,BOOK ,,XIV #A ,REG>D+ ? K9D ( SUB/.E1 :AT WE H SD M/ 2 TAK5 Z SU6ICI5T4 ,ALL PHILOSOPH]S MAKE ! F/ PR9CIPLES 3TR>IES3 Z 9 NATURAL ?+S1 S AL 9 ! CASE ( UN*ANGEA# SUB/.ES4 ,B S9CE "! _C 2 ANY?+ PRIOR 6! F/ PR9CIPLE ( ALL ?+S1 ! PR9CIPLE _C 2 ! PR9CIPLE & YET 2 AN ATTRIBUTE ( "S?+ ELSE4 ,6SU7E/ ? IS L SAY+ T ! :ITE IS A F/ PR9CIPLE1 N QUA ANY?+ ELSE B QUA :ITE1 B YET T X IS PR$ICA# (A SUBJECT1 I4E4 T XS 2+ :ITE PRESUPPOSES XS 2+ "S?+ ELSE2 ? IS ABSURD1 = !N T SUBJECT W 2 PRIOR4 ,B ALL ?+S : >E G5]AT$ F _! 3TR>IES 9VOLVE AN "ULY+ SUBJECT2 A SUBJECT1 !N1 M/ 2 PRES5T 9 ! CASE ( 3TR>IES1 IF ANY":4 ,ALL 3TR>IES1 !N1 >E ALW PR$ICA# (A SUBJECT1 & N"O C EXI/ A"P1 B J Z APPE>.ES SU7E/ T "! IS NO?+ 3TR>Y 6SUB/.E1 >GU;T 3FIRMS ?4 ,NO 3TR>Y1 !N1 IS ! F/ PR9CIPLE ( ALL ?+S 9 ! FULL S5SE2 ! F/ PR9CIPLE IS "S?+ DI6]5T4 ,B ^! ?9K]S MAKE "O (! 3TR>IES MATT]1 "S MAK+ ! UNEQUAL : !Y TAKE 6BE ! ESS;E ( PLURAL;Y-MATT] =! ,"O1 & O!RS MAK+ PLURAL;Y MATT] =! ,"O4 7,! =M] G5]ATE NUMB]S \ (! DYAD (! UNEQUAL1 I4E4 (! GRT & SMALL1 &! O!R ?9K] WE H REF]R$ 6G5]ATES !M \ ( PLURAL;Y1 :ILE AC 6BO? X IS G5]AT$ 0! ESS;E (! ,"O47 ,= EV5 ! PHILOSOPH] :O SAYS ! UNEQUAL &! ,"O >E ! ELE;TS1 &! UNEQUAL IS A DYAD -POS$ (! GRT & SMALL1 TR1TS ! UNEQUAL1 OR ! GRT & ! SMALL1 Z 2+ "O1 & DOES N DRAW ! 4T9C;N T !Y >E "O 9 DEF9I;N1 B N 9 NUMB]4 ,B !Y D N DESCRIBE "RLY EV5 ! PR9CIPLES : !Y CALL ELE;TS1 = "S "N ! GRT &! SMALL )! ,"O & TR1T ^! ?REE Z ELE;TS ( NUMB]S1 TWO 2+ MATT]1 "O ! =M2 :ILE O!RS "N ! _M & FEW1 2C ! GRT &! SMALL >E M APPROPRIATE 9 _! NATURE 6MAGNITUDE ?AN 6NUMB]2 & O!RS "N R ! UNIV]SAL "* -MON 6^!-,8T : EXCE$S & T : IS EXCE$$0'4 ,N"O ( ^! V>IETIES ( OP9ION MAKES ANY DI6];E 6SP1K (1 9 VIEW ( "S (! 3SEQU;ES2 !Y A6ECT ONLY ! AB/RACT OBJEC;NS1 : ^! ?9K]S TAKE C>E 6AVOID 2C ! DEMON/R,NS !Y !MVS (F] >E AB/RACT1-) ? EXCEP;N1 T IF ! EXCE$+ &! EXCE$$ >E ! PR9CIPLES1 & N ! GRT &! SMALL1 3SI/5CY REQUIRES T NUMB] %D -E F ! ELE;TS 2F DOES2 = NUMB] IS M UNIV]SAL ?AN Z ! EXCE$+ &! EXCE$$ >E M UNIV]SAL ?AN ! GRT &! SMALL4 ,B Z X IS1 !Y SAY "O ( ^! ?+S B D N SAY ! O!R4 ,O!RS OPPOSE ! DI6]5T &! O!R 6! ,"O1 & O!RS OPPOSE PLURAL;Y 6! ,"O4 ,B IF1 Z !Y CLAIM1 ?+S 3SI/ ( 3TR>IES1 & 6! ,"O EI "! IS NO?+ 3TR>Y1 OR IF "! IS 6BE ANY?+ X IS PLURAL;Y1 &! UNEQUAL IS 3TR>Y 6! EQUAL1 &! DI6]5T 6! SAME1 &! O!R 6! ?+ XF1 ^? :O OPPOSE ! ,"O 6PLURAL;Y H MO/ CLAIM 6PLAUSIBIL;Y1 B EV5 _! VIEW IS 9ADEQUATE1 =! ,"O WD ON _! VIEW 2 A FEW2 = PLURAL;Y IS OPPOS$ 6FEW;S1 &! _M 6! FEW4 ,8,! "O0' EVID5TLY M1NS A M1SURE4 ,& 9 E CASE "! IS "S "ULY+ ?+ )A 4T9CT NATURE ( XS [N1 E4G4 9 ! SCALE A QU>T]-T"O1 9 SPATIAL MAGNITUDE A F+] OR A FOOT OR "S?+ (! SORT1 9 RHY?MS A B1T OR A SYLLA#2 & SIMIL>LY 9 GRAV;Y X IS A DEF9ITE WEIE />T+-PO9TS47 ,! M1SURE M/ ALW 2 "S ID5TICAL ?+ PR$ICA# ( ALL ! ?+S X M1SURES1 E4G4 IF ! ?+S >E HORSES1 ! M1SURE IS ,8HORSE0'1 & IF !Y >E M51 ,8MAN0'4 ,IF !Y >E A MAN1 A HORSE1 &A GOD1 ! M1SURE IS P]H ,8LIV+ 2+0'1 &! NUMB] ( !M W 2 A NUMB] ( LIV+ 2+S4 ,IF ! ?+S >E ,8MAN0' & ,8PALE0' & ,8WALK+0'1 ^! W SC>CELY H A NUMB]1 2C ALL 2L;G 6A SUBJECT : IS "O &! SAME 9 NUMB]1 YET ! NUMB] ( ^! W 2 A NUMB] ( ,8K9DS0' OR ( "S S* T]M4 ,^? :O TR1T ! UNEQUAL Z "O ?+1 &! DYAD Z AN 9DEF9ITE -P.D ( GRT & SMALL1 SAY :AT IS V F> F 2+ PROBA# OR POSSI#4 ,= 7A7 ^! >E MODIFIC,NS & A3ID5TS1 R ?AN SUB/RATA1 ( NUMB]S & MAGNITUDES-! _M & FEW ( NUMB]1 &! GRT & SMALL ( MAGNITUDE- L EV5 & ODD1 SMOO? & R\<1 /RAI$ HAS *ANG$ 9 QUANT;Y4 ,& 7C7 ! MATT] ( EA* ?+1 & "!=E ( SUB/.E1 M/ 2 T : IS POT5TI,Y (! NATURE 9 "Q2 B ! RELATIVE IS NEI POT5TI,Y NOR ACTU,Y SUB/.E4 ,X IS /RANGE1 !N1 OR R IMPOSSI#1 6MAKE N- SUB/.E AN ELE;T IN1 & PRIOR TO1 SUB/.E2 = ALL ! CATEGORIES >E PO/]IOR 6SUB/.E4 ,AG1 7D7 ELE;TS >E N PR$ICAT$ (! ?+S ( : !Y >E ELE;TS1 B _M & FEW >E PR$ICAT$ BO? A"P & TGR ( NUMB]1 & L;G & %ORT (! L9E1 & BO? BROAD & N>R[ APPLY 6! PLANE4 ,IF "! IS A PLURAL;Y1 !N1 ( : ! "O T]M1 VIZ4 FEW1 IS ALW PR$ICAT$1 E4G4 #B 7: _C 2 _M1 = IF X 7 _M1 #A WD 2 FEW71 "! M/ 2 AL "O : IS ABSOLUTELY _M1 E4G4 #AJ IS _M 7IF "! IS NO NUMB] : IS GRT] ?AN #AJ71 OR #AJ1JJJ4 ,H[ !N1 9 VIEW ( ?1 C NUMB] 3SI/ ( FEW & _M8 ,EI BO? "\ 6BE PR$ICAT$ ( X1 OR NEI2 B 9 FACT ONLY ! "O OR ! O!R IS PR$ICAT$4 #B ,WE M/ 9QUIRE G5],Y1 :E!R ET]NAL ?+S C 3SI/ ( ELE;TS4 ,IF !Y D1 !Y W H MATT]2 = "EY?+ T 3SI/S ( ELE;TS IS -POSITE4 ,S9CE1 !N1 EV5 IF A ?+ EXI/S = "E1 \ ( T ( : X 3SI/S X WD NECESS>ILY AL1 IF X _H -E 962+1 H -E 962+1 & S9CE "EY?+ -ES 6BE :AT X -ES 6BE \ ( T : IS X POT5TI,Y 7= X CD N H -E 6BE \ ( T : _H N ? CAPAC;Y1 NOR CD X 3SI/ ( S* ELE;TS71 & S9CE ! POT5TIAL C 2 EI ACTUAL OR N1-? 2+ S1 H["E "ELA/+ NUMB] OR ANY?+ ELSE T HAS MATT] IS1 X M/ 2 CAPA# ( N EXI/+1 J Z T : IS ANY NUMB] ( YE>S OLD IS Z CAPA# ( N EXI/+ Z T : IS A "D OLD2 IF ? IS CAPA# ( N EXI/+1 S IS T : HAS LA/$ =A "T S L;G T X HAS NO LIMIT4 ,!Y _C1 !N1 2 ET]NAL1 S9CE T : IS CAPA# ( N EXI/+ IS N ET]NAL1 Z WE _H O3A.N 6%[ 9 ANO!R 3TEXT4 ,IF T : WE >E N[ SAY+ IS TRUE UNIV]S,Y-T NO SUB/.E IS ET]NAL UN.S X IS ACTUAL;Y-& IF ! ELE;TS >E MATT] T "ULIES SUB/.E1 NO ET]NAL SUB/.E C H ELE;TS PRES5T 9 X1 ( : X 3SI/S4 ,"! >E "S :O DESCRIBE ! ELE;T : ACTS ) ! ,"O Z AN 9DEF9ITE DYAD1 & OBJECT TO ,8! UNEQUAL0'1 R1SONABLY 5\<1 2C (! 5SU+ DI6ICULTIES2 B !Y H GOT RID ONLY ( ^? OBJEC;NS : 9EVITABLY >ISE F ! TR1T;T (! UNEQUAL1 I4E4 ! RELATIVE1 Z AN ELE;T2 ^? : >ISE A"P F ? OP9ION M/ 3FRONT EV5 ^! ?9K]S1 :E!R X IS ID1L NUMB]1 OR MA!MATICAL1 T !Y 3/RUCT \ ( ^? ELE;TS4 ,"! >E _M CAUSES : L$ !M (F 96^! EXPLAN,NS1 & ESPECI,Y ! FACT T !Y FRAM$ ! DI6ICULTY 9 AN OBSOLETE =M4 ,= !Y ?"\ T ALL ?+S T >E WD 2 "O 7VIZ4 ,2+ XF71 IF "O DID N JO9 ISSUE )& REFUTE ! SAY+ ( ,P>M5IDES3 ,8,= N"E W ? HE PROV$1 T ?+S T >E N >E40' ,!Y ?"\ X NEC 6PROVE T T : IS N IS2 = ONLY ?US-( T : IS & "S?+ ELSE-CD ! ?+S T >E 2 -POS$1 IF !Y >E _M4 ,B1 F/1 IF ,82+0' HAS _M S5SES 7= X M1NS "S"TS SUB/.E1 "S"TS T X IS (A C]TA9 QUAL;Y1 "S"TS T X IS (A C]TA9 QUANT;Y1 & AT O!R "TS ! O!R CATEGORIES71 :AT SORT ( ,8"O0'1 !N1 >E ALL ! ?+S T >E1 IF NON-2+ IS 6BE SUPPOS$ N 6BE8 ,IS X ! SUB/.ES T >E "O1 OR ! A6EC;NS & SIMIL>LY ! O!R CATEGORIES Z WELL1 OR ALL TGR-S T ! ,8?0' &! ,8S*0' &! ,8S M*0' &! O!R CATEGORIES T 9DICATE EA* "S "O CLASS ( 2+ W ALL 2 "O8 ,B X IS /RANGE1 OR R IMPOSSI#1 T ! -+ 96PLAY (A S+LE ?+ %D BR+ X AB T "P ( T : IS IS A ,8?0'1 "P A ,8S*0'1 "P A ,8S M*0'1 "P A ,8"H0'4 ,SECONDLY1 ( :AT SORT ( NON-2+ & 2+ D ! ?+S T >E 3SI/8 ,= ,8NONBE+0' AL HAS _M S5SES1 S9CE ,82+0' HAS2 & ,8N 2+ A MAN0' M1NS N 2+ A C]TA9 SUB/.E1 ,8N 2+ /RAIE8 ,? ?9K] M1NS 0! NON-2+ ! UNION ( : ) 2+ PLURALIZES ! ?+S T >E1 ! FALSE &! "* ( FALS;Y4 ,? IS AL :Y X US$ 6BE SD T WE M/ ASSUME "S?+ T IS FALSE1 Z GEOMET]S ASSUME ! L9E : IS N A FOOT L;G 6BE A FOOT L;G4 ,B ? _C 2 S4 ,= NEI D GEOMET]S ASSUME ANY?+ FALSE 7=! ENUNCI,N IS EXTRANE\S 6! 9F];E71 NOR IS X NON-2+ 9 ? S5SE T ! ?+S T >E >E G5]AT$ F OR RESOLV$ 9TO4 ,B S9CE ,8NON-2+0' TAK5 9 XS V>I\S CASES HAS Z _M S5SES Z "! >E CATEGORIES1 & 2SS ? ! FALSE IS SD N 6BE1 & S IS ! POT5TIAL1 X IS F ? T G5],N PROCE$S1 MAN F T : IS N MAN B POT5TI,Y MAN1 & :ITE F T : IS N :ITE B POT5TI,Y :ITE1 & ? :E!R X IS "S "O ?+ T IS G5]AT$ OR _M4 ,! "Q EVID5TLY IS1 H[ 2+1 9 ! S5SE ( ,8! SUB/.ES0'1 IS _M2 =! ?+S T >E G5]AT$ >E NUMB]S & L9ES & BODIES4 ,N[ X IS /RANGE 69QUIRE H[ 2+ 9 ! S5SE (! ,8:AT0' IS _M1 & N H[ EI QUALITIES OR QUANTITIES >E _M4 ,= SURELY ! 9DEF9ITE DYAD OR ,8! GRT &! SMALL0' IS N A R1SON :Y "! %D 2 TWO K9DS ( :ITE OR _M COL\RS OR FLAV\RS OR %APES2 = !N ^! AL WD 2 NUMB]S & UNITS4 ,B IF !Y _H ATTACK$ ^! O!R CATEGORIES1 !Y WD H SE5 ! CAUSE (! PLURAL;Y 9 SUB/.ES AL2 =! SAME ?+ OR "S?+ ANALOG\S IS ! CAUSE4 ,? AB]R,N IS ! R1SON AL :Y 9 SEEK+ ! OPPOSITE ( 2+ &! "O1 F : ) 2+ &! "O ! ?+S T >E PROCE$1 !Y POSIT$ ! RELATIVE T]M 7I4E4 ! UNEQUAL71 : IS NEI ! 3TR>Y NOR ! 3TRADICTORY ( ^!1 & IS "O K9D ( 2+ Z ,8:AT0' & QUAL;Y AL >E4 ,!Y %D H ASK$ ? "Q AL1 H[ RELATIVE T]MS >E _M & N "O4 ,B Z X IS1 !Y 9QUIRE H[ "! >E _M UNITS 2SS ! F/ #A1 B D N G ON 69QUIRE H[ "! >E _M UNEQUALS 2SS ! UNEQUAL4 ,YET !Y USE !M & SP1K ( GRT & SMALL1 _M & FEW 7F : PROCE$ NUMB]S71 L;G & %ORT 7F : PROCE$S ! L9E71 BROAD & N>R[ 7F : PROCE$S ! PLANE71 DEEP & %ALL[ 7F : PROCE$ SOLIDS72 & !Y SP1K ( YET M K9DS ( RELATIVE T]M4 ,:AT IS ! R1SON1 !N1 :Y "! IS A PLURAL;Y ( ^!8 ,X IS NEC1 !N1 Z WE SAY1 6PRESUPPOSE = EA* ?+ T : IS X POT5TI,Y2 &! HOLD] ( ^! VIEWS FUR!R DCLD :AT T IS : IS POT5TI,Y A ,8?0' &A SUB/.E B IS N 9 XF 2+-VIZ4 T X IS ! RELATIVE 7Z IF HE _H SD ,8! QUALITATIVE0'71 : IS NEI POT5TI,Y ! "O OR 2+1 NOR ! NEG,N (! "O NOR ( 2+1 B "O AM;G 2+S4 ,& X 0 M* M NEC1 Z WE SD1 IF HE 0 9QUIR+ H[ 2+S >E _M1 N 69QUIRE AB ^? 9 ! SAME CATEGORY-H[ "! >E _M SUB/.ES OR _M QUALITIES-B H[ 2+S Z A :OLE >E _M2 = "S >E SUB/.ES1 "S MODIFIC,NS1 "S REL,NS4 ,9 ! CATEGORIES O!R ?AN SUB/.E "! IS YET ANO!R PRO#M 9VOLV$ 9 ! EXI/;E ( PLURAL;Y4 ,S9CE !Y >E N SEP>A# F SUB/.ES1 QUALITIES & QUANTITIES >E _M J 2C _! SUB/RATUM 2COMES & IS _M2 YET "! "\ 6BE A MATT] = EA* CATEGORY2 ONLY X _C 2 SEP>A# F SUB/.ES4 ,B 9 ! CASE ( ,8?ISES0'1 X IS POSSI# 6EXPLA9 H[ ! ,8?0' IS _M ?+S1 UN.S A ?+ IS 6BE TR1T$ Z BO? A ,8?0' &A G5]AL "*4 ,! DI6ICULTY >IS+ F ! FACTS AB SUB/.ES IS R ?1 H[ "! >E ACTU,Y _M SUB/.ES & N "O4 ,B FUR!R1 IF ! ,8?0' &! QUANTITATIVE >E N ! SAME1 WE >E N TOLD H[ & :Y ! ?+S T >E >E _M1 B H[ QUANTITIES >E _M4 ,= ALL ,8NUMB]0' M1NS A QUANT;Y1 & S DOES ! ,8UNIT0'1 UN.S X M1NS A M1SURE OR ! QUANTITATIVELY 9DIVISI#4 ,IF1 !N1 ! QUANTITATIVE &! ,8:AT0' >E DI6]5T1 WE >E N TOLD :;E OR H[ ! ,8:AT0' IS _M2 B IF ANY "O SAYS !Y >E ! SAME1 HE HAS 6FACE _M 9CONSI/5CIES4 ,"O MID+ ! NUMB]S1 :AT JU/IFIES ! 2LIEF T !Y EXI/4 ,6! 2LIEV] 9 ,ID1S !Y PROVIDE "S SORT ( CAUSE = EXI/+ ?+S1 S9CE EA* NUMB] IS AN ,IDEA1 &! ,IDEA IS 6O!R ?+S "SH[ OR O!R ! CAUSE ( _! 2+2 = LET ? SUPPOSI;N 2 GRANT$ !M4 ,B Z = HM :O DOES N HOLD ? VIEW 2C HE SEES ! 9H]5T OBJEC;NS 6! ,ID1S 7S T X IS N = ? R1SON T HE POSITS NUMB]S71 B :O POSITS MA!MATICAL NUMB]1 :Y M/ WE 2LIEVE 8 /ATE;T T S* NUMB] EXI/S1 &( :AT USE IS S* NUMB] 6O!R ?+S8 ,NEI DOES HE :O SAYS X EXI/S MA9TA9 T X IS ! CAUSE ( ANY?+ 7HE R SAYS X IS A ?+ EXI/+ 0XF71 NOR IS X OBS]V$ 6BE ! CAUSE ( ANY?+2 =! !OREMS ( >I?METICIANS W ALL 2 F.D TRUE EV5 ( S5SI# ?+S1 Z 0 SD 2F4 #C ,Z = ^?1 !N1 :O SUPPOSE ! ,ID1S 6EXI/ & 6BE NUMB]S1 0_! ASSUMP;N 9 VIRTUE (! ME?OD ( SETT+ \ EA* T]M A"P F XS 9/.ES- (! UN;Y ( EA* G5]AL T]M !Y TRY AT L1/ 6EXPLA9 "SH[ :Y NUMB] M/ EXI/4 ,S9CE _! R1SONS1 H["E1 >E NEI 3CLUSIVE NOR 9 !MVS POSSI#1 "O M/ N1 = ^! R1SONS AT L1/1 ASS]T ! EXI/;E ( NUMB]4 ,AG1 ! ,PY?AGOR1NS1 2C !Y SAW _M ATTRIBUTES ( NUMB]S 2L;G+ TE S5SI# BODIES1 SUPPOS$ R1L ?+S 6BE NUMB]S-N SEP>A# NUMB]S1 H["E1 B NUMB]S ( : R1L ?+S 3SI/4 ,B :Y8 ,2C ! ATTRIBUTES ( NUMB]S >E PRES5T 9 A MUSICAL SCALE & 9 ! H1V5S & 9 _M O!R ?+S4 ,^?1 H["E1 :O SAY T MA!MATICAL NUMB] AL"O EXI/S _C AC 6_! HYPO!SES SAY ANY?+ ( ? SORT1 B X US$ 6BE URG$ T ^! S5SI# ?+S CD N 2 ! SUBJECT (! SCI;ES4 ,B WE MA9TA9 T !Y >E1 Z WE SD 2F4 ,& X IS EVID5T T ! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS D N EXI/ A"P2 = IF !Y EXI/$ A"P _! ATTRIBUTES WD N H BE5 PRES5T 9 BODIES4 ,N[ ! ,PY?AGOR1NS 9 ? PO9T >E OP5 6NO OBJEC;N2 B 9 T !Y 3/RUCT NATURAL BODIES \ ( NUMB]S1 ?+S T H LIA# ASSUME T X BO? EXI/S & IS SEP>A# 2C ! AXIOMS WD N 2 TRUE ( S5SI# ?+S1 :ILE ! /ATE;TS ( MA!MATICS >E TRUE & ,8GREET ! S\L0'2 & SIMIL>LY )! SPATIAL MAGNITUDES ( MA!MATICS4 ,X IS EVID5T1 !N1 BO? T ! RIVAL !ORY W SAY ! 3TR>Y ( ?1 & T ! DI6ICULTY WE RAIS$ J N[1 :Y IF NUMB]S >E 9 NO WAY PRES5T 9 S5SI# ?+S _! ATTRIBUTES >E PRES5T 9 S5SI# ?+S1 HAS 6BE SOLV$ 0^? :O HOLD ^! VIEWS4 ,"! >E "S :O1 2C ! PO9T IS ! LIMIT & EXTREME (! L9E1 ! L9E (! PLANE1 &! PLANE (! SOLID1 ?9K "! M/ 2 R1L ?+S ( ? SORT4 ,WE M/ "!=E EXAM9E ? >GU;T TOO1 & SEE :E!R X IS N REM>KABLY W1K4 ,= 7I7 EXTREMES >E N SUB/.ES1 B R ALL ^! ?+S >E LIMITS4 ,= EV5 WALK+1 & MOVE;T 9 G5]AL1 HAS A LIMIT1 S T ON _! !ORY ? W 2 A ,8?0' &A SUB/.E4 ,B T IS ABSURD4 ,N B :AT 7;II7 EV5 IF !Y >E SUB/.ES1 !Y W ALL 2 ! SUB/.ES (! S5SI# ?+S 9 ? _W2 = X IS 6^! T ! >GU;T APPLI$4 ,:Y !N %D !Y 2 CAPA# ( EXI/+ A"P8 ,AG1 IF WE >E N TOO EASILY SATISFI$1 WE MAY1 REG>D+ ALL NUMB] &! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS1 PRESS ? DI6ICULTY1 T !Y 3TRIBUTE NO?+ 6"O ANO!R1 ! PRIOR 6! PO/]IOR2 = IF NUMB] DID N EXI/1 N"O ! LESS SPATIAL MAGNITUDES WD EXI/ = ^? :O MA9TA9 ! EXI/;E (! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS ONLY1 & IF SPATIAL MAGNITUDES DID N EXI/1 S\L & S5SI# BODIES WD EXI/4 ,B ! OBS]V$ FACTS %[ T NATURE IS N A S]IES ( EPISODES1 L A BAD TRAG$Y4 ,Z =! 2LIEV]S 9 ! ,ID1S1 ? DI6ICULTY MISSES !M2 = !Y 3/RUCT SPATIAL MAGNITUDES \ ( MATT] & NUMB]1 L9ES \ (! NUMB] PLANES D\BT.S \ ( SOLIDS \ ( OR !Y USE O!R NUMB]S1 : MAKES NO DI6];E4 ,B W ^! MAGNITUDES 2 ,ID1S1 OR :AT IS _! MANN] ( EXI/;E1 & :AT D !Y 3TRIBUTE 6?+S8 ,^! 3TRIBUTE NO?+1 Z ! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS 3TRIBUTE NO?+4 ,B N EV5 IS ANY !OREM TRUE ( !M1 UN.S WE WANT 6*ANGE ! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS & 9V5T DOCTR9ES ( \R [N4 ,B X IS N H>D 6ASSUME ANY R&OM HYPO!SES & SP9 \ A L;G /R+ ( 3CLU.NS4 ,^! ?9K]S1 !N1 >E WR;G 9 ? WAY1 9 WANT+ 6UNITE ! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS )! ,ID1S4 ,& ^? :O F/ POSIT$ TWO K9DS ( NUMB]1 T (! ,=MS & T : IS MA!MATICAL1 NEI H SD NOR C SAY H[ MA!MATICAL NUMB] IS 6EXI/ &( :AT X IS 63SI/4 ,= !Y PLACE X 2T ID1L & S5SI# NUMB]4 ,IF 7I7 X 3SI/S (! GRT & SMALL1 X W 2 ! SAME Z ! O!R- ID1L-NUMB] 7HE MAKES SPATIAL MAGNITUDES \ ( "S O!R SMALL & GRT74 ,& IF 7;II7 HE "NS "S O!R ELE;T1 HE W 2 MAK+ 8 ELE;TS R _M4 ,& IF ! PR9CIPLE ( EA* (! TWO K9DS ( NUMB] IS A #A1 UN;Y W 2 "S?+ -MON 6^!1 & WE M/ 9QUIRE H[ ! "O IS ^! _M ?+S1 :ILE AT ! SAME "T NUMB]1 AC 6HM1 _C 2 G5]AT$ EXCEPT F "O & AN 9DEF9ITE DYAD4 ,ALL ? IS ABSURD1 & 3FLICTS BO? ) XF & )! PROBABILITIES1 & WE SEEM 6SEE 9 X ,SIMONIDES ,8L;G RIGM>OLE0' =! L;G RIGM>OLE -ES 96PLAY1 L ^? ( SLAVES1 :5 M5 H NO?+ S.D 6SAY4 ,&! V ELE;TS-! GRT & ! SMALL-SEEM 6CRY \ AG/ ! VIOL;E T IS D"O 6!M2 = !Y _C 9 ANY WAY G5]ATE NUMB]S O!R ?AN ^? GOT F #A 0D\BL+4 ,X IS /RANGE AL 6ATTRIBUTE G5],N 6?+S T >E ET]NAL1 OR R ? IS "O (! ?+S T >E IMPOSSI#4 ,"! NE$ 2 NO D\BT :E!R ! ,PY?AGOR1NS ATTRIBUTE G5],N 6!M OR N2 = !Y SAY PLA9LY T :5 ! "O _H BE5 3/RUCT$1 :E!R \ ( PLANES OR ( SURFACE OR ( SE$ OR ( ELE;TS : !Y _C EXPRESS1 IMMLY ! NE>E/ "P (! UNLIMIT$ 2GAN 6BE 3/RA9$ & LIMIT$ 0! LIMIT4 ,B S9CE !Y >E 3/RUCT+ A _W & WI% 6SP1K ! LANGUAGE ( NATURAL SCI;E1 X IS FAIR 6MAKE "S EXAM9,N ( _! PHYSICAL !ORICS1 B 6LET !M (F F ! PRES5T 9QUIRY2 = WE >E 9VE/IGAT+ ! PR9CIPLES AT "W 9 UN*ANGEA# ?+S1 S T X IS NUMB]S ( ? K9D ^: G5ESIS WE M/ /UDY4 #D ,^! ?9K]S SAY "! IS NO G5],N (! ODD NUMB]1 : EVID5TLY IMPLIES T "! IS G5],N (! EV52 & "S PRES5T ! EV5 Z PRODUC$ F/ F UNEQUALS-! GRT &! SMALL-:5 ^! >E EQUALIZ$4 ,! 9EQUAL;Y1 !N1 M/ 2L;G 6!M 2F !Y >E EQUALIZ$4 ,IF !Y _H ALW BE5 EQUALIZ$1 !Y WD N H BE5 UNEQUAL 2F2 = "! IS NO?+ 2F T : IS ALW4 ,"!=E EVID5TLY !Y >E N GIV+ _! A3.T (! G5],N ( NUMB]S M]ELY 6ASSI/ 3TEMPL,N ( _! NATURE4 ,A DI6ICULTY1 &A REPROA* 6ANY "O :O F9DS X NO DI6ICULTY1 >E 3TA9$ 9 ! "Q H[ ! ELE;TS &! PR9CIPLES >E RELAT$ 6! GD &! B1UTI;L2 ! DI6ICULTY IS ?1 :E!R ANY (! ELE;TS IS S* A ?+ Z WE M1N 0! GD XF &! BE/1 OR ? IS N S1 B ^! >E LAT] 9 ORIG9 ?AN ! ELE;TS4 ,! !OLOGIANS SEEM 6AGREE ) "S ?9K]S (! PRES5T "D1 :O ANSW] ! "Q 9 ! NEGATIVE1 & SAY T BO? ! GD &! B1UTI;L APPE> 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S ONLY :5 T NATURE HAS MADE "S PROGRESS4 7,? !Y D 6AVOID A R1L OBJEC;N : 3FRONTS ^? :O SAY1 Z "S D1 T ! "O IS A F/ PR9CIPLE4 ,! OBJEC;N >ISES N F _! ASCRIB+ GD;S 6! F/ PR9CIPLE Z AN ATTRIBUTE1 B F _! MAK+ ! "O A PR9CIPLE-&A PR9CIPLE 9 ! S5SE ( AN ELE;T-& G5]AT+ NUMB] F ! "O47 ,! OLD POETS AGREE ) ? 9ASM* Z !Y SAY T N ^? :O >E F/ 9 "T1 E4G4 ,NIE L$ 6SP1K ?US ONLY 2C !Y ?9K (! RUL]S (! _W Z *ANG+2 = ^? ( !M :O -B9E ! TWO "*S 9 T !Y D N USE MY?ICAL LANGUAGE "?\T1 E4G4 ,PH]ECYDES & "S O!RS1 MAKE ! ORIG9AL G5]AT+ AG5T ! ,BE/1 & S D ! ,MAGI1 & "S (! LAT] SAGES AL1 E4G4 BO? ,EMP$OCLES & ,ANAXAGORAS1 ( :OM "O MADE LOVE AN ELE;T1 &! O!R MADE R1SON A PR9CIPLE4 ,( ^? :O MA9TA9 ! EXI/;E (! UN*ANGEA# SUB/.ES "S SAY ! ,"O XF IS ! GD XF2 B !Y ?"\ XS SUB/.E LAY MA9LY 9 XS UN;Y4 ,?1 !N1 IS ! PRO#M1-: (! TWO WAYS ( SP1K+ IS "R4 ,X WD 2 /RANGE IF 6T : IS PRIM>Y & ET]NAL & MO/ SELF-SU6ICI5T ? V QUAL;Y--SELF-SU6ICI5CY & SELF-MA9T5.E-- 2L;GS PRIM>ILY 9 "S O!R WAY ?AN Z A GD4 ,B 9DE$ X C 2 = NO O!R R1SON 9DE/RUCTI# OR SELF-SU6ICI5T ?AN 2C XS NATURE IS GD4 ,"!=E 6SAY T ! F/ PR9CIPLE IS GD IS PROBABLY CORRECT2 B T ? PR9CIPLE %D 2 ! ,"O OR1 IF N T1 AT L1/ AN ELE;T1 & AN ELE;T ( NUMB]S1 IS IMPOSSI#4 ,P[];L OBJEC;NS >ISE1 6AVOID : "S H GIV5 UP ! !ORY 7VIZ4 ^? :O AGREE T ! ,"O IS A F/ PR9CIPLE & ELE;T1 B ONLY ( MA!MATICAL NUMB]74 ,= ON ? VIEW ALL ! UNITS 2COME ID5TICAL ) SPECIES ( GD1 & "! IS A GRT PROFU.N ( GDS4 ,AG1 IF ! ,=MS >E NUMB]S1 ALL ! ,=MS >E ID5TICAL ) SPECIES ( GD4 ,B LET A MAN ASSUME ,ID1S ( ANY?+ HE PL1SES4 ,IF ^! >E ,ID1S ONLY ( GDS1 ! ,ID1S W N 2 SUB/.ES2 B IF ! ,ID1S >E AL ,ID1S ( SUB/.ES1 ALL ANIMALS & PLANTS & ALL 9DIVIDUALS T %>E 9 ,ID1S W 2 GD4 ,^! ABSURDITIES FOLL[1 & X AL FOLL[S T ! 3TR>Y ELE;T1 :E!R X IS PLURAL;Y OR ! UNEQUAL1 I4E4 ! GRT & SMALL1 IS ! BAD- XF4 7,H;E "O ?9K] AVOID$ ATTA*+ ! GD 6! ,"O1 2C X WD NECESS>ILY FOLL[1 S9CE G5],N IS F 3TR>IES1 T BAD;S IS ! FUNDA;TAL NATURE ( PLURAL;Y2 :ILE O!RS SAY 9EQUAL;Y IS ! NATURE (! BAD47 ,X FOLL[S1 !N1 T ALL ?+S P>TAKE (! BAD EXCEPT "O--! ,"O XF1 & T NUMB]S P>TAKE ( X 9 A M UNDILUT$ =M ?AN SPATIAL MAGNITUDES1 & T ! BAD IS ! SPACE 9 : ! GD IS R1LIZ$1 & T X P>TAKES 9 & DESIRES T : T5DS 6DE/ROY X2 = 3TR>Y T5DS 6DE/ROY 3TR>Y4 ,& IF1 Z WE 7 SAY+1 ! MATT] IS T : IS POT5TI,Y EA* ?+1 E4G4 T ( ACTUAL FIRE IS T : IS POT5TI,Y FIRE1 ! BAD W 2 J ! POT5TI,Y GD4 ,ALL ^! OBJEC;NS1 !N1 FOLL[1 "PLY 2C !Y MAKE E PR9CIPLE AN ELE;T1 "PLY 2C !Y MAKE 3TR>IES PR9CIPLES1 "PLY 2C !Y MAKE ! ,"O A PR9CIPLE1 "PLY 2C !Y TR1T ! NUMB]S Z ! F/ SUB/.ES1 & Z CAPA# ( EXI/+ A"P1 & Z ,=MS4 #E ,IF1 !N1 X IS EQU,Y IMPOSSI# N 6PUT ! GD AM;G ! F/ PR9CIPLES & 6PUT X AM;G !M 9 ? WAY1 EVID5TLY ! PR9CIPLES >E N 2+ CORRECTLY DESCRIB$1 NOR >E ! F/ SUB/.ES4 ,NOR DOES ANY "O 3CV ! MATT] CORRECTLY IF HE -P>ES ! PR9CIPLES (! UNIV]SE 6T ( ANIMALS & PLANTS1 ON ! GR.D T ! M -PLETE ALW -ES F ! 9DEF9ITE & 9COMPLETE-: IS :AT L1DS ? ?9K] 6SAY T ? IS AL TRUE (! F/ PR9CIPLES ( R1L;Y1 S T ! ,"O XF IS N EV5 AN EXI/+ ?+4 ,? IS 9CORRECT1 = EV5 9 ? _W ( ANIMALS & PLANTS ! PR9CIPLES F : ^! -E >E -PLETE2 = X IS A MAN T PRODUCES A MAN1 &! SE$ IS N F/4 ,X IS \ ( PLACE1 AL1 6G5]ATE PLACE SIMULTANE\SLY )! MA!MATICAL SOLIDS 7= PLACE IS PECULI> 6! 9DIVIDUAL ?+S1 & H;E !Y >E SEP>ATE 9 PLACE2 B MA!MATICAL OBJECTS >E NO":71 & 6SAY T !Y M/ 2 "S":1 B N SAY :AT K9D ( ?+ _! PLACE IS4 ,^? :O SAY T EXI/+ ?+S -E F ELE;TS & T ! F/ ( EXI/+ ?+S >E ! NUMB]S1 %D H F/ 4T+UI%$ ! S5SES 9 : "O ?+ -ES F ANO!R1 & !N SD 9 : S5SE NUMB] -ES F XS F/ PR9CIPLES4 ,09T]MIXTURE8 ,B 7#A7 N "EY?+ IS CAPA# ( 9T]MIXTURE1 & 7#B7 T : IS PRODUC$ 0X IS DI6]5T F XS ELE;TS1 & ON ? VIEW ! "O W N REMA9 SEP>ATE OR A 4T9CT 5T;Y2 B !Y WANT X 6BE S4 ,0JUXTAPOSI;N1 L A SYLLA#8 ,B !N 7#A7 ! ELE;TS M/ H POSI;N2 & 7#B7 HE :O ?9KS ( NUMB] W 2 A# 6?9K (! UN;Y &! PLURAL;Y A"P2 NUMB] !N W 2 ?-A UNIT & PLURAL;Y1 OR ! "O &! UNEQUAL4 ,AG1 -+ F C]TA9 ?+S M1NS 9 "O S5SE T ^! >E / 6BE F.D 9 ! PRODUCT1 & 9 ANO!R T !Y >E N2 : S5SE DOES NUMB] -E F ^! ELE;TS8 ,ONLY ?+S T >E G5]AT$ C -E F ELE;TS : >E PRES5T 9 !M4 ,DOES NUMB] -E1 !N1 F XS ELE;TS Z F SE$8 ,B NO?+ C 2 EXCRET$ F T : IS 9DIVISI#4 ,DOES X -E F XS 3TR>Y1 XS 3TR>Y N P]SI/+8 ,B ALL ?+S T -E 9 ? WAY -E AL F "S?+ ELSE : DOES P]SI/4 ,S9CE1 !N1 "O ?9K] PLACES ! #A Z 3TR>Y 6PLURAL;Y1 & ANO!R PLACES X Z 3TR>Y 6! UNEQUAL1 TR1T+ ! #A Z EQUAL1 NUMB] M/ 2 2+ TR1T$ Z -+ F 3TR>IES4 ,"! IS1 !N1 "S?+ ELSE T P]SI/S1 F : & F "O 3TR>Y ! -P.D IS OR HAS -E 6BE4 ,AG1 :Y 9 ! _W D ! O!R ?+S T -E F 3TR>IES1 OR T H 3TR>IES1 P]I% 7EV5 :5 ALL (! 3TR>Y IS US$ 6PRODUCE !M71 :ILE NUMB] DOES N8 ,NO?+ IS SD AB ?4 ,YET :E!R PRES5T OR N PRES5T 9 ! -P.D ! 3TR>Y DE/ROYS X1 E4G4 ,8/RIFE0' DE/ROYS ! ,8MIXTURE0' 7YET X %D N2 = X IS N 6T T IS 3TR>Y74 ,ONCE M1 X HAS N BE5 DET]M9$ AT ALL 9 : WAY NUMB]S >E ! CAUSES ( SUB/.ES &( 2+-:E!R 7#A7 Z B.D>IES 7Z PO9TS >E ( SPATIAL MAGNITUDES74 ,? IS H[ ,EURYTUS DECID$ :AT 0 ! NUMB] ( :AT 7E4G4 "O ( MAN & ANO!R ( HORSE71 VIZ4 0IMITAT+ ! FIGURES ( LIV+ ?+S ) PEB#S1 Z "S P BR+ NUMB]S 96! =MS ( TRIANGLE & SQU>E4 ,OR 7#B7 IS X 2C H>MONY IS A RATIO ( NUMB]S1 & S IS MAN & "EY?+ ELSE8 ,B H[ >E ! ATTRIBUTES-:ITE & SWEET & HOT-NUMB]S8 ,EVID5TLY X IS N ! NUMB]S T >E ! ESS;E OR ! CAUSES (! =M2 =! RATIO IS ! ESS;E1 :ILE ! NUMB] ! CAUSES (! =M2 =! RATIO IS ! ESS;E1 :ILE ! NUMB] IS ! MATT]4 ,E4G4 ! ESS;E ( FLE% OR B"O IS NUMB] ONLY 9 ? WAY1 ,8?REE "PS ( FIRE & TWO ( E>?0'4 ,&A NUMB]1 :AT"E NUMB] X IS1 IS ALW A NUMB] ( C]TA9 ?+S1 EI ( "PS ( FIRE OR E>? OR ( UNITS2 B ! ESS;E IS T "! IS S M* ( "O ?+ 6S M* ( ANO!R 9 ! MIXTURE2 & ? IS NO L;G] A NUMB] B A RATIO ( MIXTURE ( NUMB]S1 :E!R ^! >E CORPOR1L OR ( ANY O!R K9D4 ,NUMB]1 !N1 :E!R X 2 NUMB] 9 G5]AL OR ! NUMB] : 3SI/S ( AB/RACT UNITS1 IS NEI ! CAUSE Z AG5T1 NOR ! MATT]1 NOR ! RATIO & =M ( ?+S4 ,NOR1 ( C\RSE1 IS X ! F9AL CAUSE4 #F ,"O MI RATIO B WELL DILUT$ ?AN IF X 7 NUM]IC,Y EXPRESSI# B /R;G4 ,AG1 ! RATIOS ( MIXTURES >E EXPRESS$ 0! A4+ ( NUMB]S1 N 0M]E NUMB]S2 E4G4 X IS ,8?REE "PS 6TWO0'1 N ,8?REE "TS TWO0'4 ,= 9 ANY MULTIPLIC,N ! G5US ( ! ?+S MULTIPLI$ M/ 2 ! SAME2 "!=E ! PRODUCT #A;,X#B;,X#C M/ 2 M1SURA# 0#A1 & #D;,X#E;,X#F 0#D & "!=E ALL PRODUCTS 96: ! SAME FACTOR 5T]S M/ 2 M1SURA# 0T FACTOR4 ,! NUMB] ( FIRE1 !N1 _C 2 #B;,X#E;,X#C;,X#F & AT ! SAME "T T ( WAT] #B;,X#C4 ,IF ALL ?+S M/ %>E 9 NUMB]1 X M/ FOLL[ T _M ?+S >E ! SAME1 &! SAME NUMB] M/ 2L;G 6"O ?+ & 6ANO!R4 ,IS NUMB] ! CAUSE1 !N1 & DOES ! ?+ EXI/ 2C ( XS NUMB]1 OR IS ? N C]TA98 ,E4G4 ! MO;NS (! SUN H A NUMB]1 & AG ^? (! MOON1-YES1 &! LIFE & PRIME ( EA* ANIMAL4 ,:Y1 !N1 %D N "S ( ^! NUMB]S 2 SQU>ES1 "S CUBES1 & "S EQUAL1 O!RS D\#8 ,"! IS NO R1SON :Y !Y %D N1 & 9DE$ !Y M/ MOVE )9 ^! LIMITS1 S9CE ALL ?+S 7 ASSUM$ 6%>E 9 NUMB]4 ,& X 0 ASSUM$ T ?+S T DI6]$ MIE SEV5 V[ELS1 ! SCALE 3SI/S ( SEV5 /R+S1 ! ,PLEIADES >E SEV51 AT SEV5 ANIMALS LOSE _! TEE? 7AT L1/ "S D1 ?\< "S D N71 &! *AMPIONS :O F"\ AG/ ,!BES 7 SEV54 ,IS X !N 2C ! NUMB] IS ! K9D ( NUMB] X IS1 T ! *AMPIONS 7 SEV5 OR ! ,PLEIAD 3SI/S ( SEV5 />S8 ,SURELY ! *AMPIONS 7 SEV5 2C "! 7 SEV5 GATES OR = "S O!R R1SON1 &! ,PLEIAD WE C.T Z SEV51 Z WE C.T ! ,BE> Z TWELVE1 :ILE O!R PEOPLES C.T M />S 9 BO?4 ,NAY !Y EV5 SAY T ;,X1 ,PS & ;,Z >E 3CORDS & T 2C "! >E ?REE 3CORDS1 ! D\# 3SONANTS AL >E ?REE4 ,!Y Q NEGLECT ! FACT T "! MIE ?REE "PS (! M\? & "O LR IS 9 EA* APPLI$ 6SIGMA1 X IS = ? R1SON T "! >E ONLY ?REE1 N 2C ! 3CORDS >E ?REE2 S9CE Z A MATT] ( FACT ! 3CORDS >E M ?AN ?REE1 B ( D\# 3SONANTS "! _C 2 M4 ,^! P >E L ! OLD-FA%ION$ ,HOM]IC S*OL>S1 :O SEE SMALL RESEMBL.ES B NEGLECT GRT "OS4 ,"S SAY T "! >E _M S* CASES1 E4G4 T ! MI4LE /R+S >E REPRES5T$ 0N9E & EIIES ( ^!1 & G5],Y ! MA!MATICAL REL,NS1 Z "S DESCRIBE !M1 MAK+ !M CAUSES ( NATURE1 SEEM1 :5 WE 9SPECT !M 9 ? WAY1 6VANI%2 = N"O ( !M IS A CAUSE 9 ANY (! S5SES T H BE5 4T+UI%$ 9 REF];E 6! F/ PR9CIPLES4 ,9 A S5SE1 H["E1 !Y MAKE X PLA9 T GD;S 2L;GS 6NUMB]S1 & T ! ODD1 ! /RAIE1 ! POT5CIES ( C]TA9 NUMB]S1 >E 9 ! COLUMN (! B1UTI;L4 ,=! S1SONS &A "PICUL> K9D ( NUMB] G TGR2 &! O!R AGREE;TS T !Y COLLECT F ! !OREMS ( MA!MATICS ALL H ? M1N+4 ,H;E !Y >E L CO9CID;ES4 ,= !Y >E A3ID5TS1 B ! ?+S T AGREE >E ALL APPROPRIATE 6"O ANO!R1 & "O 0ANALOGY4 ,= 9 EA* CATEGORY ( 2+ AN ANALOG\S T]M IS F.D-Z ! /RAIE ! CAUSES ( MUSICAL PH5OM5A &! L 7= EQUAL ID1L NUMB]S DI6] F "O ANO!R 9 =M2 = EV5 ! UNITS D72 S T WE NE$ N ASSUME ,ID1S = ? R1SON AT L1/4 ,^!1 !N1 >E ! RESULTS (! !ORY1 & YET M MIE N SEP>A# F S5SI# ?+S1 Z "S SAY1 & T !Y >E N ! F/ PR9CIPLES4