,BOOK ,,II
                   #A
  ,) REG>D 6ANIMALS 9 G5]AL1 "S "PS OR
ORGANS >E -MON 6ALL1 Z HAS BE5 SD1 & "S
>E -MON ONLY 6"PICUL> G5]A2 ! "PS1
MOREOV]1 >E ID5TICAL ) OR DI6]5T F "O
ANO!R ON ! L9ES ALR REP1T$LY LAID D[N4
,= Z A G5]AL RULE ALL ANIMALS T >E
G5]IC,Y 4T9CT H ! MAJOR;Y ( _! "PS OR
ORGANS DI6]5T 9 =M OR SPECIES2 & "S ( !M
!Y H ONLY ANALOGIC,Y SIMIL> & DIV]SE 9
K9D OR G5US1 :ILE !Y H O!RS T >E ALIKE 9
K9D B SPECIFIC,Y DIV]SE2 & _M "PS OR
ORGANS EXI/ 9 "S ANIMALS1 B N 9 O!RS4
  ,= 9/.E1 VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S H ALL A
H1D &A NECK1 & ALL ! "PS OR ORGANS (!
H1D1 B !Y DI6] EA* F O!R 9 ! %APES (!
"PS4 ,! LION HAS XS NECK -POS$ ( "O S+LE
B"O 9/1D ( V]TEBRAE2 B1 :5 4SECT$1 !
ANIMAL IS F.D 9 ALL 9T]NAL "*S 6RESEM# !
DOG4
  ,! QUADRUP$AL VIVIP>A 9/1D ( >MS H
=ELEGS4 ,? IS TRUE ( ALL QUADRUP$S1 B S*
( !M Z H TOES H1 PRACTIC,Y SP1K+1 ORGANS
ANALOG\S 6H&S2 AT ALL EV5TS1 !Y USE ^!
=E-LIMBS = _M PURPOSES Z H&S4 ,& !Y H !
LIMBS ON ! LEFT-H& SIDE LESS 4T9CT F ^?
ON ! "R ?AN MAN4
  ,! =E-LIMBS !N S]VE M OR LESS !
PURPOSE ( H&S 9 QUADRUP$S1 )! EXCEP;N (!
ELEPHANT4 ,? LATT] ANIMAL HAS XS TOES
"S:AT 9DIST9CTLY DEF9$1 & XS FRONT LEGS
>E M* BI7] ?AN XS H9D] "OS2 X IS FIVE-
TO$1 & HAS %ORT ANKLES 6XS H9D FEET4 ,B
X HAS A NOSE S* 9 PROP]TIES & S* 9 SIZE
Z 6ALL[ ( XS US+ ! SAME =A H&4 ,= X EATS
& DR9KS 0LIFT+ UP XS FOOD )! AID ( ?
ORGAN 96XS M\?1 &)! SAME ORGAN X LIFTS
UP >TICLES 6! DRIV] ON XS BACK2 ) ?
ORGAN X C PLUCK UP TREES 0! ROOTS1 & :5
WALK+ "? WAT] X SP\TS ! WAT] UP 0M1NS (
X2 & ? ORGAN IS CAPA# ( 2+ CROOK$ OR
COIL$ AT ! TIP1 B N ( FLEX+ L A JO9T1 =
X IS -POS$ ( GRI/LE4
  ,( ALL ANIMALS MAN AL"O C LE>N 6MAKE
EQUAL USE ( BO? H&S4
  ,ALL ANIMALS H A "P ANALOG\S 6! *E/ 9
MAN1 B N SIMIL> 6HIS2 =! *E/ 9 MAN IS
BROAD1 B T ( ALL O!R ANIMALS IS N>R[4
,MOREOV]1 NO O!R ANIMAL B MAN HAS BR1/S
9 FRONT2 ! ELEPHANT1 C]TA9LY1 HAS TWO
BR1/S1 N H["E 9 ! *E/1 B NE> X4
  ,MOREOV]1 AL1 ANIMALS H ! FLEXIONS (
_! =E & H9D LIMBS 9 DIREC;NS OPPOSITE
6"O ANO!R1 & 9 DIREC;NS ! REV]SE ( ^?
OBS]V$ 9 ! >MS & LEGS ( MAN2 )! EXCEP;N
(! ELEPHANT4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 )! VIVIP>\S
QUADRUP$S ! FRONT LEGS B5D =W>DS &! H9D
"OS BACKW>DS1 &! 3CAVITIES (! TWO PAIRS
( LIMBS ?US FACE "O ANO!R4
  ,! ELEPHANT DOES N SLEEP /&+1 Z "S 7
WONT 6ASS]T1 B X B5DS XS LEGS & SETTLES
D[N2 ONLY T 9 3SEQU;E ( XS WEI<T X _C
B5D XS LEG ON BO? SIDES SIMULTANE\SLY1 B
FALLS 96A RECUMB5T POSI;N ON "O SIDE OR
! O!R1 & 9 ? POSI;N X GOES 6SLEEP4 ,& X
B5DS XS H9D LEGS J Z A MAN B5DS 8 LEGS4
  ,9 ! CASE (! OVIP>A1 Z ! CROCODILE &!
LIZ>D &! L1 BO? PAIRS ( LEGS1 =E & H9D1
B5D =W>DS1 )A SLI<T SW]VE ON "O SIDE4 ,!
FLEXION IS SIMIL> 9 ! CASE (! MULTIP$S2
ONLY T ! LEGS 9 2T ! EXTREME 5DS ALW
MOVE 9 A MANN] 9T]M$IATE 2T T ( ^? 9
FRONT & ^? 2H1 & ACLY B5D SIDEWAYS R ?AN
BACKW>DS OR =W>DS4 ,B MAN B5DS 8 >MS & 8
LEGS T[>DS ! SAME PO9T1 & "!=E 9
OPPOSITE WAYS3 T IS 6SAY1 HE B5DS 8 >MS
BACKW>DS1 ) J A SLI<T 9CL9,N 9W>DS1 & 8
LEGS FRONTW>DS4 ,NO ANIMAL B5DS BO? XS
=E-LIMBS & H9D-LIMBS BACKW>DS2 B 9 !
CASE ( ALL ANIMALS ! FLEXION (! %\LD]S
IS 9 ! OPPOSITE DIREC;N 6T (! ELB[S OR !
JO9TS (! =ELEGS1 &! FLEXURE 9 ! HIPS 6T
(! KNEES (! H9D-LEGS3 S T S9CE MAN DI6]S
F O!R ANIMALS 9 FLEXION1 ^? ANIMALS T
POSSESS S* "PS Z ^! MOVE !M 3TR>IWISE
6MAN4
  ,BIRDS H ! FLEXIONS ( _! LIMBS L ^? (!
QUADRUP$S2 =1 AL? BIP$S1 !Y B5D _! LEGS
BACKW>DS1 & 9/1D ( >MS OR FRONT LEGS H
W+S : B5D FRONTW>DS4
  ,! S1L IS A K9D ( IMP]FECT OR CRIPPL$
QUADRUP$2 = J 2H ! %\LD]-BLADE XS FRONT
FEET >E PLAC$1 RESEMBL+ H&S1 L ! FRONT
PAWS (! BE>2 = !Y >E FURNI%$ ) FIVE
TOES1 & EA* (! TOES HAS ?REE FLEXIONS &A
NAIL ( 9CONSID]A# SIZE4 ,! H9D FEET >E
AL FURNI%$ ) FIVE TOES2 9 _! FLEXIONS &
NAILS !Y RESEM# ! FRONT FEET1 & 9 %APE
!Y RESEM# A FI%'S TAIL4
  ,! MOVE;TS ( ANIMALS1 QUADRUP$ &
MULTIP$1 >E CROSSWISE1 OR 9 DIAGONALS1 &
_! EQUILIBRIUM 9 /&+ PO/URE IS MA9TA9$
CROSSWISE2 & X IS ALW ! LIMB ON ! "R-H&
SIDE T IS ! F/ 6MOVE4 ,! LION1 H["E1 &!
TWO SPECIES ( CAMELS1 BO? ! ,BACTRIAN &!
,>ABIAN1 PROGRESS 0AN AM#2 &! AC;N S
CALL$ IS :5 ! ANIMAL N"E OV]PASSES ! "R
)! LEFT1 B ALW FOLL[S CLOSE ^U X4
  ,:AT"E "PS M5 H 9 FRONT1 ^! "PS
QUADRUP$S H 2L1 9 OR ON ! BELLY2 & :AT"E
"PS M5 H 2H1 ^! "PS QUADRUP$S H ABV ON
_! BACKS4 ,MO/ QUADRUP$S H A TAIL2 = EV5
! S1L HAS A T9Y "O RESEMBL+ T (! /AG4
,REG>D+ ! TAILS (! PI!COIDS WE M/ GIVE
_! 4T9CTIVE PROP]TIES 0& 0ANIMAL
  ,ALL VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S >E HAIR-COAT$1
":AS MAN HAS ONLY A FEW %ORT HAIRS
EXCEPT+ ON ! H1D1 B1 S F> Z ! H1D IS
3C]N$1 HE IS HAIRI] ?AN ANY O!R ANIMAL4
,FUR!R1 ( HAIR-COAT$ ANIMALS1 ! BACK IS
HAIRI] ?AN ! BELLY1 : LATT] IS EI
-P>ATIVELY VOID ( HAIR OR SMOO? & VOID (
HAIR ALT4 ,) MAN ! REV]SE IS ! CASE4
  ,MAN AL HAS UPP] & L[] EYELA%ES1 &
HAIR "U ! >MPITS & ON ! PUBES4 ,NO O!R
ANIMAL HAS HAIR 9 EI ( ^! LOCALITIES1 OR
HAS AN "U EYELA%2 ?\< 9 ! CASE ( "S
ANIMALS A FEW /RA7L+ HAIRS GR[ "U !
EYELID4
  ,( HAIR-COAT$ QUADRUP$S "S >E HAIRY
ALL OV] ! BODY1 Z ! PIG1 ! BE>1 &! DOG2
O!RS >E ESPECI,Y HAIRY ON ! NECK & ALL
R.D AB X1 Z IS ! CASE ) ANIMALS T H A
%A7Y MANE1 S* Z ! LION2 O!RS AG >E
ESPECI,Y HAIRY ON ! UPP] SURFACE (! NECK
F ! H1D Z F> Z ! )]S1 "NLY1 S* Z H A
CRE/$ MANE1 Z 9 ! CASE )! HORSE1 ! MULE1
&1 AM;G ! UNDOME/ICAT$ HORN$ ANIMALS1 !
BISON4
  ,! S-CALL$ HIPPELAPHUS AL HAS A MANE
ON XS )]S1 &! ANIMAL CALL$ P>DION1 9 EI
CASE A ?9 MANE EXT5D+ F ! H1D 6! )]S2 !
HIPPELAPHUS HAS1 EXCEP;N,Y1 A BE>D 0!
L>YNX4 ,BO? ^! ANIMALS H HORNS & >E
CLOV5-FOOT$2 ! FEMALE1 H["E1 (!
HIPPELAPHUS HAS NO HORNS4 ,? LATT]
ANIMAL RESEM#S ! /AG 9 SIZE2 X IS F.D 9
! T]RITORY (! ,>A*OTAE1 ": ! WILD CATTLE
AL >E F.D4 ,WILD CATTLE DI6] F _!
DOME/ICAT$ 3G5]S J Z ! WILD BO> DI6]S F
! DOME/ICAT$ "O4 ,T IS 6SAY !Y >E BLACK1
/R;G LOOK+1 )A HOOK-NOS$ MUZZLE1 &)
HORNS LY+ M OV] ! BACK4 ,! HORNS (!
HIPPELAPHUS RESEM# ^? (! GAZELLE4
  ,! ELEPHANT1 0! WAY1 IS ! L1/ HAIRY (
ALL QUADRUP$S4 ,) ANIMALS1 Z A G5]AL
RULE1 ! TAIL CORRESPONDS )! BODY Z
REG>DS ?ICK;S OR ?9;S ( HAIR-COAT+2 T
IS1 ) ANIMALS T H L;G TAILS1 = "S
CR1TURES H TAILS ( ALT 9SIGNIFICANT
SIZE4
  ,CAMELS H AN EXCEP;NAL ORGAN ":9 !Y
DI6] F ALL O!R ANIMALS1 & T IS ! S-CALL$
,8HUMP0' ON _! BACK4 ,! ,BACTRIAN CAMEL
DI6]S F ! ,>ABIAN2 =! =M] HAS TWO HUMPS
&! LATT] ONLY "O1 ?\< X HAS1 0! WAY1 A
K9D (A HUMP 2L L ! "O ABV1 ON :1 :5 X
KNEELS1 ! WEI<T (! :OLE BODY RE/S4 ,!
CAMEL HAS F\R T1TS L ! C[1 A TAIL L T (
AN ASS1 &! PRIVY "PS (! MALE >E DIRECT$
BACKW>DS4 ,X HAS "O KNEE 9 EA* LEG1 &!
FLEXURES (! LIMB >E N MANIFOLD1 Z "S
SAY1 AL? !Y APPE> 6BE S F ! 3/RICT$ %APE
(! REGION (! BELLY4 ,X HAS A HUCKLE-B"O
L T ( K9E1 B M1GRE & SMALL 9 PROPOR;N
6XS BULK4 ,X IS CLOV5-FOOT$1 & HAS N GOT
TEE? 9 BO? JAWS2 & X IS CLOV5 FOOT$ 9 !
FOLL[+ WAY3 AT ! BACK "! IS A SLI<T
CLEFT EXT5D+ Z F> UP Z ! SECOND JO9T (!
TOES2 & 9 FRONT "! >E SMALL HOOVES ON !
TIP (! F/ JO9T (! TOES2 &A SORT ( WEB
PASSES ACR ! CLEFT1 Z 9 GEESE4 ,! FOOT
IS FLE%Y "UN1?1 L T (! BE>2 S T1 :5 !
ANIMAL GOES 6W>1 !Y PROTECT XS FEET1 :5
!Y GET SORE1 ) S&ALS4
  ,! LEGS ( ALL QUADRUP$S >E BONY1
S9EWY1 & FLE%.S2 & 9 PO9T ( FACT S* IS !
CASE ) ALL ANIMALS T >E FURNI%$ ) FEET1
)! EXCEP;N ( MAN4 ,!Y >E AL UNFURNI%$ )
BUTTOCKS2 & ? LA/ PO9T IS PLA9 9 AN
ESPECIAL DEGREE 9 BIRDS4 ,X IS ! REV]SE
) MAN2 = "! IS SC>CELY ANY "P (! BODY 9
: MAN IS S FLE%Y Z 9 ! BUTTOCK1 ! ?I<1 &
! CALF2 =! "P (! LEG CALL$ GA/RO5EMIA OR
IS FLE%Y4
  ,( BLOOD$ & VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S "S H !
FOOT CLOV5 96_M "PS1 Z IS ! CASE )! H&S
& FEET ( MAN 7= "S ANIMALS1 0! WAY1 >E
_M-TO$1 Z ! LION1 ! DOG1 &! P>D72 O!RS H
FEET CLOV5 9 TWA91 & 9/1D ( NAILS H
HOOVES1 Z ! %EEP1 ! GOAT1 ! DE]1 &!
HIPPOPOTAMUS2 O!RS >E UNCLOV5 ( FOOT1 S*
= 9/.E Z ! SOLID-HOOV$ ANIMALS1 ! HORSE
&! MULE4 ,SW9E >E EI CLOV5-FOOT$ OR
UNCLOV5-FOOT$2 = "! >E 9 ,ILLYRIA & 9
,PAEONIA & ELSE": SOLID-HOOV$ SW9E4 ,!
CLOV5-FOOT$ ANIMALS H TWO CLEFTS 2H2 9 !
SOLID-HOOV$ ? "P IS 3T9U\S & UNDIVID$4
  ,FUR!RMORE1 ( ANIMALS "S >E HORN$1 &
"S >E N S4 ,! GRT MAJOR;Y (! HORN$
ANIMALS >E CLOV5-FOOT$1 Z ! OX1 ! /AG1 !
GOAT2 &A SOLID-HOOV$ ANIMAL )A PAIR (
HORNS HAS N"E YET BE5 MET )4 ,B A FEW
ANIMALS >E "KN 6BE S+L$-HORN$ & S+LE-
HOOV$1 Z ! ,9DIAN ASS2 & "O1 6WIT !
ORYX1 IS S+LE HORN$ & CLOV5-HOOV$4
  ,( ALL SOLID-HOOV$ ANIMALS ! ,9DIAN
ASS AL"O HAS AN A/RAGALUS OR HUCKLE-B"O2
=! PIG1 Z 0 SD ABV1 IS EI SOLID-HOOV$ OR
CLOV5-FOOT$1 & 3SEQU5TLY HAS NO WELL-=M$
HUCKLE-B"O4 ,(! CLOV5 FOOT$ _M >E
PROVID$ )A HUCKLE-B"O4 ,(! _M-F+]$ OR
_M-TO$1 NO S+LE "O HAS BE5 OBS]V$ 6H A
HUCKLE-B"O1 N"O (! O!RS ANY M ?AN MAN4
,! LYNX1 H["E1 HAS "S?+ L A HEMIA/RAGAL1
&! LION "S?+ RESEMBL+ ! SCULPTOR'S
,8LABYR9?0'4 ,ALL ! ANIMALS T H A
HUCKLE-B"O H X 9 ! H9D] LEGS4 ,!Y H AL !
B"O PLAC$ /RAI<T UP 9 ! JO9T2 ! UPP] "P1
\TSIDE2 ! L[] "P1 9SIDE2 ! SIDES CALL$
,COA TURN$ T[>DS "O ANO!R1 ! SIDES CALL$
,*IA \TSIDE1 &! K]AIAE OR ,8HORNS0' ON !
TOP4 ,?1 !N1 IS ! POSI;N (! HUCKLEB"O 9
! CASE ( ALL ANIMALS PROVID$ )! "P4
  ,"S ANIMALS >E1 AT "O &! SAME "T1
FURNI%$ )A MANE & FURNI%$ AL )A PAIR (
HORNS B5T 9 T[>DS "O ANO!R1 Z IS ! BISON
7OR AURO*S71 : IS F.D 9 ,PAEONIA &
,MAEDICA4 ,B ALL ANIMALS T >E HORN$ >E
QUADRUP$AL1 EXCEPT 9 CASES ": A CR1TURE
IS SD METAPHORIC,Y1 OR 0A FIGURE (
SPEE*1 6H HORNS2 J Z ! ,EGYPTIANS
DESCRIBE ! S]P5TS F.D 9 ! NEI<B\RHOOD (
,!BES1 :ILE 9 PO9T ( FACT ! CR1TURES H
M]ELY PROTUB].ES ON ! H1D SU6ICI5TLY
L>GE 6SU7E/ S* AN EPI!T4
  ,( HORN$ ANIMALS ! DE] AL"O HAS A
HORN1 OR ANTL]1 H>D & SOLID "?\T4 ,!
HORNS ( O!R ANIMALS >E HOLL[ =A C]TA9
4T.E1 & SOLID T[>DS ! EXTREM;Y4 ,! HOLL[
"P IS DERIV$ F ! SK91 B ! CORE R.D : ?
IS WRAPP$-! H>D "P-IS DERIV$ F ! B"OS2 Z
IS ! CASE )! HORNS ( OX54 ,! DE] IS !
ONLY ANIMAL T %$S XS HORNS1 & X DOES S
ANNU,Y1 AF R1*+ ! AGE ( TWO YE>S1 & AG
RENEWS !M4 ,ALL O!R ANIMALS RETA9 _!
HORNS P]MAN5TLY1 UN.S ! HORNS 2 DAMAG$
0A3ID5T4
  ,AG1 ) REG>D 6! BR1/S &! G5]ATIVE
ORGANS1 ANIMALS DI6] WIDELY F "O ANO!R &
F MAN4 ,= 9/.E1 ! BR1/S ( "S ANIMALS >E
SITUAT$ 9 FRONT1 EI 9 ! *E/ OR NE> 6X1 &
"! >E 9 S* CASES TWO BR1/S & TWO T1TS1 Z
IS ! CASE ) MAN &! ELEPHANT1 Z PREVI\SLY
/AT$4 ,=! ELEPHANT HAS TWO BR1/S 9 !
REGION (! AXILLAE2 &! FEMALE ELEPHANT
HAS TWO BR1/S 9SIGNIFICANT 9 SIZE & 9 NO
WAY PROPOR;NATE 6! BULK (! 5TIRE FRAME1
9 FACT1 S 9SIGNIFICANT Z 6BE 9VISI# 9 A
SIDEWAYS VIEW2 ! MALES AL H BR1/S1 L !
FEMALES1 EXCE$+LY SMALL4 ,! %E-BE> HAS
F\R BR1/S4 ,"S ANIMALS H TWO BR1/S1 B
SITUAT$ NE> ! ?I<S1 & T1TS1 LIKEWISE TWO
9 NUMB]1 Z ! %EEP2 O!RS H F\R T1TS1 Z !
C[4 ,"S H BR1/S NEI 9 ! *E/ NOR AT !
?I<S1 B 9 ! BELLY1 Z ! DOG & PIG2 & !Y H
A 3SID]A# NUMB] ( BR1/S OR DUGS1 B N ALL
( EQUAL SIZE4 ,?US ! %EP>D HAS F\R DUGS
9 ! BELLY1 ! LIO;S TWO1 & O!RS M4 ,! %E-
CAMEL1 AL1 HAS TWO DUGS & F\R T1TS1 L !
C[4 ,( SOLID-HOOV$ ANIMALS ! MALES H NO
DUGS1 EXCEPT+ 9 ! CASE ( MALES T TAKE AF
! "M1 : PH5OM5ON IS OBS]VA# 9 HORSES4
  ,( MALE ANIMALS ! G5ITALS ( "S >E
EXT]NAL1 Z IS ! CASE ) MAN1 ! HORSE1 &
MO/ O!R CR1TURES2 "S >E 9T]NAL1 Z )!
DOLPH94 ,) ^? T H ! ORGAN EXT]N,Y PLAC$1
! ORGAN 9 "S CASES IS SITUAT$ 9 FRONT1 Z
9 ! CASES ALR M5;N$1 &( ^! "S H ! ORGAN
DETA*$1 BO? P5IS & TE/ICLES1 Z MAN2 O!RS
H P5IS & TE/ICLES CLOSELY ATTA*$ 6!
BELLY1 "S M CLOSELY1 "S LESS2 = ? ORGAN
IS N DETA*$ 9 ! WILD BO> NOR 9 ! HORSE4
  ,! P5IS (! ELEPHANT RESEM#S T (!
HORSE2 -P>$ )! SIZE (! ANIMAL X IS
4PROPOR;NATELY SMALL2 ! TE/ICLES >E N
VISI#1 B >E 3C1L$ 9SIDE 9 ! VIC9;Y (!
KIDNEYS2 &= ? R1SON ! MALE SPE$ILY GIVES
OV] 9 ! ACT ( 9T]C\RSE4 ,! G5ITALS (!
FEMALE >E SITUAT$ ": ! U4] IS 9 %EEP2 :5
%E IS 9 H1T1 %E DRAWS ! ORGAN BACK &
EXPOSES X EXT]N,Y1 6FACILITATE ! ACT (
9T]C\RSE =! MALE2 &! ORGAN OP5S \ 6A
3SID]A# EXT5T4
  ,) MO/ ANIMALS ! G5ITALS H ! POSI;N
ABV ASSIGN$2 B "S ANIMALS 4*>GE _! UR9E
BACKW>DS1 Z ! LYNX1 ! LION1 ! CAMEL1 &!
H>E4 ,MALE ANIMALS DI6] F "O ANO!R1 Z
HAS BE5 SD1 9 ? "PICUL>1 B ALL FEMALE
ANIMALS >E RETROM+5T3 EV5 ! FEMALE
ELEPHANT L O!R ANIMALS1 ?\< %E HAS !
PRIVY "P 2L ! ?I<S4
  ,9 ! MALE ORGAN XF "! IS A GRT
DIV]S;Y4 ,= 9 "S CASES ! ORGAN IS -POS$
( FLE% & GRI/LE1 Z 9 MAN2 9 S* CASES1 !
FLE%Y "P DOES N 2COME 9FLAT$1 B ! GRI/LY
"P IS SUBJECT 65L>GE;T4 ,9 O!R CASES1 !
ORGAN IS -POS$ ( FIBR\S TISSUE1 Z )!
CAMEL &! DE]2 9 O!R CASES X IS BONY1 Z )
! FOX1 ! WOLF1 ! M>T51 &! W1SEL2 = ?
ORGAN 9 ! W1SEL HAS A B"O4
  ,:5 MAN HAS >RIV$ AT MATUR;Y1 8 UPP]
"P IS SMALL] ?AN ! L[] "O1 B ) ALL O!R
BLOOD$ ANIMALS ! REV]SE HOLDS GD4 ,0!
,8UPP]0' "P WE M1N ALL EXT5D+ F ! H1D
D[N 6! "PS US$ = EXCRE;N ( RESIDUUM1 &
0! ,8L[]0' "P ELSE4 ,) ANIMALS T H FEET
! H9D LEGS >E 6BE RAT$ Z ! L[] "P 9 \R
-P>ISON ( MAGNITUDES1 &) ANIMALS DEVOID
( FEET1 ! TAIL1 &! L4
  ,:5 ANIMALS >RIVE AT MATUR;Y1 _!
PROP]TIES >E Z ABV /AT$2 B !Y DI6] GRTLY
F "O ANO!R 9 _! GR[? T[>DS MATUR;Y4 ,=
9/.E1 MAN1 :5 "Y1 HAS 8 UPP] "P L>G] ?AN
! L[]1 B 9 C\RSE ( GR[? HE -ES 6REV]SE ?
3DI;N2 & X IS [+ 6? CIRCUM/.E T-AN
EXCEP;NAL 9/.E1 0! WAY-HE DOES N
PROGRESS 9 E>LY LIFE Z HE DOES AT
MATUR;Y1 B 9 9FANCY CREEPS ON ALL F\RS2
B "S ANIMALS1 9 GR[?1 RETA9 ! RELATIVE
PROPOR;N (! "PS1 Z ! DOG4 ,"S ANIMALS AT
F/ H ! UPP] "P SMALL] &! L[] "P L>G]1 &
9 C\RSE ( GR[? ! UPP] "P GETS 6BE !
L>G]1 Z IS ! CASE )! BU%Y-TAIL$ ANIMALS
S* Z ! HORSE2 = 9 _! CASE "! IS N"E1
SUBSEQU5TLY 6BIR?1 ANY 9CR1SE 9 ! "P
EXT5D+ F ! HO( 6! HAUN*4
  ,AG1 9 RESPECT 6! TEE?1 ANIMALS DI6]
GRTLY BO? F "O ANO!R & F MAN4 ,ALL
ANIMALS T >E QUADRUP$AL1 BLOOD$ &
VIVIP>\S1 >E FURNI%$ ) TEE?2 B1 62G9 )1
"S >E D\#-TOO!D 7OR FULLY FURNI%$ ) TEE?
9 BO? JAWS71 & "S >E N4 ,= 9/.E1 HORN$
QUADRUP$S >E N D\#-TOO!D2 = !Y H N GOT !
FRONT TEE? 9 ! UPP] JAW2 & "S HORN.S
ANIMALS1 AL1 >E N D\# TOO!D1 Z ! CAMEL4
,"S ANIMALS H TUSKS1 L ! BO>1 & "S H N4
,FUR!R1 "S ANIMALS >E SAW-TOO!D1 S* Z !
LION1 ! P>D1 &! DOG2 & "S H TEE? T D N
9T]LOCK B H FLAT OPPOS+ CR[NS1 Z ! HORSE
&! OX2 & BY ,8SAW-TOO!D0' WE M1N S*
ANIMALS Z 9T]LOCK ! %>P-PO9T$ TEE? 9 "O
JAW 2T ! %>P-PO9T$ "OS 9 ! O!R4 ,NO
ANIMAL IS "! T POSSESSES BO? TUSKS &
HORNS1 NOR YET D EI ( ^! /RUCTURES EXI/
9 ANY ANIMAL POSSESS$ ( ,8SAW-TEE?0'4 ,!
FRONT TEE? >E USU,Y %>P1 &! BACK "OS
BLUNT4 ,! S1L IS SAW-TOO!D "?\T1 9ASM* Z
HE IS A SORT ( L9K )! CLASS ( FI%ES2 =
FI%ES >E ALM ALL SAW-TOO!D4
  ,NO ANIMAL ( ^! G5]A IS PROVID$ ) D\#
R[S ( TEE?4 ,"! IS1 H["E1 AN ANIMAL (!
SORT1 IF WE >E 62LIEVE ,CTESIAS4 ,HE
ASSURES U T ! ,9DIAN WILD B1/ CALL$ !
,8M>TI*ORAS0' HAS A TRIPLE R[ ( TEE? 9
BO? UPP] & L[] JAW2 T X IS Z BIG Z A
LION & EQU,Y HAIRY1 & T XS FEET RESEM#
^? (! LION2 T X RESEM#S MAN 9 XS FACE &
E>S2 T XS EYES >E BLUE1 & XS COL\R
V]MILION2 T XS TAIL IS L T (! L&-
SCORPION2 T X HAS A /+ 9 ! TAIL1 & HAS !
FACULTY ( %OOT+ (F >R[-WISE ! SP9ES T >E
ATTA*$ 6! TAIL2 T ! S.D ( XS VOICE IS A
"S?+ 2T ! S.D (A PAN-PIPE & T (A
TRUMPET2 T X C RUN Z SWIFTLY Z DE]1 & T
X IS SAVAGE &A MAN-EAT]4
  ,MAN %$S 8 TEE?1 & S D O!R ANIMALS1 Z
! HORSE1 ! MULE1 &! ASS4 ,& MAN %$S 8
FRONT TEE?2 B "! IS NO 9/.E ( AN ANIMAL
T %$S XS MOL>S4 ,! PIG %$S N"O ( XS TEE?
AT ALL4
                   #B
  ,) REG>D 6DOGS "S D\BTS >E 5T]TA9$1 Z
"S 3T5D T !Y %$ NO TEE? :AT"E1 & O!RS T
!Y %$ ! CAN9ES1 B ^? AL"O2 ! FACT 2+1 T
!Y D %$ _! TEE? L MAN1 B T ! CIRCUM/.E
ESCAPES OBS]V,N1 [+ 6! FACT T !Y N"E %$
!M UNTIL EQUIVAL5T TEE? H GR[N )9 ! GUMS
6TAKE ! PLACE (! %$ "OS4 ,WE % 2 JU/IFI$
9 SUPPOS+ T ! CASE IS SIMIL> ) WILD B1/S
9 G5]AL2 = !Y >E SD 6%$ _! CAN9ES ONLY4
,DOGS C 2 4T+UI%$ F "O ANO!R1 ! "Y F !
OLD1 0_! TEE?2 =! TEE? 9 "Y DOGS >E :ITE
& %>P-PO9T$2 9 OLD DOGS1 BLACK & BLUNT4

                   #C
  ,9 ? "PICUL>1 ! HORSE DI6]S 5TIRELY F
ANIMALS 9 G5]AL3 =1 G5],Y SP1K+1 Z
ANIMALS GR[ OLD] _! TEE? GET BLACK]1 B !
HORSE'S TEE? GR[ :IT] ) AGE4
  ,! S-CALL$ ,8CAN9ES0' -E 9 2T ! %>P
TEE? &! BROAD OR BLUNT "OS1 P>TAK+ (! =M
( BO? K9DS2 = !Y >E BROAD AT ! BASE &
%>P AT ! TIP4
  ,MALES H M TEE? ?AN FEMALES 9 ! CASE (
M51 %EEP1 GOATS1 & SW9E2 9 ! CASE ( O!R
ANIMALS OBS]V,NS H N YET BE5 MADE3 B ! M
TEE? !Y H ! M L;G-LIV$ >E !Y1 Z A RULE1
:ILE ^? >E %ORT-LIV$ 9 PROPOR;N T H TEE?
FEW] 9 NUMB] & ?9LY SET4
                   #D
  ,! LA/ TEE? 6-E 9 MAN >E MOL>S CALL$
,8WISDOM-TEE?0'1 : -E AT ! AGE ( TW5TY
YE>S1 9 ! CASE ( BO? SEXES4 ,CASES H BE5
"KN 9 WOM5 UPW>DS4 ( EI<TY YE>S OLD ":
AT ! V CLOSE ( LIFE ! WISDOM-TEE? H -E
UP1 CAUS+ GRT PA9 9 _! -+2 & CASES H BE5
"KN (! L PH5OM5ON 9 M5 TOO4 ,? HAPP5S1
:5 X DOES HAPP51 9 ! CASE ( P ": !
WISDOM-TEE? H N -E UP 9 E>LY YE>S4
                   #E
  ,! ELEPHANT HAS F\R TEE? ON EI SIDE1
0: X MUN*ES XS FOOD1 GR9D+ X L S M*
B>LEY-M1L1 &1 Q A"P F ^!1 X HAS XS GRT
TEE?1 OR TUSKS1 TWO 9 NUMB]4 ,9 ! MALE
^! TUSKS >E -P>ATIVELY L>GE & CURV$
UPW>DS2 9 ! FEMALE1 !Y >E -P>ATIVELY
SMALL & PO9T 9 ! OPPOSITE DIREC;N2 T IS1
!Y LOOK D[NW>DS T[>DS ! GR.D4 ,!
ELEPHANT IS FURNI%$ ) TEE? AT BIR?1 B !
TUSKS >E N !N VISI#4
                   #F
  ,! T;GUE (! ELEPHANT IS EXCE$+LY
SMALL1 & SITUAT$ F> BACK 9 ! M\?1 S T X
IS DI6ICULT 6GET A SI<T ( X4

                   #G
  ,FUR!RMORE1 ANIMALS DI6] F "O ANO!R 9
! RELATIVE SIZE ( _! M\?S4 ,9 "S ANIMALS
! M\? OP5S WIDE1 Z IS ! CASE )! DOG1 !
LION1 &) ALL ! SAW-TOO!D ANIMALS2 O!R
ANIMALS H SMALL M\?S1 Z MAN2 & O!RS H
M\?S ( M$IUM CAPAC;Y1 Z ! PIG & 8 3G5]S4
  7,! ,EGYPTIAN HIPPOPOTAMUS HAS A MANE
L A HORSE1 IS CLOV5-FOOT$ L AN OX1 & IS
SNUB-NOS$4 ,X HAS A HUCKLE-B"O L CLOV5-
FOOT$ ANIMALS1 & TUSKS J VISI#2 X HAS !
TAIL (A PIG1 ! NEI< (A HORSE1 &! DIM5.NS
( AN ASS4 ,! HIDE IS S ?ICK T SPE>S >E
MADE \ ( X4 ,9 XS 9T]NAL ORGANS X
RESEM#S ! HORSE &! ASS47
                   #H
  ,"S ANIMALS %>E ! PROP]TIES ( MAN &!
QUADRUP$S1 Z ! APE1 ! MONKEY1 &! BABOON4
,! MONKEY IS A TAIL$ APE4 ,! BABOON
RESEM#S ! APE 9 =M1 ONLY T X IS BI7] &
/R;G]1 M L A DOG 9 FACE1 & IS M SAVAGE 9
XS HABITS1 & XS TEE? >E M DOG-L & M
P[];L4
  ,APES >E HAIRY ON ! BACK 9 KEEP+ ) _!
QUADRUP$AL NATURE1 & HAIRY ON ! BELLY 9
KEEP+ ) _! HUMAN =M-=1 Z 0 SD ABV1 ?
"*I/IC IS REV]S$ 9 MAN &! QUADRUP$-ONLY
T ! HAIR IS CO>SE1 S T ! APE IS ?ICKLY
COAT$ BO? ON ! BELLY & ON ! BACK4 ,XS
FACE RESEM#S T ( MAN 9 _M RESPECTS2 9
O!R ^WS1 X HAS SIMIL> NO/RILS & E>S1 &
TEE? L ^? ( MAN1 BO? FRONT TEE? & MOL>S4
,FUR!R1 ":AS QUADRUP$S 9 G5]AL >E N
FURNI%$ ) LA%ES ON "O (! TWO EYELIDS1 ?
CR1TURE HAS !M ON BO?1 ONLY V ?9LY SET1
ESPECI,Y ! "U "OS2 9 FACT !Y >E V
9SIGNIFICANT 9DE$4 ,& WE M/ BE> 9 M9D T
ALL O!R QUADRUP$S H NO "U EYELA% AT ALL4
  ,! APE HAS AL 9 XS *E/ TWO T1TS ^U
POORLY DEVELOP$ BR1/S4 ,X HAS AL >MS L
MAN1 ONLY COV]$ ) HAIR1 & X B5DS ^! LEGS
L MAN1 )! 3VEXITIES ( BO? LIMBS FAC+ "O
ANO!R4 ,9 A4I;N1 X HAS H&S & F+]S &
NAILS L MAN1 ONLY T ALL ^! "PS >E "S:AT
M B1/-L 9 APPE>.E4 ,XS FEET >E EXCEP;NAL
9 K9D4 ,T IS1 !Y >E L L>GE H&S1 &! TOES
>E L F+]S1 )! MI4LE "O ! L;GE/ ( ALL1 &!
"U "P (! FOOT IS L A H& EXCEPT = XS
L5G?1 & /RET*ES \ T[>DS ! EXTREMITIES L
! PALM (! H&2 & ? PALM AT ! AF 5D IS
UNUSU,Y H>D1 & 9 A CLUMSY OBSCURE K9D (
WAY RESEM#S A HEEL4 ,! CR1TURE USES XS
FEET EI Z H&S OR FEET1 & D\#S !M UP Z "O
D\#S A FI/4 ,XS UPP]->M & ?I< >E %ORT 9
PROPOR;N 6! =E>M &! %94 ,X HAS NO
PROJECT+ NAVEL1 B ONLY A H>D;S 9 !
ORD9>Y LOCAL;Y (! NAVEL4 ,XS UPP] "P IS
M* L>G] ?AN XS L[] "P1 Z IS ! CASE )
QUADRUP$S2 9 FACT1 ! PROPOR;N (! =M] 6!
LATT] IS AB Z FIVE 6?REE4 ,[+ 6?
CIRCUM/.E & 6! FACT T XS FEET RESEM# H&S
& >E -POS$ 9 A MANN] ( H& &( FOOT3 (
FOOT 9 ! HEEL EXTREM;Y1 (! H& 9 ALL
ELSE-= EV5 ! TOES H :AT IS CALL$ A
,8PALM0'3-= ^! R1SONS ! ANIMAL IS (T5]
6BE F.D ON ALL F\RS ?AN UP"R4 ,X HAS NEI
HIPS1 9ASM* Z X IS A QUADRUP$1 NOR YET A
TAIL1 9ASM* Z X IS A BIP$1 EXCEPT NOR
YET A TAL 0! WAY T X HAS A TAIL Z SMALL
Z SMALL C BE1 J A SORT ( 9DIC,N (A TAIL4
,! G5ITALS (! FEMALE RESEM# ^? (! FEMALE
9 ! HUMAN SPECIES2 ^? (! MALE >E M L ^?
(A DOG ?AN >E ^? (A MAN4
                   #I
  ,! MONKEY1 Z HAS BE5 OBS]V$1 IS
FURNI%$ )A TAIL4 ,9 ALL S* CR1TURES !
9T]NAL ORGANS >E F.D "U 4SEC;N
6CORRESPOND 6^? ( MAN4
  ,S M* !N =! PROP]TIES (! ORGANS ( S*
ANIMALS Z BR+ =? _! "Y 96! _W ALIVE4
                  #AJ
  ,OVIP>\S & BLOOD$ QUADRUP$S-&1 0! WAY1
NO T]RE/RIAL BLOOD$ ANIMAL IS OVIP>\S
UN.S X IS QUADRUP$AL OR IS DEVOID ( FEET
ALT->E FURNI%$ )A H1D1 A NECK1 A BACK1
UPP] & "U "PS1 ! FRONT LEGS & H9D LEGS1
&! "P ANALOG\S 6! *E/1 ALL Z 9 ! CASE (
VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S1 &)A TAIL1 USU,Y
L>GE1 9 EXCEP;NAL CASES SMALL4 ,& ALL ^!
CR1TURES >E _M-TO$1 &! S"EAL TOES >E
CLOV5 A"P4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y ALL H ! ORD9>Y
ORGANS ( S5S,N1 9CLUD+ A T;GUE1 )!
EXCEP;N (! ,EGYPTIAN CROCODILE4
  ,? LATT] ANIMAL1 0! WAY1 RESEM#S C]TA9
FI%ES4 ,=1 Z A G5]AL RULE1 FI%ES H A
PRICKLY T;GUE1 N FREE 9 XS MOVE;TS2 ?\<
"! >E "S FI%ES T PRES5T A SMOO?
UNDI6]5TIAT$ SURFACE ": ! T;GUE %D BE1
UNTIL Y OP5 _! M\?S WIDE & MAKE A CLOSE
9SPEC;N4
  ,AG1 OVIP>\S BLOOD$ QUADRUP$S >E
UNPROVID$ ) E>S1 B POSSESS ONLY !
PASSAGE = HE>+2 NEI H !Y BR1/S1 NOR A
COPULATORY ORGAN1 NOR EXT]NAL TE/ICLES1
B 9T]NAL "OS ONLY2 NEI >E !Y HAIR COAT$1
B >E 9 ALL CASES COV]$ ) SCALY PLATES4
,MOREOV]1 !Y >E )\T EXCEP;N SAW-TOO!D4
  ,RIV] CROCODILES H PIGS' EYES1 L>GE
TEE? & TUSKS1 & /R;G NAILS1 & AN
IMP5ETRA# SK9 -POS$ ( SCALY PLATES4 ,!Y
SEE B POORLY "U WAT]1 B ABV ! SURFACE (
X ) REM>KA# ACUTE;S4 ,Z A RULE1 !Y PASS
! "D-"T ON L& &! NI<T"T 9 ! WAT]2 =!
TEMP]ATURE (! WAT] IS AT NI<T-"T M G5IAL
?AN T (! OP5 AIR4

                  #AA
  ,! *AMELEON RESEM#S ! LIZ>D 9 ! G5]AL
3FIGUR,N ( XS BODY1 B ! RIBS /RET*
D[NW>DS & MEET TGR "U ! BELLY Z IS !
CASE ) FI%ES1 &! SP9E /ICKS UP Z )! FI%4
,XS FACE RESEM#S T (! BABOON4 ,XS TAIL
IS EXCE$+LY L;G1 T]M9ATES 9 A %>P PO9T1
& IS =! MO/ "P COIL$ UP1 L A /RAP (
L1!R4 ,X /&S HI<] (F ! GR.D ?AN ! LIZ>D1
B ! FLEXURE (! LEGS IS ! SAME 9 BO?
CR1TURES4 ,EA* ( XS FEET IS DIVID$ 96TWO
"PS1 : BE> ! SAME REL,N 6"O ANO!R T !
?UMB &! RE/ (! H& BE> 6"O ANO!R 9 MAN4
,EA* ( ^! "PS IS =A %ORT 4T.E DIVID$ AF
A FA%ION 96TOES2 ON ! FRONT FEET ! 9SIDE
"P IS DIVID$ 96?REE &! \TSIDE 96TWO1 ON
! H9D FEET ! 9SIDE "P 96TWO &! \TSIDE
96?REE2 X HAS CLAWS AL ON ^! "PS
RESEMBL+ ^? ( BIRDS ( PREY4 ,XS BODY IS
R\< ALL OV]1 L T (! CROCODILE4 ,XS EYES
>E SITUAT$ 9 A HOLL[ RECESS1 & >E V L>GE
& R.D1 & >E 5VELOP$ 9 A SK9 RESEMBL+ T :
COV]S ! 5TIRE BODY2 & 9 ! MI4LE A SLI<T
AP]TURE IS LEFT = VI.N1 "? : ! ANIMAL
SEES1 = X N"E COV]S UP ? AP]TURE )!
CUTANE\S 5VELOPE4 ,X KEEPS TWI/+ XS EYES
R.D & %IFT+ XS L9E ( VI.N 9 E DIREC;N1 &
?US 3TRIVES 6GET A SI<T ( ANY OBJECT T X
WANTS 6SEE4 ,! *ANGE 9 XS COL\R TAKES
PLACE :5 X IS 9FLAT$ ) AIR2 X IS !N
BLACK1 N UNLIKE ! CROCODILE1 OR GRE5 L !
LIZ>D B BLACK-SPOTT$ L ! P>D4 ,? *ANGE (
COL\R TAKES PLACE OV] ! :OLE BODY ALIKE1
=! EYES &! TAIL -E ALIKE "U XS 9FLU;E4
,9 XS MOVE;TS X IS V SLU7I%1 L !
TORTOISE4 ,X ASSUMES A GRE5I% HUE 9 DY+1
& RETA9S ? HUE AF D1?4 ,X RESEM#S !
LIZ>D 9 ! POSI;N (! OESOPHAGUS &!
W9DPIPE4 ,X HAS NO FLE% ANY": EXCEPT A
FEW SCRAPS ( FLE% ON ! H1D & ON ! JAWS &
NE> 6! ROOT (! TAIL4 ,X HAS BLOOD ONLY
R.D AB ! HE>T1 ! EYES1 ! REGION ABV !
HE>T1 & 9 ALL ! VE9S EXT5D+ F ^! "PS2 &
9 ALL ^! "! IS B LL BLOOD AF ALL4 ,!
BRA9 IS SITUAT$ A LL ABV ! EYES1 B
3NECT$ ) !M4 ,:5 ! \T] SK9 IS DRAWN
ASIDE F (F ! EYE1 A "S?+ IS F.D SURR.D+
! EYE1 T GL1MS "? L A ?9 R+ ( COPP]4
,MEMBRANES EXT5D WELL NI< OV] XS 5TIRE
FRAME1 NUM]\S & /R;G1 & SURPASS+ 9
RESPECT ( NUMB] & RELATIVE /R5G? ^? F.D
9 ANY O!R ANIMAL4 ,AF 2+ CUT OP5 AL;G XS
5TIRE L5G? X 3T9UES 6BR1! =A 3SID]A# "T2
A V SLI<T MO;N GOES ON 9 ! REGION (!
HE>T1 &1 :ILE 3TRAC;N IS ESPECI,Y
MANIFE/$ 9 ! NEI<B\RHOOD (! RIBS1 A
SIMIL> MO;N IS M OR LESS 4C]NI# OV] !
:OLE BODY4 ,X HAS NO SPLE5 VISI#4 ,X
HIB]NATES1 L ! LIZ>D4
                  #AB
  ,BIRDS AL 9 "S "PS RESEM# ! ABV M5;N$
ANIMALS2 T IS 6SAY1 !Y H 9 ALL CASES A
H1D1 A NECK1 A BACK1 A BELLY1 & :AT IS
ANALOG\S 6! *E/4 ,! BIRD IS REM>KA# AM;G
ANIMALS Z HAV+ TWO FEET1 L MAN2 ONLY1 0!
WAY1 X B5DS !M BACKW>DS Z QUADRUP$S B5D
_! H9D LEGS1 Z 0 NOTIC$ PREVI\SLY4 ,X
HAS NEI H&S NOR FRONT FEET1 B W+S-AN
EXCEP;NAL /RUCTURE Z -P>$ ) O!R ANIMALS4
,XS HAUN*-B"O IS L;G1 L A ?I<1 & IS
ATTA*$ 6! BODY Z F> Z ! MI4LE (! BELLY2
S L 6A ?I< IS X T :5 VIEW$ SEP>ATELY X
LOOKS L A R1L "O1 :ILE ! R1L ?I< IS A
SEP>ATE /RUCTURE 2TWIXT X &! %94 ,( ALL
BIRDS ^? T H CROOK$ TALONS H ! BI7E/
?I<S &! /R;GE/ BR1/S4 ,ALL BIRDS >E
FURNI%$ ) _M CLAWS1 & ALL H ! TOES
SEP>AT$ M OR LESS AS"U2 T IS 6SAY1 9 !
GRT] "P ! TOES >E CLE>LY 4T9CT F "O
ANO!R1 = EV5 ! SWIMM+ BIRDS1 AL? !Y >E
WEB-FOOT$1 H / _! CLAWS FULLY >TICULAT$
& 4T9CTLY DI6]5TIAT$ F "O ANO!R4 ,BIRDS
T FLY HI< 9 AIR >E 9 ALL CASES F\R-TO$3
T IS1 ! GRT] "P H ?REE TOES 9 FRONT & "O
2H 9 PLACE (A HEEL2 "S FEW H TWO 9 FRONT
& TWO 2H1 Z ! WRYNECK4
  ,? LATT] BIRD IS "S:AT BI7] ?AN !
*A69*1 & IS MOTTL$ 9 APPE>.E4 ,X IS
PECULI> 9 ! >RANGE;T ( XS TOES1 &
RESEM#S ! SNAKE 9 ! /RUCTURE ( XS T;GUE2
=! CR1TURE C PROTRUDE XS T;GUE 6! EXT5T
( F\R F+]-BR1D?S1 & !N DRAW X BACK AG4
,MOREOV]1 X C TWI/ XS H1D BACKW>DS :ILE
KEEP+ ALL ! RE/ ( XS BODY /1 L ! S]P5T4
,X HAS BIG CLAWS1 "S:AT RESEMBL+ ^? (!
WOODPECK]4 ,XS NOTE IS A %RILL *IRP4
  ,BIRDS >E FURNI%$ )A M\?1 B ) AN
EXCEP;NAL "O1 = !Y H NEI LIPS NOR TEE?1
B A B1K4 ,NEI H !Y E>S NOR A NOSE1 B
ONLY PASSAGES =! S5S,NS 3NECT$ ) ^!
ORGANS3 T =! NO/RILS 9 ! B1K1 & T = HE>+
9 ! H1D4 ,L ALL O!R ANIMALS !Y ALL H TWO
EYES1 & ^! >E DEVOID ( LA%ES4 ,! H1VY-
BODI$ 7OR GALL9ACE\S7 BIRDS CLOSE ! EYE
0M1NS (! L[] LID1 & ALL BIRDS BL9K 0M1NS
(A SK9 EXT5D+ OV] ! EYE F ! 9N] CORN]2 !
[L & XS 3G5]S AL CLOSE ! EYE 0M1NS (!
UPP] LID4 ,! SAME PH5OM5ON IS OBS]VA# 9
! ANIMALS T >E PROTECT$ 0HORNY SCUTES1 Z
9 ! LIZ>D & XS 3G5]S2 = !Y ALL )\T
EXCEP;N CLOSE ! EYE )! L[] LID1 B !Y D N
BL9K L BIRDS4 ,FUR!R1 BIRDS H NEI SCUTES
NOR HAIR1 B F1!RS2 &! F1!RS >E 9V>IABLY
FURNI%$ ) QUILLS4 ,!Y H NO TAIL1 B A
RUMP ) TAIL-F1!RS1 %ORT 9 S* Z >E L;G-
LE7$ & WEB-FOOT$1 L>GE 9 O!RS4 ,^! LATT]
K9DS ( BIRDS FLY ) _! FEET TUCK$ UP
CLOSE 6! BELLY2 B ! SMALL RUMP$ OR %ORT-
TAIL$ BIRDS FLY ) _! LEGS /RET*$ \ AT
FULL L5G?4 ,ALL >E FURNI%$ )A T;GUE1 B !
ORGAN IS V>IA#1 2+ L;G 9 "S BIRDS &
BROAD 9 O!RS4 ,C]TA9 SPECIES ( BIRDS ABV
ALL O!R ANIMALS1 & NEXT AF MAN1 POSSESS
! FACULTY ( UTT]+ >TICULATE S.DS2 & ?
FACULTY IS *IEFLY DEVELOP$ 9 BROAD-T;GU$
BIRDS4 ,NO OVIP>\S CR1TURE HAS AN
EPIGLOTTIS OV] ! W9DPIPE1 B ^! ANIMALS S
MANAGE ! OP5+ & %UTT+ (! W9DPIPE Z N
6ALL[ ANY SOLID SUB/.E 6GET D[N 96!
LUNG4
  ,"S SPECIES ( BIRDS >E FURNI%$ A4I;N,Y
) SPURS1 B NO BIRD ) CROOK$ TALONS IS
F.D S PROVID$4 ,! BIRDS ) TALONS >E AM;G
^? T FLY WELL1 B ^? T H SPURS >E AM;G !
H1VY-BODI$4
  ,AG1 "S BIRDS H A CRE/4 ,Z A G5]AL
RULE ! CRE/ /ICKS UP1 & IS -POS$ ( F1!RS
ONLY2 B ! CRE/ (! B>N-DOOR COCK IS
EXCEP;NAL 9 K9D1 =1 ":AS X IS N J
EXACTLY FLE%1 AT ! SAME "T X IS N EASY
6SAY :AT ELSE X IS4
                  #AC
  ,( WAT] ANIMALS ! G5US ( FI%ES
3/ITUTES A S+LE GR\P A"P F ! RE/1 &
9CLUD+ _M DIV]SE =MS4
  ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 ! FI% HAS A H1D1 A
BACK1 A BELLY1 9 ! NEI<B\RHOOD ( : LA/
>E PLAC$ ! /OMA* & VISC]A2 & 2H X HAS A
TAIL ( 3T9U\S1 UNDIVID$ %APE1 B N1 0!
WAY1 9 ALL CASES ALIKE4 ,NO FI% HAS A
NECK1 OR ANY LIMB1 OR TE/ICLES AT ALL1
)9 OR )\T1 OR BR1/S4 ,B1 0! WAY ? ABS;E
( BR1/S MAY PR$ICAT$ ( ALL NON-VIVIP>\S
ANIMALS2 & 9 PO9T ( FACT VIVIP>\S
ANIMALS >E N 9 ALL CASES PROVID$ )!
ORGAN1 EXCEPT+ S* Z >E DIRECTLY VIVIP>\S
)\T 2+ F/ OVIP>\S4 ,?US ! DOLPH9 IS
DIRECTLY VIVIP>\S1 & ACLY WE F9D X
FURNI%$ ) TWO BR1/S1 N SITUAT$ HI< UP1 B
9 ! NEI<B\RHOOD (! G5ITALS4 ,& ? CR1TURE
IS N PROVID$1 L QUADRUP$S1 ) VISI# T1TS1
B HAS TWO V5TS1 "O ON EA* FLANK1 F : !
MILK FL[S2 & XS "Y H 6FOLL[ AF X 6GET
SUCKL$1 & ? PH5OM5ON HAS BE5 ACTU,Y
WIT;S$4
  ,FI%ES1 !N1 Z HAS BE5 OBS]V$1 H NO
BR1/S & NO PASSAGE =! G5ITALS VISI#
EXT]N,Y4 ,B !Y H AN EXCEP;NAL ORGAN 9 !
GILLS1 ":BY1 AF TAK+ ! WAT] 9 ! M\?1 !Y
4*>GE X AG2 & 9 ! F9S1 ( : ! GRT] "P H
F\R1 &! LANKY "OS TWO1 Z1 = 9/.E1 ! EEL1
& ^! TWO SITUAT$ NE> 6! GILLS4 ,9 L
MANN] ! GREY MULLET-Z1 = 9/.E1 ! MULLET
F.D 9 ! LAKE AT ,SIPHAE-H ONLY TWO F9S2
&! SAME IS ! CASE )! FI% CALL$ ,RI2ON-
FI%4 ,"S (! LANKY FI%ES H NO F9S AT ALL1
S* Z ! MURAENA1 NOR GILLS >TICULAT$ L ^?
( O!R FI%4
  ,&( ^? FI% T >E PROVID$ ) GILLS1 "S H
COV]+S = ? ORGAN1 ":AS ALL ! SELA*IANS H
! ORGAN UNPROTECT$ 0A COV]4 ,& ^? FI%ES
T H COV]+S OR OP]CULA =! GILLS H 9 ALL
CASES _! GILLS PLAC$ SIDEWAYS2 ":AS1
AM;G SELA*IANS1 ! BROAD "OS H ! GILLS
D[N 2L ON ! BELLY1 Z ! TORP$O &! RAY1
:ILE ! LANKY "OS H ! ORGAN PLAC$
SIDEWAYS1 Z IS ! CASE 9 ALL ! DOG-FI%4
  ,! FI%+-FROG HAS GILLS PLAC$ SIDEWAYS1
& COV]$ N )A SP9Y OP]CULUM1 Z 9 ALL B !
SELA*IAN FI%ES1 B ) "O ( SK94
  ,MOR"E1 ) FI%ES FURNI%$ ) GILLS1 !
GILLS 9 "S CASES >E SIMPLE 9 O!RS
DUPLICATE2 &! LA/ GILL 9 ! DIREC;N (!
BODY IS ALW SIMPLE4 ,&1 AG1 "S FI%ES H
FEW GILLS1 & O!RS H A GRT NUMB]2 B ALL
ALIKE H ! SAME NUMB] ON BO? SIDES4 ,^? T
H ! L1/ NUMB] H "O GILL ON EI SIDE1 & ?
"O DUPLICATE1 L ! BO>-FI%2 O!RS H TWO ON
EI SIDE1 "O SIMPLE &! O!R DUPLICATE1 L !
3G] &! SC>US2 O!RS H F\R ON EI SIDE1
SIMPLE1 Z ! ELOPS1 ! SYNAGRIS1 !
MURAENA1 &! EEL2 O!RS H F\R1 ALL1 )!
EXCEP;N (! H9DMO/ "O1 9 D\# R[S1 Z !
WRASSE1 ! P]*1 ! %1T-FI%1 &! C>P4 ,!
DOG-FI% H ALL _! GILLS D\#1 FIVE ON A
SIDE2 &! SWORD-FI% HAS EI<T D\# GILLS4
,S M* =! NUMB] ( GILLS Z F.D 9 FI%ES4
  ,AG1 FI%ES DI6] F O!R ANIMALS 9 M WAYS
?AN Z REG>DS ! GILLS4 ,= !Y >E N COV]$ )
HAIRS Z >E VIVIP>\S L& ANIMALS1 NOR1 Z
IS ! CASE ) C]TA9 OVIP>\S QUADRUP$S1 )
TESSELLAT$ SCUTES1 NOR1 L BIRDS1 )
F1!RS2 B =! MO/ "P !Y >E COV]$ ) SCALES4
,"S FEW >E R\<-SK9N$1 :ILE ! SMOO?-SK9N$
>E V FEW 9DE$4 ,(! ,SELA*IA "S >E R\<-
SK9N$ & "S SMOO?-SK9N$2 & AM;G ! SMOO?-
SK9N$ FI%ES >E 9CLUD$ ! 3G]1 ! EEL1 &!
TUNNY4
  ,ALL FI%ES >E SAW-TOO!D EXCEPT+ !
SC>US2 &! TEE? 9 ALL CASES >E %>P & SET
9 _M R[S1 & 9 "S CASES >E PLAC$ ON !
T;GUE4 ,! T;GUE IS H>D & SP9Y1 & S
FIRMLY ATTA*$ T FI%ES 9 _M 9/.ES SEEM
6BE DEVOID (! ORGAN ALT4 ,! M\? 9 "S
CASES IS WIDE-/RET*$1 Z X IS ) "S
VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S '''4
  ,) REG>D 6ORGANS ( S5SE1 ALL SAVE
EYES1 FI%ES POSSESS N"O ( !M1 NEI !
ORGANS NOR _! PASSAGES1 NEI E>S NOR
NO/RILS2 B ALL FI%ES >E FURNI%$ ) EYES1
&! EYES DEVOID ( LIDS1 ?\< ! EYES >E N
H>D2 ) REG>D 6! ORGANS 3NECT$ )! O!R
S5SES1 HE>+ & SMELL1 !Y >E DEVOID ALIKE
(! ORGANS !MVS &( PASSAGES 9DICATIVE (
!M4
  ,FI%ES )\T EXCEP;N >E SUPPLI$ ) BLOOD4
,"S ( !M >E OVIP>\S1 & "S VIVIP>\S2
SCALY FI% >E 9V>IABLY OVIP>\S1 B
C>TILAG9\S FI%ES >E ALL VIVIP>\S1 )!
S+LE EXCEP;N (! FI%+-FROG4
                  #AD
  ,( BLOOD$ ANIMALS "! N[ REMA9S ! S]P5T
G5US4 ,? G5US IS -MON 6BO? ELE;TS1 =1
:ILE MO/ SPECIES -PREH5D$ "!9 >E L&
ANIMALS1 A SMALL M9OR;Y1 6WIT ! AQUATIC
SPECIES1 PASS _! LIVES 9 FRE% WAT]4 ,"!
>E AL SEA-S]P5TS1 9 %APE 6A GRT EXT5T
RESEMBL+ _! 3G5]S (! L&1 ) ? EXCEP;N T !
H1D 9 _! CASE IS "S:AT L ! H1D (! 3G]2 &
"! >E S"EAL K9DS ( SEA-S]P5T1 &! DI6]5T
K9DS DI6] 9 COL\R2 ^! ANIMALS >E N F.D 9
V DEEP WAT]4 ,S]P5TS1 L FI%1 >E DEVOID (
FEET4
  ,"! >E AL SEA-SCOLOP5DRAS1 RESEMBL+ 9
%APE _! L& 3G5]S1 B "S:AT LESS 9 REG>D
6MAGNITUDE4 ,^! CR1TURES >E F.D 9 !
NEI<B\RHOOD ( ROCKS2 Z -P>$ ) _! L&
3G5]S !Y >E R$D] 9 COL\R1 >E FURNI%$ )
FEET 9 GRT] NUMB]S &) LEGS ( M DELICATE
/RUCTURE4 ,&! SAME REM>K APPLIES 6!M Z
6! SEA-S]P5TS1 T !Y >E N F.D 9 V DEEP
WAT]4
  ,( FI%ES ^: HABITAT IS 9 ! VIC9;Y (
ROCKS "! IS A T9Y "O1 : "S CALL !
,E*5EIS1 OR ,8%IP-HOLD]0'1 & : IS 0"S P
US$ Z A *>M 6BR+ LUCK 9 A6AIRS ( LAW &
LOVE4 ,! CR1TURE IS UNFIT = EAT+4 ,"S P
ASS]T T X HAS FEET1 B ? IS N ! CASE3 X
APPE>S1 H["E1 6BE FURNI%$ ) FEET F !
FACT T XS F9S RESEM# ^? ORGANS4
  ,S M*1 !N1 =! EXT]NAL "PS ( BLOOD$
ANIMALS1 Z REG>DS _! NUMB]S1 _!
PROP]TIES1 & _! RELATIVE DIV]SITIES4
                  #AE
  ,Z =! PROP]TIES (! 9T]NAL ORGANS1 ^!
WE M/ F/ 4CUSS 9 ! CASE (! ANIMALS T >E
SUPPLI$ ) BLOOD4 ,=! PR9CIPAL G5]A DI6]
F ! RE/ ( ANIMALS1 9 T ! =M] >E SUPPLI$
) BLOOD &! LATT] >E N2 &! =M] 9CLUDE
MAN1 VIVIP>\S & OVIP>\S QUADRUP$S1
BIRDS1 FI%ES1 CETAC1NS1 & ALL ! O!RS T
-E "U NO G5]AL DESIGN,N 0R1SON ( _! N
=M+ G5]A1 B GR\PS ( : SIMPLY ! SPECIFIC
"N IS PR$ICA#1 Z :5 WE SAY ,8! S]P5T10'
! ,8CROCODILE0'4
  ,ALL VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S1 !N1 >E
FURNI%$ ) AN OESOPHAGUS &A W9DPIPE1
SITUAT$ Z 9 MAN2 ! SAME /ATE;T IS
APPLICA# 6OVIP>\S QUADRUP$S & 6BIRDS1
ONLY T ! LATT] PRES5T DIV]SITIES 9 !
%APES ( ^! ORGANS4 ,Z A G5]AL RULE1 ALL
ANIMALS T TAKE UP AIR & BR1! X 9 & \ >E
FURNI%$ )A LUNG1 A W9DPIPE1 & AN
OESOPHAGUS1 )! W9DPIPE & OESOPHAGUS N
ADMITT+ ( DIV]S;Y 9 SITU,N B ADMITT+ (
DIV]S;Y 9 PROP]TIES1 &)! LUNG ADMITT+ (
DIV]S;Y 9 BO? ^! RESPECTS4 ,FUR!R1 ALL
BLOOD$ ANIMALS H A HE>T &A DIAPHRAGM OR
MIDRIFF2 B 9 SMALL ANIMALS ! EXI/;E (!
LATT] ORGAN IS N S OBVI\S [+ 6XS
DELICACY & M9UTE SIZE4
  ,9 REG>D 6! HE>T "! IS AN EXCEP;NAL
PH5OM5ON OBS]VA# 9 OX54 ,9 O!R ^WS1 "!
IS "O SPECIES ( OX ":1 ?\< N 9 ALL
CASES1 A B"O IS F.D 9SIDE ! HE>T4 ,&1 0!
WAY1 ! HORSE'S HE>T AL HAS A B"O 9SIDE
X4
  ,! G5]A REF]R$ 6ABV >E N 9 ALL CASES
FURNI%$ )A LUNG3 = 9/.E1 ! FI% IS DEVOID
(! ORGAN1 Z IS AL E ANIMAL FURNI%$ )
GILLS4 ,ALL BLOOD$ ANIMALS >E FURNI%$ )A
LIV]4 ,Z A G5]AL RULE BLOOD$ ANIMALS >E
FURNI%$ )A SPLE52 B )! GRT MAJOR;Y (
NON-VIVIP>\S B OVIP>\S ANIMALS ! SPLE5
IS S SMALL Z ALL B 6ESCAPE OBS]V,N2 & ?
IS ! CASE ) ALM ALL BIRDS1 Z )! PIGEON1
! KITE1 ! FALCON1 ! [L3 9 PO9T ( FACT1 !
AEGOCEPHALUS IS DEVOID (! ORGAN ALT4 ,)
OVIP>\S QUADRUP$S ! CASE IS M* ! SAME Z
)! VIVIP>\S2 T IS 6SAY1 !Y AL H ! SPLE5
EXCE$+LY M9UTE1 Z ! TORTOISE1 ! FRE%WAT]
TORTOISE1 ! TOAD1 ! LIZ>D1 ! CROCODILE1
&! FROG4
  ,"S ANIMALS H A GALL-BLA4] CLOSE 6!
LIV]1 & O!RS H N4 ,( VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S
! DE] IS )\T ! ORGAN1 Z AL ! ROE1 !
HORSE1 ! MULE1 ! ASS1 ! S1L1 & "S K9DS (
PIGS4 ,( DE] ^? T >E CALL$ ,A*A9AE APPE>
6H GALL 9 _! TAIL1 B :AT IS S CALL$ DOES
RESEM# GALL 9 COL\R1 ?\< X IS N S
-PLETELY FLUID1 &! ORGAN 9T]N,Y RESEM#S
A SPLE54
  ,H["E1 )\T ANY EXCEP;N1 /AGS >E F.D 6H
MA7OTS LIV+ 9SIDE ! H1D1 &! HABITAT ( ^!
CR1TURES IS 9 ! HOLL[ "UN1? ! ROOT (!
T;GUE & 9 ! NEI<B\RHOOD (! V]TEBRA 6: !
H1D IS ATTA*$4 ,^! CR1TURES >E Z L>GE Z
! L>GE/ GRUBS2 !Y GR[ ALL TGR 9 A CLU/]1
& !Y >E USU,Y AB TW5TY 9 NUMB]4
  ,DE] !N1 Z HAS BE5 OBS]V$1 >E )\T A
GALL-BLA4]2 _! GUT1 H["E1 IS S BITT] T
EV5 H.DS REFUSE 6EAT X UN.S ! ANIMAL IS
EXCEP;N,Y FAT4 ,)! ELEPHANT AL ! LIV] IS
UNFURNI%$ )A GALL-BLA4]1 B :5 ! ANIMAL
IS CUT 9 ! REGION ": ! ORGAN IS F.D 9
ANIMALS FURNI%$ ) X1 "! OOZES \ A FLUID
RESEMBL+ GALL1 9 GRT] OR LESS
QUANTITIES4 ,( ANIMALS T TAKE 9 SEA-WAT]
& >E FURNI%$ )A LUNG1 ! DOLPH9 IS
UNPROVID$ )A GALL-BLA4]4 ,BIRDS & FI%ES
ALL H ! ORGAN1 Z AL OVIP>\S QUADRUP$S1
ALL 6A GRT] OR A LESS] EXT5T4 ,B ( FI%ES
"S H ! ORGAN CLOSE 6! LIV]1 Z !
DOGFI%ES1 ! %1T-FI%1 ! RH9E OR ANGEL-
FI%1 ! SMOO? SKATE1 ! TORP$O1 &1 (!
LANKY FI%ES1 ! EEL1 ! PIPE-FI%1 &!
HAMM]-H1D$ %>K4 ,! CALLIONYMUS1 AL1 HAS
! GALL-BLA4] CLOSE 6! LIV]1 & 9 NO O!R
FI% DOES ! ORGAN ATTA9 S GRT A RELATIVE
SIZE4 ,O!R FI%ES H ! ORGAN CLOSE 6! GUT1
ATTA*$ 6! LIV] 0C]TA9 EXTREMELY F9E
DUCTS4 ,! BONITO HAS ! GALL-BLA4] /RET*$
AL;GSIDE ! GUT & EQUALL+ X 9 L5G?1 & (T5
A D\# FOLD ( X4 O!RS H ! ORGAN 9 !
REGION (! GUT2 9 "S CASES F> (F1 9 O!RS
NE>2 Z ! FI%+-FROG1 ! ELOPS1 ! SYNAGRIS1
! MURAENA1 &! SWORD-FI%4 ,(T5 ANIMALS (!
SAME SPECIES %[ ? DIV]S;Y ( POSI;N2 Z1 =
9/.E1 "S 3G]S >E F.D )! ORGAN ATTA*$
CLOSE 6! LIV]1 & O!RS ) X DETA*$ F & 2L
X4 ,! CASE IS M* ! SAME ) BIRDS3 T IS1
"S H ! GALL-BLA4] CLOSE 6! /OMA*1 & O!RS
CLOSE 6! GUT1 Z ! PIGEON1 ! RAV51 !
QUAIL1 ! SWALL[1 &! SP>R[2 "S H X NE> AT
ONCE 6! LIV] & 6! /OMA* Z !
AEGOCEPHALUS2 O!RS H X NE> AT ONCE 6!
LIV] &! GUT1 Z ! FALCON &! KITE4
                  #AF
  ,AG1 ALL VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S >E FURNI%$
) KIDNEYS &A BLA4]4 ,(! OVIP>A T >E N
QUADRUP$AL "! IS NO 9/.E "KN ( AN
ANIMAL1 :E!R FI% OR BIRD1 PROVID$ ) ^!
ORGANS4 ,(! OVIP>A T >E QUADRUP$AL1 !
TURTLE AL"O IS PROVID$ ) ^! ORGANS (A
MAGNITUDE 6CORRESPOND )! O!R ORGANS (!
ANIMAL4 ,9 ! TURTLE ! KIDNEY RESEM#S !
SAME ORGAN 9 ! OX2 T IS 6SAY1 X LOOKS "O
S+LE ORGAN -POS$ (A NUMB] ( SMALL "OS4
7,! BISON AL RESEM#S ! OX 9 ALL XS
9T]NAL "PS74
                  #AG
  ,) ALL ANIMALS T >E FURNI%$ ) ^! "PS1
! "PS >E SIMIL>LY SITUAT$1 &)! EXCEP;N (
MAN1 ! HE>T IS 9 ! MI4LE2 9 MAN1 H["E1 Z
HAS BE5 OBS]V$1 ! HE>T IS PLAC$ A LL 6!
LEFT-H& SIDE4 ,9 ALL ANIMALS ! PO9T$ 5D
(! HE>T TURNS FRONTW>DS2 ONLY 9 FI% X WD
AT F/ SI<T SEEM O!RWISE1 =! PO9T$ 5D IS
TURN$ N T[>DS ! BR1/1 B T[>DS ! H1D &!
M\?4 ,& 7IN FI%7 ! APEX IS ATTA*$ 6A
TUBE J ": ! "R & LEFT GILLS MEET TGR4
,"! >E O!R DUCTS EXT5D+ F ! HE>T 6EA* (!
GILLS1 GRT] 9 ! GRT] FI%1 LESS] 9 !
LESS]2 B 9 ! L>GE FI%ES ! DUCT AT !
PO9T$ 5D (! HE>T IS A TUBE1 :ITE-COL\R$
& EXCE$+LY ?ICK4 ,FI%ES 9 "S FEW CASES H
AN OESOPHAGUS1 Z ! 3G] &! EEL2 & 9 ^! !
ORGAN IS SMALL4
  ,9 FI%ES T >E FURNI%$ ) AN UNDIVID$
LIV]1 ! ORGAN LIES 5TIRELY ON ! "R SIDE2
": ! LIV] IS CLOV5 F ! ROOT1 ! L>G] HALF
(! ORGAN IS ON ! "R SIDE3 = 9 "S FI%ES !
TWO "PS >E DETA*$ F "O ANO!R1 )\T ANY
COALESC;E AT ! ROOT1 Z IS ! CASE )!
DOGFI%4 ,& "! IS AL A SPECIES ( H>E 9
:AT IS "ND ! ,FIG 4TRICT1 NE> ,LAKE
,BOLBE1 & ELSE":1 : ANIMAL MI<T 2 TAK5
6H TWO LIV]S [+ 6! L5G? (! 3NECT+ DUCTS1
SIMIL> 6! /RUCTURE 9 ! LUNG ( BIRDS4
  ,! SPLE5 9 ALL CASES1 :5 NORM,Y PLAC$1
IS ON ! LEFT-H& SIDE1 &! KIDNEYS AL LIE
9 ! SAME POSI;N 9 ALL CR1TURES T POSSESS
!M4 ,"! H BE5 "KN 9/.ES ( QUADRUP$S "U
4SEC;N1 ": ! SPLE5 0 ON ! "R H& &! LIV]
ON ! LEFT2 B ALL S* CASES >E REG>D$ Z
SUP]NATURAL4
  ,9 ALL ANIMALS ! W9D-PIPE EXT5DS 6!
LUNG1 &! MANN] H[1 WE % 4CUSS "HAF2 &!
OESOPHAGUS1 9 ALL T H ! ORGAN1 EXT5DS "?
! MIDRIFF 96! /OMA*4 ,=1 0! WAY1 Z HAS
BE5 OBS]V$1 MO/ FI%ES H NO OESOPHAGUS1 B
! /OMA* IS UNIT$ DIRECTLY )! M\?1 S T 9
"S CASES :5 BIG FI% >E PURSU+ LL "OS1 !
/OMA* TUM#S =W>D 96! M\?4
  ,ALL ! A=E-M5;N$ ANIMALS H A /OMA*1 &
"O SIMIL>LY SITUAT$1 T IS 6SAY1 SITUAT$
DIRECTLY "U ! MIDRIFF2 & !Y H A GUT
3NECT$ "!) & CLOS+ AT ! \TLET (!
RESIDUUM & AT :AT IS T]M$ ! ,8RECTUM0'4
,H["E1 ANIMALS PRES5T DIV]SITIES 9 !
/RUCTURE ( _! /OMA*S4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 (!
VIVIP>\S QUADRUP$S1 S* (! HORN$ ANIMALS
Z >E N EQU,Y FURNI%$ ) TEE? 9 BO? JAWS
>E FURNI%$ ) F\R S* *AMB]S4 ,^! ANIMALS1
0! WAY1 >E ^? T >E SD 6*EW ! CUD4 ,9 ^!
ANIMALS ! OESOPHAGUS EXT5DS F ! M\?
D[NW>DS AL;G ! LUNG1 F ! MIDRIFF 6! BIG
/OMA* 7OR PAUN*72 & ? /OMA* IS R\< 9SIDE
& SEMI-"PI;N$4 ,& 3NECT$ ) X NE> 6! 5TRY
(! OESOPHAGUS IS :AT F XS APPE>.E IS
T]M$ ! ,8RETICULUM0' 7OR H"OYCOMB BAG72
= \TSIDE X IS L ! /OMA*1 B 9SIDE X
RESEM#S A NETT$ CAP2 &! RETICULUM IS A
GRT D1L SMALL] ?AN ! /OMA*4 ,3NECT$ ) ?
IS ! ,8E*9US0' 7OR _M-PLIES71 R\< 9SIDE
& LAM9AT$1 &( AB ! SAME SIZE Z !
RETICULUM4 ,NEXT AF ? -ES :AT IS CALL$ !
,85Y/RUM0' 7OR ABOMASUM71 L>G] AN L;G]
?AN ! E*9US1 FURNI%$ 9SIDE ) NUM]\S
FOLDS OR RIDGES1 L>GE & SMOO?4 ,AF ALL ?
-ES ! GUT4
  ,S* IS ! /OMA* ( ^? QUADRUP$S T >E
HORN$ & H AN UNSYMMETRICAL D5TI;N2 & ^!
ANIMALS DI6] "O F ANO!R 9 ! %APE & SIZE
(! "PS1 & 9 ! FACT (! OESOPHAGUS R1*+ !
/OMA* C5TRALWISE 9 "S CASES & SIDEWAYS 9
O!RS4 ,ANIMALS T >E FURNI%$ EQU,Y ) TEE?
9 BO? JAWS H "O /OMA*2 Z MAN1 ! PIG1 !
DOG1 ! BE>1 ! LION1 ! WOLF4 7,! ,?OS1 0!
BY1 HAS ALL XS 9T]NAL ORGANS SIMIL> 6!
WOLF'S47
  ,ALL ^!1 !N H A S+LE /OMA*1 & AF T !
GUT2 B ! /OMA* 9 "S IS -P>ATIVELY L>GE1
Z 9 ! PIG & BE>1 &! /OMA* (! PIG HAS A
FEW SMOO? FOLDS OR RIDGES2 O!RS H A M*
SMALL] /OMA*1 N M* BI7] ?AN ! GUT1 Z !
LION1 ! DOG1 & MAN4 ,9 ! O!R ANIMALS !
%APE (! /OMA* V>IES 9 ! DIREC;N ( "O OR
O!R ( ^? ALR M5;N$2 T IS1 ! /OMA* 9 "S
ANIMALS RESEM#S T (! PIG2 9 O!RS T (!
DOG1 ALIKE )! L>G] ANIMALS &! SMALL]
"OS4 ,9 ALL ^! ANIMALS DIV]SITIES O3UR 9
REG>D 6! SIZE1 ! %APE1 ! ?ICK;S OR !
?9;S (! /OMA*1 & AL 9 REG>D 6! PLACE ":
! OESOPHAGUS OP5S 96X4
  ,"! IS AL A DI6];E 9 /RUCTURE 9 ! GUT
(! TWO GR\PS ( ANIMALS ABV M5;N$ 7^? )
UNSYMMETRICAL & ^? ) SYMMETRICAL D5TI;N7
9 SIZE1 9 ?ICK;S1 & 9 FOLD+S4
  ,! 9TE/9ES 9 ^? ANIMALS ^: JAWS >E
UNEQU,Y FURNI%$ ) TEE? >E 9 ALL CASES !
L>G]1 =! ANIMALS !MVS >E L>G] ?AN ^? 9 !
O!R CATEGORY2 = V FEW ( !M >E SMALL1 &
NO S+LE "O (! HORN$ ANIMALS IS V SMALL4
,& "S POSSESS APP5DAGES 7OR CAECA7 6!
GUT1 B NO ANIMAL T HAS N 9CISORS 9 BO?
JAWS HAS A /RAI<T GUT4
  ,! ELEPHANT HAS A GUT 3/RICT$
96*AMB]S1 S 3/RUCT$ T ! ANIMAL APPE>S 6H
F\R /OMA*S2 9 X ! FOOD IS F.D1 B "! IS
NO 4T9CT & SEP>ATE RECEPTACLE4 ,XS
VISC]A RESEM# ^? (! PIG1 ONLY T ! LIV]
IS F\R "TS ! SIZE ( T (! OX1 &! O!R
VISC]A 9 L PROPOR;N1 :ILE ! SPLE5 IS
-P>ATIVELY SMALL4
  ,M* ! SAME MAY 2 PR$ICAT$ (! PROP]TIES
(! /OMA* &! GUT 9 OVIP>\S QUADRUP$S1 Z 9
! L& TORTOISE1 ! TURTLE1 ! LIZ>D1 BO?
CROCODILES1 &1 9 FACT1 9 ALL ANIMALS (!
L K9D2 T IS 6SAY1 _! /OMA* IS "O &
SIMPLE1 RESEMBL+ 9 "S CASES T (! PIG1 &
9 O!R CASES T (! DOG4
  ,! S]P5T G5US IS SIMIL> & 9 ALM ALL
RESPECTS FURNI%$ SIMIL>LY 6! SAURIANS
AM;G L& ANIMALS1 IF "O CD ONLY IMAG9E ^!
SAURIANS 6BE 9CR1S$ 9 L5G? & 6BE DEVOID
( LEGS4 ,T IS 6SAY1 ! S]P5T IS COAT$ )
TESSELLAT$ SCUTES1 & RESEM#S ! SAURIAN 9
XS BACK & BELLY2 ONLY1 0! WAY1 X HAS NO
TE/ICLES1 B1 L FI%ES1 HAS TWO DUCTS
3V]G+ 96"O1 & AN OV>Y L;G & BIFURCATE4
,! RE/ ( XS 9T]NAL ORGANS >E ID5TICAL )
^? (! SAURIANS1 EXCEPT T1 [+ 6! N>R[;S &
L5G? (! ANIMAL1 ! VISC]A >E
CORRESPOND+LY N>R[ & EL;GAT$1 S T !Y >E
APT 6ESCAPE RECOGNI;N F ! SIMIL>ITIES 9
%APE4 ,?US1 ! W9DPIPE (! CR1TURE IS
EXCEP;N,Y L;G1 &! OESOPHAGUS IS L;G] /1
&! W9DPIPE -M;ES S CLOSE 6! M\? T !
T;GUE APPE>S 6BE "UN1? X2 &! W9DPIPE
SEEMS 6PROJECT OV] ! T;GUE1 [+ 6! FACT T
! T;GUE DRAWS BACK 96A %1? & DOES N
REMA9 9 XS PLACE Z 9 O!R ANIMALS4 ,!
T;GUE1 MOREOV]1 IS ?9 & L;G & BLACK1 & C
2 PROTRUD$ 6A GRT 4T.E4 ,& BO? S]P5TS &
SAURIANS H ? ALT EXCEP;NAL PROP]TY 9 !
T;GUE1 T X IS =K$ AT ! \T] EXTREM;Y1 & ?
PROP]TY IS ! M M>K$ 9 ! S]P5T1 =! TIPS (
8 T;GUE >E Z ?9 Z HAIRS4 ,! S1L1 AL1 0!
WAY1 HAS A SPLIT T;GUE4
  ,! /OMA* (! S]P5T IS L A M SPACI\S
GUT1 RESEMBL+ ! /OMA* (! DOG2 !N -ES !
GUT1 L;G1 N>R[1 & S+LE 6! 5D4 ,! HE>T IS
SITUAT$ CLOSE 6! PH>YNX1 SMALL & KIDNEY-
%AP$2 &= ? R1SON ! ORGAN MI<T 9 "S CASES
APPE> N 6H ! PO9T$ 5D TURN$ T[>DS !
BR1/4 ,!N -ES ! LUNG1 S+LE1 & >TICULAT$
)A MEMBRAN\S PASSAGE1 V L;G1 & Q DETA*$
F ! HE>T4 ,! LIV] IS L;G & SIMPLE2 !
SPLE5 IS %ORT & R.D3 Z IS ! CASE 9 BO?
RESPECTS )! SAURIANS4 ,XS GALL RESEM#S T
(! FI%2 ! WAT]-SNAKES H X 2S ! LIV]1 &!
O!R SNAKES H X USU,Y 2S ! GUT4 ,^!
CR1TURES >E ALL SAW-TOO!D4 ,_! RIBS >E Z
NUM]\S Z ! "DS (! MON?2 9 O!R ^WS1 !Y >E
?IRTY 9 NUMB]4
  ,"S A6IRM T ! SAME PH5OM5ON IS OBS]VA#
) S]P5TS Z ) SWALL[ *ICKS2 9 O!R ^WS1 !Y
SAY T IF Y PRICK \ A S]P5T'S EYES !Y W
GR[ AG4 ,& FUR!R1 ! TAILS ( SAURIANS &(
S]P5TS1 IF !Y 2 CUT (F1 W GR[ AG4
  ,) FI%ES ! PROP]TIES (! GUT & /OMA* >E
SIMIL>2 T IS1 !Y H A /OMA* S+LE &
SIMPLE1 B V>IA# 9 %APE AC 6SPECIES4 ,= 9
"S CASES ! /OMA* IS GUT-%AP$1 Z )!
SC>US1 OR P>ROT-FI%2 : FI%1 0! WAY1
APPE>S 6BE ! ONLY FI% T *EWS ! CUD4 ,&!
:OLE L5G? (! GUT IS SIMPLE1 & IF X H A
REDUPLIC,N OR K9K X LOOS5S \ AG 96A
SIMPLE =M4
  ,AN EXCEP;NAL PROP]TY 9 FI%ES & 9
BIRDS =! MO/ "P IS ! 2+ FURNI%$ ) GUT-
APP5DAGES OR CAECA4 ,BIRDS H !M L[ D[N &
FEW 9 NUMB]4 ,FI%ES H !M HI< UP AB !
/OMA*1 & "S"TS NUM]\S1 Z 9 ! GOBY1 !
GALEOS1 ! P]*1 ! SCORPAENA1 ! CI?>US1 !
R$ MULLET1 &! SP>US2 ! CE/REUS OR GREY
MULLET HAS S"EAL ( !M ON "O SIDE (!
BELLY1 & ON ! O!R SIDE ONLY "O4 ,"S FI%
POSSESS ^! APP5DAGES B ONLY 9 SMALL
NUMB]S1 Z ! HEPATUS &! GLAUCUS2 &1 0!
WAY1 !Y >E FEW AL 9 ! DORADO4 ,^! FI%ES
DI6] AL F "O ANO!R )9 ! SAME SPECIES1 =
9 ! DORADO "O 9DIVIDUAL HAS _M & ANO!R
FEW4 ,"S FI%ES >E 5TIRELY )\T ! "P1 Z !
MAJOR;Y (! SELA*IANS4 ,Z = ALL ! RE/1 "S
( !M H A FEW & "S A GRT _M4 ,& 9 ALL
CASES ": ! GUT-APP5DAGES >E F.D 9 FI%1
!Y >E F.D CLOSE UP 6! /OMA*4
  ,9 REG>D 6_! 9T]NAL "PS BIRDS DI6] F
O!R ANIMALS & F "O ANO!R4 ,"S BIRDS1 =
9/.E1 H A CROP 9 FRONT (! /OMA*1 Z !
B>N-DOOR COCK1 ! CU%AT1 ! PIGEON1 &!
"PRIDGE2 &! CROP 3SI/S (A L>GE HOLL[
SK91 96: ! FOOD F/ 5T]S & ": X LIES
9GE/$4 ,J ": ! CROP L1VES ! OESOPHAGUS X
IS "S:AT N>R[2 0& 0X BROAD5S \1 B ": X
-MUNICATES )! /OMA* X N>R[S D[N AG4 ,!
/OMA* 7OR GIZZ>D7 9 MO/ BIRDS IS FLE%Y &
H>D1 & 9SIDE IS A /R;G SK9 : -ES AWAY F
! FLE%Y "P4 ,O!R BIRDS H NO CROP1 B 9/1D
( X AN OESOPHAGUS WIDE & ROOMY1 EI ALL !
WAY OR 9 ! "P L1D+ 6! /OMA*1 Z )! DAW1 !
RAV51 &! C>RION-CR[4 ,! QUAIL AL HAS !
OESOPHAGUS WID5$ \ AT ! L[] EXTREM;Y1 &
9 ! AEGOCEPHALUS &! [L ! ORGAN IS
SLI<TLY BROAD] AT ! BOTTOM ?AN AT ! TOP4
,! DUCK1 ! GOOSE1 ! GULL1 ! CAT>RHACTES1
&! GRT BU/>D H ! OESOPHAGUS WIDE & ROOMY
F "O 5D 6! O!R1 &! SAME APPLIES 6A GRT
_M O!R BIRDS4 ,9 "S BIRDS "! IS A POR;N
(! /OMA* T RESEM#S A CROP1 Z 9 ! KE/REL4
,9 ! CASE ( SMALL BIRDS L ! SWALL[ &!
SP>R[ NEI ! OESOPHAGUS NOR ! CROP IS
WIDE1 B ! /OMA* IS L;G4 ,"S FEW H NEI A
CROP NOR A DILAT$ OESOPHAGUS1 B ! LATT]
IS EXCE$+LY L;G1 Z 9 L;G NECK$ BIRDS1 S*
Z ! PORPHYRIO1 &1 0! WAY1 9 ! CASE ( ALL
^! BIRDS ! EXCRE;T IS UNUSU,Y MOI/4 ,!
QUAIL IS EXCEP;NAL 9 REG>D 6^! ORGANS1 Z
-P>$ ) O!R BIRDS2 9 O!R ^WS1 X HAS A
CROP1 & AT ! SAME "T XS OESOPHAGUS IS
WIDE & SPACI\S 9 FRONT (! /OMA*1 &! CROP
IS AT "S 4T.E1 RELATIVELY 6XS SIZE1 F !
OESOPHAGUS AT T "P4
  ,FUR!R1 9 MO/ BIRDS1 ! GUT IS ?91 &
SIMPLE :5 LOOS5$ \4 ,! GUT-APP5DAGES OR
CAECA 9 BIRDS1 Z HAS BE5 OBS]V$1 >E FEW
9 NUMB]1 & >E N SITUAT$ HI< UP1 Z 9
FI%ES1 B L[ D[N T[>DS ! EXTREM;Y (! GUT4
,BIRDS1 !N1 H CAECA-N ALL1 B ! GRT] "P (
!M1 S* Z ! B>N-DOOR COCK1 ! "PRIDGE1 !
DUCK1 ! NI<T-RAV51 7! LOCALUS17 !
ASCALAPHUS1 ! GOOSE1 ! SWAN1 ! GRT
BU/>D1 &! [L4 ,"S (! LL BIRDS AL H ^!
APP5DAGES2 B ! CAECA 9 _! CASE >E
EXCE$+LY M9UTE1 Z 9 ! SP>R[4