ ^!
SAME PR9CIPLES1 X IS NEC T ! ELE;TS M/ 2
ELE;TS ( 2+ N 0A3ID5T B J 2C X IS 2+4
,"!=E X IS ( 2+ Z 2+ T WE AL M/ GRASP !
F/ CAUSES4
                   #B
  ,"! >E _M S5SES 9 : A ?+ MAY 2 SD TO
,8BE0'1 B ALL T ,8IS0' IS RELAT$ 6"O
C5TRAL PO9T1 "O DEF9ITE K9D ( ?+1 & IS N
SD TO ,8BE0' 0A M]E AMBIGU;Y4 ,"EY?+ :
IS H1L?Y IS RELAT$ 6H1L?1 "O ?+ 9 ! S5SE
T X PRES]VES H1L?1 ANO!R 9 ! S5SE T X
PRODUCES X1 ANO!R 9 ! S5SE T X IS A
SYMPTOM ( H1L?1 ANO!R 2C X IS CAPA# ( X4
,& T : IS M$ICAL IS RELATIVE 6! M$ICAL
>T1 "O ?+ 2+ CALL$ M$ICAL 2C X POSSESSES
X1 ANO!R 2C X IS NATUR,Y ADAPT$ 6X1
ANO!R 2C X IS A FUNC;N (! M$ICAL >T4 ,&
WE % F9D O!R ^WS US$ SIMIL>LY 6^!4 ,S1
TOO1 "! >E _M S5SES 9 : A ?+ IS SD 6BE1
B ALL REF] 6"O />T+-PO9T2 "S ?+S >E SD
6BE 2C !Y >E SUB/.ES1 O!RS 2C !Y >E
A6EC;NS ( SUB/.E1 O!RS 2C !Y >E A
PROCESS T[>DS SUB/.E1 OR DE/RUC;NS OR
PRIV,NS OR QUALITIES ( SUB/.E1 OR
PRODUCTIVE OR G5]ATIVE ( SUB/.E1 OR (
?+S : >E RELATIVE 6SUB/.E1 OR NEG,NS (
"O ( ^! ?+ ( SUB/.E XF4 ,X IS = ? R1SON
T WE SAY EV5 ( NON-2+ T X IS NONBE+4 ,Z1
!N1 "! IS "O SCI;E : D1LS ) ALL H1L?Y
?+S1 ! SAME APPLIES 9 ! O!R CASES AL4 ,=
N ONLY 9 ! CASE ( ?+S : H "O -MON NO;N
DOES ! 9VE/IG,N 2L;G 6"O SCI;E1 B AL 9 !
CASE ( ?+S : >E RELAT$ 6"O -MON NATURE2
= EV5 ^! 9 A S5SE H "O -MON NO;N4 ,X IS
CLE> !N T X IS ! "W ( "O SCI;E AL 6/UDY
! ?+S T >E1 QUA 2+4-,B "EY": SCI;E D1LS
*IEFLY ) T : IS PRIM>Y1 & ON : ! O!R ?+S
DEP5D1 & 9 VIRTUE ( : !Y GET _! "NS4
,IF1 !N1 ? IS SUB/.E1 X W 2 ( SUB/.ES T
! PHILOSOPH] M/ GRASP ! PR9CIPLES &!
CAUSES4
  ,N[ = EA* "O CLASS ( ?+S1 Z "! IS "O
P]CEP;N1 S "! IS "O SCI;E1 Z = 9/.E
GRAMM>1 2+ "O SCI;E1 9VE/IGATES ALL
>TICULATE S.DS4 ,H;E 69VE/IGATE ALL !
SPECIES ( 2+ QUA 2+ IS ! "W (A SCI;E :
IS G5]IC,Y "O1 & 69VE/IGATE ! S"EAL
SPECIES IS ! "W (! SPECIFIC "PS (!
SCI;E4
  ,IF1 N[1 2+ & UN;Y >E ! SAME & >E "O
?+ 9 ! S5SE T !Y >E IMPLI$ 9 "O ANO!R Z
PR9CIPLE & CAUSE >E1 N 9 ! S5SE T !Y >E
EXPLA9$ 0! SAME DEF9I;N 7?\< X MAKES NO
DI6];E EV5 IF WE SUPPOSE !M 6BE L T-IN
FACT ? WD EV5 /R5G!N \R CASE72 = ,8"O
MAN0' & ,8MAN0' >E ! SAME ?+1 & S >E
,8EXI/5T MAN0' & ,8MAN0'1 &! D\BL+ (!
^WS 9 ,8"O MAN & "O EXI/5T MAN0' DOES N
EXPRESS ANY?+ DI6]5T 7X IS CLE> T ! TWO
?+S >E N SEP>AT$ EI 9 -+ 6BE OR 9 C1S+
6BE72 & SIMIL>LY ,8"O EXI/5T MAN0' A4S
NO?+ TO ,8EXI/5T MAN0'1 & T X IS OBVI\S
T ! A4I;N 9 ^! CASES M1NS ! SAME ?+1 &
UN;Y IS NO?+ A"P F 2+2 & IF1 FUR!R1 !
SUB/.E ( EA* ?+ IS "O 9 NO M]ELY
A3ID5TAL WAY1 & SIMIL>LY IS F XS V
NATURE "S?+ T IS3-ALL ? 2+ S1 "! M/ 2
EXACTLY Z _M SPECIES ( 2+ Z ( UN;Y4 ,&
69VE/IGATE ! ESS;E ( ^! IS ! "W (A SCI;E
: IS G5]IC,Y "O-,I M1N1 = 9/.E1 ! 4CUS.N
(! SAME &! SIMIL> &! O!R 3CEPTS ( ?
SORT2 & NE>LY ALL 3TR>IES MAY 2 REF]R$
6? ORIG92 LET U TAKE !M Z HAV+ BE5
9VE/IGAT$ 9 ! ,8,SELEC;N ( ,3TR>IES0'4
  ,& "! >E Z _M "PS ( PHILOSOPHY Z "! >E
K9DS ( SUB/.E1 S T "! M/ NECESS>ILY 2
AM;G !M A F/ PHILOSOPHY & "O : FOLL[S ?4
,= 2+ FALLS IMMLY 96G5]A2 = : R1SON !
SCI;ES TOO W CORRESPOND 6^! G5]A4 ,=!
PHILOSOPH] IS L ! MA!MATICIAN1 Z T ^W IS
US$2 = MA!MATICS AL HAS "PS1 & "! IS A
F/ &A SECOND SCI;E & O!R SU3ESSIVE "OS
)9 ! SPH]E ( MA!MATICS4
  ,N[ S9CE X IS ! "W ( "O SCI;E
69VE/IGATE OPPOSITES1 & PLURAL;Y IS
OPPOS$ 6UN;Y-& X 2L;GS 6"O SCI;E
69VE/IGATE ! NEG,N &! PRIV,N 2C 9 BO?
CASES WE >E RE,Y 9VE/IGAT+ ! "O ?+ ( : !
NEG,N OR ! PRIV,N IS A NEG,N OR PRIV,N
7= WE EI SAY SIMPLY T T ?+ IS N PRES5T1
OR T X IS N PRES5T 9 "S "PICUL> CLASS2 9
! LATT] CASE DI6];E IS PRES5T OV] & ABV
:AT IS IMPLI$ 9 NEG,N2 = NEG,N M1NS J !
ABS;E (! ?+ 9 "Q1 :ILE 9 PRIV,N "! IS AL
EMPLOY$ AN "ULY+ NATURE ( : ! PRIV,N IS
ASS]T$73-IN VIEW ( ALL ^! FACTS1 !
3TR>IES (! 3CEPTS WE "ND ABV1 ! O!R &!
4SIMIL> &! UNEQUAL1 & "EY?+ ELSE : IS
DERIV$ EI F ^! OR F PLURAL;Y & UN;Y1 M/
FALL )9 ! PROV9CE (! SCI;E ABV "ND4 ,&
3TR>IETY IS "O ( ^! 3CEPTS2 = 3TR>IETY
IS A K9D ( DI6];E1 & DI6];E IS A K9D (
O!R;S4 ,"!=E1 S9CE "! >E _M S5SES 9 : A
?+ IS SD 6BE "O1 ^! T]MS AL W H _M
S5SES1 B YET X 2L;GS 6"O SCI;E 6"K !M
ALL2 =A T]M 2L;GS 6DI6]5T SCI;ES N IF X
HAS DI6]5T S5SES1 B IF X HAS N "O M1N+ &
XS DEF9I;NS _C 2 REF]R$ 6"O C5TRAL M1N+4
,& S9CE ALL ?+S >E REF]R$ 6T : IS
PRIM>Y1 Z = 9/.E ALL ?+S : >E CALL$ "O
>E REF]R$ 6! PRIM>Y "O1 WE M/ SAY T ?
HOLDS GD AL (! SAME &! O!R &( 3TR>IES 9
G5]AL2 S T AF 4T+UI%+ ! V>I\S S5SES (
EA*1 WE M/ !N EXPLA9 0REF];E 6:AT IS
PRIM>Y 9 ! CASE ( EA* (! PR$ICATES 9 "Q1
SAY+ H[ !Y >E RELAT$ 6X2 = "S W 2 CALL$
:AT !Y >E CALL$ 2C !Y POSSESS X1 O!RS 2C
!Y PRODUCE X1 & O!RS 9 O!R S* WAYS4
  ,X IS EVID5T1 !N1 T X 2L;GS 6"O SCI;E
6BE A# 6GIVE AN A3.T ( ^! 3CEPTS Z WELL
Z ( SUB/.E 7? 0 "O (! "QS 9 \R BOOK (
PRO#MS71 & T X IS ! FUNC;N (! PHILOSOPH]
6BE A# 69VE/IGATE ALL ?+S4 ,= IF X IS N
! FUNC;N (! PHILOSOPH]1 :O IS X :O W
9QUIRE :E!R ,SOCRATES & ,SOCRATES S1T$
>E ! SAME ?+1 OR :E!R "O ?+ HAS "O
3TR>Y1 OR :AT 3TR>IETY IS1 OR H[ _M
M1N+S X HAS8 ,& SIMIL>LY ) ALL O!R S*
"QS4 ,S9CE1 !N1 ^! >E ESS5TIAL
MODIFIC,NS ( UN;Y QUA UN;Y &( 2+ QUA 2+1
N QUA NUMB]S OR L9ES OR FIRE1 X IS CLE>
T X 2L;GS 6? SCI;E 69VE/IGATE BO? !
ESS;E ( ^! 3CEPTS & _! PROP]TIES4 ,& ^?
:O /UDY ^! PROP]TIES ]R N 0L1V+ ! SPH]E
( PHILOSOPHY1 B 0=GETT+ T SUB/.E1 ( : !Y
H NO CORRECT IDEA1 IS PRIOR 6^! O!R ?+S4
,= NUMB] QUA NUMB] HAS PECULI>
ATTRIBUTES1 S* Z O4;S & EV5;S1
-M5SURABIL;Y & EQUAL;Y1 EXCESS & DEFECT1
& ^! 2L;G 6NUMB]S EI 9 !MVS OR 9 REL,N
6"O ANO!R4 ,& SIMIL>LY ! SOLID &! MO;N.S
& T : IS 9 MO;N &! WEI<T.S & T : HAS
WEI<T H O!R PECULI> PROP]TIES4 ,S TOO "!
>E C]TA9 PROP]TIES PECULI> 62+ Z S*1 & X
IS AB ^! T ! PHILOSOPH] HAS 69VE/IGATE !
TRU?4-,AN 9DIC,N ( ? MAY 2 M5;N$3
DIALECTICIANS & SOPHI/S ASSUME ! SAME
GUISE Z ! PHILOSOPH]1 = SOPHI/IC IS
,WISDOM : EXI/S ONLY 9 SEMBL.E1 &
DIALECTICIANS EMBRACE ALL ?+S 9 _!
DIALECTIC1 & 2+ IS -MON 6ALL ?+S2 B
EVID5TLY _! DIALECTIC EMBRACES ^!
SUBJECTS 2C ^! >E PROP] 6PHILOSOPHY4-,=
SOPHI/IC & DIALECTIC TURN ON ! SAME
CLASS ( ?+S Z PHILOSOPHY1 B ? DI6]S F
DIALECTIC 9 ! NATURE (! FACULTY REQUIR$
& F SOPHI/IC 9 RESPECT (! PURPOSE (!
PHILOSOPHIC LIFE4 ,DIALECTIC IS M]ELY
CRITICAL ": PHILOSOPHY CLAIMS 6"K1 &
SOPHI/IC IS :AT APPE>S 6BE PHILOSOPHY B
IS N4
  ,AG1 9 ! LI/ ( 3TR>IES "O (! TWO
COLUMNS IS PRIVATIVE1 & ALL 3TR>IES >E
REDUCI# 62+ & NON-2+1 & 6UN;Y &
PLURAL;Y1 Z = 9/.E RE/ 2L;GS 6UN;Y &
MOVE;T 6PLURAL;Y4 ,& NE>LY ALL ?9K]S
AGREE T 2+ & SUB/.E >E -POS$ ( 3TR>IES2
AT L1/ ALL "N 3TR>IES Z _! F/ PR9CIPLES-
"S "N ODD & EV51 "S HOT & COLD1 "S LIMIT
&! UNLIMIT$1 "S LOVE & /RIFE4 ,& ALL !
O!RS Z WELL >E EVID5TLY REDUCI# 6UN;Y &
PLURAL;Y 7? REDUC;N WE M/ TAKE =
GRANT$71 &! PR9CIPLES /AT$ 0O!R ?9K]S
FALL 5TIRELY "U ^! Z _! G5]A4 ,X IS
OBVI\S !N F ^! 3SID],NS TOO T X 2L;GS
6"O SCI;E 6EXAM9E 2+ QUA 2+4 ,= ALL ?+S
>E EI 3TR>IES OR -POS$ ( 3TR>IES1 & UN;Y
& PLURAL;Y >E ! />T+-PO9TS ( ALL
3TR>IES4 ,& ^! 2L;G 6"O SCI;E1 :E!R !Y H
OR H N "O S+LE M1N+4 ,PROBABLY ! TRU? IS
T !Y H N2 YET EV5 IF ,8"O0' HAS S"EAL
M1N+S1 ! O!R M1N+S W 2 RELAT$ 6! PRIM>Y
M1N+ 7& SIMIL>LY 9 ! CASE (! 3TR>IES71
EV5 IF 2+ OR UN;Y IS N A UNIV]SAL &!
SAME 9 E 9/.E OR IS N SEP>A# F ! "PICUL>
9/.ES 7Z 9 FACT X PROBABLY IS N2 ! UN;Y
IS 9 "S CASES T ( -MON REF];E1 9 "S
CASES T ( S]IAL SU3ES.N74 ,&= ? R1SON X
DOES N 2L;G 6! GEOMET] 69QUIRE :AT IS
3TR>IETY OR -PLETE;S OR UN;Y OR 2+ OR !
SAME OR ! O!R1 B ONLY 6PRESUPPOSE ^!
3CEPTS & R1SON F ? />T+-PO9T4--,OBVI\SLY
!N X IS ! "W ( "O SCI;E 6EXAM9E 2+ QUA
2+1 &! ATTRIBUTES : 2L;G 6X QUA 2+1 &!
SAME SCI;E W EXAM9E N ONLY SUB/.ES B AL
_! ATTRIBUTES1 BO? ^? ABV "ND &! 3CEPTS
,8PRIOR0' & ,8PO/]IOR0'1 ,8G5US0' &
,8SPECIES0'1 ,8:OLE0' & ,8"P0'1 &! O!RS
( ? SORT4
                   #C
  ,WE M/ /ATE :E!R X 2L;GS 6"O OR
6DI6]5T SCI;ES 69QUIRE 96! TRU?S : >E 9
MA!MATICS CALL$ AXIOMS1 & 96SUB/.E4
,EVID5TLY1 ! 9QUIRY 96^! AL 2L;GS 6"O
SCI;E1 & T ! SCI;E (! PHILOSOPH]2 = ^!
TRU?S HOLD GD = "EY?+ T IS1 & N = "S
SPECIAL G5US A"P F O!RS4 ,& ALL M5 USE
!M1 2C !Y >E TRUE ( 2+ QUA 2+ & EA* G5US
HAS 2+4 ,B M5 USE !M J S F> Z 6SATISFY
_! PURPOSES2 T IS1 Z F> Z ! G5US 6: _!
DEMON/R,NS REF] EXT5DS4 ,"!=E S9CE ^!
TRU?S CLE>LY HOLD GD = ALL ?+S QUA 2+ 7=
? IS :AT IS -MON 6!M71 6HM :O /UDIES 2+
QUA 2+ 2L;GS ! 9QUIRY 96^! Z WELL4 ,&= ?
R1SON NO "O :O IS 3DUCT+ A SPECIAL
9QUIRY TRIES 6SAY ANY?+ AB _! TRU? OR
FALS;Y1-NEI ! GEOMET] NOR ! >I?METICIAN4
,"S NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S 9DE$ H D"O S1 &
_! PROC$URE 0 9TELLIGI# 5\<2 = !Y ?"\ T
!Y AL"O 7 9QUIR+ AB ! :OLE ( NATURE & AB
2+4 ,B S9CE "! IS "O K9D ( ?9K] :O IS
ABV EV5 ! NATURAL PHILOSOPH] 7= NATURE
IS ONLY "O "PICUL> G5US ( 2+71 ! 4CUS.N
( ^! TRU?S AL W 2L;G 6HM ^: 9QUIRY IS
UNIV]SAL & D1LS ) PRIM>Y SUB/.E4
,PHYSICS AL IS A K9D ( ,WISDOM1 B X IS N
! F/ K9D4-,&! ATTEMPTS ( "S ( ^? :O
4CUSS ! T]MS ON : TRU? %D 2 A3EPT$1 >E
DUE 6A WANT ( TRA9+ 9 LOGIC2 = !Y %D "K
^! ?+S ALR :5 !Y -E 6A SPECIAL /UDY1 & N
2 9QUIR+ 96!M :ILE !Y >E LI/5+ 6LECTURES
ON X4
  ,EVID5TLY !N X 2L;GS 6! PHILOSOPH]1
I4E4 6HM :O IS /UDY+ ! NATURE ( ALL
SUB/.E1 69QUIRE AL 96! PR9CIPLES (
SYLLOGISM4 ,B HE :O "KS BE/ AB EA* G5US
M/ 2 A# 6/ATE ! MO/ C]TA9 PR9CIPLES ( 8
SUBJECT1 S T HE ^: SUBJECT IS EXI/+ ?+S
QUA EXI/+ M/ 2 A# 6/ATE ! MO/ C]TA9
PR9CIPLES ( ALL ?+S4 ,? IS ! PHILOSOPH]1
&! MO/ C]TA9 PR9CIPLE ( ALL IS T REG>D+
: X IS IMPOSSI# 6BE MISTAK52 = S* A
PR9CIPLE M/ 2 BO? ! BE/ "KN 7= ALL M5
MAY 2 MISTAK5 AB ?+S : !Y D N "K71 &
NON-HYPO!TICAL4 ,=A PR9CIPLE : E "O M/ H
:O "U/&S ANY?+ T IS1 IS N A HYPO!SIS2 &
T : E "O M/ "K :O "KS ANY?+1 HE M/ ALR H
:5 HE -ES 6A SPECIAL /UDY4 ,EVID5TLY !N
S* A PR9CIPLE IS ! MO/ C]TA9 ( ALL2 :
PR9CIPLE ? IS1 LET U PROCE$ 6SAY4 ,X IS1
T ! SAME ATTRIBUTE _C AT ! SAME "T 2L;G
& N 2L;G 6! SAME SUBJECT & 9 ! SAME
RESPECT2 WE M/ PRESUPPOSE1 6GU>D AG/
DIALECTICAL OBJEC;NS1 ANY FUR!R
QUALIFIC,NS : MI<T 2 A4$4 ,?1 !N1 IS !
MO/ C]TA9 ( ALL PR9CIPLES1 S9CE X ANSW]S
6! DEF9I;N GIV5 ABV4 ,= X IS IMPOSSI# =
ANY "O 62LIEVE ! SAME ?+ 6BE & N 6BE1 Z
"S ?9K ,H]ACLITUS SAYS4 ,= :AT A MAN
SAYS1 HE DOES N NECESS>ILY 2LIEVE2 & IF
X IS IMPOSSI# T 3TR>Y ATTRIBUTES %D 2L;G
AT ! SAME "T 6! SAME SUBJECT 7! USUAL
QUALIFIC,NS M/ 2 PRESUPPOS$ 9 ? PREMISS
TOO71 & IF AN OP9ION : 3TRADICTS ANO!R
IS 3TR>Y 6X1 OBVI\SLY X IS IMPOSSI# =!
SAME MAN AT ! SAME "T 62LIEVE ! SAME ?+
6BE & N 6BE2 = IF A MAN 7 MISTAK5 ON ?
PO9T HE WD H 3TR>Y OP9IONS AT ! SAME "T4
,X IS = ? R1SON T ALL :O >E C>RY+ \ A
DEMON/R,N REDUCE X 6? Z AN ULTIMATE
2LIEF2 = ? IS NATUR,Y ! />T+-PO9T EV5 =
ALL ! O!R AXIOMS4

                   #D
  ,"! >E "S :O1 Z WE SD1 BO? !MVS ASS]T
T X IS POSSI# =! SAME ?+ 6BE & N 6BE1 &
SAY T P C JUDGE ? 6BE ! CASE4 ,& AM;G
O!RS _M WRIT]S AB NATURE USE ? LANGUAGE4
,B WE H N[ POSIT$ T X IS IMPOSSI# =
ANY?+ AT ! SAME "T 6BE & N 6BE1 & 0?
M1NS H %[N T ? IS ! MO/ 9DISPUTA# ( ALL
PR9CIPLES4-,"S 9DE$ DEM& T EV5 ? % 2
DEMON/RAT$1 B ? !Y D "? WANT ( $UC,N1 =
N 6"K ( :AT ?+S "O %D DEM& DEMON/R,N1 &(
:AT "O %D N1 >GUES WANT ( $UC,N4 ,= X IS
IMPOSSI# T "! %D 2 DEMON/R,N (
ABSOLUTELY "EY?+ 7"! WD 2 AN 9F9ITE
REGRESS1 S T "! WD / 2 NO DEMON/R,N72 B
IF "! >E ?+S ( : "O %D N DEM& DEMON/R,N1
^! P]SONS CD N SAY :AT PR9CIPLE !Y
MA9TA9 6BE M SELF-EVID5T ?AN ! PRES5T
"O4
  ,WE C1 H["E1 DEMON/RATE NEGATIVELY EV5
T ? VIEW IS IMPOSSI#1 IF \R OPPON5T W
ONLY SAY "S?+2 & IF HE SAYS NO?+1 X IS
ABSURD 6SEEK 6GIVE AN A3.T ( \R VIEWS
6"O :O _C GIVE AN A3.T ( ANY?+1 9 S F> Z
HE _C D S4 ,= S* A MAN1 Z S*1 IS F ! />T
NO BETT] ?AN A VEGETA#4 ,N[ NEGATIVE
DEMON/R,N ,I 4T+UI% F DEMON/R,N PROP]1
2C 9 A DEMON/R,N "O MI<T 2 ?"\ 6BE BE7+
! "Q1 B IF ANO!R P]SON IS RESPONSI# =!
ASSUMP;N WE % H NEGATIVE PRO(1 N
DEMON/R,N4 ,! />T+-PO9T = ALL S* >GU;TS
IS N ! DEM& T \R OPPON5T % SAY T "S?+ EI
IS OR IS N 7= ? "O MI<T P]H TAKE 6BE A
BE7+ (! "Q71 B T HE % SAY "S?+ : IS
SIGNIFICANT BO? = HMF &= ANO!R2 = ? IS
NEC1 IF HE RE,Y IS 6SAY ANY?+4 ,=1 IF HE
M1NS NO?+1 S* A MAN W N 2 CAPA# (
R1SON+1 EI ) HMF OR ) ANO!R4 ,B IF ANY
"O GRANTS ?1 DEMON/R,N W 2 POSSI#2 = WE
% ALR H "S?+ DEF9ITE4 ,! P]SON RESPONSI#
=! PRO(1 H["E1 IS N HE :O DEMON/RATES B
HE :O LI/5S2 = :ILE 4[N+ R1SON HE LI/5S
6R1SON4 ,& AG HE :O ADMITS ? HAS ADMITT$
T "S?+ IS TRUE A"P F DEMON/R,N 7S T N
"EY?+ W 2 ,8S & N S0'74
  ,F/ !N ? AT L1/ IS OBVI\SLY TRUE1 T !
^W ,8BE0' OR ,8N BE0' HAS A DEF9ITE
M1N+1 S T N "EY?+ W 2 ,8S & N S0'4 ,AG1
IF ,8MAN0' HAS "O M1N+1 LET ? 2 ,8TWO-
FOOT$ ANIMAL0'2 0HAV+ "O M1N+ ,I "U/&
?3-IF ,8MAN0' M1NS ,8;,X0'1 !N IF ,A IS
A MAN ,8;,X0' W 2 :AT ,82+ A MAN0' M1NS
= HM4 7,X MAKES NO DI6];E EV5 IF "O 7
6SAY A ^W HAS S"EAL M1N+S1 IF ONLY !Y >E
LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]2 = 6EA* DEF9I;N "! MI<T 2
ASSIGN$ A DI6]5T ^W4 ,= 9/.E1 WE MI<T
SAY T ,8MAN0' HAS N "O M1N+ B S"EAL1 "O
( : WD H "O DEF9I;N1 VIZ4 ,8TWO-FOOT$
ANIMAL0'1 :ILE "! MI<T 2 AL S"EAL O!R
DEF9I;NS IF ONLY !Y 7 LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]2 =A
PECULI> "N MI<T 2 ASSIGN$ 6EA* (!
DEF9I;NS4 ,IF1 H["E1 !Y 7 N LIMIT$ B "O
7 6SAY T ! ^W HAS AN 9F9ITE NUMB] (
M1N+S1 OBVI\SLY R1SON+ WD 2 IMPOSSI#2 =
N 6H "O M1N+ IS 6H NO M1N+1 & IF ^WS H
NO M1N+ \R R1SON+ ) "O ANO!R1 & 9DE$ )
\RVS1 HAS BE5 ANNIHILAT$2 = X IS
IMPOSSI# 6?9K ( ANY?+ IF WE D N ?9K ( "O
?+2 B IF ? IS POSSI#1 "O "N MI<T 2
ASSIGN$ 6? ?+47
  ,LET X 2 ASSUM$ !N1 Z 0 SD AT ! 2G9N+1
T ! "N HAS A M1N+ & HAS "O M1N+2 X IS
IMPOSSI#1 !N1 T ,82+ A MAN0' %D M1N
PRECISELY ,8N 2+ A MAN0'1 IF ,8MAN0' N
ONLY SIGNIFIES "S?+ AB "O SUBJECT B AL
HAS "O SIGNIFIC.E 7= WE D N ID5TIFY
,8HAV+ "O SIGNIFIC.E0' ) ,8SIGNIFY+ "S?+
AB "O SUBJECT0'1 S9CE ON T ASSUMP;N EV5
,8MUSICAL0' & ,8:ITE0' & ,8MAN0' WD H _H
"O SIGNIFIC.E1 S T ALL ?+S WD H BE5 "O2
= !Y WD ALL H _H ! SAME SIGNIFIC.E74
  ,& X W N 2 POSSI# 6BE & N 6BE ! SAME
?+1 EXCEPT 9 VIRTUE ( AN AMBIGU;Y1 J Z
IF "O :OM WE CALL ,8MAN0'1 O!RS 7 6CALL
,8N-MAN0'2 B ! PO9T 9 "Q IS N ?1 :E!R !
SAME ?+ C AT ! SAME "T 2 & N 2 A MAN 9
"N1 B :E!R X C 9 FACT4 ,N[ IF ,8MAN0' &
,8N-MAN0' M1N NO?+ DI6]5T1 OBVI\SLY ,8N
2+ A MAN0' W M1N NO?+ DI6]5T F ,82+ A
MAN0'2 S T ,82+ A MAN0' W 2 ,8N 2+ A
MAN0'2 = !Y W 2 "O4 ,= 2+ "O M1NS ?-2+
RELAT$ Z ,8RAI;T0' & ,8DRESS0' >E1 IF _!
DEF9I;N IS "O4 ,& IF ,82+ A MAN0' & ,82+
A N-MAN0' >E 6BE "O1 !Y M/ M1N "O ?+4 ,B
X 0 %[N E>LI]0' T !Y M1N DI6]5T ?+S4-
,"!=E1 IF X IS TRUE 6SAY ( ANY?+ T X IS
A MAN1 X M/ 2 A TWO-FOOT$ ANIMAL 7= ? 0
:AT ,8MAN0' M1NT72 & IF ? IS NEC1 X IS
IMPOSSI# T ! SAME ?+ %D N AT T "T 2 A
TWO-FOOT$ ANIMAL2 = ? IS :AT ,82+ NEC0'
M1NS-T X IS IMPOSSI# =! ?+ N 6BE4 ,X IS1
!N1 IMPOSSI# T X %D 2 AT ! SAME "T TRUE
6SAY ! SAME ?+ IS A MAN & IS N A MAN4
  ,! SAME A3.T HOLDS GD ) REG>D TO ,8N
2+ A MAN0'1 = ,82+ A MAN0' & ,82+ A N-
MAN0' M1N DI6]5T ?+S1 S9CE EV5 ,82+
:ITE0' & ,82+ A MAN0' >E DI6]5T2 =! =M]
T]MS >E M* M DI6]5T S T !Y M/ A =TIORI
M1N DI6]5T ?+S4 ,& IF ANY "O SAYS T
,8:ITE0' M1NS "O &! SAME ?+ Z ,8MAN0'1
AG WE % SAY ! SAME Z :AT 0 SD 2F1 T X WD
FOLL[ T ALL ?+S >E "O1 & N ONLY
OPPOSITES4 ,B IF ? IS IMPOSSI#1 !N :AT
WE H MA9TA9$ W FOLL[1 IF \R OPPON5T W
ONLY ANSW] \R "Q4
  ,& IF1 :5 "O ASKS ! "Q SIMPLY1 HE A4S
! 3TRADICTORIES1 HE IS N ANSW]+ ! "Q4 ,=
"! IS NO?+ 6PREV5T ! SAME ?+ F 2+ BO? A
MAN & :ITE & C.T.S O!R ?+S3 B /1 IF "O
ASKS :E!R X IS OR IS N TRUE 6SAY T ? IS
A MAN1 \R OPPON5T M/ GIVE AN ANSW] :
M1NS "O ?+1 & N ADD T ,8X IS AL :ITE &
L>GE0'4 ,=1 2SS O!R R1SONS1 X IS
IMPOSSI# 6ENUM]ATE XS A3ID5TAL
ATTRIBUTES1 : >E 9F9ITE 9 NUMB]2 LET HM1
!N1 ENUM]ATE EI ALL OR N"O4 ,SIMIL>LY1
"!=E1 EV5 IF ! SAME ?+ IS A ?\S& "TS A
MAN &A N-MAN1 HE M/ N1 9 ANSW]+ ! "Q
:E!R ? IS A MAN1 ADD T X IS AL AT ! SAME
"T A N-MAN1 UN.S HE IS B.D 6ADD AL ALL !
O!R A3ID5TS1 ALL T ! SUBJECT IS OR IS N2
& IF HE DOES ?1 HE IS N OBS]V+ ! RULES (
>GU;T4
  ,& 9 G5]AL ^? :O SAY ? D AWAY ) SUB/.E
& ESS;E4 ,= !Y M/ SAY T ALL ATTRIBUTES
>E A3ID5TS1 & T "! IS NO S* ?+ Z ,82+
ESS5TI,Y A MAN0' OR ,8AN ANIMAL0'4 ,= IF
"! IS 6BE ANY S* ?+ Z ,82+ ESS5TI,Y A
MAN0' ? W N 2 ,82+ A N-MAN0' OR ,8N 2+ A
MAN0' 7YET ^! >E NEG,NS ( X72 = "! 0 "O
?+ : X M1NT1 & ? 0 ! SUB/.E ( "S?+4 ,&
DENOT+ ! SUB/.E (A ?+ M1NS T ! ESS;E (!
?+ IS NO?+ ELSE4 ,B IF XS 2+ ESS5TI,Y A
MAN IS 6BE ! SAME Z EI 2+ ESS5TI,Y A N-
MAN OR ESS5TI,Y N 2+ A MAN1 !N XS ESS;E
W 2 "S?+ ELSE4 ,"!=E \R OPPON5TS M/ SAY
T "! _C 2 S* A DEF9I;N ( ANY?+1 B T ALL
ATTRIBUTES >E A3ID5TAL2 = ? IS ! 4T9C;N
2T SUB/.E & A3ID5T-,8:ITE0' IS A3ID5TAL
6MAN1 2C ?\< HE IS :ITE1 :ITE;S IS N 8
ESS;E4 ,B IF ALL /ATE;TS >E A3ID5TAL1 "!
W 2 NO?+ PRIM>Y AB : !Y >E MADE1 IF !
A3ID5TAL ALW IMPLIES PR$IC,N AB A
SUBJECT4 ,! PR$IC,N1 !N1 M/ G ON AD
9F9ITUM4 ,B ? IS IMPOSSI#2 = N EV5 M ?AN
TWO T]MS C 2 -B9$ 9 A3ID5TAL PR$IC,N4 ,=
7#A7 AN A3ID5T IS N AN A3ID5T ( AN
A3ID5T1 UN.S X 2 2C BO? >E A3ID5TS (!
SAME SUBJECT4 ,I M1N1 = 9/.E1 T ! :ITE
IS MUSICAL &! LATT] IS :ITE1 ONLY 2C BO?
>E A3ID5TAL 6MAN4 ,B 7#B7 ,SOCRATES IS
MUSICAL1 N 9 ? S5SE1 T BO? T]MS >E
A3ID5TAL 6"S?+ ELSE4 ,S9CE !N "S
PR$ICATES >E A3ID5TAL 9 ? & "S 9 T S5SE1
7A7 ^? : >E A3ID5TAL 9 ! LATT] S5SE1 9 :
:ITE IS A3ID5TAL 6,SOCRATES1 _C =M AN
9F9ITE S]IES 9 ! UPW>D DIREC;N2 E4G4
,SOCRATES ! :ITE HAS N YET ANO!R A3ID5T2
= NO UN;Y C 2 GOT \ ( S* A SUM4 ,NOR AG
7B7 W ,8:ITE0' H ANO!R T]M A3ID5TAL 6X1
E4G4 ,8MUSICAL0'4 ,= ? IS NO M A3ID5TAL
6T ?AN T IS 6?2 & AT ! SAME "T WE H
DRAWN ! 4T9C;N1 T :ILE "S PR$ICATES >E
A3ID5TAL 9 ? S5SE1 O!RS >E S 9 ! S5SE 9
: ,8MUSICAL0' IS A3ID5TAL 6,SOCRATES2 &!
A3ID5T IS AN A3ID5T ( AN A3ID5T N 9
CASES (! LATT] K9D1 B ONLY 9 CASES (!
O!R K9D1 S T N ALL T]MS W 2 A3ID5TAL4
,"! M/1 !N1 EV5 S 2 "S?+ : DENOTES
SUB/.E4 ,& IF ? IS S1 X HAS BE5 %[N T
3TRADICTORIES _C 2 PR$ICAT$ AT ! SAME
"T4
  ,AG1 IF ALL 3TRADICTORY /ATE;TS >E
TRUE (! SAME SUBJECT AT ! SAME "T1
EVID5TLY ALL ?+S W 2 "O4 ,=! SAME ?+ W 2
A TRIREME1 A WALL1 &A MAN1 IF ( "EY?+ X
IS POSSI# EI 6A6IRM OR 6D5Y ANY?+ 7& ?
PREMISS M/ 2 A3EPT$ 0^? :O %>E ! VIEWS (
,PROTAGORAS74 ,= IF ANY "O ?9KS T ! MAN
IS N A TRIREME1 EVID5TLY HE IS N A
TRIREME2 S T HE AL IS A TRIREME1 IF1 Z
!Y SAY1 3TRADICTORY /ATE;TS >E BO? TRUE4
,& WE ?US GET ! DOCTR9E ( ,ANAXAGORAS1 T
ALL ?+S >E MIX$ TGR2 S T NO?+ RE,Y
EXI/S4 ,!Y SEEM1 !N1 6BE SP1K+ (!
9DET]M9ATE1 &1 :ILE FANCY+ !MVS 6BE
SP1K+ ( 2+1 !Y >E SP1K+ AB NON-2+2 = X
IS T : EXI/S POT5TI,Y & N 9 -PLETE R1L;Y
T IS 9DET]M9ATE4 ,B !Y M/ PR$ICATE ( E
SUBJECT ! A6IRM,N OR ! NEG,N ( E
ATTRIBUTE4 ,= X IS ABSURD IF ( EA*
SUBJECT XS [N NEG,N IS 6BE PR$ICA#1 :ILE
! NEG,N ( "S?+ ELSE : _C 2 PR$ICAT$ ( X
IS N 6BE PR$ICA# ( X2 = 9/.E1 IF X IS
TRUE 6SAY (A MAN T HE IS N A MAN1
EVID5TLY X IS AL TRUE 6SAY T HE IS EI A
TRIREME OR N A TRIREME4 ,IF1 !N1 !
A6IRMATIVE C 2 PR$ICAT$1 ! NEGATIVE M/ 2
PR$ICA# TOO2 & IF ! A6IRMATIVE IS N
PR$ICA#1 ! NEGATIVE1 AT L1/1 W 2 M
PR$ICA# ?AN ! NEGATIVE (! SUBJECT XF4
,IF1 !N1 EV5 ! LATT] NEGATIVE IS
PR$ICA#1 ! NEGATIVE ( ,8TRIREME0' W 2 AL
PR$ICA#2 &1 IF ? IS PR$ICA#1 !
A6IRMATIVE W 2 S TOO4
  ,^?1 !N1 :O MA9TA9 ? VIEW >E DRIV5 6?
3CLU.N1 & 6! FUR!R 3CLU.N T X IS N NEC
EI 6ASS]T OR 6D5Y4 ,= IF X IS TRUE T A
?+ IS A MAN &A N-MAN1 EVID5TLY AL X W 2
NEI A MAN NOR A N-MAN4 ,= 6! TWO ASS];NS
"! ANSW] TWO NEG,NS1 & IF ! =M] IS TR1T$
Z A S+LE PROPOSI;N -P.D$ \ ( TWO1 !
LATT] AL IS A S+LE PROPOSI;N OPPOSITE 6!
=M]4
  ,AG1 EI ! !ORY IS TRUE 9 ALL CASES1 &A
?+ IS BO? :ITE & N-:ITE1 & EXI/5T & NON-
EXI/5T1 & ALL O!R ASS];NS & NEG,NS >E
SIMIL>LY -PATI# OR ! !ORY IS TRUE ( "S
/ATE;TS & N ( O!RS4 ,& IF N ( ALL1 !
EXCEP;NS W 2 3TRADICTORIES ( : ADMITT$LY
ONLY "O IS TRUE2 B IF ( ALL1 AG EI !
NEG,N W 2 TRUE :]"E ! ASS];N IS1 &!
ASS];N TRUE :]"E ! NEG,N IS1 OR ! NEG,N
W 2 TRUE ": ! ASS];N IS1 B ! ASS];N N
ALW TRUE ": ! NEG,N IS4 ,& 7A7 9 ! LATT]
CASE "! W 2 "S?+ : FIX$LY IS N1 & ? W 2
AN 9DISPUTA# 2LIEF2 & IF NON-2+ IS "S?+
9DISPUTA# & "KA#1 ! OPPOSITE ASS];N W 2
M "KA#4 ,B 7B7 IF X IS EQU,Y POSSI# AL
6ASS]T ALL T X IS POSSI# 6D5Y1 "O M/ EI
2 SAY+ :AT IS TRUE :5 "O SEP>ATES !
PR$ICATES 7& SAYS1 = 9/.E1 T A ?+ IS
:ITE1 & AG T X IS N-:ITE71 OR N4 ,& IF
7I7 X IS N TRUE 6APPLY ! PR$ICATES
SEP>ATELY1 \R OPPON5T IS N SAY+ :AT HE
PROFESSES 6SAY1 & AL NO?+ AT ALL EXI/S2
B H[ CD NON-EXI/5T ?+S SP1K OR WALK1 Z
HE DOES8 ,AL ALL ?+S WD ON ? VIEW 2 "O1
Z HAS BE5 ALR SD1 & MAN & ,GOD & TRIREME
& _! 3TRADICTORIES W 2 ! SAME4 ,= IF
3TRADICTORIES C 2 PR$ICAT$ ALIKE ( EA*
SUBJECT1 "O ?+ W 9 NO WISE DI6] F ANO!R2
= IF X DI6]1 ? DI6];E W 2 "S?+ TRUE &
PECULI> 6X4 ,& 7;II7 IF "O MAY ) TRU?
APPLY ! PR$ICATES SEP>ATELY1 ! ABV-M5;N$
RESULT FOLL[S N"O ! LESS1 &1 FUR!R1 X
FOLL[S T ALL WD !N 2 "R & ALL WD 2 9
]ROR1 & \R OPPON5T HMF 3FESSES HMF 6BE 9
]ROR4-,& AT ! SAME "T \R 4CUS.N ) HM IS
EVID5TLY AB NO?+ AT ALL2 = HE SAYS NO?+4
,= HE SAYS NEI ,8YES0' NOR ,8NO0'1 B
,8YES & NO0'2 & AG HE D5IES BO? ( ^! &
SAYS ,8NEI YES NOR NO0'2 = O!RWISE "! WD
ALR 2 "S?+ DEF9ITE4
  ,AG IF :5 ! ASS];N IS TRUE1 ! NEG,N IS
FALSE1 & :5 ? IS TRUE1 ! A6IRM,N IS
FALSE1 X W N 2 POSSI# 6ASS]T & D5Y !
SAME ?+ TRULY AT ! SAME "T4 ,B P]H !Y
MI<T SAY ? 0 ! V "Q AT ISSUE4
  ,AG1 IS HE 9 ]ROR :O JUDGES EI T ! ?+
IS S OR T X IS N S1 & IS HE "R :O JUDGES
BO?8 ,IF HE IS "R1 :AT C !Y M1N 0SAY+ T
! NATURE ( EXI/+ ?+S IS ( ? K9D8 ,& IF
HE IS N "R1 B M "R ?AN HE :O JUDGES 9 !
O!R WAY1 2+ W ALR 2 (A DEF9ITE NATURE1 &
? W 2 TRUE1 & N AT ! SAME "T AL N TRUE4
,B IF ALL >E ALIKE BO? WR;G & "R1 "O :O
IS 9 ? 3DI;N W N 2 A# EI 6SP1K OR 6SAY
ANY?+ 9TELLIGI#2 = HE SAYS AT ! SAME "T
BO? ,8YES0' & ,8NO40' ,& IF HE MAKES NO
JUDGE;T B ,8?9KS0' & ,8DOES N ?9K0'1
9DI6]5TLY1 :AT DI6];E W "! 2 2T HM &A
VEGETA#8-,?US1 !N1 X IS 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE
EVID5T T NEI ANY "O ( ^? :O MA9TA9 ?
VIEW NOR ANY "O ELSE IS RE,Y 9 ? POSI;N4
,= :Y DOES A MAN WALK 6,MEG>A & N /AY AT
HOME1 :5 HE ?9KS HE "\ 6BE WALK+ "!8 ,:Y
DOES HE N WALK E>LY "S MORN+ 96A WELL OR
OV] A PRECIPICE1 IF "O HAPP5S 6BE 9 8
WAY8 ,:Y D WE OBS]VE HM GU>D+ AG/ ?1
EVID5TLY 2C HE DOES N ?9K T FALL+ 9 IS
ALIKE GD & N GD8 ,EVID5TLY1 !N1 HE
JUDGES "O ?+ 6BE BETT] & ANO!R WORSE4 ,&
IF ? IS S1 HE M/ AL JUDGE "O ?+ 6BE A
MAN & ANO!R 6BE N-A-MAN1 "O ?+ 6BE SWEET
& ANO!R 6BE N-SWEET4 ,= HE DOES N AIM AT
& JUDGE ALL ?+S ALIKE1 :51 ?9K+ X
DESIRA# 6DR9K WAT] OR 6SEE A MAN1 HE
PROCE$S 6AIM AT ^! ?+S2 YET HE "\1 IF !
SAME ?+ 7 ALIKE A MAN & N-A-MAN4 ,B1 Z 0
SD1 "! IS NO "O :O DOES N OBVI\SLY AVOID
"S ?+S & N O!RS4 ,"!=E1 Z X SEEMS1 ALL
M5 MAKE UNQUALIFI$ JUDGE;TS1 IF N AB ALL
?+S1 / AB :AT IS BETT] & WORSE4 ,& IF ?
IS N K B OP9ION1 !Y %D 2 ALL ! M ANXI\S
AB ! TRU?1 Z A SICK MAN %D 2 M ANXI\S AB
8 H1L? ?AN "O :O IS H1L?Y2 = HE :O HAS
OP9IONS IS1 9 -P>ISON )! MAN :O "KS1 N 9
A H1L?Y /ATE Z F> Z ! TRU? IS 3C]N$4
  ,AG1 H["E M* ALL ?+S MAY 2 ,8S & N
S0'1 / "! IS A M &A LESS 9 ! NATURE (
?+S2 = WE %D N SAY T TWO & ?REE >E EQU,Y
EV51 NOR IS HE :O ?9KS F\R ?+S >E FIVE
EQU,Y WR;G ) HM :O ?9KS !Y >E A ?\S&4
,IF !N !Y >E N EQU,Y WR;G1 OBVI\SLY "O
IS LESS WR;G & "!=E M "R4 ,IF !N T : HAS
M ( ANY QUAL;Y IS NE>] ! NORM1 "! M/ 2
"S TRU? 6: ! M TRUE IS NE>]4 ,& EV5 IF
"! IS N1 / "! IS ALR "S?+ BETT] F.D$ &
LIK] ! TRU?1 & WE % H GOT RID (!
UNQUALIFI$ DOCTR9E : WD PREV5T U F
DET]M9+ ANY?+ 9 \R ?"\4

                   #E
  ,F ! SAME OP9ION PROCE$S ! DOCTR9E (
,PROTAGORAS1 & BO? DOCTR9ES M/ 2 ALIKE
TRUE OR ALIKE UNTRUE4 ,= ON ! "O H&1 IF
ALL OP9IONS & APPE>.ES >E TRUE1 ALL
/ATE;TS M/ 2 AT ! SAME "T TRUE & FALSE4
,= _M M5 HOLD 2LIEFS 9 : !Y 3FLICT ) "O
ANO!R1 & ?9K ^? MISTAK5 :O H N ! SAME
OP9IONS Z !MVS2 S T ! SAME ?+ M/ BO? 2 &
N BE4 ,& ON ! O!R H&1 IF ? IS S1 ALL
OP9IONS M/ 2 TRUE2 = ^? :O >E MISTAK5 &
^? :O >E "R >E OPPOS$ 6"O ANO!R 9 _!
OP9IONS2 IF1 !N1 R1L;Y IS S* Z ! VIEW 9
"Q SUPPOSES1 ALL W 2 "R 9 _! 2LIEFS4
  ,EVID5TLY1 !N1 BO? DOCTR9ES PROCE$ F !
SAME WAY ( ?9K+4 ,B ! SAME ME?OD (
4CUS.N M/ N 2 US$ ) ALL OPPON5TS2 = "S
NE$ P]SUA.N1 & O!RS -PUL.N4 ,^? :O H BE5
DRIV5 6? POSI;N 0DI6ICULTIES 9 _! ?9K+ C
EASILY 2 CUR$ ( _! IGNOR.E2 = X IS N _!
EXPRESS$ >GU;T B _! ?"\ T "O HAS 6MEET4
,B ^? :O >GUE =! SAKE ( >GU;T C 2 CUR$
ONLY 0REFUT+ ! >GU;T Z EXPRESS$ 9 SPEE*
& 9 ^WS4
  ,^? :O RE,Y FEEL ! DI6ICULTIES H BE5
L$ 6? OP9ION 0OBS]V,N (! S5SI# _W4 7#A7
,!Y ?9K T 3TRADICTORIES OR 3TR>IES >E
TRUE AT ! SAME "T1 2C !Y SEE 3TR>IES -+
96EXI/;E \ (! SAME ?+4 ,IF1 !N1 T : IS N
_C -E 6BE1 ! ?+ M/ H EXI/$ 2F Z BO?
3TR>IES ALIKE1 Z ,ANAXAGORAS SAYS ALL IS
MIX$ 9 ALL1 & ,DEMOCRITUS TOO2 = HE SAYS
! VOID &! FULL EXI/ ALIKE 9 E "P1 & YET
"O ( ^! IS 2+1 &! O!R NON-2+4 ,6^?1 !N1
^: 2LIEF RE/S ON ^! GR.DS1 WE % SAY T 9
A S5SE !Y SP1K "RLY & 9 A S5SE !Y ]R4 ,=
,8T : IS0' HAS TWO M1N+S1 S T 9 "S S5SE
A ?+ C -E 6BE \ ( T : IS N1 :ILE 9 "S
S5SE X _C1 &! SAME ?+ C AT ! SAME "T 2 9
2+ & N 9 2+-B N 9 ! SAME RESPECT4 ,=!
SAME ?+ C 2 POT5TI,Y AT ! SAME "T TWO
3TR>IES1 B X _C ACTU,Y4 ,& AG WE % ASK
!M 62LIEVE T AM;G EXI/+ ?+S "! IS AL
ANO!R K9D ( SUB/.E 6: NEI MOVE;T NOR
DE/RUC;N NOR G5],N AT ALL 2L;GS4
  ,& 7#B7 SIMIL>LY "S H 9F]R$ F OBS]V,N
(! S5SI# _W ! TRU? ( APPE>.ES4 ,= !Y ?9K
T ! TRU? %D N 2 DET]M9$ 0! L>GE OR SMALL
NUMB] ( ^? :O HOLD A 2LIEF1 & T ! SAME
?+ IS ?"\ SWEET 0"S :5 !Y TA/E X1 &
BITT] 0O!RS1 S T IF ALL 7 ILL OR ALL 7
MAD1 & ONLY TWO OR ?REE 7 WELL OR SANE1
^! WD 2 ?"\ ILL & MAD1 & N ! O!RS4
  ,& AG1 !Y SAY T _M (! O!R ANIMALS RCV
IMPRES.NS 3TR>Y 6\RS2 & T EV5 6! S5SES (
EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 ?+S D N ALW SEEM ! SAME4
,:1 !N1 ( ^! IMPRES.NS >E TRUE & : >E
FALSE IS N OBVI\S2 =! "O SET IS NO M
TRUE ?AN ! O!R1 B BO? >E ALIKE4 ,& ? IS
:Y ,DEMOCRITUS1 AT ANY RATE1 SAYS T EI
"! IS NO TRU? OR 6U AT L1/ X IS N
EVID5T4
  ,& 9 G5]AL X IS 2C ^! ?9K]S SUPPOSE K
6BE S5S,N1 & ? 6BE A PHYSICAL ALT],N1 T
!Y SAY T :AT APPE>S 6\R S5SES M/ 2 TRUE2
= X IS = ^! R1SONS T BO? ,EMP$OCLES &
,DEMOCRITUS &1 "O MAY ALM SAY1 ALL !
O!RS H FALL5 VICTIMS 6OP9IONS ( ? SORT4
,= ,EMP$OCLES SAYS T :5 M5 *ANGE _!
3DI;N !Y *ANGE _! K2
  ,= WISDOM 9CR1SES 9 M5 AC 6:AT IS 2F
!M4

  ,& ELSE": HE SAYS T3-
  ,S F> Z _! NATURE *ANG$1 S F> 6!M ALW
  ,CAME *ANG$ ?"\S 96M9D4
  ,& ,P>M5IDES AL EXPRESSES HMF 9 ! SAME
WAY3
  ,= Z AT EA* "T ! M*-B5T LIMBS >E
-POS$1 ,S IS ! M9D ( M52 = 9 EA* & ALL
M5 ',TIS "O ?+ ?9KS-! SUB/.E ( _! LIMBS3
  ,= T ( : "! IS M IS ?"\4
  ,A SAY+ ( ,ANAXAGORAS 6"S ( 8 FRS IS
AL RELAT$1-T ?+S WD 2 = !M S* Z !Y
SUPPOS$ !M 6BE4 ,& !Y SAY T ,HOM] AL
EVID5TLY _H ? OP9ION1 2C HE MADE
,HECTOR1 :5 HE 0 UNCONSCI\S F ! BL[1 LIE
,8?9K+ O!R ?"\S0'-: IMPLIES T EV5 ^? :O
>E 2REFT ( ?"\ H ?"\S1 ?\< N ! SAME
?"\S4 ,EVID5TLY1 !N1 IF BO? >E =MS ( K1
! R1L ?+S AL >E AT ! SAME "T ,8BO? S & N
S0'4 ,& X IS 9 ? DIREC;N T ! 3SEQU;ES >E
MO/ DI6ICULT4 ,= IF ^? :O H SE5 MO/ ( S*
TRU? Z IS POSSI# = U 7& ^! >E ^? :O SEEK
& LOVE X MO/7-IF ^! H S* OP9IONS &
EXPRESS ^! VIEWS AB ! TRU?1 IS X N
NATURAL T 2G9N]S 9 PHILOSOPHY %D LOSE
HE>T8 ,= 6SEEK ! TRU? WD 2 6FOLL[ FLY+
GAME4
  ,B ! R1SON :Y ^! ?9K]S HELD ? OP9ION
IS T :ILE !Y 7 9QUIR+ 96! TRU? ( T : IS1
!Y ?"\1 ,8T : IS0' 0 ID5TICAL )! S5SI#
_W2 9 ?1 H["E1 "! IS L>GELY PRES5T !
NATURE (! 9DET]M9ATE-( T : EXI/S 9 !
PECULI> S5SE : WE H EXPLA9$2 & "!=E1
:ILE !Y SP1K PLAUSIBLY1 !Y D N SAY :AT
IS TRUE 7= X IS FITT+ 6PUT ! MATT] S R
?AN Z ,EPI*>MUS PUT X AG/ ,X5OPHANES74
,& AG1 2C !Y SAW T ALL ? _W ( NATURE IS
9 MOVE;T & T AB T : *ANGES NO TRUE
/ATE;T C 2 MADE1 !Y SD T ( C\RSE1 REG>D+
T : "EY": 9 E RESPECT IS *ANG+1 NO?+ CD
TRULY 2 A6IRM$4 ,X 0 ? 2LIEF T BLOSSOM$
96! MO/ EXTREME (! VIEWS ABV M5;N$1 T (!
PROFESS$ ,H]ACLIT1NS1 S* Z 0 HELD
0,CRATYLUS1 :O F9,Y DID N ?9K X "R 6SAY
ANY?+ B ONLY MOV$ 8 F+]1 & CRITICIZ$
,H]ACLITUS = SAY+ T X IS IMPOSSI# 6/EP
TWICE 96! SAME RIV]2 = HE ?"\ "O CD N D
X EV5 ONCE4
  ,B WE % SAY 9 ANSW] 6? >GU;T AL T :ILE
"! IS "S JU/IFIC,N = _! ?9K+ T ! *ANG+1
:5 X IS *ANG+1 DOES N EXI/1 YET X IS AF
ALL 4PUTA#2 = T : IS LOS+ A QUAL;Y HAS
"S?+ ( T : IS 2+ LO/1 &( T : IS -+ 6BE1
"S?+ M/ ALR BE4 ,& 9 G5]AL IF A ?+ IS
P]I%+1 W 2 PRES5T "S?+ T EXI/S2 & IF A
?+ IS -+ 6BE1 "! M/ 2 "S?+ F : X -ES 6BE
& "S?+ 0: X IS G5]AT$1 & ? PROCESS _C G
ON AD 9F9ITUM4-,B1 L1V+ ^! >GU;TS1 LET U
9SI/ ON ?1 T X IS N ! SAME ?+ 6*ANGE 9
QUANT;Y & 9 QUAL;Y4 ,GRANT T 9 QUANT;Y A
?+ IS N 3/ANT2 / X IS 9 RESPECT ( XS =M
T WE "K EA* ?+4-,& AG1 X WD 2 FAIR
6CRITICIZE ^? :O HOLD ? VIEW = ASS]T+ AB
! :OLE MAT]IAL UNIV]SE :AT !Y SAW ONLY 9
A M9OR;Y EV5 ( S5SI# ?+S4 ,= ONLY T
REGION (! S5SI# _W : IMMLY SURR.DS U IS
ALW 9 PROCESS ( DE/RUC;N & G5],N2 B ?
IS-S 6SP1K-N EV5 A FRAC;N (! :OLE1 S T X
WD H BE5 JU/] 6ACQUIT ? "P (! _W 2C (!
O!R "P1 ?AN 63DEMN ! O!R 2C ( ?4-,& AG1
OBVI\SLY WE % MAKE 6!M AL ! SAME REPLY T
WE MADE L;G AGO2 WE M/ %[ !M & P]SUADE
!M T "! IS "S?+ ^: NATURE IS *ANGE.S4
,9DE$1 ^? :O SAY T ?+S AT ! SAME "T >E &
>E N1 %D 9 3SEQU;E SAY T ALL ?+S >E AT
RE/ R ?AN T !Y >E 9 MOVE;T2 = "! IS NO?+
96: !Y C *ANGE1 S9CE ALL ATTRIBUTES 2L;G
ALR 6ALL SUBJECTS4
  ,REG>D+ ! NATURE ( TRU?1 WE M/ MA9TA9
T N "EY?+ : APPE>S IS TRUE2 F/LY1 2C EV5
IF S5S,N-AT L1/ (! OBJECT PECULI> 6!
S5SE 9 "Q-IS N FALSE1 / APPE>.E IS N !
SAME Z S5S,N4-,AG1 X IS FAIR 6EXPRESS
SURPRISE AT \R OPPON5TS' RAIS+ ! "Q :E!R
MAGNITUDES >E Z GRT1 & COL\RS >E ( S* A
NATURE1 Z !Y APPE> 6P AT A 4T.E1 OR Z !Y
APPE> 6^? CLOSE AT H&1 & :E!R !Y >E S* Z
!Y APPE> 6! H1L?Y OR 6! SICK1 & :E!R ^?
?+S >E H1VY : APPE> S 6! W1K OR ^? :
APPE> S 6! /R;G1 & ^? ?+S TRUE : APPE>
6! SLEE 9G OR 6! WAK+4 ,= OBVI\SLY !Y D
N ?9K ^! 6BE OP5 "QS2 NO "O1 AT L1/1 IF
:5 HE IS 9 ,LIBYA HE HAS FANCI$ "O NI<T
T HE IS 9 ,A!NS1 />TS =! 3C]T HALL4-,&
AG ) REG>D 6! FUTURE1 Z ,PLATO SAYS1
SURELY ! OP9ION (! PHYSICIAN & T (!
IGNORANT MAN >E N EQU,Y WEI<TY1 = 9/.E1
ON ! "Q :E!R A MAN W GET WELL OR N4-,&
AG1 AM;G S5S,NS !MVS ! S5S,N (A =EIGN
OBJECT & T (! APPROPRIATE OBJECT1 OR T (
A K9DR$ OBJECT & T (! OBJECT (! S5SE 9
"Q1 >E N EQU,Y AU?ORITATIVE1 B 9 ! CASE
( COL\R SI<T1 N TA/E1 HAS ! AU?OR;Y1 & 9
! CASE ( FLAV\R TA/E1 N SI<T2 EA* ( :
S5SES N"E SAYS AT ! SAME "T (! SAME
OBJECT T X SIMULTANE\SLY IS ,8S & N
S0'4-,B N EV5 AT DI6]5T "TS DOES "O S5SE
4AGREE AB ! QUAL;Y1 B ONLY AB T 6: !
QUAL;Y 2L;GS4 ,I M1N1 = 9/.E1 T ! SAME
W9E MI<T SEEM1 IF EI X OR "O'S BODY
*ANG$1 AT "O "T SWEET & AT ANO!R "T N
SWEET2 B AT L1/ ! SWEET1 S* Z X IS :5 X
EXI/S1 HAS N"E YET *ANG$1 B "O IS ALW "R
AB X1 & T : IS 6BE SWEET IS ( NECESS;Y (
S* & S* A NATURE4 ,YET ALL ^! VIEWS
DE/ROY ? NECESS;Y1 L1V+ NO?+ 6BE (
NECESS;Y1 Z !Y L1VE NO ESS;E ( ANY?+2 =!
NEC _C 2 9 ? WAY & AL 9 T1 S T IF ANY?+
IS ( NECESS;Y1 X W N 2 ,8BO? S & N S0'4
  ,&1 9 G5]AL1 IF ONLY ! S5SI# EXI/S1 "!
WD 2 NO?+ IF ANIMATE ?+S 7 N2 = "! WD 2
NO FACULTY ( S5SE4 ,N[ ! VIEW T NEI !
S5SI# QUALITIES NOR ! S5S,NS WD EXI/ IS
D\BT.S TRUE 7= !Y >E A6EC;NS (! P]CVR71
B T ! SUB/RATA : CAUSE ! S5S,N %D N EXI/
EV5 A"P F S5S,N IS IMPOSSI#4 ,= S5S,N IS
SURELY N ! S5S,N ( XF1 B "! IS "S?+ 2Y !
S5S,N1 : M/ 2 PRIOR 6! S5S,N2 = T :
MOVES IS PRIOR 9 NATURE 6T : IS MOV$1 &
IF !Y >E CORRELATIVE T]MS1 ? IS NO LESS
! CASE4
                   #F
  ,"! >E1 BO? AM;G ^? :O H ^! 3VIC;NS &
AM;G ^? :O M]ELY PROFESS ^! VIEWS1 "S :O
RAISE A DI6ICULTY 0ASK+1 :O IS 6BE !
JUDGE (! H1L?Y MAN1 & 9 G5]AL :O IS
LIKELY 6JUDGE "RLY ON EA* CLASS ( "QS4
,B S* 9QUIRIES >E L PUZZL+ OV] ! "Q :E!R
WE >E N[ ASLEEP OR AWAKE4 ,& ALL S* "QS
H ! SAME M1N+4 ,^! P DEM& T A R1SON % 2
GIV5 = "EY?+2 = !Y SEEK A />T+-PO9T1 &
!Y SEEK 6GET ? 0DEMON/R,N1 :ILE X IS
OBVI\S F _! AC;NS T !Y H NO 3VIC;N4 ,B
_! MISTAKE IS :AT WE H /AT$ X 6BE2 !Y
SEEK A R1SON = ?+S = : NO R1SON C 2
GIV52 =! />T+-PO9T ( DEMON/R,N IS N
DEMON/R,N4
  ,^!1 !N1 MI<T 2 EASILY P]SUAD$ ( ?
TRU?1 = X IS N DI6ICULT 6GRASP2 B ^? :O
SEEK M]ELY -PUL.N 9 >GU;T SEEK :AT IS
IMPOSSI#2 = !Y DEM& 6BE ALL[$ 63TRADICT
!MVS-A CLAIM : 3TRADICTS XF F ! V F/4-,B
IF N ALL ?+S >E RELATIVE1 B "S >E SELF-
EXI/5T1 N "EY?+ T APPE>S W 2 TRUE2 = T :
APPE>S IS APP>5T 6"S "O2 S T HE :O SAYS
ALL ?+S T APPE> >E TRUE1 MAKES ALL ?+S
RELATIVE4 ,&1 "!=E1 ^? :O ASK = AN
IRRESI/I# >GU;T1 & AT ! SAME "T DEM& 6BE
CALL$ 6A3.T = _! VIEWS1 M/ GU>D !MVS
0SAY+ T ! TRU? IS N T :AT APPE>S EXI/S1
B T :AT APPE>S EXI/S = HM 6:OM X APPE>S1
& :51 & 6! S5SE 6:1 & "U ! 3DI;NS "U : X
APPE>S4 ,& IF !Y GIVE AN A3.T ( _! VIEW1
B D N GIVE X 9 ? WAY1 !Y W SOON F9D !MVS
3TRADICT+ !MVS4 ,= X IS POSSI# T ! SAME
?+ MAY APPE> 6BE H"OY 6! SI<T1 B N 6!
TA/E1 & T1 S9CE WE H TWO EYES1 ?+S MAY N
APPE> ! SAME 6EA*1 IF _! SI<T IS UNLIKE4
,= 6^? :O =! R1SONS "ND "S "T AGO SAY T
:AT APPE>S IS TRUE1 & "!=E T ALL ?+S >E
ALIKE FALSE & TRUE1 = ?+S D N APPE> EI !
SAME 6ALL M5 OR ALW ! SAME 6! SAME MAN1
B (T5 H 3TR>Y APPE>.ES AT ! SAME "T 7=
T\* SAYS "! >E TWO OBJECTS :5 WE CROSS
\R F+]S1 :ILE SI<T SAYS "! IS "O7-TO ^!
WE % SAY ,8YES1 B N 6! SAME S5SE & 9 !
SAME "P ( X & "U ! SAME 3DI;NS & AT !
SAME "T0'1 S T :AT APPE>S W 2 ) ^!
QUALIFIC,NS TRUE4 ,B P]H = ? R1SON ^? :O
>GUE ?US N 2C !Y FEEL A DI6ICULTY B =!
SAKE ( >GU;T1 %D SAY T ? IS N TRUE1 B
TRUE = ? MAN4 ,& Z HAS BE5 SD 2F1 !Y M/
MAKE "EY?+ RELATIVE-RELATIVE 6OP9ION &
P]CEP;N1 S T NO?+ EI HAS -E 6BE OR W 2
)\T "S "O'S F/ ?9K+ S4 ,B IF ?+S H -E
6BE OR W BE1 EVID5TLY N ALL ?+S W 2
RELATIVE 6OP9ION4-,AG1 IF A ?+ IS "O1 X
IS 9 REL,N 6"O ?+ OR 6A DEF9ITE NUMB] (
?+S2 & IF ! SAME ?+ IS BO? HALF & EQUAL1
X IS N 6! D\# T ! EQUAL IS CORRELATIVE4
,IF1 !N1 9 REL,N 6T : ?9KS1 MAN & T : IS
?"\ >E ! SAME1 MAN W N 2 T : ?9KS1 B
ONLY T : IS ?"\4 ,& IF EA* ?+ IS 6BE
RELATIVE 6T : ?9KS1 T : ?9KS W 2
RELATIVE 6AN 9F9;Y ( SPECIFIC,Y DI6]5T
?+S4
  ,LET ?1 !N1 SU6ICE 6%[ 7#A7 T ! MO/
9DISPUTA# ( ALL 2LIEFS IS T 3TRADICTORY
/ATE;TS >E N AT ! SAME "T TRUE1 & 7#B7
:AT 3SEQU;ES FOLL[ F ! ASS];N T !Y >E1 &
7#C7 :Y P D ASS]T ?4 ,N[ S9CE X IS
IMPOSSI# T 3TRADICTORIES %D 2 AT ! SAME
"T TRUE (! SAME ?+1 OBVI\SLY 3TR>IES AL
_C 2L;G AT ! SAME "T 6! SAME ?+4 ,=(
3TR>IES1 "O IS A PRIV,N NO LESS ?AN X IS
A 3TR>Y-&A PRIV,N (! ESS5TIAL NATURE2 &
PRIV,N IS ! D5IAL (A PR$ICATE 6A
DET]M9ATE G5US4 ,IF1 !N1 X IS IMPOSSI#
6A6IRM & D5Y TRULY AT ! SAME "T1 X IS AL
IMPOSSI# T 3TR>IES %D 2L;G 6A SUBJECT AT
! SAME "T1 UN.S BO? 2L;G 6X 9 "PICUL>
REL,NS1 OR "O 9 A "PICUL> REL,N & "O )\T
QUALIFIC,N4
                   #G
  ,B ON ! O!R H& "! _C 2 AN 9T]M$IATE 2T
3TRADICTORIES1 B ( "O SUBJECT WE M/ EI
A6IRM OR D5Y ANY "O PR$ICATE4 ,? IS
CLE>1 9 ! F/ PLACE1 IF WE DEF9E :AT !
TRUE &! FALSE >E4 ,6SAY ( :AT IS T X IS
N1 OR ( :AT IS N T X IS1 IS FALSE1 :ILE
6SAY ( :AT IS T X IS1 &( :AT IS N T X IS
N1 IS TRUE2 S T HE :O SAYS ( ANY?+ T X
IS1 OR T X IS N1 W SAY EI :AT IS TRUE OR
:AT IS FALSE2 B NEI :AT IS NOR :AT IS N
IS SD 6BE OR N 6BE4-,AG1 ! 9T]M$IATE 2T
! 3TRADICTORIES W 2 S EI 9 ! WAY 9 :
GREY IS 2T BLACK & :ITE1 OR Z T : IS NEI
MAN NOR HORSE IS 2T MAN & HORSE4 7A7 ,IF
X 7 (! LATT] K9D1 X CD N *ANGE 96!
EXTREMES 7= *ANGE IS F N-GD 6GD1 OR F GD
6N-GD71 B Z A MATT] ( FACT :5 "! IS AN
9T]M$IATE X IS ALW OBS]V$ 6*ANGE 96!
EXTREMES4 ,= "! IS NO *ANGE EXCEPT
6OPPOSITES & 6_! 9T]M$IATES4 7B7 ,B IF X
IS RE,Y 9T]M$IATE1 9 ? WAY TOO "! WD H
6BE A *ANGE 6:ITE1 : 0 N F N-:ITE2 B Z X
IS1 ? IS N"E SE54-,AG1 E OBJECT ( "U/&+
OR R1SON ! "U/&+ EI A6IRMS OR D5IES-? IS
OBVI\S F ! DEF9I;N-:5"E X SAYS :AT IS
TRUE OR FALSE4 ,:5 X 3NECTS 9 "O WAY
0ASS];N OR NEG,N1 X SAYS :AT IS TRUE1 &
:5 X DOES S 9 ANO!R WAY1 :AT IS FALSE4-
,AG1 "! M/ 2 AN 9T]M$IATE 2T ALL
3TRADICTORIES1 IF "O IS N >GU+ M]ELY =!
SAKE ( >GU;T2 S T X W 2 POSSI# =A MAN
6SAY :AT IS NEI TRUE NOR UNTRUE1 & "! W
2 A MI4LE 2T T : IS & T : IS N1 S T "! W
AL 2 A K9D ( *ANGE 9T]M$IATE 2T G5],N &
DE/RUC;N4-,AG1 9 ALL CLASSES 9 : ! NEG,N
( AN ATTRIBUTE 9VOLVES ! ASS];N ( XS
3TR>Y1 EV5 9 ^! "! W 2 AN 9T]M$IATE2 =
9/.E1 9 ! SPH]E ( NUMB]S "! W 2 NUMB] :
IS NEI ODD NOR N-ODD4 ,B ? IS IMPOSSI#1
Z IS OBVI\S F ! DEF9I;N4-,AG1 ! PROCESS
W G ON AD 9F9ITUM1 &! NUMB] ( R1LITIES W
2 N ONLY HALF Z GRT AG1 B EV5 GRT]4 ,=
AG X W 2 POSSI# 6D5Y ? 9T]M$IATE )
REF];E BO? 6XS ASS];N & 6XS NEG,N1 & ?
NEW T]M W 2 "S DEF9ITE ?+2 = XS ESS;E IS
"S?+ DI6]5T4-,AG1 :5 A MAN1 ON 2+ ASK$
:E!R A ?+ IS :ITE1 SAYS ,8NO0'1 HE HAS
D5I$ NO?+ EXCEPT T X IS2 & XS N 2+ IS A
NEG,N4
  ,"S P H ACQUIR$ ? OP9ION Z O!R
P>ADOXICAL OP9IONS H BE5 ACQUIR$2 :5 M5
_C REFUTE ]I/ICAL >GU;TS1 !Y GIVE 9 6!
>GU;T & AGREE T ! 3CLU.N IS TRUE4 ,?1
!N1 IS :Y "S EXPRESS ? VIEW2 O!RS D S 2C
!Y DEM& A R1SON = "EY?+4 ,&! />T+-PO9T 9
D1L+ ) ALL S* P IS DEF9I;N4 ,N[ !
DEF9I;N RE/S ON ! NECESS;Y ( _! M1N+
"S?+2 =! =M ( ^WS ( : ! ^W IS A SIGN W 2
XS DEF9I;N4-,:ILE ! DOCTR9E (
,H]ACLITUS1 T ALL ?+S >E & >E N1 SEEMS
6MAKE "EY?+ TRUE1 T ( ,ANAXAGORAS1 T "!
IS AN 9T]M$IATE 2T ! T]MS (A 3TRADIC;N1
SEEMS 6MAKE "EY?+ FALSE2 = :5 ?+S >E
MIX$1 ! MIXTURE IS NEI GD NOR N-GD1 S T
"O _C SAY ANY?+ T IS TRUE4
                   #H
  ,9 VIEW ( ^! 4T9C;NS X IS OBVI\S T !
"O-SID$ !ORIES : "S P EXPRESS AB ALL ?+S
_C 2 VALID-ON ! "O H& ! !ORY T NO?+ IS
TRUE 7=1 SAY !Y1 "! IS NO?+ 6PREV5T E
/ATE;T F 2+ L ! /ATE;T ,8! DIAGONAL (A
SQU>E IS -M5SURATE )! SIDE0'71 ON ! O!R
H& ! !ORY T "EY?+ IS TRUE4 ,^! VIEWS >E
PRACTIC,Y ! SAME Z T ( ,H]ACLITUS2 = HE
:O SAYS T ALL ?+S >E TRUE & ALL >E FALSE
AL MAKES EA* ( ^! /ATE;TS SEP>ATELY1 S T
S9CE !Y >E IMPOSSI#1 ! D\# /ATE;T M/ 2
IMPOSSI# TOO4-,AG1 "! >E OBVI\SLY
3TRADICTORIES : _C 2 AT ! SAME "T TRUE-
NOR ON ! O!R H& C ALL /ATE;TS 2 FALSE2
YET ? WD SEEM M POSSI# 9 ! LI<T ( :AT
HAS BE5 SD4-,B AG/ ALL S* VIEWS WE M/
PO/ULATE1 Z WE SD ABV10' N T "S?+ IS OR
IS N1 B T "S?+ HAS A M1N+1 S T WE M/
>GUE F A DEF9I;N1 VIZ4 0ASSUM+ :AT
FALS;Y OR TRU? M1NS4 ,IF T : X IS TRUE
6A6IRM IS NO?+ O!R ?AN T : X IS FALSE
6D5Y1 X IS IMPOSSI# T ALL /ATE;TS %D 2
FALSE2 = "O SIDE (! 3TRADIC;N M/ 2 TRUE4
,AG1 IF X IS NEC ) REG>D 6"EY?+ EI
6ASS]T OR 6D5Y X1 X IS IMPOSSI# T BO? %D
2 FALSE2 = X IS "O SIDE (! 3TRADIC;N T
IS FALSE4-,"!=E ALL S* VIEWS >E AL
EXPOS$ 6! (T5 EXPRESS$ OBJEC;N1 T !Y
DE/ROY !MVS4 ,= HE :O SAYS T "EY?+ IS
TRUE MAKES EV5 ! /ATE;T 3TR>Y 6HIS [N
TRUE1 & "!=E 8 [N N TRUE 7=! 3TR>Y
/ATE;T D5IES T X IS TRUE71 :ILE HE :O
SAYS "EY?+ IS FALSE MAKES HMF AL FALSE4-
,& IF ! =M] P]SON EXCEPTS ! 3TR>Y
/ATE;T1 SAY+ X AL"O IS N TRUE1 :ILE !
LATT] EXCEPTS 8 [N Z 2+ N FALSE1 N"O !
LESS !Y >E DRIV5 6PO/ULATE ! TRU? OR
FALS;Y ( AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( /ATE;TS2 = T
: SAYS ! TRUE /ATE;T IS TRUE IS TRUE1 &
? PROCESS W G ON 69F9;Y4
  ,EVID5TLY1 AG1 ^? :O SAY ALL ?+S >E AT
RE/ >E N "R1 NOR >E ^? :O SAY ALL ?+S >E
9 MOVE;T4 ,= IF ALL ?+S >E AT RE/1 !
SAME /ATE;TS W ALW 2 TRUE &! SAME ALW
FALSE1-B ? OBVI\SLY *ANGES2 = HE :O
MAKES A /ATE;T1 HMF AT "O "T 0 N & AG W
N BE4 ,& IF ALL ?+S >E 9 MO;N1 NO?+ W 2
TRUE2 "EY?+ "!=E W 2 FALSE4 ,B X HAS BE5
%[N T ? IS IMPOSSI#4 ,AG1 X M/ 2 T : IS
T *ANGES2 = *ANGE IS F "S?+ 6"S?+4 ,B AG
X IS N ! CASE T ALL ?+S >E AT RE/ OR 9
MO;N "S"TS1 & NO?+ = "E2 = "! IS "S?+ :
ALW MOVES ! ?+S T >E 9 MO;N1 &! F/ MOV]
IS XF UNMOV$4