#CEJ ,,BC
          ,,NICOMA*1N ,,E?ICS
               0,>I/OTLE
      TRANSLAT$ BY ;,W4 ,D4 ,ROSS
    ,TRANSLAT$ 96,GRADE ,,II ,BRL 0,MIKE
    ,KEI?LEY
               ,,BOOK ,I
                   #A
  ,E >T & E 9QUIRY1 & SIMIL>LY E AC;N &
PURSUIT1 IS ?"\ 6AIM AT "S GD2 &= ?
R1SON ! GD HAS "RLY BE5 DCLD 6BE T AT :
ALL ?+S AIM4 ,B A C]TA9 DI6];E IS F.D
AM;G 5DS2 "S >E ACTIVITIES1 O!RS >E
PRODUCTS A"P F ! ACTIVITIES T PRODUCE
!M4 ,": "! >E 5DS A"P F ! AC;NS1 X IS !
NATURE (! PRODUCTS 6BE BETT] ?AN !
ACTIVITIES4 ,N[1 Z "! >E _M AC;NS1 >TS1
& SCI;ES1 _! 5DS AL >E _M2 ! 5D (!
M$ICAL >T IS H1L?1 T ( %IPBUILD+ A
VESSEL1 T ( /RATEGY VICTORY1 T (
ECONOMICS W1L?4 ,B ": S* >TS FALL "U A
S+LE CAPAC;Y- Z BRIDLE-MAK+ &! O!R >TS
3C]N$ )! EQUIP;T ( HORSES FALL "U ! >T (
RID+1 & ? & E MILIT>Y AC;N "U /RATEGY1 9
! SAME WAY O!R >TS FALL "U YET O!RS- 9
ALL ( ^! ! 5DS (! MA/] >TS >E 6BE
PREF]R$ 6ALL ! SUBORD9ATE 5DS2 = X IS =!
SAKE (! =M] T ! LATT] >E PURSU$4 ,X
MAKES NO DI6];E :E!R ! ACTIVITIES !MVS
>E ! 5DS (! AC;NS1 OR "S?+ ELSE A"P F !
ACTIVITIES1 Z 9 ! CASE (! SCI;ES J
M5;N$4
                   #B
  ,IF1 !N1 "! IS "S 5D (! ?+S WE D1 : WE
DESIRE = XS [N SAKE 7"EY?+ ELSE 2+
DESIR$ =! SAKE ( ?71 & IF WE D N *OOSE
"EY?+ =! SAKE ( "S?+ ELSE 7= AT T RATE !
PROCESS WD G ON 69F9;Y1 S T \R DESIRE WD
2 EMPTY & VA971 CLE>LY ? M/ 2 ! GD &!
*IEF GD4 ,W N ! K ( X1 !N1 H A GRT
9FLU;E ON LIFE8 ,% WE N1 L >*]S :O H A
M>K 6AIM AT1 2 M LIKELY 6HIT ^U :AT IS
"R8 ,IF S1 WE M/ TRY1 9 \TL9E AT L1/1
6DET]M9E :AT X IS1 &( : (! SCI;ES OR
CAPACITIES X IS ! OBJECT4 ,X WD SEEM
62L;G 6! MO/ AU?ORITATIVE >T & T : IS
MO/ TRULY ! MA/] >T4 ,& POLITICS APPE>S
6BE ( ? NATURE2 = X IS ? T ORDA9S : (!
SCI;ES %D 2 /UDI$ 9 A /ATE1 & : EA*
CLASS ( CITIZ5S %D LE>N & UP 6:AT PO9T
!Y %D LE>N !M2 & WE SEE EV5 ! MO/ HI<LY
E/EEM$ ( CAPACITIES 6FALL "U ?1 E4G4
/RATEGY1 ECONOMICS1 RHETORIC2 N[1 S9CE
POLITICS USES ! RE/ (! SCI;ES1 & S9CE1
AG1 X LEGISLATES Z 6:AT WE >E 6D & :AT
WE >E 6AB/A9 F1 ! 5D ( ? SCI;E M/ 9CLUDE
^? (! O!RS1 S T ? 5D M/ 2 ! GD = MAN4 ,=
EV5 IF ! 5D IS ! SAME =A S+LE MAN &=A
/ATE1 T (! /ATE SEEMS AT ALL EV5TS "S?+
GRT] & M -PLETE :E!R 6ATTA9 OR 6PRES]VE2
?\< X IS WOR? :ILE 6ATTA9 ! 5D M]ELY =
"O MAN1 X IS F9] & M GODLIKE 6ATTA9 X =A
N,N OR = C;Y-/ATES4 ,^!1 !N1 >E ! 5DS AT
: \R 9QUIRY AIMS1 S9CE X IS POLITICAL
SCI;E1 9 "O S5SE ( T T]M4
                   #C
  ,\R 4CUS.N W 2 ADEQUATE IF X HAS Z M*
CLE>;S Z ! SUBJECT-MATT] ADMITS (1 =
PRECI.N IS N 6BE S"\ = ALIKE 9 ALL
4CUS.NS1 ANY M ?AN 9 ALL ! PRODUCTS (!
CRAFTS4 ,N[ F9E & J AC;NS1 : POLITICAL
SCI;E 9VE/IGATES1 ADMIT ( M* V>IETY &
FLUCTU,N ( OP9ION1 S T !Y MAY 2 ?"\
6EXI/ ONLY 03V5;N1 & N 0NATURE4 ,& GDS
AL GIVE RISE 6A SIMIL> FLUCTU,N 2C !Y
BR+ H>M 6_M P2 = 2F N[ M5 H BE5 UND"O
0R1SON ( _! W1L?1 & O!RS 0R1SON ( _!
C\RAGE4 ,WE M/ 2 3T5T1 !N1 9 SP1K+ ( S*
SUBJECTS &) S* PREMISSES 69DICATE ! TRU?
R\<LY & 9 \TL9E1 & 9 SP1K+ AB ?+S : >E
ONLY =! MO/ "P TRUE &) PREMISSES (! SAME
K9D 6R1* 3CLU.NS T >E NO BETT]4 ,9 !
SAME _S1 "!=E1 %D EA* TYPE ( /ATE;T 2
RCVD2 = X IS ! M>K ( AN $UCAT$ MAN 6LOOK
= PRECI.N 9 EA* CLASS ( ?+S J S F> Z !
NATURE (! SUBJECT ADMITS2 X IS EVID5TLY
EQU,Y FOOLI% 6A3EPT PROBA# R1SON+ F A
MA!MATICIAN & 6DEM& F A RHETORICIAN
SCI5TIFIC PRO(S4
  ,N[ EA* MAN JUDGES WELL ! ?+S HE "KS1
&( ^! HE IS A GD JUDGE4 ,& S ! MAN :O
HAS BE5 $UCAT$ 9 A SUBJECT IS A GD JUDGE
( T SUBJECT1 &! MAN :O HAS RCVD AN ALL-
R.D $UC,N IS A GD JUDGE 9 G5]AL4 ,H;E A
"Y MAN IS N A PROP] HE>] ( LECTURES ON
POLITICAL SCI;E2 = HE IS 9EXP]I;ED 9 !
AC;NS T O3UR 9 LIFE1 B XS 4CUS.NS />T F
^! & >E AB ^!2 &1 FUR!R1 S9CE HE T5DS
6FOLL[ 8 PAS.NS1 8 /UDY W 2 VA9 &
UNPR(ITA#1 2C ! 5D AIM$ AT IS N K B
AC;N4 ,& X MAKES NO DI6];E :E!R HE IS "Y
9 YE>S OR Y\?;L 9 "*2 ! DEFECT DOES N
DEP5D ON "T1 B ON 8 LIV+1 & PURSU+ EA*
SU3ESSIVE OBJECT1 Z PAS.N DIRECTS4 ,=
6S* P]SONS1 Z 6! 9CONT95T1 K BR+S NO
PR(IT2 B 6^? :O DESIRE & ACT 9 A3ORD.E )
A R,NAL PR9CIPLE K AB S* MATT]S W 2 (
GRT B5EFIT4
  ,^! REM>KS AB ! /UD5T1 ! SORT ( TR1T;T
6BE EXPECT$1 &! PURPOSE (! 9QUIRY1 MAY 2
TAK5 Z \R PREFACE4
                   #D
  ,LET U RESUME \R 9QUIRY & /ATE1 9 VIEW
(! FACT T ALL K & E PURSUIT AIMS AT "S
GD1 :AT X IS T WE SAY POLITICAL SCI;E
AIMS AT & :AT IS ! HI<E/ ( ALL GDS
A*IEVA# 0AC;N4 ,V]B,Y "! IS V G5]AL
AGREE;T2 = BO? ! G5]AL RUN ( M5 & P (
SUP]IOR REF9E;T SAY T X IS HAPPI;S1 &
ID5TIFY LIV+ WELL & DO+ WELL ) 2+ HAPPY2
B ) REG>D 6:AT HAPPI;S IS !Y DI6]1 &! _M
D N GIVE ! SAME A3.T Z ! WISE4 ,=! =M]
?9K X IS "S PLA9 & OBVI\S ?+1 L PL1SURE1
W1L?1 OR HON\R2 !Y DI6]1 H["E1 F "O
ANO!R- & (T5 EV5 ! SAME MAN ID5TIFIES X
) DI6]5T ?+S1 ) H1L? :5 HE IS ILL1 )
W1L? :5 HE IS POOR2 B1 3SCI\S ( _!
IGNOR.E1 !Y ADMIRE ^? :O PROCLAIM "S GRT
ID1L T IS ABV _! -PREH5.N4 ,N[ "S ?"\ T
A"P F ^! _M GDS "! IS ANO!R : IS SELF-
SUBSI/5T & CAUSES ! GD;S ( ALL ^! Z
WELL4 ,6EXAM9E ALL ! OP9IONS T H BE5
HELD 7 P]H "S:AT FRUIT.S2 5 6EXAM9E ^? T
>E MO/ PREVAL5T OR T SEEM 6BE >GUA#4
  ,LET U N FAIL 6NOTICE1 H["E1 T "! IS A
DI6];E 2T >GU;TS F & ^? 6! F/ PR9CIPLES4
,= ,PLATO1 TOO1 0 "R 9 RAIS+ ? "Q &
ASK+1 Z HE US$ 6D1 ,8>E WE ON ! WAY F OR
6! F/ PR9CIPLES80' ,"! IS A DI6];E1 Z "!
IS 9 A RACE-C\RSE 2T ! C\RSE F ! JUDGES
6! TURN+-PO9T &! WAY BACK4 ,=1 :ILE WE
M/ 2G9 ) :AT IS "KN1 ?+S >E OBJECTS ( K
9 TWO S5SES- "S 6U1 "S )\T QUALIFIC,N4
,PRESUMABLY1 !N1 WE M/ 2G9 ) ?+S "KN 6U4
,H;E ANY "O :O IS 6LI/5 9TELLIG5TLY
6LECTURES AB :AT IS NO# & J1 & G5],Y1 AB
! SUBJECTS ( POLITICAL SCI;E M/ H BE5
BR"\ UP 9 GD HABITS4 ,=! FACT IS ! />T+-
PO9T1 & IF ? IS SU6ICI5TLY PLA9 6HM1 HE
W N AT ! />T NE$ ! R1SON Z WELL2 &! MAN
:O HAS BE5 WELL BR"\ UP HAS OR C EASILY
GET />T+PO9TS4 ,& Z = HM :O NEI HAS NOR
C GET !M1 LET HM HE> ! ^WS ( ,HESIOD3
,F> BE/ IS HE :O "KS ALL ?+S HMF2
,GD1 HE T HE>K5S :5 M5 C\NSEL "R2
,B HE :O NEI "KS1 NOR LAYS 6HE>T
,ANO!R'S WISDOM1 IS A USE.S WI<T4
                   #E
  ,LET U1 H["E1 RESUME \R 4CUS.N F !
PO9T AT : WE DIGRESS$4 ,6JUDGE F ! LIVES
T M5 L1D1 MO/ M51 & M5 (! MO/ VULG>
TYPE1 SEEM 7N )\T "S GR.D7 6ID5TIFY !
GD1 OR HAPPI;S1 ) PL1SURE2 : IS ! R1SON
:Y !Y LOVE ! LIFE ( 5JOY;T4 ,= "! >E1 WE
MAY SAY1 ?REE PROM95T TYPES ( LIFE- T J
M5;N$1 ! POLITICAL1 & ?IRDLY !
3TEMPLATIVE LIFE4 ,N[ ! MASS ( MANK9D >E
EVID5TLY Q SLAVI% 9 _! TA/ES1 PREF]R+ A
LIFE SUITA# 6B1/S1 B !Y GET "S GR.D = _!
VIEW F ! FACT T _M ( ^? 9 HI< PLACES %>E
! TA/ES ( ,S>DANAPALLUS4 ,A 3SID],N (!
PROM95T TYPES ( LIFE %[S T P ( SUP]IOR
REF9E;T &( ACTIVE 4POSI;N ID5TIFY
HAPPI;S ) HON\R2 = ? IS1 R\<LY SP1K+1 !
5D (! POLITICAL LIFE4 ,B X SEEMS TOO
SUP]FICIAL 6BE :AT WE >E LOOK+ =1 S9CE X
IS ?"\ 6DEP5D ON ^? :O 2/[ HON\R R ?AN
ON HM :O RCVS X1 B ! GD WE DIV9E 6BE
"S?+ PROP] 6A MAN & N EASILY TAK5 F HM4
,FUR!R1 M5 SEEM 6PURSUE HON\R 9 ORD] T
!Y MAY 2 ASSUR$ ( _! GD;S2 AT L1/ X IS
0M5 ( PRACTICAL WISDOM T !Y SEEK 6BE
HON\R$1 & AM;G ^? :O "K !M1 & ON ! GR.D
( _! VIRTUE2 CLE>LY1 !N1 AC 6!M1 AT ANY
RATE1 VIRTUE IS BETT]4 ,& P]H "O MI<T
EV5 SUPPOSE ? 6BE1 R ?AN HON\R1 ! 5D (!
POLITICAL LIFE4 ,B EV5 ? APPE>S "S:AT
9COMPLETE2 = POSSES.N ( VIRTUE SEEMS
ACTU,Y -PATI# ) 2+ ASLEEP1 OR ) LIFEL;G
9ACTIV;Y1 &1 FUR!R1 )! GRTE/ SU6]+S &
MIS=TUNES2 B A MAN :O 0 LIV+ S NO "O WD
CALL HAPPY1 UN.S HE 7 MA9TA9+ A !SIS AT
ALL CO/S4 ,B 5 ( ?2 =! SUBJECT HAS BE5
SU6ICI5TLY TR1T$ EV5 9 ! CURR5T 4CUS.NS4
,?IRD -ES ! 3TEMPLATIVE LIFE1 : WE %
3SID] LAT]4
  ,! LIFE ( M"OY-MAK+ IS "O "UTAK5 "U
-PUL.N1 & W1L? IS EVID5TLY N ! GD WE >E
SEEK+2 = X IS M]ELY USE;L &=! SAKE (
"S?+ ELSE4 ,& S "O MI<T R TAKE ! A=E"ND
OBJECTS 6BE 5DS2 = !Y >E LOV$ = !MVS4 ,B
X IS EVID5T T N EV5 ^! >E 5DS2 YET _M
>GU;TS H BE5 ?R[N AWAY 9 SUPPORT ( !M4
,LET U L1VE ? SUBJECT1 !N4
                   #F
  ,WE _H P]H BETT] 3SID] ! UNIV]SAL GD &
4CUSS ?OR\<LY :AT IS M1NT 0X1 AL? S* AN
9QUIRY IS MADE AN UPHILL "O 0! FACT T !
,=MS H BE5 9TRODUC$ 0FRS ( \R [N4 ,YET X
WD P]H 2 ?"\ 6BE BETT]1 9DE$ 6BE \R
DUTY1 =! SAKE ( MA9TA9+ ! TRU? EV5
6DE/ROY :AT T\*ES U CLOSELY1 ESPECI,Y Z
WE >E PHILOSOPH]S OR LOV]S ( WISDOM2 =1
:ILE BO? >E DE>1 PIETY REQUIRES U 6HON\R
TRU? ABV \R FRS4
  ,! M5 :O 9TRODUC$ ? DOCTR9E DID N
POSIT ,ID1S ( CLASSES )9 : !Y RECOGNIZ$
PRIOR;Y & PO/]IOR;Y 7: IS ! R1SON :Y !Y
DID N MA9TA9 ! EXI/;E ( AN ,IDEA EMBRAC+
ALL NUMB]S72 B ! T]M ,8GD0' IS US$ BO? 9
! CATEGORY ( SUB/.E & 9 T ( QUAL;Y & 9 T
( REL,N1 & T : IS P] SE1 I4E4 SUB/.E1 IS
PRIOR 9 NATURE 6! RELATIVE 7=! LATT] IS
L AN (F %OOT & A3ID5T ( 2+72 S T "! CD N
2 A -MON ,IDEA SET OV] ALL ^! GDS4
,FUR!R1 S9CE ,8GD0' HAS Z _M S5SES Z
,82+0' 7= X IS PR$ICAT$ BO? 9 ! CATEGORY
( SUB/.E1 Z ( ,GOD &( R1SON1 & 9 QUAL;Y1
I4E4 (! VIRTUES1 & 9 QUANT;Y1 I4E4 ( T :
IS MOD]ATE1 & 9 REL,N1 I4E4 (! USE;L1 &
9 "T1 I4E4 (! "R OPPORTUN;Y1 & 9 PLACE1
I4E4 (! "R LOCAL;Y &! L71 CLE>LY X _C 2
"S?+ UNIV]S,Y PRES5T 9 ALL CASES & S+LE2
= !N X CD N H BE5 PR$ICAT$ 9 ALL !
CATEGORIES B 9 "O ONLY4 ,FUR!R1 S9CE (!
?+S ANSW]+ 6"O ,IDEA "! IS "O SCI;E1 "!
WD H BE5 "O SCI;E ( ALL ! GDS2 B Z X IS
"! >E _M SCI;ES EV5 (! ?+S T FALL "U "O
CATEGORY1 E4G4 ( OPPORTUN;Y1 =
OPPORTUN;Y 9 W> IS /UDI$ 0/RATEGICS & 9
41SE 0M$IC9E1 &! MOD]ATE 9 FOOD IS /UDI$
0M$IC9E & 9 EX]CISE 0! SCI;E (
GYMNA/ICS4 ,& "O MI<T ASK ! "Q1 :AT 9 !
_W !Y M1N BY 'A ?+ XF0'1 IS 7Z IS !
CASE7 9 ,8MAN HMF0' & 9 A "PICUL> MAN !
A3.T ( MAN IS "O &! SAME4 ,= 9 S F> Z !Y
>E MAN1 !Y W 9 NO RESPECT DI6]2 & IF ?
IS S1 NEI W ,8GD XF0' & "PICUL> GDS1 9 S
F> Z !Y >E GD4 ,B AG X W N 2 GD ANY ! M
= 2+ ET]NAL1 S9CE T : LA/S L;G IS NO
:IT] ?AN T : P]I%ES 9 A "D4 ,!
,PY?AGOR1NS SEEM 6GIVE A M PLAUSI# A3.T
(! GD1 :5 !Y PLACE ! "O 9 ! COLUMN (
GDS2 & X IS !Y T ,SPEUSIPPUS SEEMS 6H
FOLL[$4
  ,B LET U 4CUSS ^! MATT]S ELSE":2 AN
OBJEC;N 6:AT WE H SD1 H["E1 MAY 2 4C]N$
9 ! FACT T ! ,PLATONI/S H N BE5 SP1K+ AB
ALL GDS1 & T ! GDS T >E PURSU$ & LOV$ =
!MVS >E CALL$ GD 0REF];E 6A S+LE ,=M1
:ILE ^? : T5D 6PRODUCE OR 6PRES]VE ^!
"SH[ OR 6PREV5T _! 3TR>IES >E CALL$ S
0REF];E 6^!1 & 9 A SECOND>Y S5SE4
,CLE>LY1 !N1 GDS M/ 2 SPOK5 ( 9 TWO
WAYS1 & "S M/ 2 GD 9 !MVS1 ! O!RS 0R1SON
( ^!4 ,LET U SEP>ATE1 !N1 ?+S GD 9 !MVS
F ?+S USE;L1 & 3SID] :E!R ! =M] >E CALL$
GD 0REF];E 6A S+LE ,IDEA4 ,:AT SORT (
GDS WD "O CALL GD 9 !MVS8 ,IS X ^? T >E
PURSU$ EV5 :5 ISOLAT$ F O!RS1 S* Z
9TELLIG;E1 SI<T1 & C]TA9 PL1SURES &
HON\RS8 ,C]TA9LY1 IF WE PURSUE ^! AL =!
SAKE ( "S?+ ELSE1 YET "O WD PLACE !M
AM;G ?+S GD 9 !MVS4 ,OR IS NO?+ O!R ?AN
! ,IDEA ( GD GD 9 XF8 ,9 T CASE ! ,=M W
2 EMPTY4 ,B IF ! ?+S WE H "ND >E AL ?+S
GD 9 !MVS1 ! A3.T (! GD W H 6APPE> Z
"S?+ ID5TICAL 9 !M ALL1 Z T ( :ITE;S IS
ID5TICAL 9 SN[ & 9 :ITE L1D4 ,B ( HON\R1
WISDOM1 & PL1SURE1 J 9 RESPECT ( _!
GD;S1 ! A3.TS >E 4T9CT & DIV]SE4 ,! GD1
"!=E1 IS N "S -MON ELE;T ANSW]+ 6"O
,IDEA4
  ,B :AT !N D WE M1N 0! GD8 ,X IS SURELY
N L ! ?+S T ONLY *.E 6H ! SAME "N4 ,>E
GDS "O1 !N1 02+ DERIV$ F "O GD OR 0ALL
3TRIBUT+ 6"O GD1 OR >E !Y R "O 0ANALOGY8
,C]TA9LY Z SI<T IS 9 ! BODY1 S IS R1SON
9 ! S\L1 & S ON 9 O!R CASES4 ,B P]H ^!
SUBJECTS _H BETT] 2 4MISS$ =! PRES5T2 =
P]FECT PRECI.N AB !M WD 2 M APPROPRIATE
6ANO!R BRAN* ( PHILOSOPHY4 ,& SIMIL>LY )
REG>D 6! ,IDEA2 EV5 IF "! IS "S "O GD :
IS UNIV]S,Y PR$ICA# ( GDS OR IS CAPA# (
SEP>ATE & 9DEP5D5T EXI/;E1 CLE>LY X CD N
2 A*IEV$ OR ATTA9$ 0MAN2 B WE >E N[
SEEK+ "S?+ ATTA9A#4 ,P]H1 H["E1 "S "O
MI<T ?9K X WOR? :ILE 6RECOGNIZE ? )A
VIEW 6! GDS T >E ATTA9A# & A*IEVA#2 =
HAV+ ? Z A SORT ( PATT]N WE % "K BETT] !
GDS T >E GD = U1 & IF WE "K !M % ATTA9
!M4 ,? >GU;T HAS "S PLAUSIBIL;Y1 B SEEMS
6CLA% )! PROC$URE (! SCI;ES2 = ALL ( ^!1
?\< !Y AIM AT "S GD & SEEK 6SUPPLY !
DEFICI5CY ( X1 L1VE ON "O SIDE ! K (!
GD4 ,YET T ALL ! EXPON5TS (! >TS %D 2
IGNORANT (1 & %D N EV5 SEEK1 S GRT AN
AID IS N PROBA#4 ,X IS H>D1 TOO1 6SEE H[
A W1V] OR A C>P5T] W 2 B5EFIT$ 9 REG>D
6HIS [N CRAFT 0"K+ ? ,8GD XF0'1 OR H[ !
MAN :O HAS VIEW$ ! ,IDEA XF W 2 A BETT]
DOCTOR OR G5]AL "!BY4 ,=A DOCTOR SEEMS N
EV5 6/UDY H1L? 9 ? WAY1 B ! H1L? ( MAN1
OR P]H R ! H1L? (A "PICUL> MAN2 X IS
9DIVIDUALS T HE IS H1L+4 ,B 5 ( ^!
TOPICS4
                   #G
  ,LET U AG RETURN 6! GD WE >E SEEK+1 &
ASK :AT X C BE4 ,X SEEMS DI6]5T 9 DI6]5T
AC;NS & >TS2 X IS DI6]5T 9 M$IC9E1 9
/RATEGY1 & 9 ! O!R >TS LIKEWISE4 ,:AT !N
IS ! GD ( EA*8 ,SURELY T = ^: SAKE "EY?+
ELSE IS D"O4 ,9 M$IC9E ? IS H1L?1 9
/RATEGY VICTORY1 9 >*ITECTURE A H\SE1 9
ANY O!R SPH]E "S?+ ELSE1 & 9 E AC;N &
PURSUIT ! 5D2 = X IS =! SAKE ( ? T ALL
M5 D :AT"E ELSE !Y D4 ,"!=E1 IF "! IS AN
5D = ALL T WE D1 ? W 2 ! GD A*IEVA#
0AC;N1 & IF "! >E M ?AN "O1 ^! W 2 ! GDS
A*IEVA# 0AC;N4
  ,S ! >GU;T HAS 0A DI6]5T C\RSE R1*$ !
SAME PO9T2 B WE M/ TRY 6/ATE ? EV5 M
CLE>LY4 ,S9CE "! >E EVID5TLY M ?AN "O
5D1 & WE *OOSE "S ( ^! 7E4G4 W1L?1
FLUTES1 & 9 G5]AL 9/RU;TS7 =! SAKE (
"S?+ ELSE1 CLE>LY N ALL 5DS >E F9AL 5DS2
B ! *IEF GD IS EVID5TLY "S?+ F9AL4
,"!=E1 IF "! IS ONLY "O F9AL 5D1 ? W 2
:AT WE >E SEEK+1 & IF "! >E M ?AN "O1 !
MO/ F9AL ( ^! W 2 :AT WE >E SEEK+4 ,N[
WE CALL T : IS 9 XF WOR?Y ( PURSUIT M
F9AL ?AN T : IS WOR?Y ( PURSUIT =! SAKE
( "S?+ ELSE1 & T : IS N"E DESIRA# =!
SAKE ( "S?+ ELSE M F9AL ?AN ! ?+S T >E
DESIRA# BO? 9 !MVS &=! SAKE ( T O!R ?+1
& "!=E WE CALL F9AL )\T QUALIFIC,N T :
IS ALW DESIRA# 9 XF & N"E =! SAKE ( "S?+
ELSE4
  ,N[ S* A ?+ HAPPI;S1 ABV ALL ELSE1 IS
HELD 6BE2 = ? WE *OOSE ALW = SELF & N"E
=! SAKE ( "S?+ ELSE1 B HON\R1 PL1SURE1
R1SON1 & E VIRTUE WE *OOSE 9DE$ = !MVS
7= IF NO?+ RESULT$ F !M WE %D / *OOSE
EA* ( !M71 B WE *OOSE !M AL =! SAKE (
HAPPI;S1 JUDG+ T 0M1NS ( !M WE % 2
HAPPY4 ,HAPPI;S1 ON ! O!R H&1 NO "O
*OOSES =! SAKE ( ^!1 NOR1 9 G5]AL1 =
ANY?+ O!R ?AN XF4
  ,F ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SELF-SU6ICI5CY !
SAME RESULT SEEMS 6FOLL[2 =! F9AL GD IS
?"\ 6BE SELF-SU6ICI5T4 ,N[ 0SELF-
SU6ICI5T WE D N M1N T : IS SU6ICI5T =A
MAN 0HMF1 = "O :O LIVES A SOLIT>Y LIFE1
B AL = P>5TS1 *N1 WIFE1 & 9 G5]AL = 8
FRS & FELL[ CITIZ5S1 S9CE MAN IS BORN =
CITIZ5%IP4 ,B "S LIMIT M/ 2 SET 6?2 = IF
WE EXT5D \R REQUIRE;T 6ANCE/ORS &
DESC5DANTS & FRS' FRS WE >E 9 = AN
9F9ITE S]IES4 ,LET U EXAM9E ? "Q1 H["E1
ON ANO!R O3A.N2 ! SELF-SU6ICI5T WE N[
DEF9E Z T : :5 ISOLAT$ MAKES LIFE
DESIRA# & LACK+ 9 NO?+2 & S* WE ?9K
HAPPI;S 6BE2 & FUR!R WE ?9K X MO/
DESIRA# ( ALL ?+S1 )\T 2+ C.T$ Z "O GD
?+ AM;G O!RS- IF X 7 S C.T$ X WD CLE>LY
2 MADE M DESIRA# 0! A4I;N ( EV5 ! L1/ (
GDS2 = T : IS A4$ 2COMES AN EXCESS (
GDS1 &( GDS ! GRT] IS ALW M DESIRA#4
,HAPPI;S1 !N1 IS "S?+ F9AL & SELF-
SU6ICI5T1 & IS ! 5D ( AC;N4
  ,PRESUMABLY1 H["E1 6SAY T HAPPI;S IS !
*IEF GD SEEMS A PLATITUDE1 &A CLE>] A3.T
( :AT X IS / DESIR$4 ,? MI<T P]H 2 GIV51
IF WE CD F/ ASC]TA9 ! FUNC;N ( MAN4 ,= J
Z =A FLUTE-PLAY]1 A SCULPTOR1 OR AN
>TI/1 &1 9 G5]AL1 = ALL ?+S T H A FUNC;N
OR ACTIV;Y1 ! GD &! ,8WELL0' IS ?"\
6RESIDE 9 ! FUNC;N1 S WD X SEEM 6BE =
MAN1 IF HE HAS A FUNC;N4 ,H ! C>P5T]1
!N1 &! TANN] C]TA9 FUNC;NS OR
ACTIVITIES1 & HAS MAN N"O8 ,IS HE BORN
)\T A FUNC;N8 ,OR Z EYE1 H&1 FOOT1 & 9
G5]AL EA* (! "PS EVID5TLY HAS A FUNC;N1
MAY "O LAY X D[N T MAN SIMIL>LY HAS A
FUNC;N A"P F ALL ^!8 ,:AT !N C ? BE8
,LIFE SEEMS 6BE -MON EV5 6PLANTS1 B WE
>E SEEK+ :AT IS PECULI> 6MAN4 ,LET U
EXCLUDE1 "!=E1 ! LIFE ( NUTRI;N & GR[?4
,NEXT "! WD 2 A LIFE ( P]CEP;N1 B X AL
SEEMS 6BE -MON EV5 6! HORSE1 ! OX1 & E
ANIMAL4 ,"! REMA9S1 !N1 AN ACTIVE LIFE (
! ELE;T T HAS A R,NAL PR9CIPLE2 ( ?1 "O
"P HAS S* A PR9CIPLE 9 ! S5SE ( 2+
OB$I5T 6"O1 ! O!R 9 ! S5SE ( POSSESS+ "O
& EX]CIS+ ?"\4 ,&1 Z ,8LIFE (! R,NAL
ELE;T0' AL HAS TWO M1N+S1 WE M/ /ATE T
LIFE 9 ! S5SE ( ACTIV;Y IS :AT WE M1N2 =
? SEEMS 6BE ! M PROP] S5SE (! T]M4 ,N[
IF ! FUNC;N ( MAN IS AN ACTIV;Y ( S\L :
FOLL[S OR IMPLIES A R,NAL PR9CIPLE1 & IF
WE SAY ,8S-&-S-& 'A GD S-&-S0' H A
FUNC;N : IS ! SAME 9 K9D1 E4G4 A LYRE1 &
A GD LYRE-PLAY]1 & S )\T QUALIFIC,N 9
ALL CASES1 EM9;E 9 RESPECT ( GD;S 2+ I4$
6! "N (! FUNC;N 7=! FUNC;N (A LYRE-PLAY]
IS 6PLAY ! LYRE1 & T (A GD LYRE-PLAY] IS
6D S WELL73 IF ? IS ! CASE1 & WE /ATE !
FUNC;N ( MAN 6BE A C]TA9 K9D ( LIFE1 & ?
6BE AN ACTIV;Y OR AC;NS (! S\L IMPLY+ A
R,NAL PR9CIPLE1 &! FUNC;N (A GD MAN 6BE
! GD & NO# P]=M.E ( ^!1 & IF ANY AC;N IS
WELL P]=M$ :5 X IS P]=M$ 9 A3ORD.E )!
APPROPRIATE EXCELL;E3 IF ? IS ! CASE1
HUMAN GD TURNS \ 6BE ACTIV;Y ( S\L 9
A3ORD.E ) VIRTUE1 & IF "! >E M ?AN "O
VIRTUE1 9 A3ORD.E )! BE/ & MO/ -PLETE4
  ,B WE M/ ADD ,8IN A -PLETE LIFE40' ,=
"O SWALL[ DOES N MAKE A SUMM]1 NOR DOES
"O "D2 & S TOO "O "D1 OR A %ORT "T1 DOES
N MAKE A MAN B.S$ & HAPPY4
  ,LET ? S]VE Z AN \TL9E (! GD2 = WE M/
PRESUMABLY F/ SKET* X R\<LY1 & !N LAT]
FILL 9 ! DETAILS4 ,B X WD SEEM T ANY "O
IS CAPA# ( C>RY+ ON & >TICULAT+ :AT HAS
ONCE BE5 WELL \TL9$1 & T "T IS A GD
4COV]] OR "PN] 9 S* A "W2 6: FACTS !
ADV.ES (! >TS >E DUE2 = ANY "O C ADD :AT
IS LACK+4 ,& WE M/ AL REMEMB] :AT HAS
BE5 SD 2F1 & N LOOK = PRECI.N 9 ALL ?+S
ALIKE1 B 9 EA* CLASS ( ?+S S* PRECI.N Z
A3ORDS )! SUBJECT-MATT]1 & S M* Z IS
APPROPRIATE 6! 9QUIRY4 ,=A C>P5T] &A
GEOMET] 9VE/IGATE ! "R ANGLE 9 DI6]5T
WAYS2 ! =M] DOES S 9 S F> Z ! "R ANGLE
IS USE;L = 8 "W1 :ILE ! LATT] 9QUIRES
:AT X IS OR :AT SORT ( ?+ X IS2 = HE IS
A SPECTATOR (! TRU?4 ,WE M/ ACT 9 ! SAME
WAY1 !N1 9 ALL O!R MATT]S Z WELL1 T \R
MA9 TASK MAY N 2 SUBORD9AT$ 6M9OR "QS4
,NOR M/ WE DEM& ! CAUSE 9 ALL MATT]S
ALIKE2 X IS 5 9 "S CASES T ! FACT 2 WELL
E/ABLI%$1 Z 9 ! CASE (! F/ PR9CIPLES2 !
FACT IS ! PRIM>Y ?+ OR F/ PR9CIPLE4 ,N[
( F/ PR9CIPLES WE SEE "S 09DUC;N1 "S
0P]CEP;N1 "S 0A C]TA9 HABITU,N1 & O!RS
TOO 9 O!R WAYS4 ,B EA* SET ( PR9CIPLES
WE M/ TRY 69VE/IGATE 9 ! NATURAL WAY1 &
WE M/ TAKE PA9S 6/ATE !M DEF9ITELY1 S9CE
!Y H A GRT 9FLU;E ON :AT FOLL[S4 ,=!
2G9N+ IS ?"\ 6BE M ?AN HALF (! :OLE1 &
_M (! "QS WE ASK >E CLE>$ UP 0X4
                   #H
  ,WE M/ 3SID] X1 H["E1 9 ! LI<T N ONLY
( \R 3CLU.N & \R PREMISSES1 B AL ( :AT
IS -MONLY SD AB X2 =)A TRUE VIEW ALL !
DATA H>MONIZE1 B )A FALSE "O ! FACTS
SOON CLA%4 ,N[ GDS H BE5 DIVID$ 96?REE
CLASSES1 & "S >E DESCRIB$ Z EXT]NAL1
O!RS Z RELAT+ 6S\L OR 6BODY2 WE CALL ^?
T RELATE 6S\L MO/ PROP]LY & TRULY GDS1 &
PSY*ICAL AC;NS & ACTIVITIES WE CLASS Z
RELAT+ 6S\L4 ,"!=E \R A3.T M/ 2 S.D1 AT
L1/ AC 6? VIEW1 : IS AN OLD "O & AGRE$
ON 0PHILOSOPH]S4 ,X IS CORRECT AL 9 T WE
ID5TIFY ! 5D ) C]TA9 AC;NS & ACTIVITIES2
= ?US X FALLS AM;G GDS (! S\L & N AM;G
EXT]NAL GDS4 ,ANO!R 2LIEF : H>MONIZES )
\R A3.T IS T ! HAPPY MAN LIVES WELL &
DOES WELL2 = WE H PRACTIC,Y DEF9$
HAPPI;S Z A SORT ( GD LIFE & GD AC;N4 ,!
"*I/ICS T >E LOOK$ = 9 HAPPI;S SEEM AL1
ALL ( !M1 62L;G 6:AT WE H DEF9$ HAPPI;S
Z 2+4 ,= "S ID5TIFY HAPPI;S ) VIRTUE1 "S
) PRACTICAL WISDOM1 O!RS )A K9D (
PHILOSOPHIC WISDOM1 O!RS ) ^!1 OR "O (
^!1 A3OMPANI$ 0PL1SURE OR N )\T PL1SURE2
:ILE O!RS 9CLUDE AL EXT]NAL PROSP];Y4
,N[ "S ( ^! VIEWS H BE5 HELD 0_M M5 & M5
( OLD1 O!RS 0A FEW EM95T P]SONS2 & X IS
N PROBA# T EI ( ^! %D 2 5TIRELY MISTAK51
B R T !Y %D 2 "R 9 AT L1/ "S "O RESPECT
OR EV5 9 MO/ RESPECTS4
  ,) ^? :O ID5TIFY HAPPI;S ) VIRTUE OR
"S "O VIRTUE \R A3.T IS 9 H>MONY2 =
6VIRTUE 2L;GS VIRTU\S ACTIV;Y4 ,B X
MAKES1 P]H1 NO SMALL DI6];E :E!R WE
PLACE ! *IEF GD 9 POSSES.N OR 9 USE1 9
/ATE ( M9D OR 9 ACTIV;Y4 ,=! /ATE ( M9D
MAY EXI/ )\T PRODUC+ ANY GD RESULT1 Z 9
A MAN :O IS ASLEEP OR 9 "S O!R WAY Q
9ACTIVE1 B ! ACTIV;Y _C2 = "O :O HAS !
ACTIV;Y W ( NECESS;Y 2 ACT+1 & ACT+
WELL4 ,& Z 9 ! ,OLYMPIC ,GAMES X IS N !
MO/ B1UTI;L &! /R;GE/ T >E CR[N$ B ^? :O
-PETE 7= X IS "S ( ^! T >E VICTORI\S71 S
^? :O ACT W91 & "RLY W91 ! NO# & GD ?+S
9 LIFE4
  ,_! LIFE IS AL 9 XF PL1SANT4 ,=
PL1SURE IS A /ATE ( S\L1 & 6EA* MAN T :
HE IS SD 6BE A LOV] ( IS PL1SANT2 E4G4 N
ONLY IS A HORSE PL1SANT 6! LOV] (
HORSES1 &A SPECTACLE 6! LOV] ( SI<TS1 B
AL 9 ! SAME WAY J ACTS >E PL1SANT 6!
LOV] ( JU/ICE & 9 G5]AL VIRTU\S ACTS 6!
LOV] ( VIRTUE4 ,N[ = MO/ M5 _! PL1SURES
>E 9 3FLICT ) "O ANO!R 2C ^! >E N
0NATURE PL1SANT1 B ! LOV]S ( :AT IS NO#
F9D PL1SANT ! ?+S T >E 0NATURE PL1SANT2
& VIRTU\S AC;NS >E S*1 S T ^! >E PL1SANT
= S* M5 Z WELL Z 9 _! [N NATURE4 ,_!
LIFE1 "!=E1 HAS NO FUR!R NE$ ( PL1SURE Z
A SORT ( ADV5TITI\S *>M1 B HAS XS
PL1SURE 9 XF4 ,=1 2SS :AT WE H SD1 ! MAN
:O DOES N RJC 9 NO# AC;NS IS N EV5 GD2
S9CE NO "O WD CALL A MAN J :O DID N 5JOY
ACT+ JU/LY1 NOR ANY MAN LIB]AL :O DID N
5JOY LIB]AL AC;NS2 & SIMIL>LY 9 ALL O!R
CASES4 ,IF ? IS S1 VIRTU\S AC;NS M/ 2 9
!MVS PL1SANT4 ,B !Y >E AL GD & NO#1 & H
EA* ( ^! ATTRIBUTES 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE1
S9CE ! GD MAN JUDGES WELL AB ^!
ATTRIBUTES2 8 JUDGE;T IS S* Z WE H
DESCRIB$4 ,HAPPI;S !N IS ! BE/1 NO#/1 &
MO/ PL1SANT ?+ 9 ! _W1 & ^! ATTRIBUTES
>E N S"E$ Z 9 ! 9SCRIP;N AT ,DELOS-
  ,MO/ NO# IS T : IS JU/E/1 & BE/ IS
H1L?2
  ,B PL1SANTE/ IS X 6W9 :AT WE LOVE4
  ,= ALL ^! PROP]TIES 2L;G 6! BE/
ACTIVITIES2 & ^!1 OR "O- ! BE/- ( ^!1 WE
ID5TIFY ) HAPPI;S4
  ,YET EVID5TLY1 Z WE SD1 X NE$S !
EXT]NAL GDS Z WELL2 = X IS IMPOSSI#1 OR
N EASY1 6D NO# ACTS )\T ! PROP] EQUIP;T4
,9 _M AC;NS WE USE FRS & RI*ES &
POLITICAL P[] Z 9/RU;TS2 & "! >E "S ?+S
! LACK ( : TAKES ! LU/RE F HAPPI;S1 Z GD
BIR?1 GDLY *N1 B1UTY2 =! MAN :O IS V
UGLY 9 APPE>.E OR ILL-BORN OR SOLIT>Y &
*ILD.S IS N V LIKELY 6BE HAPPY1 & P]H A
MAN WD 2 / LESS LIKELY IF HE _H ?OR\<LY
BAD *N OR FRS OR _H LO/ GD *N OR FRS
0D1?4 ,Z WE SD1 !N1 HAPPI;S SEEMS 6NE$ ?
SORT ( PROSP];Y 9 A4I;N2 = : R1SON "S
ID5TIFY HAPPI;S ) GD =TUNE1 ?\< O!RS
ID5TIFY X ) VIRTUE4

                   #I
  ,= ? R1SON AL ! "Q IS ASK$1 :E!R
HAPPI;S IS 6BE ACQUIR$ 0LE>N+ OR
0HABITU,N OR "S O!R SORT ( TRA9+1 OR -ES
9 VIRTUE ( "S DIV9E PROVID;E OR AG 0*.E4
,N[ IF "! IS ANY GIFT (! GODS 6M51 X IS
R1SONA# T HAPPI;S %D 2 GOD-GIV51 & MO/
SURELY GOD-GIV5 ( ALL HUMAN ?+S 9ASM* Z
X IS ! BE/4 ,B ? "Q WD P]H 2 M
APPROPRIATE 6ANO!R 9QUIRY2 HAPPI;S
SEEMS1 H["E1 EV5 IF X IS N GOD-S5T B -ES
Z A RESULT ( VIRTUE & "S PROCESS ( LE>N+
OR TRA9+1 6BE AM;G ! MO/ GODLIKE ?+S2 =
T : IS ! PRIZE & 5D ( VIRTUE SEEMS 6BE !
BE/ ?+ 9 ! _W1 & "S?+ GODLIKE & B.S$4
  ,X W AL ON ? VIEW 2 V G5],Y %>$2 = ALL
:O >E N MAIM$ Z REG>DS _! POT5TIAL;Y =
VIRTUE MAY W9 X 0A C]TA9 K9D ( /UDY &
C>E4 ,B IF X IS BETT] 6BE HAPPY ?US ?AN
0*.E1 X IS R1SONA# T ! FACTS %D 2 S1
S9CE "EY?+ T DEP5DS ON ! AC;N ( NATURE
IS 0NATURE Z GD Z X C BE1 & SIMIL>LY
"EY?+ T DEP5DS ON >T OR ANY R,NAL CAUSE1
& ESPECI,Y IF X DEP5DS ON ! BE/ ( ALL
CAUSES4 ,65TRU/ 6*.E :AT IS GRTE/ & MO/
NO# WD 2 A V DEFECTIVE >RANGE;T4
  ,! ANSW] 6! "Q WE >E ASK+ IS PLA9 AL F
! DEF9I;N ( HAPPI;S2 = X HAS BE5 SD 6BE
A VIRTU\S ACTIV;Y ( S\L1 (A C]TA9 K9D4
,(! REMA9+ GDS1 "S M/ NECESS>ILY PRE-
EXI/ Z 3DI;NS ( HAPPI;S1 & O!RS >E
NATUR,Y CO-OP]ATIVE & USE;L Z 9/RU;TS4
,& ? W 2 F.D 6AGREE ) :AT WE SD AT !
\TSET2 = WE /AT$ ! 5D ( POLITICAL SCI;E
6BE ! BE/ 5D1 & POLITICAL SCI;E SP5DS
MO/ ( XS PA9S ON MAK+ ! CITIZ5S 6BE (A
C]TA9 "*1 VIZ4 GD & CAPA# ( NO# ACTS4
  ,X IS NATURAL1 !N1 T WE CALL NEI OX
NOR HORSE NOR ANY O!R (! ANIMALS HAPPY2
= N"O ( !M IS CAPA# ( %>+ 9 S* ACTIV;Y4
,= ? R1SON AL A BOY IS N HAPPY2 = HE IS
N YET CAPA# ( S* ACTS1 [+ 6HIS AGE2 &
BOYS :O >E CALL$ HAPPY >E 2+ 3GRATULAT$
0R1SON (! HOPES WE H = !M4 ,= "! IS
REQUIR$1 Z WE SD1 N ONLY -PLETE VIRTUE B
AL A -PLETE LIFE1 S9CE _M *ANGES O3UR 9
LIFE1 & ALL MANN] ( *.ES1 &! MO/
PROSP]\S MAY FALL 96GRT MIS=TUNES 9 OLD
AGE1 Z IS TOLD ( ,PRIAM 9 ! ,TROJAN
,CYCLE2 & "O :O HAS EXP]I;ED S* *.ES &
HAS 5D$ WRET*$LY NO "O CALLS HAPPY4
                  #AJ
  ,M/ NO "O AT ALL1 !N1 2 CALL$ HAPPY
:ILE HE LIVES2 M/ WE1 Z ,SOLON SAYS1 SEE
! 5D8 ,EV5 IF WE >E 6LAY D[N ? DOCTR9E1
IS X AL ! CASE T A MAN IS HAPPY :5 HE IS
D1D8 ,OR IS N ? Q ABSURD1 ESPECI,Y = U
:O SAY T HAPPI;S IS AN ACTIV;Y8 ,B IF WE
D N CALL ! D1D MAN HAPPY1 & IF ,SOLON
DOES N M1N ?1 B T "O C !N SAFELY CALL A
MAN B.S$ Z 2+ AT LA/ 2Y EVILS &
MIS=TUNES1 ? AL AF=DS MATT] = 4CUS.N2 =
BO? EVIL & GD >E ?"\ 6EXI/ =A D1D MAN1 Z
M* Z = "O :O IS ALIVE B N AW>E ( !M2
E4G4 HON\RS & 4HON\RS &! GD OR BAD
=TUNES ( *N & 9 G5]AL ( DESC5DANTS4 ,& ?
AL PRES5TS A PRO#M2 = ?\< A MAN HAS LIV$
HAPPILY UP 6OLD AGE & HAS _H A D1? WOR?Y
( 8 LIFE1 _M REV]SES MAY 2FALL 8
DESC5DANTS- "S ( !M MAY 2 GD & ATTA9 !
LIFE !Y DES]VE1 :ILE ) O!RS ! OPPOSITE
MAY 2 ! CASE2 & CLE>LY TOO ! DEGREES (
REL,N%IP 2T !M & _! ANCE/ORS MAY V>Y
9DEF9ITELY4 ,X WD 2 ODD1 !N1 IF ! D1D
MAN 7 6%>E 9 ^! *ANGES & 2COME AT "O "T
HAPPY1 AT ANO!R WRET*$2 :ILE X WD AL 2
ODD IF ! =TUNES (! DESC5DANTS DID N = "S
"T H "S E6ECT ON ! HAPPI;S ( _!
ANCE/ORS4
  ,B WE M/ RETURN 6\R F/ DI6ICULTY2 =
P]H 0A 3SID],N ( X \R PRES5T PRO#M MI<T
2 SOLV$4 ,N[ IF WE M/ SEE ! 5D & ONLY !N
CALL A MAN HAPPY1 N Z 2+ HAPPY B Z HAV+
BE5 S 2F1 SURELY ? IS A P>ADOX1 T :5 HE
IS HAPPY ! ATTRIBUTE T 2L;GS 6HM IS N
6BE TRULY PR$ICAT$ ( HM 2C WE D N WI%
6CALL LIV+ M5 HAPPY1 ON A3.T (! *ANGES T
MAY 2FALL !M1 & 2C WE H ASSUM$ HAPPI;S
6BE "S?+ P]MAN5T & 0NO M1NS EASILY
*ANG$1 :ILE A S+LE MAN MAY SU6] _M TURNS
( =TUNE'S :EEL4 ,= CLE>LY IF WE 7 6KEEP
PACE ) 8 =TUNES1 WE %D (T5 CALL ! SAME
MAN HAPPY & AG WRET*$1 MAK+ ! HAPPY MAN
\ 6BE *AMELEON & 9SECURELY BAS$4 ,OR IS
? KEEP+ PACE ) 8 =TUNES Q WR;G8 ,SU3ESS
OR FAILURE 9 LIFE DOES N DEP5D ON ^!1 B
HUMAN LIFE1 Z WE SD1 NE$S ^! Z M]E
A4I;NS1 :ILE VIRTU\S ACTIVITIES OR _!
OPPOSITES >E :AT 3/ITUTE HAPPI;S OR !
REV]SE4
  ,! "Q WE H N[ 4CUSS$ 3FIRMS \R
DEF9I;N4 ,= NO FUNC;N ( MAN HAS S M*
P]MAN;E Z VIRTU\S ACTIVITIES 7^! >E ?"\
6BE M DURA# EV5 ?AN K (! SCI;ES71 &( ^!
!MVS ! MO/ VALUA# >E M DURA# 2C ^? :O >E
HAPPY SP5D _! LIFE MO/ R1DILY & MO/
3T9U\SLY 9 ^!2 = ? SEEMS 6BE ! R1SON :Y
WE D N =GET !M4 ,! ATTRIBUTE 9 "Q1 !N1 W
2L;G 6! HAPPY MAN1 & HE W 2 HAPPY "?\T 8
LIFE2 = ALW1 OR 0PREF];E 6"EY?+ ELSE1 HE
W 2 5GAG$ 9 VIRTU\S AC;N & 3TEMPL,N1 &
HE W BE> ! *.ES ( LIFE MO/ NOBLY & ALT
DECOR\SLY1 IF HE IS ,8TRULY GD0' &
,8F\RSQU>E 2Y REPROA*0'4
  ,N[ _M EV5TS HAPP5 0*.E1 & EV5TS DI6]+
9 IMPORT.E2 SMALL PIECES ( GD =TUNE OR (
XS OPPOSITE CLE>LY D N WEI< D[N ! SCALES
( LIFE "O WAY OR ! O!R1 B A MULTITUDE (
GRT EV5TS IF !Y TURN \ WELL W MAKE LIFE
HAPPI] 7= N ONLY >E !Y !MVS S* Z 6ADD
B1UTY 6LIFE1 B ! WAY A MAN D1LS ) !M MAY
2 NO# & GD71 :ILE IF !Y TURN \ ILL !Y
CRU% & MAIM HAPPI;S2 = !Y BO? BR+ PA9 )
!M & H9D] _M ACTIVITIES4 ,YET EV5 9 ^!
NOBIL;Y %9ES "?1 :5 A MAN BE>S )
RESIGN,N _M GRT MIS=TUNES1 N "?
9S5SIBIL;Y 6PA9 B "? NOBIL;Y & GRT;S (
S\L4
  ,IF ACTIVITIES >E1 Z WE SD1 :AT GIVES
LIFE XS "*1 NO HAPPY MAN C 2COME MIS]A#2
= HE W N"E D ! ACTS T >E HATE;L & M1N4
,=! MAN :O IS TRULY GD & WISE1 WE ?9K1
BE>S ALL ! *.ES LIFE 2COM+LY & ALW MAKES
! BE/ ( CIRCUM/.ES1 Z A GD G5]AL MAKES !
BE/ MILIT>Y USE (! >MY AT 8 -M& &A GD
%OEMAK] MAKES ! BE/ %OES \ (! HIDES T >E
GIV5 HM2 & S ) ALL O!R CRAFTSM54 ,& IF ?
IS ! CASE1 ! HAPPY MAN C N"E 2COME
MIS]A#2 ?\< HE W N R1* B.S$;S1 IF HE
MEET ) =TUNES L ^? ( ,PRIAM4
  ,NOR1 AG1 IS HE _M-COL\R$ & *ANGEA#2 =
NEI W HE 2 MOV$ F 8 HAPPY /ATE EASILY OR
0ANY ORD9>Y MISADV5TURES1 B ONLY 0_M GRT
"OS1 NOR1 IF HE HAS _H _M GRT
MISADV5TURES1 W HE RECOV] 8 HAPPI;S 9 A
%ORT "T1 B IF AT ALL1 ONLY 9 A L;G &
-PLETE "O 9 : HE HAS ATTA9$ _M SPL5DID
SU3ESSES4
  ,:5 !N %D WE N SAY T HE IS HAPPY :O IS
ACTIVE 9 A3ORD.E ) -PLETE VIRTUE & IS
SU6ICI5TLY EQUIPP$ ) EXT]NAL GDS1 N = "S
*.E P]IOD B "?\T A -PLETE LIFE8 ,OR M/
WE ADD ,8& :O IS DE/9$ 6LIVE ?US & DIE Z
2FITS 8 LIFE0'8 ,C]TA9LY ! FUTURE IS
OBSCURE 6U1 :ILE HAPPI;S1 WE CLAIM1 IS
AN 5D & "S?+ 9 E WAY F9AL4 ,IF S1 WE %
CALL HAPPY ^? AM;G LIV+ M5 9 :OM ^!
3DI;NS >E1 & >E 6BE1 FULFILL$- B HAPPY
M54 ,S M* = ^! "QS4
                  #AA
  ,T ! =TUNES ( DESC5DANTS &( ALL A
MAN'S FRS %D N A6ECT 8 HAPPI;S AT ALL
SEEMS A V UNFRLY DOCTR9E1 & "O OPPOS$ 6!
OP9IONS M5 HOLD2 B S9CE ! EV5TS T HAPP5
>E NUM]\S & ADMIT ( ALL SORTS ( DI6];E1
& "S -E M NE> 6U & O!RS LESS S1 X SEEMS
A L;G- NAY1 AN 9F9ITE- TASK 64CUSS EA* 9
DETAIL2 A G5]AL \TL9E W P]H SU6ICE4 ,IF1
!N1 Z "S (A MAN'S [N MISADV5TURES H A
C]TA9 WEI<T & 9FLU;E ON LIFE :ILE O!RS
>E1 Z X W]E1 LI<T]1 S TOO "! >E DI6];ES
AM;G ! MISADV5TURES ( \R FRS TAK5 Z A
:OLE1 & X MAKES A DI6];E :E!R ! V>I\S
SU6]+ 2FALL ! LIV+ OR ! D1D 7M* M EV5
?AN :E!R LAW.S & T]RI# DE$S >E
PRESUPPOS$ 9 A TRAG$Y OR D"O ON ! /AGE71
? DI6];E AL M/ 2 TAK5 96A3.T2 OR R1 P]H1
! FACT T D\BT IS FELT :E!R ! D1D %>E 9
ANY GD OR EVIL4 ,= X SEEMS1 F ^!
3SID],NS1 T EV5 IF ANY?+ :E!R GD OR EVIL
P5ETRATES 6!M1 X M/ 2 "S?+ W1K &
NEGLIGI#1 EI 9 XF OR = !M1 OR IF N1 AT
L1/ X M/ 2 S* 9 DEGREE & K9D Z N 6MAKE
HAPPY ^? :O >E N HAPPY NOR 6TAKE AWAY _!
B.S$;S F ^? :O >E4 ,! GD OR BAD =TUNES (
FRS1 !N1 SEEM 6H "S E6ECTS ON ! D1D1 B
E6ECTS ( S* A K9D & DEGREE Z NEI 6MAKE !
HAPPY UNHAPPY NOR 6PRODUCE ANY O!R *ANGE
(! K9D4
                  #AB
  ,^! "QS HAV+ BE5 DEF9ITELY ANSW]$1 LET
U 3SID] :E!R HAPPI;S IS AM;G ! ?+S T >E
PRAIS$ OR R AM;G ! ?+S T >E PRIZ$2 =
CLE>LY X IS N 6BE PLAC$ AM;G
POT5TIALITIES4 ,"EY?+ T IS PRAIS$ SEEMS
6BE PRAIS$ 2C X IS (A C]TA9 K9D & IS
RELAT$ "SH[ 6"S?+ ELSE2 = WE PRAISE ! J
OR BRAVE MAN & 9 G5]AL BO? ! GD MAN &
VIRTUE XF 2C (! AC;NS & FUNC;NS 9VOLV$1
& WE PRAISE ! /R;G MAN1 ! GD RUNN]1 & S
ON1 2C HE IS (A C]TA9 K9D & IS RELAT$ 9
A C]TA9 WAY 6"S?+ GD & IMPORTANT4 ,? IS
CLE> AL F ! PRAISES (! GODS2 = X SEEMS
ABSURD T ! GODS %D 2 REF]R$ 6\R /&>D1 B
? IS D"O 2C PRAISE 9VOLVES A REF];E1
6"S?+ ELSE4 ,B IF IF PRAISE IS = ?+S S*
Z WE H DESCRIB$1 CLE>LY :AT APPLIES 6!
BE/ ?+S IS N PRAISE1 B "S?+ GRT] &
BETT]1 Z IS 9DE$ OBVI\S2 = :AT WE D 6!
GODS &! MO/ GODLIKE ( M5 IS 6CALL !M
B.S$ & HAPPY4 ,& S TOO ) GD ?+S2 NO "O
PRAISES HAPPI;S Z HE DOES JU/ICE1 B R
CALLS X B.S$1 Z 2+ "S?+ M DIV9E & BETT]4
  ,EUDOXUS AL SEEMS 6H BE5 "R 9 8 ME?OD
( ADVOCAT+ ! SUPREMACY ( PL1SURE2 HE ?"\
T ! FACT T1 ?\< A GD1 X IS N PRAIS$
9DICAT$ X 6BE BETT] ?AN ! ?+S T >E
PRAIS$1 & T ? IS :AT ,GOD &! GD >E2 =
0REF];E 6^! ALL O!R ?+S >E JUDG$4
,PRAISE IS APPROPRIATE 6VIRTUE1 = Z A
RESULT ( VIRTUE M5 T5D 6D NO# DE$S1 B
5COMIA >E 2/[$ ON ACTS1 :E!R (! BODY OR
(! S\L4 ,B P]H NICETY 9 ^! MATT]S IS M
PROP] 6^? :O H MADE A /UDY ( 5COMIA2 6U
X IS CLE> F :AT HAS BE5 SD T HAPPI;S IS
AM;G ! ?+S T >E PRIZ$ & P]FECT4 ,X SEEMS
6BE S AL F ! FACT T X IS A F/ PR9CIPLE2
= X IS =! SAKE ( ? T WE ALL D ALL T WE
D1 &! F/ PR9CIPLE & CAUSE ( GDS IS1 WE
CLAIM1 "S?+ PRIZ$ & DIV9E4
                  #AC
  ,S9CE HAPPI;S IS AN ACTIV;Y ( S\L 9
A3ORD.E ) P]FECT VIRTUE1 WE M/ 3SID] !
NATURE ( VIRTUE2 = P]H WE % ?US SEE
BETT] ! NATURE ( HAPPI;S4 ,! TRUE /UD5T
( POLITICS1 TOO1 IS ?"\ 6H /UDI$ VIRTUE
ABV ALL ?+S2 = HE WI%ES 6MAKE 8 FELL[
CITIZ5S GD & OB$I5T 6! LAWS4 ,Z AN
EXAMPLE ( ? WE H ! LAWGIV]S (! ,CRETANS
&! ,S"PANS1 & ANY O!RS (! K9D T "! MAY H
BE54 ,& IF ? 9QUIRY 2L;GS 6POLITICAL
SCI;E1 CLE>LY ! PURSUIT ( X W 2 9
A3ORD.E ) \R ORIG9AL PLAN4 ,B CLE>LY !
VIRTUE WE M/ /UDY IS HUMAN VIRTUE2 =! GD
WE 7 SEEK+ 0 HUMAN GD &! HAPPI;S HUMAN
HAPPI;S4 ,0HUMAN VIRTUE WE M1N N T (!
BODY B T (! S\L2 & HAPPI;S AL WE CALL AN
ACTIV;Y ( S\L4 ,B IF ? IS S1 CLE>LY !
/UD5T ( POLITICS M/ "K "SH[ ! FACTS AB
S\L1 Z ! MAN :O IS 6H1L ! EYES OR ! BODY
Z A :OLE M/ "K AB ! EYES OR ! BODY2 &
ALL ! M S9CE POLITICS IS M PRIZ$ & BETT]
?AN M$IC9E2 B EV5 AM;G DOCTORS ! BE/
$UCAT$ SP5D M* LAB\R ON ACQUIR+ K (!
BODY4 ,! /UD5T ( POLITICS1 !N1 M/ /UDY !
S\L1 & M/ /UDY X ) ^! OBJECTS 9 VIEW1 &
D S J 6! EXT5T : IS SU6ICI5T =! "QS WE
>E 4CUSS+2 = FUR!R PRECI.N IS P]H "S?+ M
LABORI\S ?AN \R PURPOSES REQUIRE4
  ,"S ?+S >E SD AB X1 ADEQUATELY 5\<1
EV5 9 ! 4CUS.NS \TSIDE \R S*OOL1 & WE M/
USE ^!2 E4G4 T "O ELE;T 9 ! S\L IS
IRR,NAL & "O HAS A R,NAL PR9CIPLE4 ,:E!R
^! >E SEP>AT$ Z ! "PS (! BODY OR ( ANY?+
DIVISI# >E1 OR >E 4T9CT 0DEF9I;N B
0NATURE 9SEP>A#1 L 3VEX & 3CAVE 9 !
CIRCUMF];E (A CIRCLE1 DOES N A6ECT !
PRES5T "Q4
  ,(! IRR,NAL ELE;T "O DIVI.N SEEMS 6BE
WIDELY 4TRIBUT$1 & VEGETATIVE 9 XS
NATURE1 ,I M1N T : CAUSES NUTRI;N &
GR[?2 = X IS ? K9D ( P[] (! S\L T "O M/
ASSIGN 6ALL NURSL+S & 6EMBRYOS1 & ? SAME
P[] 6FULLGR[N CR1TURES2 ? IS M R1SONA#
?AN 6ASSIGN "S DI6]5T P[] 6!M4 ,N[ !
EXCELL;E ( ? SEEMS 6BE -MON 6ALL SPECIES
& N SPECIFIC,Y HUMAN2 = ? "P OR FACULTY
SEEMS 6FUNC;N MO/ 9 SLEEP1 :ILE GD;S &
BAD;S >E L1/ MANIFE/ 9 SLEEP 7:;E -ES !
SAY+ T ! HAPPY >E N BETT] (F ?AN !
WRET*$ = HALF _! LIVES2 & ? HAPP5S
NATUR,Y 5\<1 S9CE SLEEP IS AN 9ACTIV;Y (
! S\L 9 T RESPECT 9 : X IS CALL$ GD OR
BAD71 UN.S P]H 6A SMALL EXT5T "S (!
MOVE;TS ACTU,Y P5ETRATE 6! S\L1 & 9 ?
RESPECT ! DR1MS ( GD M5 >E BETT] ?AN ^?
( ORD9>Y P4 ,5 ( ? SUBJECT1 H["E2 LET U
L1VE ! NUTRITIVE FACULTY AL"O1 S9CE X
HAS 0XS NATURE NO %>E 9 HUMAN EXCELL;E4
  ,"! SEEMS 6BE AL ANO!R IRR,NAL ELE;T 9
! S\L-"O : 9 A S5SE1 H["E1 %>ES 9 A
R,NAL PR9CIPLE4 ,= WE PRAISE ! R,NAL
PR9CIPLE (! 3T95T MAN &(! 9CONT95T1 &!
"P ( _! S\L T HAS S* A PR9CIPLE1 S9CE X
URGES !M A"R & T[>DS ! BE/ OBJECTS2 B "!
IS F.D 9 !M AL ANO!R ELE;T NATUR,Y
OPPOS$ 6! R,NAL PR9CIPLE1 : FI<TS AG/ &
RESI/S T PR9CIPLE4 ,= EXACTLY Z P>ALYS$
LIMBS :5 WE 9T5D 6MOVE !M 6! "R TURN ON
! 3TR>Y 6! LEFT1 S IS X )! S\L2 !
IMPULSES ( 9CONT95T P MOVE 9 3TR>Y
DIREC;NS4 ,B :ILE 9 ! BODY WE SEE T :
MOVES A/RAY1 9 ! S\L WE D N4 ,NO D\BT1
H["E1 WE M/ N"O ! LESS SUPPOSE T 9 ! S\L
TOO "! IS "S?+ 3TR>Y 6! R,NAL PR9CIPLE1
RESI/+ & OPPOS+ X4 ,9 :AT S5SE X IS
4T9CT F ! O!R ELE;TS DOES N 3C]N U4 ,N[
EV5 ? SEEMS 6H A %>E 9 A R,NAL PR9CIPLE1
Z WE SD2 AT ANY RATE 9 ! 3T95T MAN X
OBEYS ! R,NAL PR9CIPLE & PRESUMABLY 9 !
TEMP]ATE & BRAVE MAN X IS / M OB$I5T2 =
9 HM X SP1KS1 ON ALL MATT]S1 )! SAME
VOICE Z ! R,NAL PR9CIPLE4
  ,"!=E ! IRR,NAL ELE;T AL APPE>S 6BE
TWO-FOLD4 ,=! VEGETATIVE ELE;T 9 NO WAY
%>ES 9 A R,NAL PR9CIPLE1 B ! APPETITIVE
& 9 G5]AL ! DESIR+ ELE;T 9 A S5SE %>ES 9
X1 9 S F> Z X LI/5S 6& OBEYS X2 ? IS !
S5SE 9 : WE SP1K ( ,8TAK+ A3.T0' ( "O'S
"F OR "O'S FRS1 N T 9 : WE SP1K (
,8A3.T+ =A MA!MATICAL PROP]TY4 ,T !
IRR,NAL ELE;T IS 9 "S S5SE P]SUAD$ 0A
R,NAL PR9CIPLE IS 9DICAT$ AL 0! GIV+ (
ADVICE & 0ALL REPRO( & EXHORT,N4 ,& IF ?
ELE;T AL M/ 2 SD 6H A R,NAL PR9CIPLE1 T
: HAS A R,NAL PR9CIPLE 7Z WELL Z T : HAS
N7 W 2 TWOFOLD1 "O SUBDIVI.N HAV+ X 9 !
/RICT S5SE & 9 XF1 &! O!R HAV+ A T5D5CY
6OBEY Z "O DOES "O'S "F4
  ,VIRTUE TOO IS 4T+UI%$ 96K9DS 9
A3ORD.E ) ? DI6];E2 = WE SAY T "S (!
VIRTUES >E 9TELLECTUAL & O!RS MORAL1
PHILOSOPHIC WISDOM & "U/&+ & PRACTICAL
WISDOM 2+ 9TELLECTUAL1 LIB]AL;Y &
TEMP].E MORAL4 ,= 9 SP1K+ AB A MAN'S "*
WE D N SAY T HE IS WISE OR HAS "U/&+ B T
HE IS GD-TEMP]$ OR TEMP]ATE2 YET WE
PRAISE ! WISE MAN AL ) RESPECT 6HIS /ATE
( M9D2 &( /ATES ( M9D WE CALL ^? : M]IT
PRAISE VIRTUES4